COAL CREEK GOLF COURSE SEPTEMBER, 2013 STORM DAMAGE AND GOLF COURSE IMPROVEMENT REPORT PREPARED FOR: Mr. Joe Stevens, Director City of Louisville Parks and Recreation Louisville, Colorado October 4, 2013 (Revised ) Prepared by:
The following report is intended to provide a detailed assessment of the cumulative storm damage at the Coal Creek Golf Course due to the historic rainfall events that occurred during the week of September 9, 2013. It will also address the items within the Golf Course Improvement Plan (adopted by City Council on 2/7/2012) that are scheduled to be implemented as part of the golf course reconstruction project. This report will speak directly to the damage to the golf course and the property contained within the boundaries of the golf course only, not including the golf course irrigation system. A separate report directly assessing the damage to the irrigation system is being prepared by Irrigation Technologies and will be presented together with this report to complete the study of the golf course property. The golf course property consists of approximately 150 acres total. Summarizing the damage assessment in a concise and legible manner will be a challenge in and of itself. Providing a detailed report of all of the damage would be nearly impossible. However, this report will attempt to be as thorough as possible and will be written in a manner that follows the layout of the golf course on a hole-by-hole basis to make it easier to understand and identify specific areas. The summary at the end will combine all of the damaged areas into one table that identifies all of the issues and assigns an estimated cost to repair the damages. For the sake of time and space, items will be described in detail when a particular occurrence is first observed. On further occurrences of the same or similar damage, the damage will only be briefly noted. Clubhouse Area: To begin with, the clubhouse area damage was concentrated primarily to the south side of the parking lot area. It appears as though approximately 10-12 parking spaces (approximately 4,000 SF of asphalt) were affected by the flood water by being undermined and settling. In this area, the asphalt will need to be removed and properly disposed of at an off-site location, the road base replenished and compacted and new asphalt placed and compacted. There has been some discussion of studying the need for this many parking spaces in total, with the thought that the damaged area of the parking lot could possibly be removed permanently and the riparian/wetland area expanded to provide more buffer area for the trail users. This option will need further study. In any case, the parking lot repairs will also need to include some minor grading and landscape improvements to tie in to the existing conditions at the southeast corner of the lot. Practice Range: The golf course practice range was virtually unaffected by the storm damage. There are no items that need to be repaired due to storm damage in this area. However, as indicated on the Golf Course Improvement Plan (GCIP), there are a number of items that should be addressed in this area. At a minimum, the range tee needs to be restored, including scraping off existing sod, releveling the surface and re-establishing the original shape and size of the teeing area (larger and Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 2
more of a curved shape). Since this work is being done, it makes sense to add the concrete path/pad at the back of the tee to allow the use of artificial turf mats in the winter months and for certain outings and events during the season. This will help reduce the wear and tear on the grass tee and will make for much better conditions during the peak season. The short-game practice area should also be rebuilt. The bunker and the green are both in need of reconstruction and improvement. The drainage from this area needs to be incorporated into a system of inlets and pipe that runs along the back of the tee. The existing pipe may be able to be re-used if it is deep enough and large enough (6 or more). If not, the existing pipe will need to be replaced. Practice Putting Green: The practice putting green was one of many on the golf course that was partially or completely submerged by the floodwaters. The debris (mostly wood) was cleaned off immediately. However, the fine silt deposits remain in the soil profile and turf canopy. As we have discussed many times, this fine silt will cause problems with the health of this green in the future. A layer of fine silt causes subtle ripples and bumps in the green surface that won t be visible until the mowing heights are lowered back to normal playing height. At the same time, the fine silt typically creates a layer of soil that has a much lower permeability than the rest of the soil profile. This layer will continue to cause agronomic problems by inhibiting (or completely prohibiting) the movement of water, nutrients and air through the root-zone (critical for the success of bentgrass growth on a putting green). The recommended remediation includes stripping off the existing grass and accompanying thatch layer (approximately the top two or three inches). This sod/soil will be removed and buried on the site in approved bury pit locations. New root-zone mix will be imported and incorporated into the remaining mix to form a homogenous root-zone. The final grade will be floated out and returned to the original contours and shapes as appropriate. Grades in the immediate vicinity of the green surface may need very minor modifications to prevent trapping water on the green surface, or otherwise improve the transition into the surrounding grades. The goal of any golf course (let alone a higher-end municipal facility) is to have consistent greens. The only way to provide a chance to have greens that are consistent in this case will be to re-surface all of the greens on the golf course using the same method, whether they were impacted by the storm water or not. As such, the resurfacing of the greens will not be mentioned on each individual hole. Instead, it shall be assumed to occur as part of this overall reconstruction program. Hole #1: The first hole at Coal Creek was one of the few that suffered very little damage in the storms. The only area of damage occurred at the beginning of the hole where a drain inlet became clogged with silt. This drain inlet (just left of the cart path) will need to be replaced and the 4 Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 3
drain pipe that extends into the right rough will also need to be replaced as it is very likely compromised by the same silt. There is approximately 300 LF of drain and one 18 inlet that need to be replaced. This drain emptied into a sump pit (a dry well filled with gravel) that is also likely contaminated and needing replacement. A new sump pit should be constructed in the right rough. The other improvements that should occur on #1 include the following: Add a new back tee (back approximately 15 yards) Re-orient the mowing and/or re-level existing tees Add two inlets and 4 drainage to improve drainage in left rough (other areas identified as poorly drained on the GCIP should go away as a result of the new irrigation system). Reconstruct the fairway bunker and move the cart path to the outside of the bunker. Add trees to the left side of the tees to further screen the practice facilities. Two or three more trees should also be added to the right side to soften the visual of the cart path as it climbs toward the bunker. Two areas of turf should be converted to low-maintenance native grass areas according to the general outline of the GCIP. Hole #2: This hole was not connected with the Coal Creek drainage basin and, as such, avoided most of the damage entirely. However, the small drainage channel that runs across the hole between the tees and fairway carried some debris into the upper pond. This debris damaged the pond bank slightly, so some minor repairs are warranted. The bank of the lower pond also suffered some minor damage from the floodwaters. Otherwise, the visible disruption on this hole is entirely due to the bunker renovation project that had just begun prior to the storm event. There is still some confusion as to whether the two ponds on this hole are lined or not. If they are not currently lined, there is no point in lining them. However, if they are lined, the liner should be replaced as part of this project. The 20mil PVC liners that were used when this course was originally built have a life span of 20-40 years. The upper limit of that lifespan can only be achieved in perfect conditions where the liner is protected from UV radiation at ALL times. Since most, if not all, of the pond liners have been exposed at some point over the past 24 years, all existing pond liners should be replaced (with the exception of the liner on #10, which was replaced within the past five years). The other improvements that should occur on #2 include the following: Finish the bunker reconstruction as per the GCIP and current design plans. Complete native grass conversion in out-of-play areas including tee surrounds, left of path and behind the green for a total of nearly 1 acre removed from irrigation. Re-surfacing of tees including re-leveling as necessary. Re-surface the green as previously discussed Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 4
Hole #3: The damage to the third hole was primarily concentrated on the second half of the hole. The water over-topped the dam on the right side of the hole. The large group of cottonwood trees on the right had some erosion around their roots that should be addressed as soon as possible. The bunkers (also part of the renovation project) were totally submerged. The drainage in the old bunkers was completely destroyed and there is a continuing issue with ground water in this area that needs further investigation and resolution. The green on this hole is another one that was flooded and silted over. As per the solution outlined on the practice putting green, this green will need to be re-surfaced. There was also significant damage (silt and cobble deposits) along the left side of the green area near the cart path. The creek pushed a substantial amount of cobble and debris out of the channel into this area which trapped even more of the debris on the areas of maintained turf. This low area near the cart path will need to be examined in more detail and the ultimate solution coordinated with the re-establishment of the creek channel. Again, trees in this area were subject to erosion of the soil from around the trunks and root systems. This may be more of a long term health issue than an immediate threat, but the City Arborist can provide a more educated opinion about that than I can. All tees resurfaced and leveled. A new back tee added which will add approximately 22-25 yards to this hole. Significant native grass conversion on the right side from the tees to the creek and on the left side all the way to #4 tees. The cart path should be moved to the left side of this hole to alleviate the problem of golf balls bouncing into the hazard. As part of this improvement, the two fairway bunkers should be removed and graded into a series of small mounds, helping to hide the cart path and still providing a visual end to the fairway. This will also alleviate the significant drainage issues in the area of and including the two bunkers. Again, the new irrigation system will also help this problem dramatically. Light pruning of the cottonwoods on the right side of the green is still necessary to improve the shot value of the approach. Hole #4: The forward two tee boxes on this hole were damaged. Similar to the description of the silt damage to the greens, these tees had silt deposited and washed across their surfaces. As such, the surfaces are very uneven and should be re-graded. The process is not as involved as it is on the greens, but the sod will still need to be stripped, the grade re-established and new grass installed. Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 5
There were significant areas of silt deposited on the fairway on this hole. Those silt deposits have been mitigated as much as possible, but there will undoubtedly be areas of turf that do not survive through the fall and winter. These areas of turf will need to be stripped out and regrassed. A total of approximately 68,000 SF of silt damage will need repair on this hole. The cart path suffered some damage on this hole. A total of approximately 200 LF of path should be replaced, although my recommendation will be to move the path to the other side of the tees and fairway entirely, in which case, the old path will need to be removed. Three of the five bunkers on this hole were damaged. Sand was washed out and drainage impacted. Replacement of the sand and drainage will require some minor grading of the subsurface and the immediate area surrounding the bunker. The cost summary at the end of the report with outline the work and costs associated with this repair. The drain culvert that crosses the fairway at the first landing area appears to be functioning, but further investigation should occur (flushing and/or video inspection) to make sure that it is not compromised by silt/sediment and that the outlet end is still daylighted and not covered with debris. Finally, the green on hole #4 was flooded and has the same silt deposit issues as #3 and the practice green. This green should be re-surfaced. Expand the back tee back as far as possible (approximately 10 yards). Move the cart path to the left side of the tees and run down the left side for the entire length of the hole. A total of approximately 1200 LF of path will need to be affected here. Rebuild all bunkers as per the plans Continue native conversion on the left side as it connects to the conversion from #3. Add new forward tee to play the hole at a length of approximately 400 yards and improve the angle for the tee shot (strategically). Continue tree thinning and pruning to strengthen specific trees and reduce the density of the shade on the right side. Hole #5: Hole number five had minimal damage in the storm. The front bunker is the only area where damage occurred. This bunker should be rebuilt with new drainage, sand and minor grading. Re-surface and level all tees, expanding wherever feasible to gain as much tee surface as possible. Continue tree pruning/thinning at the tees to promote healthy turf growth (less shade and root encroachment). Pave the cart path back to the cul-de-sac at the back tees. Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 6
Hole #6: Coal Creek Golf Course Storm Damage and Golf Course Improvement Report Remove the cottonwood from the left side of the green to provide less shade and root encroachment. I have spoken with my dad and visited the site with him (the original designer of the course) and he absolutely concurs with this decision! Rebuild the bunkers as per the current plans. Complete the native grass conversions as per the GCIP and new irrigation system. Resurface green. The third and fourth tee boxes on this hole both suffered silt/sediment deposit damage. They should both be stripped and re-grassed. There was also approximately 60,000 SF of silt/sediment damage on the fairway areas of this hole (both the main landing area and the approach to the green). The cart path and bridge on the approach to the green were destroyed. This bridge needs to be replaced. I am recommending a concrete bridge that matches the rest of the bridges on the golf course. Ideally, this bridge should be moved to the left about 25-28 and the cart path approaches modified to tie in gently to the new location. Both of the approaches to the bridge, on the left side of the green, need to be rebuilt. The concrete path has been undermined by the storm water and the rip-rap protecting the bridge abutments should be reinforced/replaced. Move the back tee back slightly and to the right approximately 15 to improve the sight line through the opening in the trees. The second tee should also be moved 12-15 to the right for the same reason. Rebuild both bunkers. Continue with selective tree removal/pruning to expand opening at the first creek crossing (approximately 7-10 more trees). Selective pruning along the right side from the landing area to the green. Resurface green, remove collar dam and improve tie-in to surrounds. Hole #7: All of the tees on this hole were impacted by the storm water and resulting silt deposits. All of them should be stripped, leveled and re-grassed. At the same time, the back tee should be expanded back to approximately 220 yards. The back tee could be significantly narrower, as tee space is plentiful on this hole. One of the two bunkers on this hole was damaged. Again, the bunker sand and drainage were impacted and should be replaced. Minor grading and grassing will need to occur to complete this process. Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 7
The cart path seems to be intact on this hole. However, there are a number of areas adjacent to the path where sod and soil were eroded and washed away. These areas total approximately 500 SF and need new topsoil and sod. The pond edge on this hole suffered significant damage. The edges should be re-graded and new grass installed. There was also an area of approximately 2000 SF of silt/sediment damage in front of the green on this hole, but the green was unaffected. Re-line the pond. Native grass conversions on west side of the pond and behind the green. Rebuild both bunkers. Hole #8: The forward tee was impacted by silt/sediment deposits and should be re-surfaced. A total of approximately 55,000 SF of silt/sediment damage needs to be repaired on this hole. The bunker at the green was destroyed, including sand displacement and damage to the drainage system. Sand and drainage replacement and minor grading will be required. Large native grass conversion along the left side from the tees to the irrigation ditch. Add a new forward tee at approximately 390-400 yards due to the forced carry on the approach. Add a new bunker on the left side, built into the slope leading up to the pond to stop a ball from bouncing into the hazard (since it is essentially blind from the tee). At the same time, the fairway mowing should be widened to the right side. The Blue tees should be kept on the very back portion of the 2 nd tee box, or even on the front of the back tee box to make the pond harder to reach off of the tee. Re-line the irrigation pond. Re-surface green. Hole #9: The back tee was impacted by silt/sediment and should be re-surfaced. The drain in the right side bunker about 20 yards short of the green has been compromised or plugged with debris. The bunker itself was not impacted, but the drain is not functioning. The exit drain should be replaced and, if necessary, a new sump pit constructed to allow the drain to empty into the pit. Other minor damage on this hole was mostly cosmetic and will heal on its own. Large area of native conversion between #9 and #13. Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 8
Hole #10: Coal Creek Golf Course Storm Damage and Golf Course Improvement Report Re-surface and level all tees, as necessary, including re-orienting them to the landing area. Selective pruning of low branches on deciduous trees on the left side to open up views to the green from the tees. Remove the sick Maple tree on the left side near the junction of the two paths. Add drainage inlets and pipe to low areas in the fairway and/or re-graded portions of the fairway to improve drainage and clean up multiple bird-baths. Rebuild all bunkers. Resurface green. This hole clearly suffered the worst damage of any on the course. All of the tees were impacted by silt/sediment and even suffered some erosion. All of the tees should be at least re-surfaced and some will need minor grading to fix erosion or bring them back to proper grade. The cart path was essentially destroyed from the first bridge (from the clubhouse) to before the third bridge. The second bridge was destroyed and needs to be completely replaced. Again, my recommendation here is to move the bridge downstream about 100 feet to locate the crossing out of the line of play on the hole and allow the golfers to experience the riparian corridor as they drive to their tee shot. This change will likely require coordination with the Army Corps of Engineers. There is approximately 120,000 SF of silt/sediment deposit that will need to be repaired on this hole, including significant amounts of cobble that could be re-used to fix the erosion or to line the pond edges to protect from wind/wave action. The ponds suffered damage to the banks that will need to be re-graded and grassed. The pond liner was exposed and appears to have suffered some damage. The bunkers were both destroyed and will need sand and drainage replacement. This green is a total loss. The entire green will need to be reconstructed, including minor grading of the surrounds to properly tie-in grades and restore the original design intent. The green was approximately 5800 SF and should be restored to the original size. The green construction will include complete replacement of sub-drainage, gravel layer, root-zone mix, grading and grassing. As mentioned, moving the cart path bridge from in front of the tees will make a dramatic improvement to the visual of this hole. However, care should be taken to maintain the walkability of this hole by not moving the bridge so far downstream as to make it inconvenient to walk to it. A new forward tee should be added to improve the shot value and make it easier for the beginning golfer to position the tee shot to carry the creek on their second shot. Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 9
Hole #11: Coal Creek Golf Course Storm Damage and Golf Course Improvement Report The landing area should be extended toward the large cottonwood tree and the shrub removed to allow this change. The cottonwood is HUGE and should be highlighted by pruning dead-wood and limbing it up a bit. Six smaller trees will need to be removed from the left side to open up the shot from the extended fairway. Native grass conversion along entire right side at the tees (from the path to the fence). Repair pond banks and re-cover liner as necessary. Lower mound on front-right of green as part of green reconstruction to soften slope. All of the tee boxes suffered silt deposit damage and need to be leveled. A total of 7,200 SF of tee surface needs to be scraped, leveled and re-grassed. Approximately 8000 SF of silt damage occurred in the fairway approach to the green and along the bank of the pond on the right. Again, this area needs to be scraped and re-grassed. The bunker in front of the green was damaged by the storm water. This bunker is approximately 2400 SF and will need all new drainage, sand and minor grading to tie in to surrounds. The bunker behind the green suffered little damage and will not need construction type of remediation. The green surface on #11 was another one that suffered from silt deposit damage. The same method discussed on other greens should be employed here scrape, replenish root-zone mix, till, float and re-grass. Re-line both ponds. Expand back tee back approximately 7 yards. Add 3-5 new trees to the left side of the path, left of the green Rebuild back bunker Hole #12: The second tee box needs complete reconstruction. This tee was completely buried in silt and needs to be scraped and rebuilt. The tee surface is approximately 1700 SF and some of the surrounding area will need to be rebuilt to help tie in the grades, too. There is approximately 1000 SF of edge repair to the cart path. The path itself seems to be okay. However, the edges washed out and will need back-fill and sod. There is considerable silt damage on this hole. A total of approximately 48,000 SF was damaged. However, the creek pushed a large amount of sediment out in the area of the right side of the fairway, about 80 yards short of the green. This deposit of material is preventing the fairway area from draining properly. The creek will need to be re-established in its original Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 10
location at its original depth. Otherwise, more significant grading and drainage work will need to be done in the fairway. The pond banks on this hole all need to be rebuilt. Some have eroded away, others have significant sediment deposits, but they all need some form of reconstruction. Add a new bunker to the right side, built into the existing low mound. The cart path will need to be moved right approximately 20 feet to make room for this bunker. At the same time, the first bunker on the left should be removed. The second bunker on the left should be rebuilt, expanded slightly and lowered considerably. Rebuild green-side bunker, lower entire surrounds and improve tie-in to the green. Resurface green with minor adjustments to grade to improve drainage. Add new trees (6-8 total), on the right side between 12 and 8 and on the left side approximately 50 yards short of the green. Hole #13: All four of the individual tee boxes on this hole were impacted by the storm water. All will need to be leveled and re-surfaced. The fairway bunker was not impacted by the storm. However, all three green-side bunkers were completely destroyed. A total of 4,100 SF of bunkers will need to be completely rebuilt, including sand, drainage and minor grading. The cart path on this hole is in need of edge repair. Again, the concrete seems to be fine. However, approximately 2000 SF of edge will need backfill and sod. The green on #13 was impacted by storm water. The surface should be rebuilt as per all of the damaged greens. There is approximately 12,000 SF of silt damage on this hole, along with approximately 200 LF of 4 drainage that will need to be replaced. The drainage includes part of the exit drains from the bunkers, plus some minor fairway drainage. Widen back tee to the left as part of the reconstruction. Rebuild all bunkers Hole #14: This hole suffered relatively little damage from the storm. Really only the tees, pond and first portion of the hole saw any storm damage. Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 11
However, the forward tee was damaged in the storm. It should be rebuilt, but it may make the most sense to relocate it slightly at the same time. Apparently, the overflow structure in the pond on this hole suffered some damage. That structure will need to be evaluated in more detail and repaired as necessary. Finally, there was approximately 20,000 SF of silt damage that needs to be scraped and regrassed. Remove the front half of the red tee. Use this soil to build a new forward tee at approximately 400-405 yards in length, to the right of existing tees. Removing the front half of the red tee will improve the visibility of the pond from the other tees. Remove one cottonwood from the right side to maintain the intended shot value into this green area. Add one new bunker on the left side approximately 100 yards short of the green. Rebuild all of the existing bunkers. Native conversion along the entire left side, left of the path and around the corner to incorporate native area on #15. Resurface green. Hole #15: Hole #15 climbs the hill at the southwest corner of the property and, as such, was completely removed from the storm damage. The heavy rains did wash some sand from the faces of the bunkers, but the hole did not see any of the major damage that is present on most of the golf course. Modify the mowing pattern on the right side to widen fairway approaching the turn point. Add two small carry bunkers on the right side, built into the slope. Remove one of the two left side bunkers and make into one, smaller target. Expand and improve native grass areas on both sides of this hole actively manage weed growth until native is completely established (sometimes this can take many years). Resurface green. Hole #16: Hole #16 was also removed from the storm damage. It had similar, minor sand erosion, but nothing that would be considered extraordinary. Modify the mowing on the tees to maximize the benefits of the knock-down trees on the left side (narrower and longer than existing). Level the white and red tees. Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 12
Hole #17: Coal Creek Golf Course Storm Damage and Golf Course Improvement Report Rebuild all bunkers. Modify the fairway mowing pattern to create a more angled fairway (from right to left) to enhance the strategy and improve the safety on the left side. Add drainage in front of fairway bunker Native conversion all along the left side from the cart path to the fence, with the small exception of the trees in the left side of the landing area. Resurface green The back tee box on this hole was completely destroyed. At a minimum, it will need to be resurfaced and grassed. During my observation visits, it was still inaccessible, so I have not been close enough to determine if there was erosion of the banks that will need to be repaired. At the very least, there is approximately 2,000 SF of area that will need to be re-graded and grassed. The bridge to the back tee was destroyed. It will need to be replaced, including all new abutments and armoring. This bridge should be a 6 wide, 35 long bridge. Due to its length, it will not be able to be constructed out of concrete, like all of the other bridges. However, it is also a foot traffic only bridge, so it can be narrower. Chris Bradford should make the final size determination based on required access for mowing and other maintenance equipment. The other two tee boxes were also damaged by silt and sediment deposits. They will both need to be scraped and re-grassed. A total of 4,250 SF of damage needs repair here. There was approximately 1,200 SF of cart path edge damage on this hole. Again, topsoil backfill and sod will be required. Both of the sand bunkers on this hole were damaged. A total of 2750 SF will need to be rebuilt, including sand, drainage and minor grading. The green surface was impacted and, as such, is another on the list to be scraped and resurfaced. There was also approximately 20,000 SF of silt damage to the fairway and areas on the approach to the green. All of the needed improvements on this hole were impacted by the storms. Hole #18: All of the tees were damaged on this hole. A total of 4,725 SF will need to be scraped and regrassed. There was approximately 1,200 SF of cart path edges that were eroded out and need repair. The remaining concrete path seems to be okay. However, a portion of it was still covered in silt, so further assessment will be necessary. As part of the cart path repair, both of the bridge Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 13
approaches will need to be rebuilt. Erosion along and under the path in the last 10 feet before each side of the bridge will require concrete removal, placement and compaction of select fill, additional armoring and replacement of new concrete. Approximately 200 SF of area will need repair. Approximately 1,945 SF of bunker was destroyed and will need to be rebuilt, including sand, drainage and minor grading of surrounds. Again, the green surface was completely inundated by the storm water, so the surface needs to be reconstructed by scraping, tilling and re-grassing. There were areas totaling approximately 73,000 SF in the fairway and rough where silt and cobble deposits will need to be scraped and re-grassed. Expand the back tee back approximately 12 yards. Move the blue tee back approximately 7 yards and level. Prune cottonwoods on the right side (one entire trunk and one large branch). Prune willow on the right at the creek. Native grass conversion on the left and right approach to the green. Reconstruction and improvement of the maintenance access road, including paving. Again, the above scope of work does not include specific irrigation system improvements as it is assumed that an entirely new irrigation system is planned to be installed as part of this project. Close coordination will need to occur between the irrigation design consultant and the golf course architect to incorporate the native grass conversions. Finally, the repair work to the tunnel and bridge at Dillon Road and specific improvements within the riparian corridor (diversion structures, bank stabilization, etc.) are not included in the scope at this time. Further engineering work needs to occur in these areas to determine the extent of the damage and, thus, the scope to repair the damage. Phelps-Atkinson Golf Course Design Page 14