02 PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Psychology As a Discipline Development of Psychology as a Discipline Root Meaning and Definition, Branches of Psychology Abnormal Psychology / Psychopathology. Child Psychology / Developmental Psychology, Physiological Psychology, Psychology, Animal Psychology / Comparative Psychology, Social Psychology. Applications of Psychology-Industry, Advertising, Medicine, Crime detection and Rehabilitation, Military Science, Education. Methods of Psychology Methods of Psychology Introspection, Observation, Experimentation, Case study, Field Survey. Schools of Psychology Early Schools of Psychology Structuralism, Functionalism, Later Schools of Psychology Behaviorism, Gestalt School, Psycho analytic Schools, Humanistic Schools, Synthesis of Schools. Educational Psychology Educational Psychology an Applied Field, Scope of Educational Psychology. FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOUR Genetic Determinants of Behaviour Cell as a Unit of Existence, Hereditary Mechanism-Basic Units of Heredity Genes Chromosomes, DNA. Mendel s Laws of Heredity. Implications of Heredity. Introduction to Human Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Structure and Functions. Central Nervous System Structure and Functions. Autonomic Nervous System Structure and Functions. Biochemical Determinants of Behaviour Role of Endocrine Glands, Role of Enzymes, Nutrition, DNA and RNA. 1
Environmental Determinants of Behaviour Environmental Factors Pre-natal Environment, Social Heritage, Family Environment, Psychological Needs, School Experiences. DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT -1 Basic Concepts of Growth and Development Concepts of Growth and Development, Stages and Dimensions of Development, Principles of Deve lopment, Implications to Parents and Teachers. Methods of Study of Growth and Development Approaches to the study of Growth and Development Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Approach, Stage Approach, Dimensional Approach. Methods of Study of Growth and Development- Longitudinal Method, Cross- Sectional Method. Development Tasks Concept of Developmental Tasks, Factors Influencing Developmental Tasks, Developmental Tasks of Different Stages, Implications for Parents and Teachers. Physical and Motor Development Aspects of Physical Development, Trends in Physical and Motor Development. Motor Development - Loco Motor Skills. Manipulatory Skills, Factors Influencing Physical and Motor Development, Implications for Education. Social Development Theory of Erickson Importance of Social Development, Factors Influencing Social Development, General Trends in Social Development Infancy to Adolescence, Ericksons Theory of Social Development Eight Stages of Psycho Social Development, Implications for parents, Teachers, & Society. Emotional Development Concept of Emotions, Neurological Basis of Emotions, Trends in Emotional Development, Factors Influencing Emotional Development, Developing Emotional Maturity and Competence Concept of Emotional Quotient. Aesthetic Development, Implications for Education. DIMENTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT - II 2
Cognitive Development Theories of Piaget and Bruner Concept of Cognitive Development, General Trends of Cognitive Development, Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Piaget s Concept of Intelligence, Stages of Cognitive Development Characteristics. Bruner s view on Cognitive Development, Factors Influencing Cognitive Development, Educational Implications. Moral Development Theories of Piaget and Kohlberg Concepts and Nature of Moral Development, Piaget s Theory of Moral Development, Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Development, General Descriptions and Trends, Factors Influencing Moral Development, Difficulties in Moral Development, Educational Implications. Language Development - Nature and Aspects of Language Development Development of Meaning (Semantics), Development of Syntax, Development o f Structure. Trends in Language. Development Elements of Language and Vocabulary Sound patterns, Spoken Forms and Written Forms / Modes; Errors in Speech and Writing, Factors Influencing Language Development, Implication of Language Development. Behavioural Characteristics and Problems of Childhood and Adolescence- Characteristics and Problems of Early Childhood, Characteristics and Problems of Later Childhood, Characteristics and Problems of Puberty, Characteristics and Problems of Adolescence, Role of Family, Society and School. THEORIES OF LEARNING - 1 Learning Concepts and Types Learning Concepts of Learning and Performance, Types of Learning Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor. Classical Conditioning Pavlov Classification of Learning Theories, Nature of Classical Conditioning, Principles of Classical Conditioning, An Assessment of Pavlov s Theory, Educational Implications. 3
Operant Conditioning Skinner Skinner s Experiments, Nature of Operant Conditioning. Basic Concepts and Principles, Shaping the Behaviour: Progressive Approximation and Cumulative, Schedules of Reinforcement (Frequency of Strength), Applications of Operant Conditioning Behaviour Modification, Programmed Instruction. Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning, Assessment of Skinner s Contribution, Educational Implications. Drive Need Reduction Theory Nature of Hull s Theory, Concept of Intervening Variables (S.O.R.) Reinforcement, Through Drive / Need Reduction Rein for cement: Primary and Secondary. Habit Formation Habit Strength, Habit Family, Habit Family Hierarchy. Essence of Hull s Theory; Same Selected Postulates, Implications of the Theory. Contiguity Theory Guthrie Basic Concepts and Principles, Stereo Type and Variation, Assessment of Guthrie s Theory, Educational Implications. Observational Learning Bandura and Others Nature of Observational Learning, Principles of Personal Learning, Processes in Observational Learning, Assessment and Educational Implications of Bundura s View. THEORIES OF LEARNING - 11 Cognitive Field Theory Tolman Tolman s Place; Learning Experiments and Cognitive Interpretations, Importance of S-S Relations / Expectancies and Confirmation Hypotheses, Sign Learning and Cognitive Map (Structure). Latent Learning and Performance, Interpretations / Reinterpretations of Behaviourist Learning, Educational Implications. Gestalt Theory Kohler, Wertheimer and Yerkes Gestalt or Wholistic Approach, Insight Learning-Kolher, Productive Thinking Wertheimer, Learning Set and Problem Solving Yerkes, Assessment of Gestalt Theory, Educational Implications. 4
Discovery Learning Bruner Natural Ways of Learning; Activity Exploration and Discovery, Principles of Learning Readiness for Learning, Selection, Sequencing and Structuring, Goal Setting Task Orientation. Importance of Reinforcement, Goal Achievement, Modes of Representation, Analyses of Process (Meta Cognition). Charactiristics of Discovery, Kinds of Thinking Intuitive, Analytical and Synthetic, Inductive and Deductive, Lateral and Reflective, Convergent and Divergent, Critical / Evaluative and Creative. Assessment of Bruner s views. Meaningful Reception Learning-Ansubel Rote Vs Meaningful Learning, Meaningfulness-Criteria, Expository Teaching / Meaningful Reception Learning, Advance Organizers, Principle of sub sumption, Meaningful Reception Learning Vs Discovery Learning, Assessment of Ausubel s views, Educational Implications. Hierarcly of Learning Types - Gagne Hierarchical Model, Concept of Capability, Conditions of Learning, Cumulative Model of Eight Learning Types Gagne (1965- Version). Revised Types of Learning (1975 Version), Assessment of Gagne s Model, Educational Implications. Information Processing Theory Learning as Information Processing, A Model of Information Processing (Atkinson Shiffrin Model) Concept of Input, Control Processing, Executive Control, Output Processes, Stages in Information Processing Mechanisms and LTM. MRL and Active Information Processing, Implications for Education. Humanistic Views on Learning Nature and Role of Learner, Teacher as Facilitator, Roger s Stress on Self Learning, Humanistic Emphasis / Preferences Self Discovery, guided Discovery, Self Appropriation, Assessment and Implications of Humanistic View. SPECIFIC TYPES OF LEARNING Learning of Concepts and Concept Hierarchies Meaning of Concept and Concept Hierarchies, A Model of Concept Learning (The Wisconsin Model), Strategies in Concept Learning (Bruner), Learning of Concepts: Steps in Teaching 5
Concepts and concept Hierarchies Testing for knowledge of concepts, Testing of Pre-requisites, Selecting Basic Approaches to Teaching a Concept. Choosing examples for Concept Teaching, Providing Appropriate Practice to Learn Concepts. Learning of Principles Meaning of Principles, Learning of Principles / Rules, Steps in Teaching Principles Specifying the Objective, Testing for Pre-requisite Knowledge, Selecting Approaches to Principle teaching Motivation to Learn, Composing of Principle, Practice and Post test. Principles and Steps in Building of Learning Hierarchy. Learning of Perceptual Psycho Motor Skills Meaning and Nature of Perceptual Motor Skills, Training Principles for Perceptual Motor Skills Information About the Task, Conditions of Practice. Phases and Steps in Skill Learning Classification of Motor Skills and Physical Abilities, Phases in Skill (Perceptual Motor) Learning, Steps in Teaching Skills. Learning of Problem Solving Nature of Problem, Concept of Problem Solving, Steps in Problem Solving, Methods for Teaching Problem Solving Programmed Approach, Simulation Procedures, On the Job Training, Criteria Choose Methods. Problem Solving Strategies Brain Storming and Posting, Means Ends Analysis, Progressive Deepening, Trouble Shooting. Remedying Problem Solving Difficulties. Learning of Cognitive Strategies Meaning of Cognitive Strategies and Tactics, Concepts of Meta Cognition and Executive Control, Kinds of Cognitive Strategies. Factors Influencing Learning of Cognitive Strategies. Guidelines for Developing Cognitive Strategies External Conditions to Facilitate the Learning of Cognitive Strategies ( Mental Procedures), Training in Learning Cognitive Strategies. Learning of Attitudes and Values Meaning and Nature of Attitudes Characteristics of Attitudes. Meaning and Nature of Values-Characteristics of Values. Value and Attitude, Factors Influencing Development of Attitudes and Values, Strategies for Developing Attitudes, Strategies for Developing Values. 6
ISSUES TO RELATING TO LEARNING Individualized Instructional System Programmed Instruction Need for Individualised Instruction, Historical Background of Programmed Instruction, Meaning of Programmed Instruction, Principles of Programmed Instruction, Styles of Programming Linear Programming, Branching Programming, Methetics, Development of a Programme; Steps, Advantages and Limitations of Programmed Instruction. Individualised Instruction (II) Mastery Learning and Modular Approach Mastery Learning Concept and Principles Mastery Learning Assumptions. Requisites of Mastery Learning Mastery Learning Strategy (MLS), Sequence of Activities in Mastery Learning, Teaching for Mastery Learning. Merits and Limitations of Mastery Learning Merits of Mastery Learning, Limitations of Mastery Learning. Effectiveness of Mastery Learning, Learning Module Concept and Principles Characteristics of a Learning Module. Remembering and Forgetting Nature of remembering, Information Processing Model of Memory, Three Types of Memory Information storage (SIS), Short Term Memory (STM), Long Term Memory (LTM), Factors Influencing Memory, Methods and Strategies for Effective Remembering, Nature and causes of Forgetting, Explanation and Prevention. Transfer of Learning Nature of Transfer of Learning, Theories of Transfer Formal Discipline Theory, Identical Elements Theory (Thorndike), Generalisation Theory (Judd), Transposition Theory, (Gestalt), Teaching for Transfer. Motivation in Learning Concept and Nature of Motivation, Theories of Motivation Achievement and Competency, Meta-Motivational Theory (Maslow), Cognitive View of Motivation Competency Motive (R.W.White), Cognitive Motive, Social Motive, Affiliation Motive. Place of Motivation is Learning Different Views, Mesures for Enhancing Motivation, Ego-Involvement. 7
Group Dynamics Meaning of Group Dynamics, Characteristics of a Group. Classroom as a Social Group Affiliation, Interpersonal Relations, Group Leadership, Co- Operation and Competition. Social Emotional Climate, Group Processes In class room, Socio-Metric Techniques Sociometry Peer Group Assessment / Guess Who. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities Intelligence, Aptitudes Concept of Intelligence History of Mental Testing, Nature of Intelligence Definitions of Intelligence, Capacity, Ability and Achievement, Guidelines for Using Mental Tests, Examples of Test Items of Intelligence (Kamat s), Non-verbal and Performance Tests, Individual and Group Tests, Concept of Intelligence Quotient. Theories of Intelligence Spearman s Theory of Intelligence, Thurstones Group Factor Theory, Guilford s Structure of Intellect-Model, Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligence, Sternberg s Triarchic Theory, Cattell s Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence. Norm Referenced and Criterion Referenced Testing, Emergence and Definition of Aptitudes, Ability, Aptitude and Achievement, Aptitude Tests DAT and Others. Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities; - II Creativity, Cognitive Styles Nature of Creativity, Components and Dimensions of Creativity, Developmental Stages of Creativity, Conditions favourable for Creativity, Factors Inhibiting Creativity, Characteristics of Creative Children, Creativity in Classroom Situations, Cognitive Styles, - Concepts and Types. Individual Differences in Attitudes and Values Nature of Attitudes Prejudices of Attitude, Change of Attitude, Range of Attitude. Measurement of Attitudes Social Distance Scale, The Thurston Method, The Likert Technique, Semantic Differential Scale. Values Psychoanalytic Perspective, Intrinsic and Instrumental Values, Sale Value and Real Value. Tests of Values. Individual Differences in Interests Concept of Interest, Kinds of Interests, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Interests. Measuring Interests Strong s Vocational Interest 8
Blank, Kuder Preference Record, The Thurstone Interest Schedule, Guilford Schneidman Zimmerman Interest Survey, Interviewing. Management of Individual Differences Nature of Individual Differences, Individual Differences and the Teacher, Managing Individual Differences, Special Measures Homogeneous Grouping / Ability Grouping, Intra-class Grouping, Differential Curricula, Individualised, Instruction Measures The Dalton Plan, Winnetka Plan, Carroll Model, Mastery Learning, Formative and Summative Evaluation, Suggestions for teaching using Mastery Learning, Approach, Keller Plan / Personalised System of Instruction, Criterion Referenced Testing and Norm referenced Testing, Programmed Instruction. Education of Exceptional Children Special Education, The Gifted An Exceptional child - Characteristics of the Gifted, Teaching Strategies, Grade Acceleration, Grade Enrichment, Ability Grouping or Homogeneous Grouping. The Mentally Retarded-Etiology of Educable Mental Retardation, Teaching Learning Strategies for the Mildly Retarded, Etiology of Trainable Mental Retardation, Severe Mental Retardation, Profound Mental Retardation. Underachievement, Slow Learners or Academically Backward Pupils, Learning Disability Dyslexia - Teaching Strategies, Problem of Dyslexics. Brain Damaged Children - Epilepsy, Cerebral Palsy. The Visually Impaired Definition, Types of Visually Impaired, Identifying Visual Impairment. Education of Visually Impaired. Hearing Impaired Definition, Types of Hearing Impaired, Symptoms of Hearing Defect, Impaired Hearing, Educating Hearing Impaired Children, Hearing Impaired Children in Regular Classes, Speech Handicapped Causes of Defective Speech, Helping Children with Speech Defects. The Orthopaedically Handicapped. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY -I Personality-Basic Concepts And Approaches Concepts of definitions of Personality Personality, Character and Temperament, Physical, Physiological and Social Bases to Personality. Approaches to the Study of Personality Types Appreach, Trait Approach, Factor Approach. 9
Type Theories of Personality Type Theories Body Humour (Fluid, Types (Hippocrates), Body Types and Temperament Types (Kretschmer) Body Typer and Temperament Types (Sheldon), Value Types (Sprangler). An Assessment of Type Theories. Trait Theories Allport, Guilbord, Cattell and Eysenck. Trait, Factors and Dimensions of Personality, Basic Approach of Trait Theories, Allport Theory The Theory of Trait, Personality Development Functional Autonomy, Development of Self. Guilford s Theory Traits of Personality, Hierarchical Structure of Personality. Eysenck s Theory - Dimensions of Personality, Hierarchical Structure of Personality. Cattell s Primary Factor, Secondary Level Variables, An Assessment of Trait Theories. Psychoanalytic Theories Freud Freudian Theory of Personality Id, Ego and Superego. Conscious, Preconscious / Sub conscious, Unconscious Structure. Integration of the Two, Selected Mechanisms and Other Dynamics of Personality. Psychoanalytical Theories Jung and Adler Jung s Analytical Psychology Racial / Collective Unconscious, Extraversion Introversion. Adler s Individual Psychology Social Interest Concept of Compensation, Basic Motives of Personality Dependence to Striving for Superiority, Compensation-Autonomy / Power, Style of Life. NEO-Frendian Views of Personality Erikson, Horney and Fromm Neo Frendians, Erikson s View Erikson Emphasis, Psycho-Social Conflicts, Psycho- Social Stages and Personality Development. Karen Horney s View. Concept of Basic Anxiety, Neurotic Needs, Behaviour Tendencies, Principles of Personality Development, Personality Types. Erich Fromm s view Personality as Social Character, Five Basic Needs, Mechanisms of Escape, Personality Types. An Assessment of Neo-Freudian Views. 10
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY -II Humanistic View of Personality Roger s Self Theory and Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Nature of Personality Roger s Emphasis, Concept of Self and Development of Self-Concept. Motives in Personality; Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs, Implications for Education. Methods of Assessing Personality Illustrative Personality Descriptions, Methods of Assessing Personality Observation Rating of Personality, Interview, Questionnaire or Inventory Method, Projective Method Rorschach Int-blot Test, Thematic Apperception test (TAT) Children s Apperception Test (CAT), Sentence Completion Test. Situational Tests, An Assessment of Methods of Assessing Personality An Overview. Concept of Mature Personality and Sthitapragna Synthesis of Personality Theories, Concept of Mature personality, Bhagavad Gita s Concept of Sthita Pragna. Value of Yoga and Meditation Concentration and Meditation, stages of Consciousness, Spectrum of Consciousness (Ken Wilbur), Yoga Patanjalis Eight fold Steps, Meditation Meaning and Techniques, Value of Yoga and Meditation. ADJUSTMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH Adjustment and Mental Health Basic Concepts Concepts of Adjustment and Mental Health, Human Needs and Strivings, Types of Conflicts, Frustration and Stress, Problems of Present Day World. Mechanisms of Adjustment Concepts of Adjustment and Mechanism, Task Oriented Reactions, Defence Oriented Reactions, Implications for Parents and Teachers. 11
Common Forms of Mental Disorders Meaning of Mental Disorders, Causes of Mental Disorders, Classification of Mental Disorders, Mental Hygiene Need for Mental Hygiene, Aspects of Mental Hygiene, Methods of Therapatic Treatment. Role of Family in Mental Health, Role of School in Mental Health, Role of Community in Mental Health. Guidance Educational and Vocational Concept of Guidance, Need for Guidance, Types of Guidance Educational Guidance, Vocational Guidance, Personal Guidance. Pupil Appraisal in Guidance. Counselling Meaning of Counselling, Counselling-Stages, Approaches to Counselling Directive Counselling, Non-directive Counselling. Eclectic Counselling. 12