US Incarceration Rates in Comparison to other countries World's Highest Prison Population Rates 800 600 400 200 0 686 628 400368 297 229 212 156138 137 125 Iran Cuba Puerto Rico S. Africa Russian Fed USA European Union Spain Brazil U.K. Mexico Chile
U.S. Population Behind Bars (2002) Total MEN age 25 29 Black Hispanic White 2,166,260 442,300 10.4% 7.4% 1.2%
US prison Rates by Race 2000 U.S. Inmates in State and Federal Prisons and local Jails (Per 100,000 adult population by race, gender, and age). Male Female Group Wht Blk Hisp Wht Blk Hisp Adults >18 649 418 1710 68 349 137 Age 25-29 1615 12,877 4339 170 752 314
Historical Trends, New York State Incarceration Rates 1880 2000 Rate of Incarceration in New York State: 1880-2000 Prisoners Incarcerated per 100,000 Population 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Years
Comparing Years of Life Lost to Rockefeller Drug Laws and World Trade Center Attack Event Number Affected Median Age YLL World Trade Center Attack Rockefeller Drug Laws (1973 2002) 2900 36 90,000 150,000 35 110,000
Black and White Imprisonment Rates New York State (1880 2000). Prisoners Incarcerated per 100,000 Population 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Years White Black
Drug Incarceration Rates by Race/Ethnicity: New York State, 2000 (by age and gender) MALE FEMALE Age Group White Black Hisp Other White Black Hisp Other Under 21 1.37 57.52 34.12 2.65 0.34 1.94 1.97 0.00 21 44 34.5 1516.0 1033.0 53.0 6.2 109.6 68.2 1.1 Above 44 9.65 329.32 434.69 9.92 1.14 19.60 23.38 0.00 Total 16.03 659.89 532.40 23.51 2.60 47.26 33.81 0.38
Voting Disenfranchisement by Race and State STATE Total Felons Rate for Total Black Men Rate for Black Men** Alabama 241,100 7.5% 105,000 31.5% Delaware 20,500 3.7% 8,700 20.0% Iowa 42,300 2.0% 4,800 26.5% New Mexico 48,900 4.0% 3,700 24.1% Ohio 46,900 4.0% 3,700 24.1% Texas 610,000 4.5% 156,600 20.8% Washington 151,500 3.7% 16,700 24.0% West Virginia 6,700 0.5% 900 4.4% Wisconsin 48,500 1.3% 14,900 18.2% Wyoming 14,100 4.1% 400 27.7% U.S. Total 3,892,400 2.0% 1,367,100 13.1%
The Community Concentration of Substance Use and Criminal Justice Involvement in Urban Families Paper Presented at The Second International Conference on Urban Health New York Academy of Medicine October, 2003 Ricardo E. Barreras, Ph.D. & Ernest Drucker, Ph.D. Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City
Table 2 Prevalence of Criminal Justice Involvement Among Family Members 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 47% 29% 13% 12% 1* 2--3 4--5 6+ Number of Families with Reported Criminal Justice Involvement (n=62) * Note: An incidence of 1 means that the index person is the only one in the family with a history of criminal justice involvement Bullet Point: Roughly 71% of all families have at least two members (including the index person) with a history of criminal justice involvement
Table 1 Prevalence of Substance Abuse Among Family Members 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 47% 18% 19% 15% 1* 2--4 5--7 8--10 Number of Family Members with Reported Substance Abuse (n=62) * Note: An incidence of 1 means that the index person is the only one in the family with a history of substance abuse Bullet Point: Roughly 82% of all families have at least two members (including the index person) with a history of substance abuse (for both alcohol and illicit drugs).
Table 3 Prevalence of HIV and AIDS Among Family Members 60% 50% 40% 30% 52% 38% 20% 10% e 10% 0% 0 1--2 3--6 Number of Families with Reported HIV/AIDS (n=62) Bullet Point: Slightly less than half (48%) of all families have at least one family member with HIV/AIDS
Table 4: The Relationship Between Prevalence of CJI and SU Among Other Family Members 200 184 150 100 105 92 50 0 SU CJI SU/CJI Prevalence of SU, CJI, and Co-occurring SU and CJI (n= 560) Bullet Point: In 88% of the cases where someone had a history of CJI, they also had a history of SU.
1950 * Prison * Parol e * Probation Reg. Vote 1960 * Prison * Parol e * Probation Reg. Vote 1970 * Prison * Parol e * Probation Reg. Vote 1980 * Prison * Parol e * Probation Reg. Vote 1990 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Probation 1951 1952 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation 1961 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Reg. Vote Election Year Reg. Vote 1962 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Electio n Year Reg. Vote 1971 1972 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation 1981 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Reg. Vote Electio n Year Reg. Vote 1982 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Electio n Year Reg. Vote 1991 1992 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Prob ation 1953 * Prison * Parol e * Probation Reg. Vote 1954 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Reg. Vote 1963 1964 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation 1973 * Prison * Parol e * Probation Reg. Vote Reg. Vote 1974 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Reg. Vote 1983 1984 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation 1993 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Probation Reg. Vote 1994 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Probation 1955 1956 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation 1965 * Prison * Parol e * Probation Reg. Vote Reg. Vote 1966 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Probation Reg. Vote 1975 1976 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation 1985 * Prison * Parol e * Probation Reg. Vote Reg. Vote 1986 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Reg. Vote 1995 1996 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Probation 1957 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Electio n Year Reg. Vote 1958 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Probation Reg. Vote 1967 1968 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Probation 1977 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Electio n Year Reg. Vote Reg. Vote 1978 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Reg. Vote 1987 1988 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation 1997 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Prob ation Reg. Vote 1998 * Prison _ * Parol e _ *Probation 1959 1969 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Electio n Year Reg. Vote 1979 1989 * Prison * Parol e * Prob ation Electio n Year Reg. Vote 1999 Reg. Vote Electio n Year Reg. Vote Reg. Vote Reg. Vote Reg. Vote Electio n Year Reg. Vote Reg. Vote
The Intersection of Corrections Services and Shelter Use: Findings from New York City Stephen Métraux, Ph.D. Health Policy Program University of the Sciences in Philadelphia Dennis Culhane, Ph.D. Center for Mental Health Policy and Services Research University of Pennsylvania
Shelter Use Among Prison Release Cohorts: 1995-98 14.0% 12.0% 10.5% 11.6% 11.9% 12.8% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% n=48,424 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year of Prison Release
Persons in NYC Single Adult Shelters on 12/1/97: Most Serious Charge Accompanying Most Recent Incarceration (within previous 2 years) 40.0% 35.0% 35.4% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 11.2% 9.2% 7.5% 7.5% 6.9% 5.5% 15.6% 0.0% Drugs Theft Assault Burglary Larceny Robbery Public Order Other
Risk Factors for Shelter Use Among Released Prisoners History of shelter use prior to incarceration + 6.6% of released prisoners had shelter history prior to prison stay (shelter hx) 45.1% of this group had post-release shelter stay 9.0% of others had post-release shelter stay those w/ shelter hx had 4.9 times the risk for post-release shelter stay 26.3% of people with a post-release shelter stay had a previous shelter hx
Conclusions Substantial overlap between CJ & shelter systems Time of highest vulnerability to shelter use is immediately following release Housing instability is best indicator of risk for shelter use Sheltered ex-offenders have heterogeneous criminal histories Shelter use is associated with increased risk for prison return These results raise more questions than answers
Crime: Top 100 Total crimes (per capita) Country Description Amount 1. Dominica 111.99 per 1000 people 2. New Zealand 109.32 per 1000 people 3. Finland 102.3 per 1000 people 4. Denmark 93.92 per 1000 people 5. Chile 90.97 per 1000 people 6. Montserrat 89.01 per 1000 people 7. United Kingdom 86.5 per 1000 people 8. United States 84.39 per 1000 people 9. Netherlands 81.26 per 1000 people 10. South Africa 78.42 per 1000 people 11. Canada 77.63 per 1000 people 12. Germany 75.25 per 1000 people 13. Norway 72.94 per 1000 people 14. France 63.11 per 1000 people 15. Seychelles 53.65 per 1000 people 16. Hungary 44.67 per 1000 people 17. Estonia 40.83 per 1000 people 18. Italy 38.22 per 1000 people 19. Czech Republic 38.17 per 1000 people 20. Switzerland 37.11 per 1000 people 21. Portugal 36.03 per 1000 people 22. Slovenia 34.98 per 1000 people 23. Poland 32.8 per 1000 people 24. Korea, South 31.93 per 1000 people 25. Zimbabwe 30.87 per 1000 people
AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS IMPRISONMENT RATES: 2003 * 1,888 prisoners per 100,000 adult Indigenous population (a 5% increase on the 2002 rate), * The highest Indigenous imprisonment rate of 2,744 prisoners per 100,000 adult Indigenous population was recorded in Western Australia. This is 14% higher than the 2002 rate of 2,414 * Indigenous persons were 16 times more likely than non-indigenous persons to be in prison (15 times more likely in 2002). Source: ABS CATALOGUE NO. 4517.0 PRISONERS IN AUSTRALIA 30 JUNE 2003
Table 2: US prison Rates by Race 2000 U.S. Inmates in State and Federal Prisons and local Jails (Per 100,000 adu lt population by race, gender, and age) Male Female Group Wht Blk Hisp Wht Blk Hisp Adults >18 649 418 1710 68 349 137 Age 25-29 1615 12,877 4339 170 752 314 [Source; U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Prison Statistics April 2002, NCJ 198877 p. 11].
Table 4: Comparing Years of Life Lost (YLL) Event World Trade Center Attack Rockefeller Drug Laws Number Affected Median Age YLL 2900 36 90,000 150,000 35 110,000