Country Sector Assessments UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Volume 2 Djibouti El Salvador Mongolia Nepal Tajikistan
UNDP Water Governance Programme Adaptive Water Governance UNDP s Water Governance Programme (UNDP-WGP) works in over 150 countries, providing policy support, capacity building and advisory services in three major strategic areas: The Water Governance Programme also integrates four cross cutting areas into its broader thematic work: Printing: Cover and Layout Design: Maps and Graphics: Technical Editing, Layout and Production Management: Editors: Photography:
The Global Water and Sanitation Crisis UNDP s Response UNDP Supports: The GoAL WaSH Programme
UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Contents Djibouti 05 El Salvador 13 Mongolia 29 Nepal 43 Tajikistan 57 Acronyms 82
UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Djibouti MDG Outlook Sector Preparedness Overview Sector Sustainability Overview Aid Coordination Sector Capacity
Djibouti 6 Is Djibouti on the Right Track to Reach Water and Sanitation MDGs? and definitions of service access that
Main Issues to be Addressed Institutional leadership and capacity: MDG road map: Djibouti 7 Budget constraints: Limited coordination among stakeholders: Monitoring systems remain weak and poorly implemented: Constraints on ONEAD:
Djibouti 8 National Strategies Key Measures Identified to Improve National Strategies: Aid Coordination
Key Measures to Improve Aid Co-ordination: Institutional Arrangements Djibouti 9 Key Measures to Improve Institutional Arrangements: Sector Financing
Djibouti 10 Key Measures to Improve Sector Financing: Sector Monitoring and Evaluation Key Measures to Improve Sector Monitoring and Evaluation:
Sector Capacity Key Measures to Improve Sector Capacity: Sector Sustainability Scores Djibouti 11 Key Measures to Improve Sector Sustainability:
UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene El Salvador MDG Outlook Sector Preparedness Overview Sector Sustainability Overview and Sector Coordination Sector Capacity
El Salvador 14 Is El Salvador on the Right Track to Reach Water and Sanitation MDGs? access are to achieve agencies in the sector, that despite good progress No Excuses We achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.
Figure 1: Percentage of homes with access to an improved water source. El Slavador 1991 2007 100 Target 2015: 81.6 % Target 2015: 71.6 % Percentage 80 60 40 20 0 1991 2000 2007 Years Access to an Improved Source Access to a Household Connection El Salvador 15 Description of the step W Rural S W Urban S Institutional leader identified Stakeholder consultation MDG action plan Resources mobilized Implementation on track to reach MDGs Not started In progress Completed
El Salvador 16 Source: RASES 2008. Proposal of investments in water and sanitation in El Salvador. Water Total 76.1 88.1 85.9 88.1 2.24 % $ 256.1 $ 102.4 Sanitation Total 78.1 93.0 90.7 89.0 $ 200.1 $ 42.8 TOTAL INVESTMENT $ 456.2 $ 145.2 Main Issues to be Addressed I. Legal and regulatory framework reform: Creating and strengthening a governing body: Sectoral coordination among different actors in the sector: Sector coordination of the different actors
II. Sustainable management of water and sanitation services: Some measures in this regard include: WSS information: Capacity building for municipal and rural systems operators: Financial systems for sustainability of services: El Salvador 17 Sanitation, treatment and disposal of sewage and excreta water: Distinctive Achievements Solidarity Network Programme
Water Agenda El Salvador 18 Hydrogeological Map National Strategies
Measures to Improve National Strategies Institutional Arrangements and Sector Co-ordination Figure 2 El Salvador 19 Water and Sanitation Services Administered Water and Sanitation of WASH
El Salvador 20 support
Measures to Improve Institutional Arrangement and Reform Implementation Sector Financing El Salvador 21
El Salvador 22 Measures to Improve Sector Preparedness and Financing Not started
Table 3: Estimation of Investments in Water and Sanitation El Salvador (2008) Source: Red de Agua y Saneamiento de El Salvador (RASES). Estimation of Investments in Water and Sanitation El Salvador (2008) Population Censused (May-2008) 5,744,113 Total Investment $US millions. 5 Year Investment $US millions. Per Capita Cost El Salvador 23 TOTAL INVESTMENT ESTIMATE $ 1,948 m. $ 766.1 m. ANNUAL INVESTMENT ESTIMATE (15 yrs.) $ 129.9 m. $ 153.2 m.
El Salvador 24 Sector Monitoring and Evaluation Measures Identified to Improve Monitoring of Sector Performance Not started Sector Capacity
Measures Identified to Improve Sector Capacity to Deliver the Sector Programme Sector scores are: Sector Sustainability Scores 4 Overall Sector Sustainability El Salvador 25 Key Issues to be Addressed for Improving Sustainability:
Sustainability of Rural and Small Towns Water Supply El Salvador 26 Key Issues to be Addressed for Improving Sustainability: Sustainability of Urban Water Supply Key Issues to be Addressed for Improving Sustainability: Sustainability of Rural and Small Towns Sanitation Key Issues to be Addressed for Improving Sustainability:
Sustainability of Urban Sanitation Key Issues to be Addressed for Improving Sustainability: Measures to Improve Sector Sustainability El Salvador 27
UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Mongolia MDG Outlook Sector Preparedness Overview Sector Sustainability Overview Sector Coordination Sector Capacity
Mongolia 30 Is Mongolia on Track to Reach Water and Sanitation MDGs? aimags and soums soums are divided into bags horoos
Figure 1: Mongolia Drinking Water Ladder, 1990 2006 Coverage (%) 3 46 51 Urban 10 55 35 1990 2006 30 21 Rural 52 42 6 36 35 29 Total 1990 2006 1990 2006 Figure 2: Mongolia Sanitation Ladder, 1995 2006 Urban Rural 2 2 3 32 31 42 27 18 9 Total 28 50 22 13 9 Unimproved Source Other Improved Source Piped Into Premises Open Defecation Improved Drinking Water Source Unimproved Facilities Mongolia 31 Coverage (%) 17 19 23 26 28 Shared Facilities 66 64 18 47 50 23 31 Improved Facilities 1995 2006 1995 2006 1995 2006
Main Issues to be Addressed MDG achievement: Mongolia 32 Leadership and coordination: soum centres Financing: Putting decentralization into practice: aimag, soum and bag Town and small town WSS management: aimag and soum in most soum Sector monitoring: Regulatory control: Urban Ger population: ger
Rural WSS for nomadic population: Sanitation: ger Consumer voice: Public institutions: Skills and capacity: aimag and soum Private sector: Donor coordination: Appropriate technologies: Sector economics and prioritization: Mongolia 33 Inequity: soum ger Water resources scarcity vs. increasing demand:
Mongolia 34 Distinctive Achievements soums ger National Goals and Strategies soum ger
Current legislation and gaps Sector Coordination Key Measures to Improve Coordination: Clarify roles and responsibilities: ger Mongolia 35 Develop institutional inter-linkages: Develop mechanisms to handle inter-local governmental dialogue: Increase sector cross linkages:
Institutional Arrangements Mongolia 36 Table 1: Division of national responsibilities amongst Mongolian ministries Name of Institution Function and Responsibility aimag and soum centres ger resource management
soum aimag and soum Figure 3: Schematic responsibilities for RWSS development in Monglia Aimag Aimag Aimag Aimag and Soum At Soum Mongolia 37 Soum Aimag s
Table 2 Mongolia 38 Comments Academic institutions for WSS Governance WSS Sanitation improvement in Hygiene promotion and Hygiene promotion and recommendations for improving capacity aimags nd aimags aimag in ger soum centres
Key Measures to Improve Institutional Arrangements: ger areas and Strengthen aimag and soum Sector Financing khurals Mongolia 39 aimag and soums aimag soum Key Measures to Improve Sector Financing:
Mongolia 40 Sector Monitoring and Evaluation ger Key Measures to Improve Sector Monitoring and Evaluation: aimag and soum Sector Capacity soums soum aimag soum Key Measures to Improve Sector Capacity:
Sector Sustainability Scores Sector scores are: Key Measures to Improve Sector Sustainability: financing arrangements and give specific consideration for ger, aimagsoum and services for nomadic ger Mongolia 41
UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Nepal MDG Outlook Sector Preparedness Overview Sector Sustainability Overview Aid Coordination Sector Capacity
Nepal 44 Is Nepal on the Right Track to Reach Water and Sanitation MDGs? these figures do not reflect the on the ground and is one of the poorest countries
Figure 1 Water Coverage Universal Access Target 100 90 Additional Performance Required National Coverage (%) Figure 2 National Coverage (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 MDG Target 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Sanitation Coverage Universal Access Target MDG Target Additional Performance Required Nepal 45 30 20 10 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Figure 3: Nepal Drinking Water Ladder, 1990 2006 Urban Rural Total 3 6 12 11 Unimproved Source 30 28 Nepal 46 Coverage (%) 53 44 45 49 1990 2006 Figure 4: Nepal Sanitation Ladder, 1990 2006 Coverage (%) 32 3 29 36 Urban 14 4 37 45 1990 2006 67 77 65 72 11 17 3 7 1990 2006 1990 2006 89 2 3 6 Rural 57 10 9 24 1990 2006 84 2 5 9 Total 57 9 14 27 1990 2006 Other Improved Source Piped Into Premises Open Defecation Improved Drinking Water Source Unimproved Facilities Shared Facilities Improved Facilities Main Issues to be Addressed Institutional fragmentation and limited sector coordination:
Financing and financial resource constraints: Inadequate capacity in local authorities: No updated sector assessment and weak monitoring systems: Inadequate attention to water resource management and water quality: Socially excluded communities lack consumer voice: Nepal 47 Distinctive Achievements Implementing demand-driven policies
Nepal 48 Holding service providers accountable National Strategies Sector Coordination
Figure 5: Coordination Arrangement Sanitation Steering Committee Key Measures to Improve Co-ordination: WQ Steering Committee Institutional Arrangements Nepal 49
Nepal 50 The Leading UN Agencies Supporting the Sector Are:
Key Measures to Improve Institutional Arrangements: Figure 6: Insitutional Arrangement UEIP MWSP SWC Nepal 51 Sector Financing
Nepal 52 Figure 7: Water and Sanitation Financing Flows Community WSS services
Key Measures to Improve Sector Financing: Sector Monitoring and Evaluation Key Measures to Improve Sector Monitoring: Sector Capacity Nepal 53 Key Measures to Improve Sector Capacity:
Nepal 54 Sector Sustainability Scores Sector scores are: Key Measures to Improve Sector Sustainability:
Nepal 55
UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Tajikistan MDG Outlook Sector Preparedness Overview Annexes Aid Coordination Sector Capacity
Tajikistan 58 Is Tajikistan on the Right Track to Reach Water and Sanitation MDGs? Rayselkomhozs Khukumats kolhozs sovhozs
vodokanals vodokanals rayons Tajikistan 59
Figure 1: Levels of access to piped drinking water and sanitation (2002) Source: National Report on Sustainable Development 100 80 Tajikistan 60 Population (%) 60 40 20 0 51 (%) Water Pipe Table 1: Share of population with access to drinking water (%) Source: Assessment reports on environmental problems in Central Asia, UNEP (2006) 23 (%) Sanitation Figure 2: Share of population with access to fresh drinking water (%) in 2003 Source: State Committee on Statistics (2003) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Figure 3: Water Use by Sector Source: Vital Water Graphics, UNEP, Nairobi (2002) Global water use by sectors 3200 2400 1600 800 0 km 3 Assessment Forecast Assessment Forecast Assessment Forecast Agriculture 1900 1925 1950 Withdrawl Consumption Waste 1975 2000 2025 1990 Domestic 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 1900 Withdrawl Consumption Waste Industrial 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 Withdrawl Consumption Figure 4: Provision of population with access to drinking water from the centralized sources of water supply (%) Source: Tajikistan Ministry of Health (2004) 100 90 80 70 60 Waste Tajikistan 61 50 40 30 20 10 0 1991 1995 1998 2002 2008 Total in country City Village (rural)
Figure 5: Access to sources of drinking water by regions of Tajikistan (% of total population) Source: Estimated on basis of data from the Tajikistan government (2000), and UNICEF s multi-indicator cluster survey (MIKI, 2000) 100 90 Tajikistan 62 Percentage (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 GBAO Sugd Region Khalton Region Districts Under Republican Subordin Dushanbe Safe Not Safe The Right to Water comprise every Rural Areas Deprived of Access to Safe Water and Sanitation: of infectious diseases MDG Needs Assessment of Tajikistan s Water Supply and Sanitation Sector National Development Strategy
Lack of Knowledge and Public Awareness: Weak Human Rights Support Structures: inter alia Tajikistan 63 inter alia Tajikistan Poverty Reduction Strategy paper for 2007-2009 MDG Needs Assessment of Tajikistan s Water Supply and Sanitation Sector MDG Needs Assessment of Tajikistan s Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
Tajikistan 64 Little Tangible Improvement on the Ground: Legislative Framework
or Main Issues to be Addressed Institutional disintegration and limited coordination: Financial Difficulties: Tajikistan 65 Insufficient Capacity of Local Executive Bodies: Outdated Sector Assessment and Weak Monitoring System:
rayon Tajikistan 66 Inadequate Attention to Water Resources Management and Water Quality: Disintegrating Infrastructure: Ensuring Each Individual s Right to Water: every individual Distinctive Achievements
National Strategies Tajikistan 67
Tajikistan 68 Aid Coordination
Key Measures to Improve Aid Coordination Institutional Arrangements khukumats Tajikistan 69
Tajikistan 70 Rayselkomhozs Khukumats kolhozs sovhozs Vodocanals cover the services provided to Vodocanals Vodocanals Vodocanals Vodocanals Vodocanal supervision of Vodocanals Vodocanals Khukumats of
Table 2: Main functions of water sector organizations based on the PRSP (2007-2009) SUE Khojagii Manziliju Kommunali: SUE «DushanbeVodocanal»: SUE «Khujandvodocanal»: «TajikSelhozVodoprovodstroy»: Government of the Republic of Tajikistan: Tajikistan 71 Local Executive Branch Bodies: Key Measures to Improve Institutional Arrangements Vodakanals
Tajikistan 72 Khukumats
Sector Financing Forward Cost Estimates Table 3: Estimated costs for the water and sanitation sector 2006-2015 Source: Water Sector Development Strategy (2006) 2006 (thousand US$) 2006 2008 (thousand US$) 2006 2010 (thousand US$) 2006 2015 (thousand US$) Total: 74,424 248,967 510,032 998,273 Table 4: Funding sources in the water and sanitation sector 2006-2015 Source: Water Sector Development Strategy (2006) Funding Sources 2006 2006 2008 2006 2010 2006 2015 Tajikistan 73
Tajikistan 74 Tariffs and Fees improve the situation, Vodokanals No. Vodokanal No.
Proposed Reforms for SUE and DCDEDW, Jamoat Jamoats and the media, Tajikistan 75 Problems and recommendations on community level for drinking water supply,
Tajikistan 76 The Need for Further Investment Khukumats Figure 6: Funding flows under water-supply and sanitation
Key Measures to Improve Sector Financing Sector Monitoring Tajik-glavgeology Goskomstat vodkhoz Tajikistan 77 Environmental Effectiveness Review, Tajikistan
Tajikistan 78 No. Key Measures to Improve Sector Monitoring
Sector Capacity oblast, Key Measures to Improve Sector Capacity Tajikistan 79 Key Measures to Improve Sector Sustainability Problems of water supply and bank strengthening in Tajikistan,
Tajikistan 80 International Aid Water Projects and Programmes in Tajikistan Oxfam SDC UNDP Transforming Livelihoods, Redistributing Responsibilities and Overcoming Mountains Jamoat Jamoat UNICEF. Mobile Theatres of Khatlon
USAID World Bank vodokanals Progress of the programme to increase the number of persons with access to potable water (2008 2020), December 25th 2008. Percentages refer to the first two Totals columns: Programme and Execution totals. No. Name Source of financing (in Thousand Tajik Somoni; US $1 = TJS 23) Totals in Tajikistan 59,928 1 Including: Tajikselhozvodoprovod Republican Budget Local Budget Investments Economic Activity Execution Programme Execution Programme Execution Programme Execution Programme Execution 1,242 2 SUE KMK 16,088 Tajikistan 81
Acronyms Djibouti Tajikistan 82 ADETIP AfDB AFESD CP CSO CSLP DEIS DISED GoAL WaSH INDS IsDB JMP MAEM-RH MDGs MTEF ONEAD PDSTP PK 12 PRSP SNDE UNDP UNICEF WSS Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
El Salvador AECI AECID ANDA CARE CND ENRM FISDL FOAGUA FOCARD-APS FUNDE FUSADES GoAL WaSH GTZ MARN MDGs MSPAS NGOs PCI RASES SDC SIFLD UBN UNDP WASH WSS Spanish Cooperation Agency Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annexes 83
Mongolia Annexes 84 ADB Ger GoAL WaSH GoM MDGs MFALI MNET MoF MoH MRTCUD NGOs O&M PSFML RWSS UNDP UNICEF UNJPWSS WASH WB WSS Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Nepal ADB CBWSSP DDCs DLGSP DTO DWSS FEDWASUN GoAL WaSH GoN IDA JICA JMP KUKL KVWSBM MDGs MLD MoF MoH MPPW NDHS NEWAH NGOs NPC NWSC PPP PPUE PRSP RWSS RWSSFDB RWSSP SSG SWAp UNDP UNICEF VDCs WASH WB WECS WHO WQ WSP WSS Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Acronyms 85
Tajikistan Acronyms 86 ADB CIS DCDEDW DRP EBRD EU GoAL WaSH GoRT GOST GTZ HRBA JMP khukumats kolhozs LGPC MCFHS MDGs MERLIN MIKI MPPW NDS NGOs NNHPAP NPC ODA OHCHR OSCE PRSP rayons SDC SDW SECO SES SUE KMK SWAp UNDP UNECE UNICEF vodokanals WASH WB WHO WSS Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
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