A Revitalization Plan for Atlanta s Oakland City Neighborhood

A vitiztio fo Att Ok it ighbohoo outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv t Att th Aic Pp b: Th xw POI outig

Ackowgt Th utho wih to thk tho who hv cotibut to th pouctio of thi pot. I pticu ibt to Api Ao of th outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv (A) vopt oitt b, Hock th tff of th t Att th Aic (AA), To Picktt th tff of th Att L Tut obotiv (ALT), Joh vi of Buigto Aocit, Kuv ii Goith of o Uivit ptt of it gio ig, Jck hit, th tff of th it of Att ptt of ig ouit vopt ptt of th gt. - Th xw, Api 2012 Ok it i

xcutiv u Thi popo p focu o th Outoo Activit t (OA), 26-c ub fot tu pv i Att Ok it ighbohoo, th ctpic of couit vitiztio ffot. It outi potti pthip btw th of th Att Bti pojct two couit-b ogiztio, outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv (A) t Att th Aic (AA), to vitiz th uouig th OA whi pvtig th ipct tht vopt oft cu. Ok it i uv cooic it Afic-Aic ighbohoo i outhwt Att tht fc uiqu oppotuit. Th Att Bti i th gt vopt ffot cut uw i th Uit t, $2.8 biio tit-oit vopt pojct tht wi povi twok of pubic tit, pk, uti-u ti og 22-i ight i coio cicig th cit ct. Th ight i ti t wi tic ipov coctivit tiut ivtt. Th Bti coio p ½ i fo th OA, th Bti t icu popo to xp ipov th OA coct it to th Bti with ti. Th Bti cocptu p fo th OA i g ig with th couit Viio fo th fciit, pouc b AA pk vocc ogiztio Pk Pi. Howv, ith ocut xpo ipttio i ti, Bti ouc i outhwt Att cut coctt wh. Th p tht foow tk iiti tp i outiig ipttio poc i which A, AA, th Bti pt fo utu bfit. Th p icu xpio of th xitig ub fot t th OA to icu b gpc; cotuctio of hot w bicc pti ti to coct th xp OA to th Bti; totio of th t uig though th OA to big w if to th fot. AA i tbih viot jutic ogiztio tht opt th OA uctio fciit to tch chi ut bout coog, covtio, viot twhip, ub gicutu. A i o-pofit ouit L Tut (LT) cut i th poc of icopotio. - A wi tbiiz th uouig b tfoig foco vct hou ito pt ffob hoowhip oppotuiti uig th LT h-quit o of tu. Bti hv hp tbih twok of LT i o to ic th fficic of ffob houig ubii, to itigt ipct i ighbohoo ffct b th Bti pojct. Th go i to k th Bti vopt o oci quitb. A wi tt with ig fi ho o pc jct to th OA icu i th Att Bti Tx Ao ctio itict, thfo igib fo ict ow-pt itc fo th Bti Affob Houig Tut Fu. A wi o cqui popti fo ub f couit g, pt with tbih ub gicutu ogiztio, Tu Livig. Th pot h fiv ctio: th fit ctio povi bic couit pofi of th, icuig ogphic t, couit iti, hito. Th co ctio highight th ipct of ct ogphic cooic t i th it of Att, icuig ciig poputio, upot, povt, th focou cii. Th thi ctio outi th ti of th Att Bti pojct. Th fouth fifth ctio outi th pthip btw A AA, thi jo go, tp fo ipttio. Figu 1 iutt th p tuctu viu. Ok it ii

Figu 1: uctu OUITY PLAIG OTXT 1: ouit Pofi wo, ttit 3: Att Bti Tit/octivit OGAIZATIO GOAL 4: A ALT 4.1 ighbohoo biiztio 4.2 Affob Houig 4.3 ipct Pvtio 4.4 cooic vopt 4.5/5.5 Ub Agicutu 2: it-i T i Tgt A houig uit houig foo 5: AA 5.4 totio 5.3 oct OA to th Bti 5.2 xp Ipov th OA 5.1 Pt ovtio Ok it iii

Tb of ott Ackowgt xcutiv u Lit of Tb Figu Lit of p Lit of Aco Ogiztio Pofi i ii v vi vii viii 1 ouit Pofi: outhwt Att 1 A: ogphic 1 B: Houig 2 : ouit Aiti 3 : Hito 4 2 it-i T i th Tgt A 8 A: ogphic 8 B: Houig 9 : Foo Acc 14 3 Th Att Bti Pojct 15 A: Att Bti Ovviw 15 B: Tx Aoctio itict (TA) Tx Ict Ficig (TIF) 16 : quitb vopt 21 4 outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv 24 GOAL 1: ighbohoo biiztio 24 GOAL 2: Pt Affob Hoowhip 24 GOAL 3: ipct Pvtio 28 GOAL 4. Loc cooic vopt 28 5 t Att th Aic th Outoo Activit t 30 GOAL 1: Pt ovtio 30 GOAL 2: OA xpio Ipovt 31 GOAL 3: octig th OA to th Bti 32 GOAL 4: totio 33 GOAL 5: Ub Agicutu 38 fc 46 Appix 49 Ok it iv

Lit of Figu Tb Figu 1: uctu 1 ouit Pofi: outhwt Att Tb 1: Poputio b c, Tgt A u Tct, 2010 1 Figu 2: Houho Tp, Tgt A u Tct v. it of Att, 2010 1 Figu 3: Ico Povt Tgt A u Tct v. it of Att, 2010 2 2 it-i T i th Tgt A Figu 4: Poputio ci, Tgt A PU it of Att, 2000-2010 8 Figu 5: hg i ci kup, it of Att, 2000-2010 8 Figu 6: Povt b Ag, x, c, it of Att, 2010 9 Figu 7: i Houho Ico, it of Att v. Att gio, 2009 9 Figu 8: Poputio Bu b Houig ot, it of Att 2009 11 Tb 3: Focou, Tgt A v. it, Ju 2007 - Ju 2008 14 3 Th Att Bti Pojct Figu 9: Tx Ict Ficig ( xpi b Att Bti, Ic.) 19 Figu 10: Tx Ict Ficig ( o citic xptio) 19 Figu 11: U of Bti TA Fu 22 Appix Tb 4: Poputio b x b Ag, A Tgt A u Tct, 2010 49 Tb 5: Poputio b x b Ag, it of Att, 2010 49 Tb 6: uctio Attit, it of Att v. A Tgt A u Tct, 2010 50 Tb 7: i Ho L Vu, Tgt A PU, 2010 50 Figu 12: Poputio Gowth, it of Att, 1850-2010 51 Tb 8: iti Buiig oitio Pit b Y, it of Att, 2000-2009 51 Tb 9: Vcc Tu: Tgt A u Tct, 2010 51 Tb 10: Focou, 2000 Tgt A u Tct, Ju 2007-Ju 2008 53 Tb 11: Att Focou Fiig, ighbohoo ig Uit, Ju 2009 to 2010 53 Tb 12: Vct Hou i th Bti TA th Outoo Activit t, ch 2012 60 iii Ok it v

Lit of p 1 ouit Pofi: outhwt Att p 1: ighbohoo PU (ighbohoo ig Uit), Tgt A 3 p 2: Bck Poputio b u Tct, it of Att, 2010 4 p 3: i Ho Vu b PU, it of Att, 2010 5 2 it-i T i th Tgt A p 4: pot, it of Att, 2009 10 p 5: Focou b u Tct, it of Att, Ju 2007-Ju 2008 12 p 6: Focou, it of Att PU, Ju 2009-2010 13 p 7: Hth Foo Acc i to Att, 2010 14 3 Th Att Bti Pojct p 8: Att Bti Ovviw 16 p 9: Att Bti - outhwt Att 17 p 10: Att Bti Tx Aoctio itict 18 p 11: i Ho Pic Ic 2000-2006 b PU, it of Att 20 4 outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv p 12: Bti Tx Aoctio itict, Tgt A 25 p 13: Bti Tx Aoctio itict Pc th OA 26 p 14: Vct Hou i Bti Tx Aoctio itict th OA, ch 2012 27 5 t Att th Aic th Outoo Activit t p 15: oth Bch of Uto k Topogph Hoog 33 p 16: oth Bch of Uto k owt Iftuctu 34 p 17: Bti ub 1 t : Op pc Fwok 40 p 18: Bti ub 1 t : Outoo Activit t xpio ocpt 42 p 19: Outoo Activit t ouit Viioig 44 Appix p 20: A vic A with Tgt A u Tct, 2010 49 p 21: Hitoic itict, outhwt Att 50 p 22: Vcc t, it of Att u Tct, 2010 52 p 23: Hoowhip t, it of Att u Tct, 2010 52 p 24: Bti ub 1 t : Ovviw 54 p 25: Bti ub 1 t : Pubic pc Ai 56 p 26: Bti ub 1 t : L U icutio 58 p 27: ouit vopt Ipct A, it of Att 2010 60 Ok it vi

Lit of Aco A AP ABHTF ABI ABP AA AHA ALT AP A AHA BA IA LT HO P PA HU LBA L LI LT PU P ATA OA A TA TAA TIF TO TL UGO AA Aic ouit uv Appi tohip Pog fo utibiit Att Bti Affob Houig Tut Fu Att Bti Ic. Att Bti Pthip Att vopt Authoit Att Houig Aocitio of ighbohoo-b vop Att L Tut obotiv Att Ipt choo t (Att Pubic choo) Att gio oiio Att Houig Authoit ouit Bfit Agt ouit vopt opotio ouit vopt Ipct A ouit L Tut ouit Houig vopt Ogiztio ophiv vopt viot Potctio Agc ptt of Houig Ub vopt Futo out/it of Att L Bk Authoit Livig ouiti oitio Low-Ipct vopt tio ouit L Tut twok ighbohoo ig Uit ighbohoo biiztio Pog topoit Att pi Tit Authoit Outoo Activit t outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv Tx Aoctio itict Tx Aoctio itict io oitt Tx Ict Ficig Tit Oit vopt Tu Livig t fo tu Ub Agicutu Ub G iic Oi t Att th Aic Ok it vii

Ogiztio Pofi outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv (A) A i o-pofit ouit vopt opotio () ouit L Tut (LT) cut i th poc of icopotio. A iio i to fot th vopt of cooic coogic utib couiti i outhwt Att though cophiv poc of vitiztio tht k to potct poot pt ffob houig coci gowth i th couit. A wi u th LT h-quit o to povi pt ffob hoowhip oppotuiti to ow-ot ico houho. A wi o hp ov th LT ovt futh ito cooic vopt, though bui icubtio twhip of coci popti. t Att th Aic (AA) AA i couit b, o-pofit viot jutic ogiztio i t Att. AA o fo couit tugg to ht iciito wt wt ttt pctic i 2002. A- A iio i to ipov th quit of if fo it b potctig, pvig, toig th couit tu ouc. AA voct fo th pvtio of gpc, th potctio ipovt of wt quit, th pootio of viot hth withi th Pocto,, Uto k wth. AA opt th 26-c Outoo Activit t, foc poit of thi pot, though OU with th it of Att ptt of Pk, ctio, utu Affi. AA i tt i viot uctio. Att L Tut obotiv (ALT) ALT i th ct v fo twok of ouit L Tut thoughout th it of Att. A o-pofit ogiztio fou i cb 2009, ALT iio i to iti ffobiit i ighbohoo t ik of gtifictio ipct u to th Att Bti pojct. ALT fot LT-fi poitic cit though poic vocc, couit ggt, fuiig; pfo th twhip fuctio of LT i tho ighbohoo wh th oc cpcit o ot xit (.g. tog ouit vopt opotio); wok with i ighbohoo wh th o xit, to xcut LT-o vopt; fciitt th fotio of w ighbohoo-b, it-coto LT, of which A i o. Pk Pi Fou i 1989, Pk Pi i th o o-pofit ogiztio tht wok with couiti ov Att to ipov thi pk. Ptig with o th 60 Fi of th Pk goup wokig to ipov thi gpc, Pk Pi hp couiti gt gg though vout pojct, couit g, couit- pk ig, gt-witig itc fo pk ipovt pog. Pk Pi g o th 15,000 hou of vout wok i Att pk u. Pk Pi o focu o vocc ffot, wok with couiti to vop cocptu p fo thi pk though it Pk Viioig pog, gt pop ivov i th Aopt--Pk, Fic Pt ico Gt pog. Pk Pi ct th Outoo Activit t fo Viioig Poc to ct cocptu p fo fciit ipovt. Ok it viii

Att Bti, Ic. (ABI) Fo b th Att vopt Authoit i 2006, ABI i th pubic-pivt pthip tk with pig xcutig th ipttio of th Att Bti i pthip with th Bti t, icuig it of Att ptt. It fuctio icu pcific fiig th Bti p; ig ffot to cu f, tt oc fuig; cotiuig th Bti couit ggt poc; vig th ov pojct gt offic to xcut th Bti p, icuig th cooitio of pig xcutio ctiviti with oth it of Att ptt gig vo uppi. Att Bti Ic. i o poib fo tckig potig pog o th Bti to th Att it ouci, Att Pubic choo Futo out, th th txig uthoiti tht uthoiz th Bti Tx Aoctio itict (TA) gitio i 2005. Att Bti Pthip (ABLP) ABLP i o-pofit ogiztio coitt to iig fu fo pivt phithopic ouc to uppot th Bti pojct; wokig with ighbohoo, couit ogiztio, fith ogiztio, bui oth goup to i g w bo-b uppot fo th Bti; vig ctt to obiiz ouc to th oci coc i b w vopt ou th Bti. ABLP w uch i 2005 bg it cpit cpig i Ju 2007. B th of 2010 o, ABLP h i ov $35 iio i pivt cotibutio, fo Gogi gt copotio foutio. Futo out/it of Att L Bk Authoit (LBA) Th LBA i pubic uthoit ct to fficit ho, g vop tx-foco popt i Futo out th it of Att. LBA ct g fici chi to tfo vct popt bck to pouctiv u fciitt vopt i o couiti tht hv uff fo iivtt out-igtio of it bui. I ch 2012, th Gogi tt gitu p w tht gv LBA th pow to puch vct popti. LBA h b ctiv i outh outhwt Att i ct, i pticu i th Pittbugh ighbohoo. Ok it ix

1 ouit Pofi: outhwt Att Th focu of thi popo p i th Outoo Activit t (OA), 26-c ub fot tu pv i outhwt Att. Thi couit pofi of th uouig th OA icu ogphic houig t, couit iti, hito. Th OA i oct i th Ok it ighbohoo, i cu tct 61 i ighbohoo ig Uit (p 1). Fo t i, tgt of 13 cu tct w cho to ot co ig with th outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv (A) offici vic (p 20, Appix). A: OGAPHI c, x, Ag Th tgt i pii Afic-Aic: I 2010, 94.5% of th tgt tot poputio w Afic-Aic, icuig o th 90% of ch iiviu tct. Th outh wt pt of Att poit Afic-Aic (p 3). Tb 1: Poputio b c, Tgt A u Tct, 2010 c Poputio Pctg Afic-Aic 38,463 94.5% hit 1,064 2.6% Ai 115 0.3% TOTAL 40,706 Hipic/Ltio (ALL A) 817 2.0% ouc: U ci u 2010 Th tgt h g poputio of f, outh, : Th tgt h uch g pctg of f, outh,, th th cit ov (Tb 4 5, Appix). Th tgt vg houho iz of 2.42 po w igifict g th th cit, 2.11. Houho opoitio A g pctg of tgt houho fii: Th tgt h uch high pctg of fi houho (57%), th th cit (43.5%). h viw togth with th g ub of g houho iz, thi uggt tht th tgt h o it-gtio fii ivig togth, fw tut o oug pofio ivig o. Th tgt i ho to ig oth: Th tgt h uch high pctg of fh houho with o hub pt th th cit (Figu 2). Thi houho tp pt o th hf (53%) of fi houho 30% of houho. Figu 2: Houho Tp, Tgt A u Tct v. it of Att, 2010 o-fi: ig 36% Po Fi: F, o 30% hub 17% Fi: Hub 21% if 23% 7% Oth o-fi 13% 6% Fi:, o wif 4% Tgt A u Tct it of Att ouc: U ci u 2010 44% Ico Povt Th tgt h ow houho ico high povt t: A th tgt cu tct xcpt two hv i houho ico ow th th cit i ($30,332), ot hv povt t high th th cit (26%). Fiv of th tct hv povt t bov 30% th tct hv povt t bov 40% (Figu 3). uctio Attit uctio ttit i uch ow i th tgt th i th cit, pci fo : Th joit of th tgt poputio (tit 55%) h o cog xpic, cop to 35% i th cit ov- Ok it 1

60% Figu 3: Ico Povt Tgt A u Tct v. it of Att, 2010 $60,000 50% $50,000 POVTY AT 40% 30% $40,000 $30,000 IO 20% $20,000 10% $10,000 0% $0 2009 i Houho Ico Povt t ouc: Aic ouit uv tit 2006-2010, o 24% of th tgt h cog g, cop to 42% i th cit (Tb 6, Appix). hi uctio ttit i tiv qu og f i th cit, f i th tgt uch o ik th to hv cog xpic o g. B: HOUIG Houig ock Th tgt h ow ho vu: Th tgt co ito PU-, PU-T, PU-, PU-I (p 1). I 2010, th fou PU h i ho vu igifict th th cit i og th owt i th cit (Tb 7, Appix). PU-, i which th OA i oct, h th owt i ho vu of PU i th cit xcpt o, PU-K. Th i ho vu i PU- w $113,840, 50% of th cit i. Ho vu i PU i th oth t, poit whit pt of th cit g uch high th tho i th outh wt, poit bck (p 2). Houig i th tgt i of ot it, i tiv o: Th tgt cu tct hv ov it of 1.93 uit p c, which i th th cit ov it of 2.14 uit p c, but withi th tgt th i bo g. Th cu tct co to th cit ct hv o th 4 uit p c but tho fth out hv jut ov 1 uit p c. Th vg of i houig g fo th tgt cu tct w 49 (buit i 1963), which i igifict o th th cit i of 38 (buit i 1974). Ok it i p-ii ighbohoo tht h ot xpic igifict ifi vopt o houig hbiittio. Ok it 2

Outoo Activit t 0 0.5 1 i Ü Lg ighbohoo Tgt A PU : OUITY AITI xitig Aiti Th tgt coti v g out of gpc, icuig th Outoo Activit t hu of c i Joh A. hit Pk, Lio Hpto Pk, th c pig tu Pv. Howv, outhwt Att i wi coi th ot uv pt of th cit i t of pk fciiti. Athough vub t, th gpc uutiiz bcu th ck citic iftuctu, ig, pogig. Th i ho to 2 ibi, A Pk Bch t Bch, w 2 pubic choo, ii Fich t choo Bow i choo. Th h v gof cou couit ctio ct with wiig poo ti cout, icuig 2 YA Bch. Iit oth i th Att Uivit t, ho to 3 Hitoic Bck og Uiviti p og, ohou og, k og. pbto. L. hv vibt coci coio tht w tgt fo focu ivtt i th t c. 1 Th outh ATA to i p og L, 3 top coct th to owtow: t, Ok it, Lkwoo- Ft. cpho. vopt: Fot cpho Fot cpho, iit b outht of th OA, w offici co i ptb 2011, 2 i cut big vop copt couit, icuig: - 1. th 2004 Ok it/lkwoo Livb t 2. Th b w co ut of th 2005 BA Ok it 3

Outoo Activit t 0 1,450 2,900 Ft 0.8% - 14.4% 14.5% - 36% 36.1% - 64.6% 64.7% - 86.5% 86.6% - 98% Ü t tit 10,600 job, with 2.4 iio qu ft of offic b pc 1,900 high-it iti uit tt-v ti, hot, pubic pz, tut, offic goc to tio git of Hitoic c I po to thi p, couit-b ogiztio i Att, Gogi TA-UP, couct 22-oth couit pticipto ch pojct pouc th Ft cpho ouit Actio. 3 Thi ocut bui upo th vopt Ok it 4 0 1 2 4 i p whi citicizig it fiu to itgt th w vopt ito th uouig couit. It co t to th vopt uthoit p outi coct ttgi fo ucig th bi tht iot th w vopt, o tht xitig it bfit fo th ipovt. : HITOY 4 ttt og i i (1821-1890) Th wh th Ok it ighbohoo i to w oigi cqui fo th k Ii- 4. it Hitoic itict.

112,240-142,309 142,310-186,724 186,725-230,685 230,686-507,145 507,146-856,426 Ü 0 2 4 i i 1821. Th o tow o, which i ow c o, to th Ii vig of tow o th bk of th htthooch iv. pbto o coct th to th ubub of pbto, th t of govt fo w ct pb out. Th Ok it ighbohoo vop pt tow, bgiig i th 1890 with th coptio of to i tht coct th to Att oth ubub. ot vopt occu btw th 1890 th i-1950. vopt og to i ct th icoitt ptt of tt oittio o p ppicu to th io. Th vop poit wokig-c whit, h w b pii iti. Th vopt of io i th 1840 pc o juctu tgcoch with io tiu th pi ct of gowth. io c to th Ok it i 1846 gi i 1849, but bcu o top w i Ok it, th i u f, whi ti i Att t Poit cu ubiztio. Th tck of both io w v g i th ivi, but both w buit, oo vopt bg cochig o th Ok it fo both oth outh. Th hit H, u oth of Ok it, bcoig o of Att ftt-gowig ubub i th c foowig th ivi, i 1868 w icopot t. Att fit i-pow tt iw w buit i 1871 to t, i Att co tt io, th t & Att t io op, buit i 1872-1873. Th i ict gowth w fo Ok it, but vtu it wou pi ov. Icopotio of Ok it hit ubub vopt (1890-1920) vopt coch fo th outh wh Fot Ok it 5

HITOY: UAY Th uouig th OA w cqui fo th k Ii i 1821 i u f fo c bcu though io p though, o ti w cotuct. igifict vopt bg og to i i th 1890 ft th coptio of Fot cpho, Ok it icopot uicipit i 1894. Th it of Att x Ok it i 1910, iuti job w i i fu hv ubub vopt i th 1920. Th i pii whit wokig-c uti II, wh g ub of Afic Aic ov to th cit i ch of pot, whit houho ivtt pi ov out. Th h b cooic it ic th 1950 1960. cpho w copt i 1888, th btw it t vop pi i th 1890, uch ik th t of th Att. outhwt Att f w ubivi ito t w whit wokig c ighbohoo, though it w h bck poputio. A Afic Aic ov wt out of Att, howv, th bg to tt Ok it t o hvi. I ccoc with 1913 ttut ig b o oow quiig iti ggtio, v Ok it ubiviio pt fo thi ti pio tt tht popt w fo whit o. A bck couit w tbih iit wt of Ok iv og wht i to z u (fo kow Buh outi u), L, Big u, Ig t. Thi i iit outh of th xitig Outoo Activit t, of th popti ow t fo xpio of th OA. I 1927, t cop ttpt to tbih ubiviio Lico Hight, iit oth of th xitig bck couit, but w uuccfu. I 1951, th w ich Hi vop fo hit o. pit 1917 U up out ciio tht c ci zoig viotio of th 14th At, i 1922 Att p zoig oic tht fi xcuiv whit bck iti (Pto, 96-97). Th Ku Kux K h tog pc i Ok it i Att cit govt (Kuh 1990:313-4). I 1940, Ok it i poit whit, with Afic Aic it cut i bou b o u, Pp t, pk t, L t (1940 Att it icto). Thoughout Att, pubic xpitu w igifi- ct i Afic-Aic th i whit. I Ok it, th bck couit obiiz ou th fuig of pubic choo. h it w x b Att i 1910, Ok it h o choo but b 1922 th w two choo: th oigi Ok it choo fo whit th iock choo fo bck. I 1921 th it of Att ppov $4 iio i choo ipovt, th choo t tu ct both choo fo xpio ipovt ( ght 1922). Howv, o w uthoiz o t Ok it choo, ot t iock. I 1927, th whit couit i Ok it uccfu obbi th choo bo to co oih iock choo, vig th ighbohoo without choo fo bck chi. Thi w ict bt of bck vot, who w cuci to th pig of choo bo i 1921 1926, th govt xt v ttpt to p uctio bo fi without thi uppot (ci 1969). Ok it choo w ipov op i 1929 g t choo, ft I.. g, Ok it it th o of Att. Thi choo civ itio ig buit b G. Lo Pch, th fou chitct who ig th o it H buiig oth w kow Att buiig. Th choo i ti i optio to, kow Fich t. II, hg i ci opoitio, iivtt (1940-pt) vopt h tgt i Ok it fo ot c uig th Gt pio. Bu pc of th o ttc, which og L t uti 1937 wh pc b tck ctic to. Th tck to uti th 1960, wh th w pc b ATA bu. v- Ok it 6

opt pick up gi uig ft II, houig ic with igtio to job ct, pci fo Afic Aic. Att bck poputio ic igifict Att gw ito g topoi though tpic pot-ii U ububiztio pw. B th i-1960, Ok it w i ci, u i g pt to th ptu of whit fo th ighbohoo. of th oigi, poit wokig-c it w ppochig tit, thi chi go ico uc. Th w ck of job upu of foco bo ho. bck fii took vtg of ow pic, ct ft th offici of Ji ow ggtio, to puch ho i Ok it. tig i 1976, og Aw Youg iitit pog c ub hotig, which o ipit hou fo $1 to iiviu tht wou ovt th hp pvt pcutio. I 1971 th it of Att ppov popo fo $1.4 biio tit t with 64 i of i bu w i with 41 ttio pk--i fciiti fo 30,000 vhic. Th popo icu i ttio i Ok it, o th i to Htfi Ittio Aipot, tit to b copt b i-1977. Th i w ot copt uti 1984, howv, fi to big bout th it vitiztio. To th Ok it ighbohoo i ot ti bck, with ow houho ico, high povt t, high vcc t, g ub of focou, cop to th t of th cit. Th ighbohoo i ti pii ig-fi iti, with uch of th oigi houig itct. Th Ok it Hitoic itict w igt o th tio git of Hitoic c i 2003 i o to pv Ok it hitoic coctio of -i 20th tu iti couit k tuctu. Th Outoo Activit t i ho to pctic fi fo th Att Bck ck, fo go Bb Lgu t. uch of th t ighbohoo iit oth Ok it ighbohoo i icu i th t Hitoic itict, o o th tio git. Thi w ct of Afic Aic cutu fo c h hitoic pv ho. p 31 i th Appix how ppoxitio of both Hitoic itict. Ok it 7

2 Thi ctio highight igifict ogphic houig t i th it of Att i ct, with phi o thi ipct o th tgt. Th t poit to jo couit. A: OGAPHI Poputio Att poputio gowth i tgt: Poputio gowth i th it of Att topp i th 2000, pit gowth i th 1990 tht bg to v th ci of th 1970-1980 (Figu 12, Appix). Th cit 2011 ophiv vopt (P) tit gowth fo 2000 to 2010 to b 29%, but th 2010 cu cout how ic of th 1%. 1 Th P tit Att 2010 poputio t 538,460, but th offici cu cout w 420,003. 2 35% 25% Figu 4: Poputio ci, Tgt A PU it of Att, 2000-2010 19% 28% 19% 29% h tgt poputio i ciig: Athough th P tit igifict poputio gowth fo 2000 to 2010 i of th ighbohoo ig Uit (PU) i which thi p tgt i oct, th 2010 cu iict tht th ot poputio (Figu 4). ci opoitio Th it of Att i bcoig icig whit: Att ov ci copoitio i chgig, ot igifict b ifux of whit it ito th cit (Figu 5). Btw 2000 2010, th Afic Aic poputio c b 11.7% (28,795) th whit poputio ic b 17% (22,763). Athough oth ci goup k up v potio wof th poputio, th o gw igifict. 3 Figu 5: hg i ci kup, it of Att, 2000-2010 2000 2010 Bck 61% hit 33% Oth 6% Bck 54% Oth 8% hit 38% 15% 5% 9% ouc: U ci u -5% -15% -25% -4% PU-I (Pop 20,741) -1% PU- (Pop 16,452) tit Gowth t PU- (Pop 10,204) -18% -19% PU- (Pop 16,280) Actu Gowth t ouc: U ci u it of Att it of Att (Pop 420,003) P - - - 0% Ico Povt Povt i th cit of Att ipopotiot ffct Afic Aic, outh, wo: I 2010, 26.1% of th cit poputio iv bow th povt i (Figu 6). Howv, th povt t fo bck (36.8%) w o th 3.5 ti th t fo whit (10.5%). Th t fo chi (40%) w igifict high th th t fo ut (22.5%). A th t fo wo (28.4%) w igifict high th th t fo (23.6%). pit wip povt, 3. - Ok it 8

Tot Poputio U 18 18 to 64 Figu 6: Povt b Ag, x, c it of Att 2010 65+ F Bck hit 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% ouc: 2010 Aic ouit uv tit o 2.1% of th cit houho civ pubic itc i 2010, o 17.6% civ foo tp o AP. ci ico iquit i uch o poouc i th cit of Att th i th gio: Ov, th 2009 HI fo th it of Att ($41,631), w o th 20% ow th tht of th gio ($53,182) (Figu 7). Howv, th HI fo whit houho i th it of Att ($76,106) w o th tip th HI of th cit bck houho ($23,692), whi i th gt Att gio, th 2009 HI w $63,388 fo whit $40,472 fo bck. 4 Th figu utt th icpc btw cit ubub bcu Att i icu i th gio. $41,631 Figu 7: i Houho Ico it of Att v. Att gio, 2009 $76,106 10% $32,077 23% 21% 24% 26% $53,182 28% 37% $63,388 40% it of Att Att- pig- itt A Tot Poputio hit Bck ouc: 2010 Aic ouit uv $40,472 4. pot 5 Att i uffig fo job o upot: Th it of Att ot 19.3% of it job (90,305) btw 2000 th co qut of 2009, with tot job cig fo 468,414 to 378,109. Thi i tic high t of job o th i th A (0.7%), th t of Gogi (1.6%) o th U (1.0%). Th upot t fo cit it o th oub uig tht ti, icig fo 4.9% to 10.3%, i th ub of upo it, which ic fo 10,010 to 24,574. Th upot cu b job o w xcbt b gowig bo foc, pit th cit tgt poputio gowth. I th co qut of 2009, th w 237,815 it of Att i th bo foc, which pt ic of 34,706 (17.1%) ic 2000, vg u gowth t of 1.6%. Th outh wt pt of th cit uff ipopotiot fo ck of job: Job i th it of Att ovwhig coctt i th oth t, poit whit pt of th cit (p 4). Att it icig coutig outi th cit fo pot: I 2002, tit 45.2% of th it of Att bo foc wok i th cit, but i 2008, o 41.6% wok i th cit. I 2002, o 19.5% of job i th cit w h b it of th cit, i 2008 thi figu w 18.3%. Icig ub of cout ik u to cobitio of two t: Att it icig foc to tv fth to fi wok bcu of hotg of job, po who wok outi th cit ovig ito th cit. B: HOUIG Houig Uit Th cit tot ub of houig uit i icig, but gowth h ow i ct : pit th ck of poputio gowth i th it of Att i th pt c, th tot ub of houig uit ic b 5. Ok it 9

Lg pot * 0-999 1,000-2,499 2,500-4,999 5,000-7,499 7,500-9,999 1,0000-14,999 15,000-23,978 * pot h b cout b TAZ (Tpottio Ai Zo) Houig vopt w vopt i th cit h b v itibut og ig-fi uti-fi uit: w houig vopt i th pt c h icu w houig tp (cooiiu, towho), ovtio ifi i hitoic ighbohoo, g high-i uti-fi vopt. I 2008, 46.3% of th cit houig uit w igfi uit, thi figu h b coitt fo th pt 20 v th ub of tot houig uit h gow. uch of th ct ig-fi vopt h occu o ifi ot withi tbih ighbohoo with ktb ti itict (t Att, itow, Buckh, Vigii- High, Kikwoo, I Pk). 26%, fo 186,660 i 2000 to 235,084 i 2010. 7 Aft tog gowth uig th houig bubb of 2002-2007, w houig tt ci igifict i 2008 2009 ut of th focou cii cooic cio (Tb 8, Appix). Tgt PU xpic ic i tot houig uit fo 2000 to 2009: pit oig poputio, th fou PU i which th tgt i oct xpic ic i houig uit fo 2000-2009. Thi ic w ot cop to oth PU. Ok it 10 But uti-fi buiig icig i iz: w uti-fi uit hv b coctt i buiig with 10-49 uit o 50+ uit, th ub of 50+ uit buiig h o th tip ic 1990. 8 I cott, th ub of buiig with 2 uit, 3-4 uit, 5-9 uit h c. Low-it i Buckh, I Pk, itow, owtow, th O Fouth hv b vop iti ix u buiig. Th g, high-i ptt buiig ik v oug pofio o th ow-ico houho. w uti-fi vopt ix-ico couiti buit o th it of ct oih Att Houig Authoit (AHA) buiig. coitt with tio t: AHA i th cit gt ffob houig povi, itig ov 20,000 ow o v-ow ico houho. But i th

TH PUBLI HOUIG I th HOP VI ix-ico o, pubic houig uthoiti uch th AHA t ito og-t gou with pubic-pivt pthip tht ow w iti vopt. Th houig uthoit cotibut o fici ouc to th cpit i b th pivt vop (oft though tx cit), th gou v cti pctg of th uit fo ow-ico houho. Th go i to povi ffob houig i ixico couiti co to pot oppotuiti oth iti (choo, couit ct, ctio fciiti, ti to, bk, chi c, tc), th th i th iot uv couiti i which pubic houig h hitoic b coctt. Th HOP IV pog pt tio hift i pubic houig poviio ttg h b cbt wi. Howv, hv citiciz th pog w. ii to th Ub w pog of th 1950-1970, th HOP IV o oft ut i th ctio of f fw w houig uit th th ub oih, o f fw uit civig pt optig ubii ufficit to uppot fii with v ow ico. Th w itc pog oft v fii who iigib fo pubic houig, uig ubii fiig to v th poputio ot i (Popki t 2004). Ao, o hv citiciz th octio poc, th citi u to ct o xcu it fo w vopt, th vig g of ucc with which fii i fct ov to o ix couiti (Popki t 2005, Kig 2009, ooo 2005). t 15, AHA h oih uch of thi houig. Lg pt of th tio HOP VI pog ( Th w Pubic Houig bov), AHA h hift it focu fo g-c pubic houig pojct to oth houig itc pog tht ttpt to tbih ix-ico couiti i vopt ow b thi pti. 9 I 2010, AHA Quit of Lif Iititiv oct ppoxit 3,000 houho fo 10 g it pubic houig pojct two ho fo th. Th ub of AHA it houho ivig i pubic houig c fo 47% i 1995 to 15% i 2007, th ub uig Houig hoic Vouch ic fo 33% to 57% i th ti pio. 10 AHA h o th quup it ctio 8 HV Pog ic 1996. Houig ot Th it of Att h iou houig ffobiit pob, pci fo t ow-ico houho: I 2010, 47% of th cit houho w houig cot-bu, but thi bu ffct 55% of t 39% of ow (Figu 8). 11 Thi 10. 11. i ot upiig, giv tht 2009 i houho ico fo t w $26,933 fo ow w $76,539. Ao, houig cot bu ipopotiot ffct houho with ow ico. I 2010, 88% of houho ig th $20,000 p w cot bu, but 47% of houho ig btw $35,000 $49,999 (th ico bckt i which th cit 2009 HI of $41,631 wou f). Figu 8: Poputio Bu b Houig ot it of Att 2009 U $20,000 $20,000 to $35,000 $35,000 to $50,000 $50,000 to $75,000 Ov $75,000 TOTAL 3% 13% 15% 40% 39% 43% 47% 55% 65% 73% Ow t ouc: 2010 Aic ouit uv 89% 87% Ok it 11

Ok it 12 ivi w P P L t t O Jic i o top hip i u t k k t g A Ok Gov P h c i i howoo Hvt L Ghi cc Okig Okig Ahbuto Ahbuto Hoop o to i t i Lc B o t Bix H iff i t hi i o o Xig hock T A Tip t obi iup L L g i oo Tux ock B to Hut A B huch coough A oot Gwoo L k Pk igfo ock i Ho ho Bu L c c Bcko ut F i coough A Lo Quii i Quii uit Pk cf out oi L ockhv cott i k T Lkpu L vit A to t Huo upio i g Okvi w cko v i 4th Ftt 5th 4th Lk 4th 4th F tt vi ub t Lk 3 3 3 3 2 Pco L ociff otciff t TT ck T o otv g Hi it H upio Lov i to oth Fiviw At x o 2 1t 1t 2 i h i p Lk it io ich iw O kv Bou Fgto Fitw oo L oo o igw Kto uhi B o v ockct t ockko it Bu G oo Lov V L Lo v Yo 1 ch qu 0 45 zu p i g Fi O off O G t u O ki L T i Bouvit k V k iv H i t L t Obit i Obit t Tt U o h uc h F u oh t Th u bi cott o u Th vi w g t oi L bi L Gov i T ut oo Tcuh T o c uki T o V t T Jjoi Bo o ixo o it t Thu ihow K o pp Fo obook L Bfot i P fi Kopp t Kig ith Och L io Kig T OUTY / 6GP (TQO *7& U 0GKIJQTJQQF 5VKK\VKQP 2TQITO 052 uct L iff t 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gih wpot cip T Biup Fu iio pig i v pig p k Pkw p ig P H v pig o Bout oovt Hw i Ittio i Ph h b H t t Boo Ato otviw Hv ig o f pi vi pig Pp Azi L L Htfo Gh Fibk Htfo v ch o p P Bigi pb Fviw T Jffo Joh F o B Liot i t Hw k Kitt o th Pi Tux o Kowoo V i w A o A Fiot gih Fo t L Ai Li Oiv Fi io Pi thig io ofok Li Tp Oi Tifo Book P Ozo uh L g H wi Ok Bwt o Pi igto i t H L Li L uph L 1t t t Fot Toff T go A u V A A v o h o g Fo foo Ho Lw 1t g G Qu Hopki Lwto H H o Atwoo I pwoth B pwoth H t G B t oo oo i B oth B B goi L oo b B Bo o o Tux A i g o ockigh P o th w t h G woth Iuti v A H ic G ci A p ffo ho cott Bub k t Bub k ffo i Ho i A hicug Lgho Hopki A twoo Atwoo i Got B Huphi ibu T w ti t ti t Hi Hi Att Poit i t o tt B Pk Jttig L i t og H oi o i Foxcoft i Kib i Pi t G Vi B oh Hi ig b Pic Atho o P i oo w hi hpp thwo ot Atoo thwo och Gto Lo zo Got Kiwoth izbth o Th g c T Fo i L t ti ich L t O k i h t io Kit t io Jcko Jcko A io How 8th Jo P Low og F og ci Hphi o O oo p Vigii o hit higto B oo v Jffo t 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Pk L L w Och vi w k T Bch Hv Hi L o hit Ok woo o wo p h o u ub h b A w tio T hok Li o i Vi Hi o o g ov H Pkw i p u b g Hi oig Viw B t Afto t oo T g b Gt u o pig B u K o i I o J Att b K i t Pi ow t At oo t t o o up c G ith ot ig Booki k O Boo T c g oi Tto Huicut k L o L Ft t Pk A P k t oouf f b q o u i pb A w c T Loi i ght t ti go A o i Book i book obook t V B g Vi L i u Q ou Iv p T p i T pig k o u L t gh F Ho c P Vi t o o k i t c t iff u t h Pi i g oop Hi Att Bug Tit Ti t v o Iv G p Bo ok P bb H icko T Az B i T Loch O P Bv Pk w g Vi woo o thoo o g i t u outb Pc T T T t to h t L ig t Lu pi g V A Iv outi Highviw Iv o wt High oth thw o L Joqui i x i izbth A Ok Tw i Kigviw i i g c U t 72 Ptt Bch Pit u u t v Fo i T Fw ivit G o Lkho ook Pi c i o ccu Api P o i Kig V ti t L G Hu g h Hb Guthi i c t ig t P kw G t L t o f o iv V G t K t At Kig i L how G V g T tbook k i ut Gc u c t i t ou L iowbo ok V o L o c o L w F fo fo tfi Pkwoo twoo Hii oc k o ob T iffi G Ok F Bug L g i it A g Fg o Po o B vg Vi H L i G o u t B i Bo kv fo k t Lu ci t hit H v A Pkw woo o Qu A t K t Gb i izbth to t i L t i pi g Pi B ch pig TY 20 h h gh ttox tit T At o Hico L Vi i c Ac ic B L c o Hu T tch Bou t ti Fo t h i Po w ut Ax t po ict ph ch ifto i Hu t i o ifto V t thw ou Hw Pkw co A Hw O ixi v tit B i bu Loop A Pi Hi otit Bou ig T Jo Ap v ct T t o L t Po k h o Ti Fo w o o L V Aui tpi t o t o h o t tt o A J b ou t T B t B B i ixi V ho ck o Po B HoAui t o Fiw i i t Fgo hioh G F b i t h t go T ht ig K t Lo Lo T L och i K t ki g i Lk O i h t i o bit t bit t to T hit K B tfo i L J t kt Bo u Ozk T vjo T hit i A T Foti i obo h c L x A v A Hvfo H L o Hbh t tfo B t t Twi ck o Btwoo Hopw L w Ac i i h T w o o i gto oi w t p vi fo Ox Hoo Gwoo L Ii i vi ovf Ap c o Okig i io c i i k i h g T i F x GA i k c o G v t i book xfo g L i Pic B o At hit Ok Ai oig w o o it P tick vi ho Kik k v i o ig w o o hv L Tio o i Bouct cc G Ph Aph t Li L L g w io F t i P t A o Ab cott t T ok u b o B i woo t k o wo T Kh B Kik i w Pk Fi L ook Pop I o L T L Bow io i Hict k t Tupo t h iq u L pit t Abo Ato u t o ok Fgto t h oci Lic T Zo w i Hw g Ki oo w G o wo 2 Buch Hi iftwoo T Fitwoo g Hit B io Ho Ako K F t L ch V i i v Pt ockciff L Bouwoo T t i i Foxh ho c L io ig b F o f Jf ic p O i T io Buto G Ti woo pi Ho w g o vi How pig Joph t out Vo co Hi Piwoo O i Bouhi v i wto c w Ok b Ab Tii t Lo Vci Vci i G Hi Hcock Hcock kviw Bo G i i i i Buttick kb Tio L oxh wio B i L k L G Fo t T cc u woth Hut ii oc to w hi p Bbi L Lic L o o co Log o P i T Fok o i ought A ought Tio iw i o F Pi ff o T ot O Lkviw oth G v tw fo i h w v A Bbi L Fttvi t i B t v og u i i tt i tv i oo Hitg t A Bou B i B g i Boc Bg c o i w K g L oo wz otitutio i t cu F uth B u L Lcot f o t oo op i k i obi o xw Pigto h Bbu cii L T i phi utto Ho i ito o tw oo Bi P Bu G Lk ib T th 3 i o o v Hu Ok t G w ith o p g cu w Ho Bt T H i g V Huti t o G o L i ov i p pi i o Ki Hgi gi T t ooh o Pk ib T Lo i o o t V wi L o w th fo i Ov ick o titutio oovt Hw b Lou L u gbi L ki 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c u b u b B wi o i Z i w T T ot o Lox o Pk Kig Ogivi Ag o Jo T i ot T u i hi i High Poit Lo Ag b u T Ho o H i K L hi Hg o t i o t ig T i w A o Bvu T G A o woo Ktuck iot L t i t to i g i g i hi t ih out o Kig t i ig o High ov i oo w Pi At k i i B Af B g g cjki p o t vi tki ig i g tg h ip ooi i k ig th o ti h g t k T i Lvtu Youg Bgg o wo T ub hb Tuck f w H To w V o i i i Ahf o A otwo t B L hffi g g h Aipot Tob iot 8th 9th T Gogi i ij Gt iow P o tz w o Ttwoo P o it hi Lu J Fightw vi i Ago i L ight B k fi o T L Hicko ig v Vv Buk T 4th i h uk Buto z L x P o ock pi c Vij i Bv ick i obi L th ht c P cht w P w quoi Fiw g i g g g i c g 8t P L Pi k tthw Lox Li k i v v L oo b ck Tu oo b h K w i c it tc Liwoo L Pi i ti B H G i oxb oo i w viw Goo Lox t Bixwoth og t o xt i Bookhi L pigi uz w Bo T i ooi c 4 00 oogo P O c tio w o o out ho c o c oo o o ov Lo pigi t K o i Juith co Ao t o Th i L L c t o to o w i i L t woo th w Hoow T L L Vit H t Hio wick K t io Pkw Pcht Viw k Bv L Aco b v o h Bkhi ow vi 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L Tuxo Log Hi o o u t Thik t ov 4 00 Joh o Kto i it Fi K ick Bock G Goo i Jo c Buoch i 1t A v w i o T Li w Pk k t p g t Bv 3 o Bo c z o Boto it g B b 6th Fo t t i Gi i v ch Pi 7th P uig Thoto i i i t Vi i U Lkwoo Fw o Hgoo Pop hi Pk Bk c F i to iu Lov Litt Htch ock h O i htut ifto B Lov o O k Poo Pgg i P i i b Fu Bi v t c Hock io o A tu w u o P T i Au G c o woo Lk 4th Fu to t Futo o Gi uc Fc i Victoi Victoi ib oo A x 9th Bk Y i t G ock pig 8th 6th 5th Houto Gz Pui i o Hix Oo hith Tibb Jffo T Btvi J w Bout ph Abth Bv B o t Hi Ittio Bv oi Gib Ahwoo Pickfi Fi Jffo F t hoo Pgg v F i i F ii t tt Lgto v Lov Lov ph o Lic i i ck o i ui icho ck Bk ibu bu Ac i i T G Li Li w Pcott ic Pk P Biho p A t Pi Po ugi 3 g i B V Buk qui t Bv cht P t f ht L i 3 i i o F h t Fo c gto i o i gt ibo p viw i i 10th o v u i Gof i O 10th Bk Hi Lu H T At 12th 11th 11th i i Ax Pot Ax Fot ipo gu P to Buk w 11th 4th Bitti i bo ub Tc Biiff t i t ti 13th 8th Hipp i h Ok Tc i Abcobi 6th 6th 6th 5th 4th ip t High o ut L I 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Lkwoo Fw Pcific gw gbook Boi o o to o Lkig i L i o k L k Pkw pb Ho g v w t H ig to i A Bch i w uth A t P P k igh bi H to i i Bk T k B G t u Pth T gb g boo Bto T o Piko Fibu c Kib H Lu i p k Ig i Gv iw o P Apch T g o i o t it t ov u Oh J i o i Bo Av i Hi Ac ux o io G iv u t o O oo v ut pbto i Bth i f A L og L ook c v t i Kig J itt t ight it t t v K o o V t P ubi g G oo t Pk o i Vb L ck ok hi to P i Lw u Kig J ti Luth Gt T v u Bv th B c cath u o oo T Lu Bv Hi ghtow t ick o ock i gb i Go v H igto V g c o t o i k oo Bo Gof oo h A it Fw o oo t t iw v i T Tho Oiv vi g w ut i F L G c h b Pi P gc T c o b L Ok x Auti Hw to P Loghv A i Vig gw ok L L h T o o p Bi b to wo Pt o gc Hi Lkwoo F w o P Ai k Iv Hi V Ito k i ui Lo c u h L t t Hthwo tu t i h ig Boto o o L ik t Li k Buc Hi bo Iuti Bv Ab T t A o b cc Ab pig i T p L T Tiit oo oo Pto T c T c ockw fo Buto Lhut i Pto i i i Bich ch Hzw o o i g Bi foth Hgwoo gu L ik i Hick to tp ot i i p Lk otc p ott hffi u h ik Lk i op t T Bow th T H Fo u i V i w w B b L Tib o Tw L i ho o Gwoo L i Joph i t i Fgto B j G i g o t t 20 H tt o L to ow Bow g co o Fci thig i oo L ikw gh Hi K w i cott ivi It Okciff oo P v i oi c Lic i Okow ffi L Okciff Lchot H u Lch ot t tfo i t hot T o i t Uto i v bo Ago o i i Bch hi o t ov Bv Tgo t L Th k i g L o g Bv o L c h o K Ax t o P Fibu H oi Fi th Bu L Uto Hobt A t Kigto k Yt Jic t 1t Az P Ab t to u B h uc ik i w H f o u co Avi H th Bo Au to ic v t Hw P v Bightwoo Fibu Fibu i i t L obb cou o oo G T H i oi t k t i to Poc h ovi ob A i o o o i c L o x if t P go g pi Ag Bto Pkw tu o i w othi i 2 t v 3 O B o Po t L h Butz Butz Att Iuti O Go gh Bi i Fw w oo Pto to t o T ibb w Vu Af i b ig P T J i b B Lk ot i o ug t co I P tio o c th b iz w h L V bt z V i o Vi i t High iz bth t vt ot Gux o Ao f w c t Th wo Bt u i tto o i u ti o Pic woo g T Pi i i P o i w og G i t Fo o ut ig Vi B i t g Ki o bi t Pt o ch u I ho t Fo g i w k hi i Atk ptu k i i vi ic T to Poo P i k T i k i L P ot Lgio p H h t ukt c ti Pkw L L k B oo p Log bi t w oo I h oo i ck o A ic tio vic J oh h w obt v B g to t B k F b iv t o w Bv vi w tki itc h P k w b th L J i ti i huc u u L I o wb twig ht iv L Och Kob J t ch Pi B o ok ov t w op h Bi F g Pk k i x F g k Go ot Ok ickjck Pk iv i Fi i ix i Lo w L t Pc Lk k Bout i Pk w i it L t Thi b to ow t o w o i P c c Lk t iw kv Boo ho Bo F t K w Ok oo Pk Iv i o p T B Bch Fo O Kwoo k ob Och K Ok t P c t th w w Vi c i At H c Vw c P G t i Pk ic G Ob o h Hi t Huicut t T vi L T g c h h h Oc o ig oo Pc Ob o k At t Hi u gh Iv Tc o u Hi c i L o i g P kw Vii g i k o High Ag o o k Viig i h i g t t i c o t ik t i o V i ip o I i ub k o w t ch L P Pbb L V Vi Vi t t o i o L g b uck it u Hw t A k L Iv o H ig T t Vi g i o o T ti T t i i oop G wk Bckhw k ou ti T o u G Bckh B k h i T o i L Book o g c A Lu L ckhwk Vi i L ott ott ic ig o i out iv g i u i Luwt t To T L twoo tw oo i g A o two pi h h o Vi i J J L L t c op h ig iti Pkw bb ok g L ki t i P G ub u t b P F ight Hi i b bo it o hut ig p H P V otto hitfi F i g F u t o Ok Bu t if k iff t g tt Vii Iv fi t Tc h ti K H woo tt Hw ck o G o B u L Bch g i T iff Twoo o w oo o Vii c it i H k Pi L to ti T uh G iig u Bob u L i w i it A ti Ai F o t chv hi B Bt t tt t t t t u G h g i J B L t ig Vi ot i tt iff G T T h k L i v ug t Vii g T Kig Athu i hiot i k L w twoo ub h Pkw o u iff L k oo B u L i h w t ick t b u t T c t L b L t ck oop Pi t T k P t G t u jck pig Iv o Hthig i g c t Bb L u woo Ok c i two b L Vt Fo tow ick t oh w k A hwoo t h Kig V i Lo i Hicko i puc h i A g t i pi b t k o i Kig t Gibt o i H Pk u i Bo ok ig ut ui t oi iffwoo Kigviw pi Go o i f t ow Ait o B k h if ow Lov Tu io T t t ot t o i c i i o o c f L Th o it A Pot Ptick L i vi vi u c Pi h t Gb u Lov Highvi w T o Hicko i t t o K i i xc i i ooi Pi h ut L k Auti Highviw o t Ag ow T At Ok t Vi Bt g cob pigf i k o L gb i h i L go i it Btwoo Fo T Lk t Auti i o oco Hut Okviw w Po vpot ow w o Pi Okvi t Au ti Bk pig Lgio V i o k L L Lk P ki o L Bo A t o ki L wo o h A Highviw i Lk A u Hi g 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Ok it 13 126 619 271 629 1345 341 266 245 314 244 667 1152 260 530 753 528 457 538 322 755 354 548 408 26 266 528 26 Lg Focou Fiig A B F G H I P Z X T K L Y O X J Q 11.20% 1.10% 2% 2.20% 2.20% 2% 4.40% 9.60% 2.70% 5.30% 2.90% 2.30% 4.50% 3% 5.20% V 5.60% 6.30% 4.60% 3.40% 2.20% 6.30% 3.80% 0.20% 4.40% 2.60% Vcc Tu 12 Th houig kt cop cooic cio cu pt vcc i th cit of Att: Aft tog gowth i w houig vopt thoughout th 2000, th but of th houig bubb i 2006-2007 th ubqut cooic cio cu g ub of focou vcci. I 2010, 82.4% (185,142) of houig uit i th cit w occupi 17.5% (39,431) w vct, which pt hp ic fo th vcc t of 10% i 2000. Th tgt h xt high vcc t: v of th tgt cu tct h vcc t bov 30% i 2010, th vcc t fo th tgt 12. t ouc: U 2010 ci u ov w 20%, which i high th th citwi vcc t of 17% (Tb 9, Appix). Th tgt tct fth fo th cit ct hv ow vcc t, whi tho co to th cit ct hv high vcc t, but o of th high o of th oth ct (p 22, Appix). Popti ctgoiz i 2010 it w coctt i th outh wt, poit Afic-Aic, icuig of th o ct tgt tct. Ov, th tgt h hoowhip t ii to th cit, but iiviu tgt cu tct hv xt ow hoowhip t: I 2010, 45% of th cit occupi uit w ow, 55% w t. Th 2000 figu w ii. Ov i 2010, 44% of th tgt occupi uit w ow 56% w t, but of th tct hv hoowhip t uch ow th thi vg, icuig fou with t bow 30% o bow 10% (Tb 9, Appix). Th tct, co to th cit ct, hv o of th owt hoowhip t i Att, though th oth tgt tct fth fo th ct hv tiv high t (p 23, Appix). Focou Att h b vtt b th focou cii, pci Afic-Aic couiti: Gogi i o of th tt with th ot bk fiu, Att w o of th U citi hit ht b th focou cii. quit pot pot o th 60,000 focou fiig i th cit btw 2006 of 2010. Focou cotiu to, houig vu hv ci, w houig vopt h ow, otgg ig i xt tight. t fo HU ighbohoo biiztio Po-

g (P) how tht focou i th fit 18-oth pio of th cii w ipopotiot coctt i th outh wt, pot Afic-Aic potio of th cit (p 5). Th tgt i og th ht hit b focou i th cit: 11% of otgg i th tgt xpic focou i th fit 18 oth of th cii (Tb 3). uig tht ti pio, of th tgt tct h focou t w bov th cit, ot h t o th oub th cit (5.4%). o of th tct coti th cit ht hit ighbohoo. uig th co wv of focou, fo Ju 2009 to 2010, th PU u Tct iffc Btw Acc, Fh v. Ft i which th Outoo Activit t i oct, PU-, h th hight focou t of PU i th cit: 538 focou fiig, which i o th 11% of it tot houig uit (Tb 11, Appix). ot tht ic hoowhip t oft w bow 50%, th pctg oft pt th hf th quivt focou t pctg of tot otgg. p 6 how tht th 11,964 tot focou i th cit uig tht ti pio w gi ipopotiot coctt i th outh wt pt of th cit, cot to th ct. -5.3 - -2.5 Gt Acc to Fh Foo -2.4 - -0.5-0.4-0.5 0.6-2.9 3.0-5.2 Gt Acc to Ft Foo : FOO A Th tgt ck cc to fh, utitiou foo: A ct pot b th Att gio oiio how tht cu tct i outh outhwt Att hv og th bt cc to ft foo i th cit, ot fh foo (p 7). I Att, i ico ic o th pctg of th poputio tht i whit ic, cc to fh foo ic. Tb 3: Focou Tgt A v. it, Ju 2007 - Ju 2008 Tot Focou Tot otgg Focou t A Tgt A u 1,044 9,590 10.9% Tct it of Att 7,123 131,332 5.4% ouc: ighbohoo biiztio Pog (P) Ok it 14

3 Th Att Bti Pojct ATLATA BLTLI OVVI Th it of Att i utkig th gt ot xtiv ub vopt pojct ow uw i th U, th ot cophiv cooic vopt ffot v utk i Att. Th Att Bti i $2.8 biio tit-oit vopt pojct tht wi povi twok of pubic tit, pk, uti-u ti og 22-i ight i coio tht viv coct utip gt of hitoic i i (p 9 p 10). Th Bti coio wi coup ight-i tck with bikig/wkig ti, cicig th owtow pig though 45 ighbohoo. o th 100,000 pop (24% of th cit poputio) iv withi o-hf i of th Bti. A itio 11 i of bikig/wkig pu ti ik th coio to jo gpc, 1,300 c of w pk gpc wi b to th cit 3,250 xitig c ( 40% ic). Th ight i wi coct with th cit xitig hv i t, th topoit Att pi Tit Authoit (ATA), w th popo w Pcht tc. Ov, thi w twok of pubic ctiv tpottio t wi povi w coctivit thoughout th cit tic ic cc to jo bui itict, job ct, iti. I itio, th w pubic iftuctu i it to tiut ixu tit-oit vopt og th Bti coio itf, ctivtig tit 3,000 c of vct uu ctig tit 30,000 w job ov th 25- cotuctio tii. Th vopt p o c fo viot cup i ov 1,100 c of bowfi it, th pvtio of hitoic vub buiig, w it fo pubic t. Twv picip gui th ipttio of th Bti pojct. 1 Th popo i thi pot 1. ocpt ig of th Bti. ouc: Att Bti, Ic. Fo ti upt, www.bti.og coitt with of th picip, but ot i pticu with th foowig: bfit oc it bui. bi, pci tho ighbohoo hitoic pt b th i coio. ou, ut tpottio t tht p fo o of tit. ipct ctig of ix of w houig tp pic tht ccoot ivit, i co poxiit to iti. bui couit, coct ighbohoo, ipov pubic hth quit of if. foo t, w gpc, ouc-fficit buiig. i ub 1. Ok it 15

topoit Pkw othi Bouv Pc Boto gt itch Ff oo i Btt Hov t igwoo Hight o k twoo Bo oofi othi gt Pcht Btt Aic ooi Ho Bobb Jo Gof ou oi Pk Att oi Pk pigk oi Hi oth Pcht Pcht Hight t G Hi Pcht Hight t Pcht Hi Bookwoo Hi Libgh t Piot Pcht Pk Pi Hi Libgh/oogo Liig/ti o pig Bufo o tov ttio.l. Hoow Pkw Gov Pk Hi Pk t High ock ti Pk Bch iwoo (PU-) Uwoo Hi ox Pk Btow twok.l. Hoow How i ti Luth Kig J 14th Joph. Boo Bv Joph. Boo Bv tviw ph vi Abth Bv hit Bkh t hig V Bk Pk Ho Pk Kight Pk/How tio gih u Loig Hight Pt Ao oi Hi Bookwoo Attic tio 10th Gogi Tch itt t At Po chicvi oth pig Tiit Foth pig pig A Pk hwoo Fot Pcht itow Piot Piot gwoo uhi oo oth Hitoic Fouth Pk O Fouth o outi Fw Gt Pk Piot Piot Hight t Lk higto Pk Hut Hi Vi it owtow Pcht t ixi Hi Ahb Vi it o/g/phiip/ t Lk Fiv Poit op ighbo Jut U Att Uivit t wt Aubu oz Pk Gogi t Ahviw Hight Kig oi Gtt Ok bbgtow t tviw t ot Pk tb Hi Ok pito Gtw Hi hi twoo Tc Bkh Th Vig t tb Hi t At t itow oth u ivic t Piot Gt oigi/lox Pk At Vigii High ui Hi Atki Pk Poc Lo Poc-High Fo Pk oi Pk I Pk otow Owoo Pk o o o gwoo t Att o I Pk- Att BtLi oio Att BtLi Tou out Att BtLi Ti jo o xitig Pk Popo Pk Joh A. hit c o Buh outi Ai Pk Pittbugh c u/o uph oig Ok it Th Vig t v L pito Viw o ig Poptow Zoo Att co ut/coough/guic Bouv Hight Itcht k oft howoo Pk Bouv oig t Fciit Vti Hi pito Viw High Poit outh Att Itcht k Ok it gwoo o Bt Pk oo Hi v Hi Fou o to o Ittt Highw ATA choo pit ig, icuig f tt th ifo upviio bought b ctiv tt fotg iti it. TAX ALLOATIO ITIT (TA) A TAX-IT FIAIG Appoxit 60% of th Bti pojct wi b fu though Tx Aoctio itict (TA), which igt pcific popti fo icuio i Tx Ict Ficig (TIF) gt. 2 2. Ok it 16

Bobb Jo Gof ou Att oi Pk Fou o to Piot Ok t Gt Zoo Attt co Bouv oig Itcht t k ti ot Pk tviw t tviw b A. cko oz Pk o tviw c Kog Vig hicug u Bch Lgho t Outoo Activit t Jut U Ahviw Hight higto Pk ph vi Abth Bv Goo-hit hit Buh outi t Ok it Fich uk o Hi hi How Uivit ouit Ac t Bow uph oig o o ic Ai II Ai Pk Ai I Uivit topoit Pkw othi Pt Pittbugh tb Hi Gio ub chicvi Pitt Pk Gtt Po Kig J Tiit ig Po Fou o o Vti Hi Ok it Ok it i pbto Fot cpho L pito Viw A. v Pko i pito Viw o pito Viw iic Uivit Jo t High Poit Athu Lgfo oi howo outh o Fot cpho Lkwoo Fw L Lkwoo-Ft. cpho Lkwoo Bu Y topoit v Hi Pko topoit Pkw A Hight Th Vig Bu Y Bt LVi Lkwoo Hight outh Po ock wo BtLi oio jo o BtLi BtLi Tou oio out jo xitig o Pk BtLi BtLi Ti Tou out xitig Popo Pk Pk Ittt Highw Ittt Highw ATA ATA choo How TIF wok Th bic ttg of TIF i to fic ub vopt uig th ic tx vu tht th vopt itf big, i o to vg pubic phithopic ouc with pivt ivtt. 3 3. Tpic, ivtt fu vopt, popt vu ic txig juiictio (th uu th: citi, couti, choo itict) coct high tx vu. I TIF pog, how- Ok it 17

v, popti icu i th TA ock i t b-v popt vu ti t th ti of th TA ctio, th txig juiictio fogo ic i tx vu. Pubic bo o to pivt ivto to povi th iiti cpit fo vopt ctiviti withi th TA, th cit p bck th bt i th futu uig th ic tx vu (th tx ict ). Thi cc pt ov th if of th TA (i th c of th Bti, 25 ) t th of tht t, th cit, couti, choo itict wi tu to o txtio b o upt popt vu (Figu 9). Pob with TIF pit th wip u of TIF pog i oc govt co th U, ch o th outco of thi ficig chi h w ix cocuio, hv i coc bout th ipictio fo oci quit. 4 Php th ot fut citici of TIF i it fiu to th fct tht th vopt it fic wi ik cu ic fo pubic vic, whi iutou ucig th out of ouc vib to t tht (Figu 5). If 4. th tx ict o popti withi th itict i ict tow pt of vopt bo bt, oc govt qui fuig fo oth ouc i o to voi uctio i th out o quit of vic poviio ( i 2000). Fo thi o, th ot cotovi bt uouig TIF poic oft coc th ipictio fo choo itict. If uccfu, th vopt pojct fu though TIF ttct igtio to th ugoig vitiztio, thi ic choo poputio. Th icoig houho o oft o ffut, btt uctio vic fo thi chi. But th choo itict ot civig th ic tx vu fo th chg, thfo ut fi oth ouc of fuig (b 2003). Oft thi o co fo th oth oc txig juiictio (cit o cout) o th t, but cut ch h b iqut i ocutig th ffct of thi itibutio o Ok it 18

Figu 9: Tx Ict Ficig ( xpi b Att Bti, Ic.) Figu 10: Tx Ict Ficig ( o citic xptio) Popt vu ic pi with vopt uig th if of th TA, txig juiictio civ tx vu b o vu foz t th ti of TA ctio. h th TA, th civ tx vu b o w vu. uig th if of th TA, vu to t ic fo vic ut co fo oth ouc vu ficit ouc: ighbohoo biiztio Pog (P) Y TA Bgi Actu vu Y TA oth pubic coff. At th ti, choo itict gt bugt ic o popt tx cop to ovppig txig juiictio tht ot o th pticu vub to fic t ut of TA, but th o t to bfit o th oth juiictio b ivtt tht ic th og t vu of th popt tx b. TIF Pfoc i Gogi Thu f, th outco of TA ficig i Gogi pobtic th i oth tt, though ut cti ix. A 2007 tu of 25 TA-fic vopt pojct i Gogi hito fou tht fo 11 of th 12 pojct tht h b ipt ough to b vut, th t of gowth of tx vu fo TA pc xc cit-wi gowth ov th pio. 5 Th pot tit tht th u t of igt gowth fo TA pc ic b, o vg, ov 300%, 6 but th w g out of vitio og TA pojct i th g to which TA pc ppcit o pi th th t of th juiictio. A 2005 tu z th ffct of th Bti TA o 5. th it of Att ov bugt, cocuig tht pit pojct itio of 9,577 w houho to th it ut of th TA-fic vopt, th copoig ic i fo pubic vic, th fici bu wou ot b igifict ough to wt coc ( 2005). A 2004 tu viw igifict chg to Gogi t w gig TA ficig u coct iight fo TIF pojct co th cout to it poic cotio to hp k TA-ficig o ffctiv oci quitb (Boux tthw 2004). Th Att Bti TA Th Att Bti TA cov 6,500 c, o 8% of th cit, i ti withi Futo out (p 11). Th joit of TA popti uu o vct iuti popti. Th TA o icu o coci zo pc, but v fw ig fi ho. Th juiictio coct popt tx i th it of Att: th it, th out (ith Futo o kb), Att Pubic choo, of th juiictio hv ppov th Bti TA. ot TIF pojct u th bo poc to ict ubiiz pivt ivtt. I cott, th Bti TA focu pii o th ctio of ipovt to pubic iftuctu tit, ti, pk, viot hth. Th Bti pojct i uuu i thi focu o iict vopt ictiv. Howv, Att Bti Ic. (ABI) ckow- Ok it 19

Th Bti TA Att Pubic choo Th Att Bti wbit povi itot ifotio o th Bti TA ipct o Att Pubic choo. ABI pcut tht vopt of cooic it couiti ipov choo pfoc, it ict bfit of th TA fo Att Pubic choo, icuig: fciiti o thtic fi gig pi i $7.5 - iio itt i 6 though 25 of th if of th TA. Howv, ABI o ot povi icuio of th potti bu o AP bugt ut of cobitio of ic fo vic uc ouc. Th bfit it bov tot to $160 iio pu th vu of ubiiz tit i fo tut. At fit, thi ou ipiv, but it i fctio of th tit $850 iio i vu tht AP wi fogo. 8 g tht i o c, th pubic iti ot b ufficit to ttct pivt ivtt quick ough. Thfo, ict vopt ubii o icu og th ppov TA xpitu, i itio to ffob wokfoc houig ubii pubic choo pojct (Figu 11). Tot TA fu tit t $1.7 biio, o 60% of th $2.8 biio tot pojct cot. 7 ABI tt tht pubic choo bfit fo popt tx ic, ipig tht TA thfo goo fo choo, but o ot pt th fici gt. ABI o tt tht th fici ipct of choo itict cot to iiviu TA iiviu vopt pojct i tiv i th cotxt of thi ov bugt. hi it i tu tht AP ov u cotibutio to TA o cotitut btw 2 4 pct of it u bugt, pit th fct tht 10% of th cit tx b i oct i TA, 9 thi ut b viw i th cotxt of wip AP choo coig cut uw, igifict bugt cut v i po to vu hotf. 10 Ao bt fo th ABI ittu i ccout of th tic g poitic btt tht AP pticiptio i th Bti TA h cu. Th pivot tp i th ctio of th Bti TA i 2005 w it ppov b AP. I 2008, howv, th ti Bti pojct w put i jop wh th Gogi up 10. Ok it 20

GTIFIATIO Gtifictio i poc of ighbohoo chg b which ow-ico couiti couiti of coo tfo b ifux of wthi, oft whit poputio. Oft u ifux of ivtt ipc xitig it bcu popt vu ic, popt tx t bco uffob, o houho ip bought out. Oth f oci uwco i thi ow ighbohoo ci, thic, igiou, ociocooic copoitio chg. Howv, whi gtifictio ipct oti cutu oci tuctiv, oth ti th ow ow-ico houho to bfit fici fo ug of ivtt i thi ighbohoo. Th two coticto poc occu iutou. A fi tk vtg of th ic i vu of thi ho b ig it uig th poc to ov to f, hthi ighbohoo with btt choo btt cc to pot. At th ti, th t thi ptu fo thi ho th couit i which th hv cutivt o tog po cutu bo. Th oppotuit fo oci obiit cofict with th bic hu ight to t i o ho. O it ip b c c of ipct, pci fo tho who t th th ow, th joit of ow-ico ioit houho i ub f ito thi ctgo. fu ch i qui to ti wh ighbohoo chg cotitut th ppopitio of popt i couiti of coo b o ffut whit, wh fo who it povi oppotuit. out pohibit choo itict tx fu fo big icu i th Bti TA. Th cout h tht th u of AP potio of tx vu to fu th Bti viot th uctio Pupo u of th Gogi otitutio, which tt tht tx vu it fo uctio o b u fo th uppot itc of pubic choo pubic uctio. 11 I po, bi w iit itouc ito th t gitu, fu fo popu vot p i th 2008 g ctio b v gi, ig th Gogi otitutio gtig th up out ciio. 12 I 2009, AA APA ch gt tht ffctiv tbih th oigi TA gt tu toctiv fu bck to AA fo Bti u. QUITABL VLOPT Th Att Bti pojct h civ tio tttio fo it ffot to poot oci quit. Ub vopt pojct oft ic tpottio optio, pu itio ivtt cooic gowth, hc ighbohoo iti. How- 11. 12. v, fut chg i iptig ttgi tht povi bfit fo xitig it. O ppoch u i th Bti pojct i ouit Bfit Agt, cotct btw vop couit goup ig to u tht w job oppotuiti bfit oc houho bui. 13 Th fit of th Bti ouit Bfit picip highight th fo ffob ix-ico houig i co poxiit to job ct couit iti. Th poviio of ffob wokfoc houig i ct objctiv of th Bti pojct. Of th tit $1.7 biio i TA bo poc, 15% (tit $240 iio) k fo ffob houig ubii though th Bti Affob Houig Tut Fu (BAHTF), which off 6 pog: fi hoowhip 14 13. 14. Ok it 21

Aiittiv 32 2% Gw 53 3% Figu 11: U of Bti TA Fu (iio of U) Tit otuctio 530, 31% choo 88, 5% L Acquiitio 426, 25% vop Ictiv 100, 6% okfoc Houig 240, 14% Pk otuctio 120, 7% iwk o 120, 7% ouc: Att Bti vopt (2005) b Houig Bti Affob Houig i tio to Th $240 iio ott fo ffob houig ubi i th Bti pojct wi hp ct tit 5,600 uit of ffob houig ov th xt 25. Athough igifict, thi wi b bgi to th cit fo ffob houig. A 2003 Gogi Ititut of Tchoog tu z houig i th gt Att gio, cocuig tht ow-ico houho fc v houig ffobiit pob. 15 Th pot how tht th it of Att 81,191 itio uit with oth t th $600 oth to t th of houho ig th $24,000. 16 Athough houig vu hv ci ic 2003, th 2010 A tit fo i cotct t i Att w $742, kig it c tht ffobiit i ti iou pob, pci giv th xt high upot t. A 2009 pot b th Ub L Ititut focu o th houig of th wok- 15. to th cit. foc poputio, which it fi houho ig btw 60% 120% of th i houho ico fo th Att- pig-itt A. Th cocu tht v fo thi poputio, which o ot icu th v ow-ico, houig w gowig ot th ti pi th pouctio of w uit. ipct Pvtio Th Bti hv o xp coitt to pvtig th pob of gtifictio ipct. Bti pt cho th ouit L Tut (LT) o o of th pojct pi chi of ffob houig poviio. LT wi cqui popti i ou th Bti TA vop tock of pt ffob houig uit uig th h quit o, which coto ho pic ppcitio. LT houig uit to ow-ot ico houho, but ho th uig i tut. Th Bti pt tbih th Att L Tut obotiv (ALT), ct v fo twok of LT thoughout th cit. 17 ALT iio i to iti ffobiit i ighbohoo t ik of gtifictio ipct u to th Att Bti pojct. ALT tk icu: cc, couit ggt, tc.) ighbohoo wh oc cpcit o ot xit (.g. tog ouit vopt opotio) xit, to xcut LT-o vopt hoo-b, it-coto LT. outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv (- A) i o of th w ighbohoo-b LT. Th go of thi ogiztio tuctu (th ct v ppoch) i to bc couit ggt with th fficici tht co with cooi of c Ok it 22

gio cooitio. Att i k oppotuit fo th LT ovt o of th fit ttpt to ipt th LT o t igifict c. Th ct o of LT i vopt pojct of thi gitu i upct. pcutio Popt vu th Bti bg icig tic bfo bo w iu o pcific pojct ppov. Popt vu i th BtLi TA ic b 14% i th fit foowig th TA ctifictio i 2005, 18 Gogi Ititut of Tchoog tu ti tht poxiit to th Bti w th cu of th ic th copoig i-igtio of high-ico houho (Iguck 2008). Thi pov tht th BtLi h itict ffct o pic bo th o g gtifictio t tht ow-ico Att ighbohoo h b xpicig fo. pcutio w ot tic i ow-ico, poit Afic-Aic ighbohoo o th outh wt i of th cit (p 12). 19 PU-, i which th Outoo Activit t i oct, xpic high t of popt vu ic. Ic w hpt i PU-V, iit t ho to th w-kow Pittbugh, chicvi, Poptow ighbohoo. Th i ho pic i PU-V ic b o th 266% fo 2000-2006, cotitutig u vg ic of 24%. hgig : biiztio v. Affobiit hot-t v. Log-T Poviig itiig ffob houig i co poxiit to g tit-oit vopt pojct i w chg. Th covtio ffobiit too g ot ufficit, 20 25+ pojct ik th BtLi covtio pog o thi ffobiit bfo th pojct i v copt. Howv, though outhwt Att ighbohoo xpic gtifictio though ho vu ic fo 2000-2006, th cop of th houig kt i 2007 cu ti ifft pob. Att h b ig with focou pob bcu of th otgg fu pctic of th pviou c, but th ought of focou ic 2007 h b vttig. ouiti of coo o th outh wt i of th BtLi w ffct ipopotiot b th ubpi otgg focou cii, with o ighbohoo xpicig focou t bov 40% o th 100% uctio i ho pic. Th citic ow i ot iit poviio of ffobiit, but ighbohoo tbiiztio, w popt cquiitio to ock-i ffobiit bfo ho vu ic tic Bti vopt poc. I po, th Futo out/it of Att L Bk Authoit (LBA) igifict vi it poici i o to b vct popti ho th fo v uti th houig kt viv LT-vop hoowhip oppotuiti o ktb. Pviou, th LBA h v ip poito fo tx-iqut popti, which it ti to p o to pivt ivto vop quick poib. Howv, ALT LBA ct cobot with th Gogi gitu to uccfu p tt w tht gt bk th pow to puch bo popti ttg fo bigig th bck ito th kt. 21 20. 21. Ok it 23

4 outhwt Att ighbohoo obotiv (A) A i o-pofit ouit vopt opotio ouit L Tut i outhwt Att cut i th poc of icopotio. A wi pt with th t Att th Aic (AA) i bo-b couit vitiztio ffot ct ou th Outoo Activit t xpio, coctio to th Att Bti, ipovt of fciiti. GOAL 1: IGHBOHOO TABILIZATIO u to th high vcc t high ub of focou, w cotuctio i thi i ippopit. A wi focu o th cquiitio hbiittio of vct foco ig fi wig i th iit viciit of th OA. Thi wi vg AA wok t th OA coctt ouc o tho ot ik to xpic ic i ho vu oc th OA povi coctivit with Bti tit, fciiti pogig hc. Ipttio pcit: bhf of A uti A civ f 501(c) (3) ttu th cpcit to cqui, ho, vop, g popti. out/it of Att L Bk Authoit (LBA) Th ch hou o z u, u outh of th OA, tpic of th Ok it ighbohoo. to poot LT pi ttg fo bigig -bk popti bck ito pouctiv u. Th Gogi tt gitu ct p th L Bk Act which pow th LBA to puch vct popti. Th LBA ct ic th t fo which it c ho popti. Tgt Popti: A wi bgi with ig fi iti pc jct to th OA icu i th Att Bti Tx TA. Th popti iit igib fo up to $50,000 i ict ow-pt itc fo BAHTF. Athough th joit of Bti TA popti zo fo coci o iuti u, gpc icu pit big oct w outi th Bti coio, i o to ow fo futu Bti TA fu ivtt (p 12). A g ub of iti zo pc jct to th OA o icu i th TA. I ch 2012, 39 of th iti pc w vct ot, o of which t fo OA xpio, but 15 h vct hou (p 13 p 14). Tb 12 i th Appix it ti Futo out Tx Ao t fo th popti. GOAL 2: PATLY AFFOABL HOOHIP A wi tfo th foco bo vct popti ito ffob hoowhip oppotuiti, uig th LT h-quit o to xiiz th fficic of pubic ubi pv ffobiit i pptuit. pit ow ho vu cop to th t of th cit, th ighbohoo hv ow hoowhip t, Att ow-ico t uff th ot fo houig cot bu. Fo houho, LT owhip povi th fit oppotuit to ov out of th t kt. h Hoowhip? Affob hoowhip i uch o th ht. Owhip of ho i th i t ouc of wth ctio fo Aic houho. Th - Ok it 24

Ok it 25

Li thv c Piviw T ow Oo tot Gto Gto c och Bch tboo ich Viot Big Aot Atwoo z L o Ok wig H hit iti TA Pc: Vct Hou iti TA Pc: Vct Lot iti TA Pc: Occupi TA Pc oci Zoig o-ta Pc oci Zoig o-ta Pc iti Zoig ich i oov Lwto 0 320 640 1,280 Ü Ft Pp ct focou cii h piv Aic houho of thi oppotuit ipopotiot ffct couiti of coo. LT o w to th hitoic ijutic of ci ipit i hoowhip oppotuit. Hoowhip i o tfotiv t (hpio 2004:10), i pt bcu houig i copou goo, bigig with it ti bu of ighbohoo choic iti, icuig ft, viot hth, cc to job uctio. Hoowhip o povi gt cuit, utoo, oci ttu, potti fo itgtio gc. 1 Tu cuit i g, hoowhip i pticu, hv b how to ic oc poitic pticiptio civic ggt, th LT o of couit owhip ot cti pifi thi t. 2 1. 2. Ipttio hbiittio: A wi hi oc buiig cotcto to hbiitt th cqui popti, uig ioit wo ow bui whv poib. Fuig ouc: I itio to phithopic otio, A wi utiiz th foowig: Att jo ffob houig pog civ fuig though th Ho Ivtt Pthip Pog (HO), ouit vopt Bock Gt (BG), o th ighbohoo biiztio Pog (P). Oth ouc icu Low Ico Houig Tx it, Tx xpt Bo, Houig Oppotuit Bo, th tio Hop VI Pog, th ptt of Houig Ub vopt (HU) oth ficig pog (202, 203k, 221, tc.). O otb pog tht u HO fu i th Att Affob Hoowhip Pog (AA- Ok it 26

ich I# (u fo Tb A 20 i Appix) 1 864 c w 2 1543 ich w 3 1537 ich w 4 1533 ich w 5 1527 ich w 6 1521 ich w 7 1006 tot w 8 1010 tot w 9 1018 tot w 10 1022 tot w 11 1412 ich w 12 921 Pihut T w 13 1389 z w 14 1385 z w 15 1379 z w ott ott Piviw T tot 0 150 300 600 Ft Gto Gto och Ü ich Pihut T iti TA Pc: Vct Hou iti TA Pc: Vct Lot iti TA Pc: Occupi o-ta Pc iti Zoig z HOP), which povi $10,000 otgg itc though 0% oft co otgg cov up to 50% of ttt cot. Viot ouit vopt Ipct A (IA) of th Bti TA, i which uch of th Ok it ighbohoo i icu (p 27, Appix). 4 Th Bti pojct itf povi ffob houig ubii though th Bti Affob Houig Tut Fu (BAHTF). 3 Fift pct of TA bo poc, tit $240 iio, v fo ffob houig, 20% of tho fu, tit $48 iio, v fo opofit couit houig vopt ogiztio. Oth vopt ictiv, icuig bowfi itio, cut u foutio b ABI AA. of th wi tgt th Bti p k focu, which o ot icu th OA. Howv, o wi b igib to pojct withi th 3. Hitoic Pvtio vopt Ictiv vib to vop fo hbiittio of popti it i th tio git of Hitoic c. 5 Th OA i oct iit wt of th Ok it Hitoic itict, uch of th t ighbo- 4. 5. Ok it 27

hoo iit oth i i th t Hitoic itict (p 21, Appix). GOAL 3: IPLAT PVTIO Th citic ow i outhwt Att i ot iit ffobiit, but popt cquiitio to ock-i ffobiit bfo Bti vopt cu ho vu to ic. pcutio i po to th Bti i coctt i outh outhwt Att, o th ti to u ufficit ffob houig to pvt ipct i ow. Ipttio L Bkig: A ot bov, th Futo out/it of Att L Bk Authoit (LBA) h b ggiv poot too fo ig with pt vcci. Th LBA c ho popti uti th houig kt viv LT-vop hoowhip oppotuiti o ktb. ouit Ogizig Pubic uctio: ALT i cut xpoig optio fo owig xitig hoow, pci tho i g of focou, to big thi ho ito th Tut. A ighbohoo-b tw, LT c potct git ipct. Howv, bcu of th pivot o tht popt hv p i th hito of ci oppio i th U, owhip ho pci igificc to couiti of coo. Lig pctic pubic poici hv ttic i pop of coo th oppotuiti of hoowhip th ipov if chc it big. Th t thig thi cout i t oth poic tht xcu Afic Aic fo th fici bfit of hoowhip, whth fo ho, t ico, o pcutio, v wh th kt foc ipcig thi ighbo. h itouc to th LT o, i it utb tht Afic Aic wou b kptic o itt. LT pt fo hou off owht pti fo of hoowhip. Howv, wh iiviu owhip pptut vubiit to kt foc, couit owhip c u tht xitig it jo th bfit of vopt. Th utit go i to povi pop with o choic, oppotuit, coto ov thi iv. Thi tht pubic uctio, couit ggt goot ogizig ut b ct to A wok. ch: A ot bov, gtifictio i copx, uc poc. Gtifictio cu ipct whi o poviig oppotuiti fo upw oci obiit. Th two coticto ic c occu i th ighbohoo o v th houho. fu ch i qui to ti xct how gtifictio p out i pcific cotxt. A hv cc to ouc fo thi wok though ALT o th tio ouit L Tut twok. Ao, cobotio with oc uiviti i ixpiv ouc of quit ch whi o ipovig outch. A h cuit Buhwoo pit Pt, t of o Bui choo gut tut, to vop thoough bui p fo A. GOAL 4. LOAL OOI VLOPT A wi poot cooic vopt though th vitiztio twhip of coci popti. LT giig icig tio tttio fo thi cpcit to ov bo ffob hoowhip ito coci ctivit, icuig bui icubtio twhip of popti i citic coci coio. og oc cooi xiiz pot fici oppotuiti fo oc it. O of Tu Livig ub f. (Photo cit: TL) Ipttio A wi bgi with ub gicutu, tfoig vct popti ito ub f couit Ok it 28

OUITY LA TUT Th LT o i o of th fw too tht pogiv p pubic offici hv fo poig to fut pox of ub vopt: ipovt of pc oft ipc th v pop it to bfit. Th LT o o povi couit goup th cpcit to obiiz git gtifictio, pcutio, th cocttio of owhip. ip u of th LT o i th Bti pojct ik two v of couit vopt pctic i iovtiv cobotiv tiohip btw goot goup th ic of oc govt vop. Hito of th LT ovt ouit L Tut 501(c)(3) o-pofit ogiztio tht povi pv pt ffob hoowhip oppotuiti fo ow to ot ico houho. Th fit LT w fo i 1969 i Ab, Gogi, pt of th U ivi ight ovt. ti Luth Kig J. coui, t Kig, w of th LT ovt, which w o hvi ifuc b th G fo xpit i Ii b gicutu cooptiv i I. ht bg ci jutic ovt i th u outh oo p to ub cotxt oth pt of th U. Ov th pt c, LT hv civ cctig uppot fo v of govt (vi Jcobu 2008). Th ow ov 250 LT i th U th ovt i pig ittio. Th LT o LT pt th owhip of fo th owhip of ipovt. L i ov fo th kt ow b th tut, th to it though ihitb 99- gou. it puch th tuctu o th, th LT ti pptiv optio to puch. A fou icu i th gou iit th ppcitio of popt vu i o to bc pptu ffobiit with hoow wth ccuutio. Thi fou cc ot of th oigi ubi o tht it i o vib to th xt bu. Thi ttg gifi th fficic of ch o cop to titio ttgi of both t houig kt hoowhip uppot, i which ubii to iiviu cotiu ot qui w. It o pv ffobiit i pptuit, wh th bt covtio pog o gut ffobiit fo 15 o 30. whip quitb vopt Th o fot viot fici twhip, hoow jo th uppot of ititutio with xpti, ouc, uctio pog, coitt to thi ucc. LT focou t f bow th tio vt gio v (vi 2008, vi ok 2009, Th obg 2010). Th focu o ig fi hou h xp to icu cooiiu, t houig, ho ht. LT uiqu govc tuctu Bo of icto up of 1/3 ho, 1/3 oth it, 1/3 bo couit cutivt couit ogiztio ic oc coto ov u ciio. Th o i ow ovig bo houig to icu gicutu pvtio, op pc, couit g, oci vic fciiti, couit ct, coci popti. g. A wi pt with AA, who h gi vub xpic with couit g gt t th UGO jct to th OA, with Tu Livig (TL), v uccfu oc ub gicutu bui. TL t fo tu Ub Agicutu i 501(c)3 o-pofit tht h gow ppoxit 10,000 pou of foo u ic it uch i 2006, o pot of ot. TL fou icto, K. hi ui, h ov 40 of xpic i both iuti ogic gicutu, wh h h g pubic, pivt couit-b foo gicutu bui i ov 30 couti. 6 TL u quit oc foo pouctio ptfo to hc th viot, hu hth, uctio, couit-buiig, ov quit of if. TL i of th Att foo jutic ovt. Ok it 29

5 t Att th Aic (AA) Th Outoo Activit t (OA) i 26-c ub fot tu pv opt iti b th t Att th Aic (AA). Th OA i ipott it withi th u-v Ok it ighbohoo. tbih i 1975, th OA iio i to ivov chi ut i viot iu though uctio bout covtio coog. Th OA h two i of ti, t-buiig op cou, chi tu-th pgou, t hou coo, 650-go fhwt quiu, uti-pupo buiig. Ajct to th fciit i hitoic pctic ot fo th Att Bck ck, fo go Lgu bb t. Th OA i ct of viot uctio pogig i Gogi. I 1995, th OA hot th u cofc of th viot uctio Aic of Gogi, th OA h b itg to th Futo out Att Pubic choo t gu titio fo t i choo cic fi tip. Th OA gg oc outh i vic ig ctiviti povi itptiv hik tht hp viito of g bout th ipotc of thi o tw of hth utib viot. Ajct to th OA i ¾ c couit-u vgtb g wh it wok togth to bui oc, utib, cutu vt foo t i outhwt Att tht ipov cc to hth fh foo, pci fo ow-ico couiti couiti of coo tht hv uff hitoic fo uc cc. 1 Th g pojct ttct ub gicutu pctitio to povi hip tiig though ch tchig. 1. Th Outoo Activit t AA i cut wokig with th tio Pk vic (P) to ct th fit v Att hi Fot twok (AF), which wi p 355 c of gpc i outhwt Att, icuig th 26 c Outoo Activit t, 135-c c pig tu Pv, 200-c Hpto-Bch Pk. Th popo pogig fo th hi Fot twok icu xp fi tip fi ctivit pog, Juio tuit pog, viot vic ig pojct, fi ftiv, cit chg uctio. GOAL 1: PAT OVATIO Th OA i cut ow b th it of Att ptt of Pk, ctio, utu Affi. AA opt th OA though offici ou of Utig (OU). Thi h b ufficit uti ow, but th Att Bti Fot cpho pojct wi tic ic vopt pu o thi ov th xt 10-20. Th OA icuio i th Bti TA i t bcu it ow ivtt of TA fu fo xpio ipovt of th gpc, but it o op th oo fo vopt of thi vub couit it. A g chi i to Ok it 30

gut pt covtio. Ipttio: Athough AA i ptig with A, ouit L Tut, tfig th OA popt ito th tut wou pc uc g ogiztio bu. Th cit hou cotiu to ho th popt, but ct w g ocut tht gut covtio of th OA i pptuit. AA wou t ito thi gt to ffi it o ifiit tw opto of th fciiti. Th ocut wou icu th w xpio outi bow. GOAL 2: OA XPAIO A IPOV- T Th i igifict ovp btw th couit viio fo th OA th xpio ipovt popo i th Bti ub 1 t. Th Bti fo th OA Th OA i oct i ub 1 of th Att Bti pig poc. Th ub 1 t focu pii o th jo o of vopt: ot Pk o Logho t; th Kog-iti t ti t th itctio of A Bouv c u; hou ow, og th Bti oio btw th Kog-iti t L. (p 24-26, Appix). Athough th uouig th OA i ot focu, th t p o icu popo to xp ipov th OA. AA uctio biog t th Outoo Activit t. p 18 i ti cocptu p. Th popo icu: tt fotg, ttct w u, ipov ft though ifo upviio, icuig: xtio of Big u wt to tot o; w pubic fotg o Gto tt ct b ubiviig p ig fi iti ot i o to ow w cotuctio fcig th pk; w iti tt t of p to Gto tt; w tc pz og tot o (p 17). Th ouit Viio I 2010, th OA w ct to ugo Viioig Poc with Pk Pi, th gt o-pofit pk vocc ogiztio i Att, i o to vop cocptu p fo phic ipovt to uppot ogoig pogtic gowth icht. AA Pk Pi ig couit ggt poc, th fi pouct of thi poc w th 2011 Outoo Activit t Viioig (p 19). Th pubic tig couit uv pouc th foowig ovchig guii: tt ito though th OA it tio fo tchic uppot co-tiig ogphic Pticipt o ct og it of i ipovt outi tit cot, tii, v of pioit. coitt with th Bti p fo th OA. Highight icu: to oito/iit iviv pci tivit cicutio ph po, tiv ipi ptig, xpo optio to v out fow Ok it 31

fo boig tt, chg gouwt, f t, c ipuiti with qutic pt ig ti to coct th OA to th Bti buiig, u fo ub fig, ti ito uctio pogig jct popti i o to tbiiz th ighbohoo off houig to viitig tit, f, xpt Ipttio Owhip of th gpc cut ow b th it of Att ptt of th gt, u t of th OA og Lwto t, ich, Ok iv, hou b tf to th ptt of Pk, ctio, utu Affi. Thi hou b icu i th w OU ticutig pt covtio of th ti fot AA o tw. v pc of vct outh of th OA hv b t fo xpio. Th hou b cqui b th ptt of Pk, ctio, utu Affi i o to voi uu g ibiit popt gt poibiit fo AA. Th popti hou o b icu i th OU. Th Pk Pi Viioig fo th OA i wih it, th Bti p i cocptu p tht icu o ifotio bout ipttio. Icuio i th Bti p o ot gut fuig, pci fo pojct tht w ot phiz i th pig poc o ov ito 5- wok p. Fuig pcific pojct wi qui pthip btw th it of Att, Att Bti Ic., Att Bti Pthip, AA, A, couit it. Th cquiitio of w i th fit jo tp, foow b th coctio to th Bti th totio of th t (icu bow). Th chivt wi bui otu fo cotiu ivtt. AA oc outh i Pocto k cup i Gov Pk, Ju 2010. (Photo cit: AA) GOAL 3: OTIG TH OA TO TH BLTLI Both th couit Viioig th Bti t p o uggt w pti bicc ti to coct th OA to th Bti. Both popo ti og Lwto, ich, Ok iv, coctig th Bti to th gpc t of th OA, tio bov, cut ow b th ptt of th gt. I th Bti p thi i Ti -4, which o coct to th t tviw oci itict to th oth. Aft pig wt though th th gt, Ti -4 wou cotiu outh og ov A iv, vtu coctig to th w vopt t Fot cpho (ppoxit 2 i outh). Th Bti p o pt co ti, with 2 ifft optio (p 17): couit viio. Optio A wou p though th OA th t, th xit th OA t it outhwt co, cotiu outh og tot wt og o u, uti fi chig c u coctig to th ipov ti twok though Joh A hit Pk tviw t. xitig ight of w o th outh i of Big. Ipttio: tig ti btw th Bti th t Ok it 32

Ü 0 3,000 1,500 Ft of th OA wi qui igifict chg to pubic iftuctu ffct popt-ow o tho tt, u pci to th ck of iwk. Th it of Att ut g th pojct. Th o of AA, A, Pk Pi i to bui coitio of couit it pt to voct fo ivtt i thi. Howv, it pptio fo th ctio of th ti uig og th t ii th OA c bgi oc th t of th OA i tf fo th ptt of th gt to th Pk ptt icu i th w OU ticutig AA twhip. AA c ogiz couit- ti buiig pojct tht gg it vout i th fciit ipovt, ic xpou, cotiu to bui th c fo cit ivtt. T Att h pt with Bti to pt Att BtLi Abotu og th Bti coio, hu of t hv b pt. Th Abotu wi b 22-i i t uu tht xp th cit ub fot povi cotiuou outoo coo. T Att cou bgi wokig i thi oo ti cotuctio poc, k vub ikg to th uiqu ub fot cot t th OA. GOAL 4: TA TOATIO Th ctpic of th OA i th t tht u outhwt though it ct. 2 Uti th 1990, th t fow but, but i ow fo ot of th bcu of th ivio of ufc uoff 2. Ok it 33

774 775 779 654 1631 773 778 774 783 778 1745 1691 1733 16871681 775 776 777 1707 777 1759 1749 1695 17391737 17251721 16751669 1665 1659 165516491645 1623 782 778 5 772 772 1753 1629 1619 1605 15991595 15891583 1575 15711565 784 1549 1545 787 781 1309 790 790 1407 1323 1319 783 1535 1315 795 1485 1477 1467 1463 1453 1443 1387 1431 1421 137713731365 1483 1250 1191 1473 1447 1427 542 1417 1383 134113371329 797 1347 1580 1499 1437 13951391 1511 1505 1355 1361 1307 1303 1688 1678 1297 12871283 1622 17281732 1714 1708170016961694 1684 1674 1664 obi 1594 1293 1658 1652 1644 163416301624 16141608 1598 1590 1584 15761570 1556 1668 808 1604 1562 807 1536it 804 816 1504150014941488 14781474146814641458 1408 1450 13981394 1326 1705 1697 144414401432 142814241418 1374 1358 1312 1354 1745 1729 1717 1657 1631 829 816 1454 1404 1364 1348 134013361330 1388 1378 13221318 1368 1308 1725 1711 1703 1693 1683 130212981292 16771673 1663 uit 12861280 16471643 1532 1272 1266 1260 1252 1226 1220 1216 1687 1603 1667 1653 1597 1593 1589 819 1384 1256 12461242 826 1230 820 1192 1526 825 819 819 820 833 827 826 1186 1522 830 829 825 826 1280 825 824 1 1463 833 832 834 836 1459 1451 1445 1439 1433 1375 835 836 1389 831 830 1325 1732 13851379 1321 1367 1315 1311 1305 1301 1286 830 1672 57 obi - ig/it 1395 831 1720 1712 1654 1239 1648 1644 840 840 1700 1688 840 1361 1724 1702 839 836 1684 1199 1678 16681662 839 1399 847 839 1292 834 1694 1355 12351229 835 852 844 840 1195 1298 1625 838 845 840 uvt 855 839 1 850 553 859 861 856 1642 854 852 1717 1703 850 853 1667 1464 1655 863 142814241418 14081404 1398 17271725 1711 1707 1697 1687168316771673 1659 Foc 955 860 859 1960 1452 1442 1360 1354 1348 1286 1448 14361432 13941388138213761370 1364 858 1300 878 864 1456 1290 1693 1282 867 13241320 1192 864 13101304 1296 1543 864 863 1316 1250 1244 1238 1232 1226 1220 1537 1216 864 868 867 868 1188 1549 Iiog 1533 1527 867 1521 870 869 870 1184 873 870 874 874 874 871 873 1668 1554 874 1708 876 1700 874 1746 880 880 1734 879 1461 17241718 1457 1720 1449 1443 1704 1439 1694 1435 1393 1293 880 1387 1381 1375 1303 168416781674 Itcpto 1365 1283 1431 884 1425 1417 884 1407 880 13271323 1728 1297 1273 1538 883 14011397 13131307 1688 1545 1546 1269 1263 1257 1251 1534 1245 1239 1233 1227 1528 1359 1353 1347 1221 1215 1524 1317 878 1543 891 888 1542 886 890 887 888 Ivtipho 963 1654 882 894 1681 890 888 9 900 1685 896 896 895 896 1691 Lt 900 1579 15691563 1555 1545 15331529 902 901 5 1575 1559 1549 1539 902 1356 903 1705 1525 1392 896 906 1432 1424 1306 1298 1290 1709 1697 1380 1282 1276 1376 1685 1673 906 140814041398 905 13881384 906 13681364 1270 1260 1254 1248 1679 1667 1539 902 118 1661 908 905 914 1655 Outf 910 909 910 914 906 1715 1651 1450 925 910 1580 1547 916 915 1468 921 919 916 1572 1412 920 912 1723 916 911 1749 1729 1690 1535 1533 1735 46 1566 929 920 919 Ovfow 920 1747 1562 925 918 1682 1676 920 927 924 917 1670 1658 1558 1554 924 925 924 1664 933 1357 922 1650 1591 1548 931 1523 930 1587 930 925 924 1542 929 930 928 1717 1583 542 if 1536 934 945 1579 910 1532 1573 940 1345 1341 1695 1526 940 939 940 1689 951 1569 1522 1683 916 1349 946 1565 946 750 945 1353 946 957 1588 942 1746 1563 1742 1677 Tuk 920 1584 938 1557 950 1736 955 950 949 946 1732 1724 1708 961 1580 1553 1442 1720 1538 1574 1549 956 956 1714 965 950 1328 950 1545 5 1605 1568 1543 960 1696 Tu 963 959 960 1690 1354 1350 1702 1665 1629 1539 1346 1599 1342 956 1 1338 1759 1682 1611 1564 1535 966 965 966 1334 1532 1595 960 1755 1560 1621 1751 1670 1554 1533 970 970 1591 969 1747 1741 1550 1523 976 976 1737 966 1585 975 1528 1546 1731 1610 1542 1341 1401 1194 1579 980 979 980 13951389 1317 13791375 1369 1363 1345 13351329 1311 973 991 976 1626 1538 1321 1385 ") o It 1357 1349 1325 13091307 1285 1271 1255 1251 1241 1725 1575 1239 1235 1524 980 1592 1532 988 985 986 1245 976 1620 1610 1632 1571 1528 985 999 984 1567 1524 1522 992 986 1003 59 o Outt 1522 988 1582 1616 1563 1007 992 992 1605 1578 1559 1278 992 996 13661362 1300 1292 1272 995 1612 1574 1555 1288 1404 1396 1390 1252 1380 1246 1374 1242 1230 o Pip 1006 1316 1296 1272 1665 1551 1599 1019 1352 998 1000 1358 1010 1000 1238 555 1348 1568 13281324 1004 1610 1547 999 1010 1659 1591 1562 1543 1008 1606 1007 1008 1005 o uvt 1018 1305 1289 1279 998 1012 1655 1539 1265 1245123912351225 1009 1670 1585 1556 1285 1600 1018 1022 1014 1527 1550 1015 1666 1649 1579 1017 1594 1020 1 1 1025 1697 1662 1573 1020 1024 1645 1590 1544 1278 1230 1569 1026 1304130212981286 1272 1246 1658 1238 1228 1693 1026 12681260 1643 1586 1565 1536 1030 1030 1027 1687 1654 1028 1578 1034 1530 1409 1405 1698 1051 1683 1526 1410 1650 1357 1281 1522 1375 1038 1453 1351 1447 1443 13631361 1345 1297 1293 1694 1325132113151309 1289 1225 1265 1259 1247 1677 1067 1241 1646 1639 1059 1227 1223 12151213 1690 1042 1285 1673 1642 1065 1631 1046 1684 1665 1638 1627 1071 1678 16561660 1661 1625 1461 1455 1634 1060 1449 1441 1435 1429 1421 10241156117011671698 1415 1409 1403 1672 1395 1389 1383 1621 1375 1369 1465 1363 1357 1351 1345 1337 1331 1323 11761163118411521195 1657 1317 1307 1299 1293 1287 1279 1273 1267 1265 1261 1247 1241 1030 1064 1235 1229 1221 1215 1684113911921164115111451664 1664 1628 1619 34 134 64 128 58 124 66 122 56 102 86 132 54 104 162 1655 1071 8 80 164 32 158 46 144 3812611615698 154 40 160 166 112 1660 1624 1615 42 9213072 118 68 114 62 110 100 142 30 1471 140 1068 96 94 76 170 74 152 24 150 70 168 26 172 90 138 1656 1620 1078 1075 1651 60 136 1611 1462 1456 1450 84 82 146 44 148 28 120 48 108 50 174 88 176 52 106 1616 1074 1080 1444 1434 1081 1430 1422 1408 1402 1396 1390 1121 1647 1382 1376 1370 1126 1607 1364 1356 1350 1346 1338 1332 1073 1138 1132 1468 1324 1318 1308 1300 11091142 1294 1288 1272 1266 1471 1260 1254 1244 1232 1197 1191 1185 1678 1614 1127113311571175 1643 1603 1085 1086 1690167211851694 1612 1599 1474 1081 1639 1608 1595 1451 1445 1439 1431 1425 1088 1095 1465 1459 1411 1405 1399 1087 1086 1089 1090 1635 1094 1481 1480 1393 1385 1379 1369 1363 8 1357 1351 1343 1337 1331 1325 1319 1089 1604 1591 1094 1631 1101 1093 1095 1096 1200 1092 1093 1600 1587 119611921186 1629 1100 1105 1108 1099 1107 1102 1109 1596 1108 1100 1101 1098 1585 1099 1126 1625 1563 1592 1111 1466 1458 1452 1446 1438 1432 1426 1106 1581 1410 1404 1398 1392 1386 1380 1105 1116 1370 1362 1356 1108 1132 1115 1344 1330 1318 1108 1107 1104 1621 1116 1350 1338 1324 1105 1121 1630 1579 1112 1138 1588 1111 1110 1122 1617 1577 1123 1124 1124 1113 1114 1111 1123 1114 1118 1114 1626 1127 1127 1461 1455 1449 1443 1435 1429 1128 1170 1423 1411 1405 1119 1609 1571 1130 1395 1389 1383 1116 1375 1369 1345 1331 1119 1120 1129 1363 1357 1351 1339 1325 1319 1121 1120 1142 1622 1124 1120 1133 1133 1580 1134 1125 1125 1618 1124 1135 1126 1125 1124 1130 1126 1576 1139 1139 1553 1140 1607 1131 1614 1132 1559 1130 1141 1140 1131 1131 1130 1572 1136 1132 1603 1135 1135 " BH T 1152 1145 1610 1462 1456 1450 1146 1444 1436 1430 1424 1410 1404 1396 ito towt iftuctu. pit th tiv tp op i th, th t o h ubtti fow ft tog i. toig th t wi ivigot th fot with w if. obiig th bfit of ctiv-tit coctivit coogic itgit wi hv tic poitiv ipictio fo pubic hth, couit-buiig, cooic vopt, utibiit, coogic vic, quit of if. totio of th t w icu i th OA Viioig though couit ggt poc b Pk Pi, w i th Bti t fo thi, but ith xpo ipttio. h totio totio i tiv w phoo i o ouc gt cit gio pig. Th 1987 totio of wb k i Bk, ifoi, i wi coi th chtp c, h ipi ii ffot i oth couiti ou th wo. 3 A bo g of totio ttgi xit, fo copt coogic totio to ii, thtic pig c, to th ctio of w wt, po, o tui. gi, coogit, viot citit, tu ouc g, cp chitct who pciiz i tu t ig i ovwhig cou tht t totio big if hth bck to tu, itigt foo ik ipct, ct vibt pubic pc. 4 Thi big cooic bfit to th couit cut cot fo oc govt. Poic-k, ub p, vop icig w of th vu of toig tu ig ptt. Attctiv, hth wtw ivigot uouig couiti k ighbohoo o butifu, cofotb, iv, vibt pc to iv 3. 4. Ok it 34

ATH AAGT I ATLATA t Att i th it og-t cophiv p fo ipovig wt quit. I 1993, t Att uch 10- cpit ipovt pog with th go of ctig th cout ct ub t iv. I 10, it pt o th $1 biio o ipovt to wtwt ikig wt t. I 2000, th pog w xp i 2004 w 1% uicip Optio Tx (OT) w iitit, iig itio $700 iio. Th cit pt 33 i of cobi w, c th out of O iftuctu b 75 pct, w w cpcit to uppot itio vopt. Th pog w th xp gi to cop with two f cot c (1998 O 1999 Fit A O) tt cot o, to t f Ho cuit quit. Th two cot c w th ut of wuit git th it fi b th Upp htthooch ivkp t joi b PA P. ot c cout-o ictiv tht qui th it to iit wt quit viotio i ccoc with f t gutio. Aoth vt pog i Gogi Aopt-A- (AA), u b th Gogi viot Potctio iviio (P) fu b f t Act ctio 319(h) Gt. AA povi citiz with th tchic ifotio itc to coct bi wt quit t to pv to th bk vgttio og thi wtw i o to pvt oio, ipov wt quit, povi wiif hbitt. p. I itio to thtic ctio bfit, howv, th cobi fuctio but of to t c o povi g of coogic, iftuctu, uctio, cooic, oci, pubic hth bfit. ogic vic i th fo of hc wt i quit, tu ipi hbitt coio fo vgttio wiif. xpoig wt to i, uight, vgttio, oi hp cobt utiz poutt. Hth ipi pk pvt oio uc o-poit ouc poutio b fciittig iwt pcotio it of ufc uoff. 5 Th o pvt oio b uppotig vgttio ucig uoff. ftuctu, to t c pvt fooig 5. iftuctu. cu b u-cpcit cogg cuvt, ic huic cpcit b ctig foopi. 6 A t with foopi povi op ig t tht i o i oito pi th tiotig cuvt. ctiv tk pt i th oitoig of wt quit it v, i o to btt ut th coogic hth of th, th coctio btw upt owt couiti, thi ow pc i th cot. Ub t c v outoo botoi fo oc choo. to t ipov pubic ft c pc o uppt xpiv towt ttt fciiti t fctio of th cot. totio oft ic popt vu ttct w viito it. Youth c o pi wokig i totio cw, o i job-tiig pog tht hp g th pk. to coogic itgit i thi ighbohoo Ok it 35

A TUY: AL PAK BOOK TOATIO Th 2006 Pk Book totio pojct i xp to foow. Th pojct w th fit it of Att pojct to b fu b th PA 319(h) gt, o of th fit i Gogi to ct pthip o wt quit iu btw th it of Att, P offici PA pofio. Howv, th iiti cocpt fo th totio pojct oigit with vout couit goup, th Pk ighbohoo Ogiztio. Th pojct w fu b PA 319(h) gt of $525,000 though th t of Gogi viot Potctio iviio (P), which th it of Att tch with $350,000 i oc couit bo. Th cit cotct o-pofit pk vocc goup Pk Pi to ov th pojct gt. Pk Pi i tu cotct viot vic, Ic. utiit cotcto Hv otucto to ig ipt th totio. Th pojct hbiitt th pig it t clo u tuiz th Pvi k wth t uig though th gof cou. I tot, ppoxit 1,900 i ft of t ch w xcvt giv w cc to it foopi. Th fi ig cobi ifft tchiqu of to wt gt t ightig, icuig 4 pt ttio bi gig fo 200 qu ft to ti 8,000 qu foot wt. Th gof cou fiw w u foopi. Aft cotuctio w copt, th w pt with tiv pci, oo ft, choo of fih w fou i th poo gi of th t, which h ot coti fih fo ov 40. gpc, th tgth thi coctio to thi viot, xpic th fufit of twhip civic ggt, bui couit. A gowig bo of ittu h ocut th pchoogic ipotc of po tiohip with th tu wo. Ub t oft povi th o igfu fith cotct pop, pci chi, hv with tu th copx hoogic t tht uti if o th. coogic hth itgit hv pticu powfu cutu igificc fo Afic Aic ub couiti tht hv b ipopotiot xcu fo itit tiohip with th tu wo fo th oppotuit to iv i coogic hth, vibt pc. g phic ctivit ctiv tpottio b ctig o coctig ub gw fo pti biccit. Thi, i cobitio with ipov wt i quit, h igifict ipictio fo pubic hth. Ipttio Th t fow wt though th OA, xit th OA t it outhwt co p though cuvt u- v o pockt pk, vtu g o th oth i of c o i c i th gof cou i Joh A. hit Pk (p 15). 7 Fotut, th towt wg pip pt h, o wt fo th towt pip cou b i ivt bck ito th t to igifict ic th vou of fow (p 16). 8 Thi p itifi th potti ivio poit to i i th o tht coct ufc uoff fo th uouig vop. Th fit i t th tc to th OA. Th co i i of i ppoxit 750 t t th co of ich o Pihut Tc. Th thi i v fth t t th co of Ok. i u. Th poit ut b phic vut i cobotio with kowgb ptt of th gt tff. c u. Ok it 36

Th xt tp i to ppoxit th vou of wt tht wou b itouc fo th to i th cpcit of th t to c tho vou, w th ti iz octio of th foo pi. Bcu pip cuvt cut c th towt th w to Joh A. hit Pk bth v o, th hou b o pob with th cpcit of th iftuctu to h ii vou. Howv, th u of ctcht po, ttio bi, o c cou b c to ffctiv g th w t voi fooig. Fuig wi b qui to hi t of hoogit gi with xpic i t totio to couct thoough wth t, icuig th hito of u cov i thi, ig ptt, xitig towt iftuctu, t viot iu. Thi poc hou o povi p utig of th wth vgttio, oi tp ifittio t, wt, foopi, topogph, to ti fibiit. AA wi ig th couit-b copot of th totio pojct, icuig cup, iviv pci ov, tbk ptig, coogic oitoig. AA h xpic with xtiv couit-b wth gt ffot i th Pocto k wth i othwt Att. 9 AA ogiz ck c-up tht i Pocto k it tibuti of v to of ig up th bi. Th o fciitt couit wokhop to uct it bout potctig wt quit covig wt, ti th Pocto k th oito cpb of wk pig oitoig of bcti v. Howv, i o to cotiu to vot ogiztio Th UGO couit g, u b AA pt jut outh of th Outoo Activit t. (Photo cit: AA) ouc to viot uctio pogig, AA wi itc. Th vopt ipttio of ffctiv totio p qui cobotio btw ifft pti, og uti-tg poc i which uti couit outch pticiptio i ti. Pk Pi wou b xct choic fo thi o bcu of thi xpic with ii totio pojct i th Pk ( u bow) bcu of thi fiiit with AA th OA though th couit ggt poc th i th pouctio of th OA Viio. Pk Pi cou g th cotctig of t, ig, cotuctio vic. AA i cut xpoig g of fuig optio fo thi totio, icuig: 1) t Act ctio 319(h) F gt povi to igt tt tib gci to ipt opoit ouc poutio gt pog. kb out, GA, civ 319(h) gt fo th 1994 ho k ightig pojct th it of Att civ g 319(h) gt fo th 2006 Pk Book totio i 2006 ( c tu bow). 2) outh op Gogi Pow 5-t totio ic 2006, outh op h cotibut tot of $1.2 iio to 57 Fiv totio gt fo pojct tht hv to o th 546 c of wt ov 50,000 ft of ipi buff. 10 Two pojct i th Att 10. Ok it 37

civ gt i 2011. 3) o Bk of Bu t Pojct- A t-, $50 iio gt pog, of which $32 iio h b w co 5 couti. Th pog uppot o-pofit ogiztio tht potct wth povi cc to c ikig wt. th potctio icu totio of itiv tu, couit-b wth twhip, wth w. GOAL 5: UBA AGIULTU Ub gicutu i big cbt tio k ttg fo cobtig ijutic i to foo t icig cc to hth, tu foo t ffob pic, pci fo ioit ow-ico poputio who hv b ttic xcu fo tht cc. 11 iutou, ub gicutu povi too fo bigig vct bck ito pouctiv u, whi tiutig oc cooic vopt. AA i uiqu poitio, th opto of th ub fot, to ifu withi th bfit phi o coogic twhip, to icopot foo pouctio i it couit-b viot uctio pogig. AA h vub xpic with th couit g it hp g jct to th OA t it outht co, th Ub G iic Oi (UGO). A boutifu hvt t Tu Livig ub f. (Photo cit: Tu Livig ) Ipttio: Agicutu: TL i icu i gt ti i th A ctio of th p. TL i v uccfu o-pofit ub gicutu bui of th Att foo jutic ovt. TL wi pt with AA A to tfo jct to th OA ito ub f g. A it to pt with AA TL to cqui vct popti tbih w ub f couit g. 11. Ok it 38

HOPKI TT OGLTHOP AVU AZALIA TT LA OA ILLA AVU YOK AVU GOO PLA LATO PLA ALL AVU LBT TT AVO AVU ATH TT GAYOT IV TIFT AVU LATO TT AYLA AVU BOOKLI TT ATHI TT LXIGTO AVU LA OA T ALK TT THOL TT HILL AVU PT TT FULTO T ub t choo HITHALL TA ULY T HUPHI TT ITH TT ALPH AVI AB HITA TT BA T TPH TT LH TT B TT AIL TT OLA TT OKLL TT Gio GA TT t choo ATHU TT ITH TT I TT LH TT FLTH TT UIVITY AVU LYHAV IV pito Viw t choo GFY AVU PLA LA HY TT T AVU OO TT HITHALL TT PAK TT TIFT TT OAK TT BLUFF TT U TT POOL PLA LL TT Th t t GL TT VA TT -ith hou/ Th topoit VITOIA PLA HLTO AVU HUGH TT LO TT VA TT L TT GILLTT AVU LILLIA AVU BOI BA AVU PA TT L TT A TT OOO TT ILL AVU YLVA OA AG O H BALI TT APOLO TT LAUL AVU LATO TT LL AVU HOL TT LL AVU LLIGTO TT LL AVU LL AVU OTA PLA ALTOOA PLA IA TT GIH TT GIH TT ATHO PLA HOL TT ATOO TT LUIL AVU LAGHO TT AT OTAIO AVU T OTAIO AVU AGA PLA LATHA T U TT OAK TT HOLL P LA ULBO T T PLA OAK TT GGLTO TT OTAIO AVU ATOO TT T O O AVU HOL TT GAY PLA QU TT ILLA AVU Kog iti t OGLTHOP AVU HIT TT BI TT OLYPIA IL OPLA AVU OLYPIA AY ALLGHY TT PPL T ATH TT Bow i choo BH TT OHLL IV AA PLA LIA AY ATOO TT BH TT LATO T PIHUT TA TBOO IV GATO TT O I OLLY AVU IG PLA IHLA OA IHLA OA TOT OA OTAT AVU ILL AVU GATO TT PIVI TA PLAZA AVU IOK TT PPL TT LA TT AYFLO AVU OOVA TT VIOLT TT OV ALLY LOA LIA T PAK TT BIG AVU LATO AVU ALOT IV HIT OAK AVU BLUFIL IV UPHY AVU IAL PLA YLA IV TUK AVU GFIL IV ALIGTO AV LAVAL IV LYFO IV Fich t choo PI AV OAKLA TA POTH TT OAKLA LA OY TT BT TT A AVU OAKLA IV v Y AVU AL AVU GLALOUGH PLA TOK AVU TATH IV OUTH GOO TT AKIG PLA AO AVU OTH OLYPIA AY ALVAAO TA AT IV ALVAAO TA BH TT THAV IV OAY AVU BH OUT IHLA OA o t choo OUTH ALVAAO TA ALTAA PLA LAVU TA HAVILO IV AA TA OLAO TT KO TT AA IL HATHA AVU ATIG OA AHABA IV TIG OA ATO OA vt o-govt tchic pot fo ti upo o. ith th it of Att ( it ) o T iu, povi without wt of ki, ith xp o ipi, fit fo pticu u, o i it wt tht th ifotio tht th ifotio t big vib hou ot opiio of th it o T to th quit o ubiit of

fc Att vopt Authoit. ov 2005. Att Bti vopt. Att Jou-otitutio, 2011. u hock ut of fw tit, b Joh w ig chi. Api 27. Att Ub ig oiio. 2003. Ok it Hitoic itict. Bo, h, t. 2008. Pig o fo th Aic : Th ubpi hkout It Ipct o Low-Ico ioit ouiti. A joit pot b th ifoi ivtt oitio, t. Bouux, o, Joh tthw. 2004. Gogi vopt Pow Lw: A Poic Gui to th vutio U of Tx Aoctio itict. ch Att, Ic. Buckhoz, Tc, Ti Youo. 2007. Ub ightig: u vutio. Vigii t ouc ch t: pci pot 35-2007, Vigii Potchic Ititut t Uivit, Bckbug, VA. Biffut, ich. 2010. Th ot Popu Too: Tx Ict Ficig th Poitic coo of Loc Govt, Th Uivit of hicgo Lw viw, Vo. 77, o. 1, pp. 65-95. hbou, ich, Vict h. 1992. wb k o th Uivit of ifoi, Bk pu: A c hito of ub t totio, Aqutic ovtio: i A Fhwt cot, Vo. 2, 293-301. it of Att. 2006. pbto-c oio vopt. Buu of ig. it of Att. 2011 ophiv vopt. ptt of ig ouit vopt. vi, Joh u. 2010. Oigi voutio of th ouit L Tut i th Uit t, i Joh vi (ito), Th ouit L Tut. big, A: Lico Ititut of L Poic. vi, Joh u. 2008. Ho tht Lt: Th fo out-cic whip. htfoc (wit). tio Houig Ititut. vi, Joh u. 2006. h quit Hoowhip: Th hgig Lcp of -tict, Ow- Occupi Houig. tio Houig Ititut. vi, Joh u. 1991. ott Gou: octiv Actio th Ub ighbohoo. o Uivit P. vi, Joh u Aic ok. 2009. L i Tut, Ho tht Lt. Buigto, VT: hpi Houig Tut. vi, Joh u ick Jcobu. 2008. Th it- LT Pthip: uicip uppot fo ouit L Tut. Poic Focu pot PF107. big, A: Lico Ititut of L Poic. ipqu, i w L. G. 1999. Ictiv oci pit: AHoow Btt itiz? Jou of Ub cooic. 45:2, pp. 354 84., ich vi i. 2000. Th ffct of Tx-Ict Ficig o cooic vopt, 47 Jou of Ub cooic, o. 2 pp. 306-328. viot Potctio Agc. 2003. Potctig t Quit fo Ub uoff. PA Fctht 841-F-03-003. Ht, Ao, ic i. 2008. Upt o Tx Aoctio itict (TA) th Bti Pojct. Th Att Lw, Vo. 6, o. 4, p. 12. Ht, ht. 1984. Th ight to t put, i h Gi Fk Popp (), L fo, Aic. Totow, J: ow Ah. 302-318. Huk, Jk, ic otti. 2001. I ch of Goo TIF: A u of Pittbugh. uicip Fic Jou 22 (1):65-77. Hui, o., Tob L. Pc. J Hui. 2002. o Hoowhip Affct hi Outco? tt cooic. 30:4, pp. 635 66. Ház, Ju. 2009. iig viit: otgg Lig Ptt i cto 1930-2004. Ittio Jou of Ub gio ch 33:291-313. Iguck,. 2008. Fo th ubpi to th xotic: xciv otgg kt ik Ipictio fo t- Ok it 45

opoit ouiti ighbohoo. Jou of th Aic ig Aocitio 74:59-76. Iguck,. 2008. Lg-c vopt Iititiv Ho Vu: Th of th Att Bti Pojct, PA Pp o. 8613. Iguck,. 2007. Th Bti iig Ho Pic: iti Appcitio th Bti Tx Aoctio itict Poic cotio to iiiz ipct, tu pp fo Gogi TA-UP. Kp, Bi. 2009. Gogi ctio ut: Offici ut of th Tu, ovb 04, 2008 G ctio. Gogi ct of t bit, t cc ch 2012. http://www.o.gogi.gov/ctio/ctio_ut/2008_1104/wq.ht. Kig, G. T. 2009. Appix, i H.G. io L. gh (ito), Fo pi to Hop: Hop VI th w Poi of Pubic Houig i Aic iti. higto : Bookig Ititut P, p299-306. Kiz, Kth. 2003. Tx Ict Ficig: It ffct o Loc Govt Fic. UA pot, u, p.1-7. Kuh, iffo., Ho t. 1990. Livig Att, A O Hito of th it 1914-1948. Uivit of Gogi P, Ath, GA. Lo, Gg Hik. 2002. o o ct o: A Goot Gui to Ivtigtig vopt ubii. Ititut o Txtio cooic Poic. Livb ouiti oitio. 2007. uv Ai of Tx Aoctio itict (TA) i Gogi: A Look t th Fit ight Y. Bk io Goup. Louv, ich. 2005. Lt hi i th oo. Agoqui Book: hp Hi,. Oiv, vi L. Tho. hpio. 2006. Bck th/hit th: A w Ppctiv o ci Iquit, 2. w Yok Loo: outg., Joc. 2001. ffct of Tx Ict Ficig o cooic vopt. I Tx Ict Ficig cooic vopt, it b J.. Ab, Y: t Uivit of w Yok P. cpho ig Loc vopt Authoit. 2007. Fot cpho Outch L U. Pk Pi. 2011. Outoo Activit t Viioig. Pk, Joph, i Fti, i iw. 1997. How o Kow Tht But fo th Ictiv th vopt ou ot Hv Occu? I i of Ub cooic vopt, it b. i. Thou Ok: g Pubictio. Pikh, ich. 2000. ightig: w Lif fo Bui. ock outi Ititut. ow, O. Fu i g pt b th U viot Potctio Agc (PA). Popki,. J.,. K uigh,. But. 2005. Pubic Houig Tfotio th H to Hou. Houig Poic bt 16, 1: 1-24. Popki,. J., B. Ktz,.K. uigh, K.. Bow, J. Gutfo,. A. Tu. 2004. A c of Hop VI: ch fiig poic chg. higto : Th Ub Ititut th Bookig Ititutio. LO (obt h L & o.). 2010. Ai of hg i Popt Tx Vu fo 2008 to 2009 i High Focou t ighbohoo, coiio b Att ighbohoo vopt Pthip, Ic. LO (obt h L & o.). 2008. Upt of kt Foct fo Att Bti u A; Att, Gogi, coiio b Att Bti, Ic. ci, Phiip o. 1969. Att choo A Hito of th Pubic choo t 1869-1955. A octo ittio, o Uivit. igo, vi. 2001. A TIF Big iu to At Ptt of iti ggtio? Th of Aio hicgo, Iioi. I Tx Ict Ficig cooic vopt, it b J.. Ab, Y: t Uivit of w Yok P. ich, ich., Abh. 1983. Pticiptio i bock ogiztio. oci Poic 14 (u): 45-47. ich, hitoph (ito). 1993. Gui to t B k. Ok uu of ifoi. oh,ii., ho V Zt, Gog cth. 2002. oci Bfit ot of Hoowhip, i ico P. ti ic. Bk (.), Low-ico Ok it 46

Hoowhip: xiig th Uxi Go. higto, : Bookig Ititutio P. 381-406. ugh, Jcob ;, oug. 2010. ci ggtio th Aic Focou ii, Aic ocioogic viw 75, 629-651. wicki, vi, t. 2003. Fi h Houig i th Att gio. Gogi Ititut of Tchoog, choo of it gio ig, pp fo th Att ighbohoo vopt Pthip. chutz, J, Vicki B, Igi Gou. 2008. ighbohoo ffct of octt otgg Focou. Jou of Houig cooic 17:306-319. chwtz, A. 2010. Houig Poic i th Uit t. w Yok, Y: outg., Buc. 2005. A i of th fic ipct of th Att Bti Tx Aoctio itict. Pp fo th Att vopt Authoit. hpio, Tho. 2004. Th Hi ot of Big Afic Aic: How th Pptut Iquit. w Yok: Oxfo Uivit P. hpio, Tho., Ttj ch, Lu uiv. 2010. Th ci th Gp Ic Foufo. Ititut o At oci Poic ch Poic Bif. tiv Ju 14, 2010. http://ip.bi.u/pf/ci- thgp-bif.pf. ooo,. 2005. Pubic Houig fo Vouch ucc: Pog hg. higto : Th Bookig Ititutio, topoit Poic Pog. Ju. TA-UP. 2011. Fot cpho ouit Actio : A ouit po to th Fot cpho ch Pk t ocptu. Gogi TA-UP Gogi Ititut of Tchoog ptt of it gio ig. th kt: iquc Focou t i ouit L Tut. L Li, Octob 2010. Lico Ititut of L Poic. Tuhft, h Aio Kp. 2010. Th Goc Gp: ho H Acc to Hth Foo h It tt. Poic Lik Foo Tut. Ub og, Ic., it of Att Buu of ig, Gic & Aocit, obt h L & o, A B. o & ith. 2004. Ok it/lkwoo Livb t Iititiv: Fi pot Ub L Ititut. 2009. fiig th fo okfoc Houig i Att: ct T cotio fo Futu Poic, Twiig t fo okfoc Houig. b, ch. 2003. quit A tpuii: Th Ipct Of Tx Ict Ficig O choo Fic. Ub Affi viw, Vo. 38, o. 5, 619-644. b, ch uv v Bhtt vi i. 2003. o Tx Ict Ficig i Ub Iuti Popt Vu? Ub ui, Vo. 40, o. 10, 2001 2021., vi K., o Ati, Ho Foxcoft, i J. H, K Phiip- tt. 2006. Aic Ho: Pto otgg pit ighbouhoo pc of c xpoittio i th Uit t. Gogfik A 88: 105-132., vi, ku oo, i H, u Kbhizi. 2009. togphi of c : ppig th -oopo t of Aic ubpi otgg pit. Ittio Jou of Ub gio ch 33:332-54., Gog..L. ght. 1922. pot of th uv of th Pubic choo of Att choo Y 1921-22. oubi Uivit, w Yok it. ugu-iz, Yi, oi Gti. 2007. A tio u of ouit L Tut, okig Pp: Lico Ititut of L Poic. Th, i Gg obg. 2010. Outpfoig Ok it 47

Appix U 18 18 to 64 4,831 (22%) 13,428 (60%) ouc: U ci u 2010 Tb 4: Poputio b x b Ag A Tgt A u Tct, 2010 Tot Poputio 40,706 F 22,263 (55%) 18,443 (45%) F 211,035 (50%) U 18 18 to 64 40,333 (19%) 145,521 (69%) ouc: U ci u 2010 65+ 4,004 (18%) U 18 4,888 (27%) Tb 5: Poputio b x b Ag it of Att, 2010 Tot Poputio 420,003 65+ 25,181 (12%) U 18 41,077 (20%) 18 to 64 11,171 (61%) 208,968 (50%) 18 to 64 151,733 (73%) 65+ 2,384 (13%) 65+ 16,158 (8%) Ok it 48

Tb 6: uctio Attit: it of Att v. A Tgt A u Tct, 2010 it of Att Tgt A u Tct Tot F Tot F Poputio >18 341,841 166,336 175,505 30,650 13,414 17,236 o H ipo 13% 14% 13% 22% 22% 22% H ipo 22% 22% 21% 33% 38% 30% o og 23% 22% 24% 20% 19% 21% og g 42% 43% 42% 24% 21% 27% ouc: 2006-2010 Aic ouit uv 5- tit Tb 7: i Ho L Vu Tgt A PU, 2010 PU i Appi A Pctg of Vu Att i i L Vu I 142,309 62% 37,876 186,724 82% 44,738 113,840 50% 32,608 T 166,288 73% 36,433 it of Att 228,800 ouc: PU t - Futo out Tx Ao, it i 2010 A 0 500 1,000 2,000 Ft Ü Ok it Hitoic itict t Hitoic itict Bti Tx Aoctio itict Tx Pc Ok it 49

600,000 Figu 12: Poputio Gowth, it of Att, 1850-2010 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Y ig Fi Pit tit u out ouc: U ci u Tb 8: iti Buiig oitio Pit b Y, it of Att, 2000-2009 uti- ig- Tot uti-fi Fi Fi Pit oitio Pit oitio Tot oitio t w Uit 2000 721 3,046 3,767 323 502 825 2,942 2001 690 3,545 4,235 260 509 769 3,466 2002 632 5,373 6,005 349 648 997 5,008 2003 890 5,031 5,921 250 526 776 5,145 2004 1,242 8,370 9,612 438 434 872 8,740 2005 1,509 5,258 6,767 561 705 1,266 5,501 2006 1,813 7,366 9,179 613 632 1,245 7,934 2007 1,106 6,772 7,878 486 591 1,077 6,801 2008 444 2,172 2,616 347 369 716 1,900 2009 151 861 1,012 270 114 384 628 Tot 9,198 47,794 56,992 3,897 5,030 8,927 48,065 ouc: ptt of ig ouit vopt, Offic of Buiig Tb 9: Vcc Tu: Tgt A u Tct, 2010 Occupi Tot u Occupi Vct Houig Ow-Occupi Tct Uit Uit Uit Ow t Ow with Ow F otgg 41 1,066 67.8% 32.2% 34.7% 65.3% 68.9% 31.1% 42 1,489 84.3% 15.7% 17.2% 82.8% 88.0% 12.0% 60 1,675 79.9% 20.1% 43.0% 57.0% 63.0% 37.0% 61 1,722 76.5% 23.5% 60.4% 39.6% 64.0% 36.0% 62 684 65.2% 34.8% 42.6% 57.4% 72.1% 27.9% 66.02 574 66.2% 33.8% 18.7% 81.3% 78.9% 21.1% 76.02 1,071 86.4% 13.6% 53.1% 46.9% 72.3% 27.7% 76.03 2,440 81.3% 18.7% 7.9% 92.1% 76.3% 23.7% 77.04 2,023 85.7% 14.3% 52.6% 47.4% 85.3% 14.7% 79 2,121 88.6% 11.4% 85.4% 14.6% 73.6% 26.4% 80 2,269 82.4% 17.6% 64.1% 35.9% 66.1% 33.9% 81.01 447 87.5% 12.5% 71.4% 28.6% 62.7% 37.3% 81.02 3,327 76.5% 23.5% 27.7% 72.3% 60.9% 39.1% ALL 20,908 80.3% 19.7% 44.4% 55.6% 70.6% 29.4% TAGT ouc: U ci u 2010 Ok it 50

3.6% - 10.7% 10.8% - 16.5% 16.6% - 25% 25.1% - 37% 37.1% - 55.6% 0 1 2 4 i 0% - 19.4% 19.5% - 34.7% 34.8% - 50.6% 50.7% - 69.5% 69.6% - 93.6% 0 1 2 4 i Ok it 51

Tb 10: Focou, 2000 Tgt A u Tct Ju 2007-Ju 2008 u Tct Focou Tot otgg otgg Focou t 41 86 725 11.9% 42 51 529 9.6% 60 141 1,178 12.0% 61 173 1,403 12.3% 62 82 642 12.8% 66.02 37 244 15.2% 76.02 49 533 9.2% 79 119 1,556 7.6% 80 197 1,725 11.4% 81.01 34 308 11.0% 81.02 75 747 10.0% ALL TAGT 1,044 9,590 10.9% ITY OF 7,123 131,332 5.4% ATLATA ouc: ighbohoo biiztio Pog (P) PU Tb 11: Att Focou Fiig, ighbohoo ig Uit, Ju 2009 to 2010 Focou Fiig Tot Houig Uit Houig Uit Focou t A 126 4,992 2.52% B 1,345 31,336 4.29% 245 8,658 2.83% 266 6,706 3.97% 1,152 25,175 4.58% F 260 13,319 1.95% G 244 5,472 4.46% H 341 7,581 4.50% I 629 10,259 6.13% J 530 7,228 7.33% K 408 4,752 8.59% L 266 4,795 5.55% 753 17,355 4.34% 322 11,147 2.89% O 457 6,792 6.73% P 271 7,171 3.78% Q 26 767 3.39% 314 8,809 3.56% 538 4,852 11.09% T 548 8,171 6.71% V 755 8,686 8.69% 667 10,451 6.38% X 528 6,709 7.87% Y 354 5,022 7.05% Z 619 9,501 6.52% TOTAL 11,964 235,706 5.08% ouc: quit pot Ok it 52

I # Fo p 15 A Tb 12: Vct Hou i th Bti TA th Outoo Activit t, ch 2012 2010 2010 Appi Pc I Appi A Hou Vu Vu Vu Appi L Vu Y Buit Lot iz (Ac) 1 2 1543 ich w 14 015000110543 0.20 3 14 015000110550 4 1533 ich w 5 0.13 1521 ich w 0.11 0.22 0.24 0.20 10 11 1412 ich w 12 0.54 13 14 15 ouc: Futo out Tx Ao 2010 IA Bti Tx Aoctio itict Tx Pc Ok it 59 0 1 2 4 i