List of Illustrations

List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments "Men of Stone and of Iron": The African Slave Trade The Beginnings of the Portuguese-African Slave Trade in the Fifteenth Century, as Described by the Chronicler Gomes Eannes de Azurara The Enslavement Process in the Portuguese Dominions of King Philip III of Spain in the Early Seventeenth Century A Portuguese Doctor Describes the Suffering of Black Slaves in Africa and on the Atlantic Voyage (1793) A Young Black Man Tells of His Enslavement in Africa and Shipment to Brazil about the Middle of the Nineteenth Century An Ex-Slavetrader's Account of the Enslavement Process in Africa and the Illegal Traffic to Brazil (1848-1849) p. xiii p. xv p. xxvii p. 5 p. 11 p. 15 p. 23 p. 28 "It Was the Same as Pigs in a Sty": A Young African's Account of Life on a Slave Ship (1849) p. 37 A Slave Revolt at Sea and Brutal Reprisals (1845) p. 39 A British Physician Describes the State of Africans upon Their Arrival in Brazil (1841-1843) p. 43 A British Clergyman's Impressions of the Valongo Slave Market in Rio de Janeiro (1828) p. 48 "A Hell for Blacks": Slavery in Rural Brazil An Italian Jesuit Advises Sugar Planters on the Treatment of Their Slaves (1711) p. 55 A Royal Decree on the Feeding of Slaves and Their Days Off (1701) p. 60 "I Doubt that the Moors Are So Cruel to Their Slaves": The Feeding of Slaves in Late Colonial Bahia p. 61 The Masters and the Slaves: A Frenchman's Account of Society in Rural Pernambuco Early p. 63 in the Nineteenth Century "The African Man Transformed into the American Beast": Slavery in Rural Pernambuco in p. 71 the 1840s Practical Advice on the Management of Plantation Slaves (1847) p. 77 Slave Life on a Plantation in the Province of Rio de Janeiro in the Late Nineteenth Century A Medical Report on Slaves on Five Coffee Plantations in the Province of Rio de Janeiro (1853) "There Are Plantations Where the Slaves Are Numb with Hunger": A Medical Thesis on Plantation Diseases and Their Causes (1847) p. 79 p. 86 p. 91 The Annual Work Routine on Plantations in Maranhao in the Mid-Nineteenth Century p. 96 A Brazilian Senator Comments on the High Mortality among Rural Slave Children in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century p. 99 A Bahian Sugar Planter Registers His Slaves (1872) p. 100 Slave Life in Cities and at the Mines Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro as Seen through Newspaper Advertisements (1821) p. 111 A North American Describes Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro (1846) p. 115 A Royal Navy Surgeon Discusses the Black Coffee Carriers of Rio de Janeiro (1848) p. 124

The Sedan Chair and the Hammock: Urban Transportation in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth p. 126 Centuries Slave Prostitutes in the Brazilian Capital (1871) p. 129 Newspaper Advertisements for Black Wet Nurses (1821-1854) p. 133 A French Doctor with Twelve Years of Medical Experience in Brazil Advises Mothers on Choosing a Black Wet Nurse (1843) Was the Black Wet Nurse a Transmitter of Disease? A Medical Debate in Rio de Janeiro (1846) p. 135 p. 137 The Black Wet Nurse: A Status Symbol (1863) p. 139 Slave Workers at the Diamond Washings of Tejuco, Minas Gerais, in the Early Nineteenth p. 140 Century Black Miners at a British-Owned Gold Mine in the 1860s p. 143 "Common Graves": How City Slaves Were Buried p. 147 "From Babylon to Jerusalem": Slavery and the Catholic Church Slavery and Church Doctrine: The Archbishop of Bahia Rules on Slave Evangelization and p. 154 Aspects of Their Treatment (1707) "Children of God's Fire": A Seventeenth-Century Jesuit Finds Benefits in Slavery but p. 163 Chastizes Masters for Their Brutality in a Sermon to the Black Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary A Jesuit Friar Writes on Slave Marriage and Immoral Acts Forced by Masters upon Their Slaves (1700) p. 174 The Black Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary in Recife in the Eighteenth Century p. 178 The Archbishop of Bahia Staunchly Supports Slavery and the Slave Trade (1794) p. 180 Slaves as Prizes in a Lottery Benefiting the Santa Casa da Misericordia in Ouro Preto (1825) p. 182 A Catholic Brotherhood Is Authorized to Buy and Sell Slaves (1842) p. 185 A British Resident of Pernambuco Describes the Beneficial Effects of Catholicism on p. 185 Slaves, Notably upon Those Belonging to Plantations of the Benedictine Order (about 1815) A Slave Revolt at a Carmelite Estate in Para (1865) p. 192 "The Negroes Were Holding Their Saturnalia": A Popular Festival at the Church of Our Lady of Bomfim in Bahia (1860) Relations between the Races "The Fact Remains that They Are Black": Racial Attitudes in Eighteenth-Century Portugal and Brazil "Even a Considerable Tinge Will Pass for White": A British Resident of Pernambuco Analyzes Brazilian Racial and Social Categories Early in the Nineteenth Century p. 194 p. 203 p. 210 Four Classes of Blacks: The Observations of a British Clergyman in Rio de Janeiro (1828)p. 216 Official Acts Opposing or Outlawing Discrimination against Mulattoes and Free Blacks (1689 and 1849) p. 220 The Influence of Black and Mulatto Household Slaves upon the Character of the Brazilian p. 221 Upper Class Racial Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Maranhao p. 225 "Who Am I?" A Mulatto Ex-Slave Ridicules in Verse the Bigotry of His Racially Mixed Fellow Brazilians (1859) p. 229

A Popular Verse Suggests Portuguese and Brazilian Attitudes toward Racial Mixing (1826) A Renowned Brazilian Mulatto Encounters Prejudice in New York but Is Rescued by Brazilian Friends: A Contrast in Race Relations (1873) "Peculiar Legislation": Slavery and the Law "This Dark Blotch on Our Social System": An Analysis of the Legal Status of Slaves and Freedmen in Brazilian Society (1866) Legal Restrictions on the Activities of Slaves and Free Non-Whites in Portugal (1521, 1545, 1559, and 1621) p. 231 p. 232 p. 237 p. 245 Restrictions on the Activities of Slaves in Eighteenth-Century Brazil p. 247 Special Legal Provisions Concerning Slaves Promulgated in the First Years of the Empire p. 251 The Government of Bahia Orders Special Measures to Restrict and Control the Province's p. 254 Slave Population (1822) The Province of Rio de Janeiro Restricts the Activities of Slaves, Free Africans, and Other Foreigners to Reduce the Threat of Slave Rebellion (1836) p. 256 Local Ordinances Bearing on Slavery from Six Provincial Law Collections (1833-1866) p. 259 Could a Slave Acquire His Freedom against His Master's Will by Offering Him His Value? Two Legal Opinions and the Negative Decision of the Council of State (1853-1854) p. 267 A Master Abuses His Adolescent Slave Girl: A Court Case of 1883-1884 p. 273 "And We Are the Best of Masters!": An Abolitionist Writes on the Legal System, Punishment, and the Extraordinary Power of the Master Class (1837) "Shamefully Torn before Thy Eyes": Corporal Punishment p. 281 The Governor of Grao Para and Maranhao Informs the Portuguese King of Cruel Punishments p. 289 Inflicted upon Indian Slaves (1752) "This Rustic Theology": A Catholic Priest Admonishes Slaveholders about the Cruel Punishment of Their Slaves (1758) p. 292 Advice on Plantation Punishment from an Agricultural Handbook (1839) p. 297 Lashes Inflicted upon Slaves at the Jail (Calabouco) in Rio de Janeiro (1826) p. 301 "The Scene Was Deeply Afflicting": A Britisher Describes the Punishment of a Slave at the Rio Calabouco Early in the Nineteenth Century "This, Then, Is Not a Crime": The Trial of a Coffee Planter Accused of Brutal Punishment (1878) Changing Attitudes: The Minister of Justice Cautions Provincial Presidents on the Dangers of Excessive Punishment (1861) p. 303 p. 305 p. 314 A Government Report of the Deaths of Two Slaves Caused by Brutal Punishment (1887) p. 315 The Perils of Being Black An Unconditional Grant of Freedom (1851) p. 319 A Conditional Grant of Freedom (1827) p. 319 The "Liberation" of Eight Legally Free Children (1878) p. 320 A Slave Petitions for Protection from His Master (1876) p. 321 Disposing of Stray Blacks, Beasts, and Cattle (Bens do Evento) (1728) p. 322 The President of Rio Grande do Norte Regulates Disposal of Bens do Evento (1862) p. 323

A Public Notice of Human Bens do Evento Lodged in a Jail in Parana (1857) p. 326 An Auction of Human Bens do Evento in Rio de Janeiro (1867) p. 326 A Lawyer Deplores the Legal Concept of Human Bens do Evento (1873) p. 327 The Precariousness of Freedom: The Statement of a Black Man Named John Eden (1843)p. 330 A Royal Decree Condemning "Free Africans" to Fourteen Years of Involuntary Servitude (1818) p. 332 A Scottish Doctor Reports on the Mistreatment of "Free Africans" (1838) p. 333 An Ex-Guardian of "Free Africans" Describes Their Treatment (1866) p. 338 An "Emancipado" Is Granted His Final Certificate of Freedom (1864) p. 339 The Services of "Ingenuos" (Freeborn Children of Slave Women) Are Placed in Public Auction (1882) "This Very Barbarous and Inhuman Traffic": A Bahian Planter-Politician Seeks to Abolish the Inter-Provincial Slave Trade (1854) p. 341 p. 343 A Britisher Describes the Inter-Provincial Slave Trade of the 1850s p. 351 A Member of the Chamber of Deputies from Bahia Describes the Overland Slave Traffic (1880) p. 354 Slaves Are Bought in Northern Brazil for Shipment to the South p. 355 Father Pompeu's Son p. 356 "A State of Domestic War": How Slaves Responded Newspaper Advertisements Offer Rewards for the Return of Runaways p. 362 A Runaway Bookbinder, Fortunato (1854) p. 366 The Great Seventeenth-Century Quilombo of Palmares: A Chronicle of War and Peace p. 366 "White Man Won't Come Here": A Twentieth-Century Folk Memory of Palmares p. 377 "The Armadillo's Hole": A Predatory Quilombo Near Bahia (1763) p. 379 The Police Chief of Rio de Janeiro Suggests Ways to Eliminate Quilombos Near the City (1824) p. 381 "All the Huts Were Burned": The Destruction of Quilombos Near Rio de Janeiro (1876) p. 384 The Destruction of Quilombos in Maranhao (1853) p. 386 "A Sort of Enchanted Land": Quilombos of the Amazon Valley in the 1850s p. 389 The Captured Residents of a Runaway-Slave Settlement Are Claimed as Slaves but Freed p. by 392 a Legal Decision (1877) Slaves of Minas Gerais Plot Revolt (1719) p. 394 "The Slaves' View of Slavery": A Plantation Rebellion Near Ilheus, Bahia, and the Rebels' Written Demands for a Settlement p. 397 Slaves Rebel in the Captaincy of Bahia (1814) p. 401 Soldiers and Africans Clash in Bahia's Streets (1835) p. 406 Insubordination, Assassinations, Rebellions, Conspiracies, and Runaways: A Report of the Minister of Justice (1854) "The Noblest and Most Sacred Cause": The Abolition Struggle "Perhaps No Nation Ever Sinned More against Humanity than Portugal": Brazil's First Prime Minister Fires an Opening Salvo in the Stuggle against Slavery (1823) p. 411 p. 418 A Defense of the Slave Trade in Response to British-Inspired Abolitionism (1823) p. 427

Proposals for Gradually Abolishing Slavery (1865) p. 431 "Slave Property Is as Sacred as Any Other": A Chamber Member Opposes Free-Birth Legislation (1871) p. 436 "As If It Were a Crime to Be Born": A Mulatto Senator Passionately Defends the Free-Birth p. 446 Law (1871) "We Are Seeking Our Country's Highest Interests": An Abolitionist Analyzes Slavery and Calls for a Break with the Past (1883) p. 451 A Municipal Chamber in Sao Paulo Gives Its Opinions on the Slavery and Labor Questions p. 458 (1885) The Mulatto Editor and Abolitionist, Jose do Patrocinio, Condemns the Government's Slavery Policy (1885) p. 462 An Ex-Abolitionist Recalls the Anti-Slavery Struggle in Sao Paulo (1918) p. 466 "Ceasing to Consider the Slave a Mere Laboring Machine": A Paulista Senator Calls for Quick Solutions to the "Servile Question" (December, 1887) "Hours of Bitterness and Terror": A Planter's Account of the Ending of Slavery in Sao Paulo (March 19, 1888) p. 472 p. 476 "Slavery Is Declared Abolished" (May 13, 1888) p. 480 Chronology of Important Events p. 483 Glossary of Portuguese, African, and Brazilian Terms p. 489 Selected Bibliography p. 494 Index p. 499 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.