Relational Database Concepts IBM Information Management Cloud Computing Center of Competence IBM Canada Labs 1 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Information and Data Models The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 2 2011 IBM Corporation
Supporting reading material & videos Reading materials Database Fundamentals ebook Chapter 1: Databases and information models Chapter 2: The relational data model Chapter 3: The conceptual data model (optional) Chapter 4: Relational database design (optional) Videos db2university.com course AA001EN Lesson 1: Relational database concepts 3 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Information and Data Models The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 4 2011 IBM Corporation
Data vs. Information Data: Collection of letters, numbers or facts Information: Processed data that provides value 5 2011 IBM Corporation
Databases and DBMS Databases A repository of data DBMS (Database management system) Software system that manages databases The terms Database, DBMS, data server, database server often used interchangeably to refer to a DBMS Why a DBMS? Security Can handle many users with good performance Allows for concurrency while keeping data consistent Protects from disaster 6 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Information and Data Models The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 7 2011 IBM Corporation
Information and Data Models Relationship between an Information Model and a Data Model 8 2011 IBM Corporation
Data Models Network Hierarchical Relational Entity-Relationship Semantic Object-oriented Object-relational Semi-structured Extended relational 9 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Information and Data Models The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 10 2011 IBM Corporation
Relational Model 11 2011 IBM Corporation
Entity-Relationship Diagrams Building Blocks Entities Entity Attributes Attribute 12 2011 IBM Corporation
Entity and Attributes 13 2011 IBM Corporation
ER diagram Description Title Editon Aisle Book Year Pages ISBN Price 14 2011 IBM Corporation
Exercise: Identify entities and attributes House Phone # Social Security Number Computer Date Product Height Order # 15 2011 IBM Corporation
Did you get them right? House Phone # Social Security Number Computer Date Product Height Order # 16 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Entity-relationship diagrams The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 17 2011 IBM Corporation
Relationships Building Blocks Entity sets Relationship sets Crows Foot notations 18 2011 IBM Corporation
ERD of Book Description Title Editon Aisle Book Year Pages ISBN Price 19 2011 IBM Corporation
ERD of Author Author_Id Lastname Country Author Firstname City Email 20 2011 IBM Corporation
Example 1 21 2011 IBM Corporation
Example 2 22 2011 IBM Corporation
Types of Relationships Book Authored By Author One-to-one Relationship 23 2011 IBM Corporation
Types of Relationships (Continued) Book Authored By Author One-to-many Relationships 24 2011 IBM Corporation
Types of Relationships (Continued) Book Authored By Author Many-to-many Relationships 25 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Entity-relationship diagrams The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 26 2011 IBM Corporation
ERD revisited Description Title Editon Aisle Book Year Pages ISBN Price 27 2011 IBM Corporation
Mapping entity to a table Entity Description Title Editon Book Aisle Attributes Year Table Pages ISBN Price Columns 28 2011 IBM Corporation
Mapping entity to a table (Continued) Table: Book Title Edition Year Price ISBN Pages Aisle Description Database Fundamentals 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 98662 83-1-1 300 DB- A02 Teaches you the fundamentals of databases Getting started with DB2 Express-C 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 98662 83-5-1 280 DB- A01 Teaches you the essentials of DB2 using DB2 Express- C, the free version of DB2 29 2011 IBM Corporation
Mapping entity to a table (Continued) Table: Author Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilva nia RO 30 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Entity-relationship diagrams The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 31 2011 IBM Corporation
Relational Model Concepts Dr. E.F. Codd of IBM in 1970: A Relational Model for Large Shared Data Banks Building Blocks Relation Sets 32 2011 IBM Corporation
A Relational Database Relational Database Relation Relation Schema Relation Instance 33 2011 IBM Corporation
A Relation AUTHOR(Author_ID: char, lastname: varchar, firstname: varchar, email: varchar, city: varchar, country: char) Relation Instance ATTRIBUTES Relation Schema DEGREE=6 CARDINALITY=5 Author_ ID Lastname Firstna me Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA TUPLES A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO A DOMAIN is the set of all possible values for a specific attribute 34 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Entity-relationship diagrams The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 35 2011 IBM Corporation
Relational Model Constraints Business Rules Book Authored By Author Referencing Data Integrity 36 2011 IBM Corporation
ERD representation of a Relational Data Model Primary Key Parent Table Dependant Table Foreign Key 37 2011 IBM Corporation
Constraints Entity Integrity Constraint Referential Integrity Constraint Semantic Integrity Constraint Domain Constraint Null Constraint Check Constraint 38 2011 IBM Corporation
Entity Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 39 2011 IBM Corporation
Entity Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 40 2011 IBM Corporation
Entity Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 NULL Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 41 2011 IBM Corporation
Entity Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 NULL Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 NULL Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 42 2011 IBM Corporation
Referential Integrity Constraint Book Authored By Author Referencing 43 2011 IBM Corporation
Semantic Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 44 2011 IBM Corporation
Semantic Integrity Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID [PK] Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA 12(*)&^23 A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 45 2011 IBM Corporation
Domain Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 46 2011 IBM Corporation
Domain Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 34 34 34 47 2011 IBM Corporation
NULL Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 48 2011 IBM Corporation
NULL Constraint AUTHOR Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA NULL A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA NULL A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO 49 2011 IBM Corporation
Check Constraint BOOK Title Edition Year Price ISBN Pages Aisle Description Database Fundamentals 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 98662 83-1-1 300 DB- A02 Teaches you the fundamentals of databases Getting started with DB2 Express-C 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 98662 83-5-1 280 DB- A01 Teaches you the essentials of DB2 using DB2 Express- C, the free version of DB2 50 2011 IBM Corporation
Check Constraint BOOK Title Edition Year Price ISBN Pages Aisle Description Database Fundamentals 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 98662 83-1-1 300 DB- A02 Teaches you the fundamentals of databases Getting started with DB2 Express-C 1 2010 2015 24.99 978-0- 98662 83-5-1 280 DB- A01 Teaches you the essentials of DB2 using DB2 Express- C, the free version of DB2 51 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda Overview Entity-relationship diagrams The relational model Entity-Relationship diagrams Types of relationships Mapping entities to tables Relational model concepts Relational model constraints Normalization 52 2011 IBM Corporation
Normalization Process in database design to remove redundancies Example: Consider the following table listing all the tasks of an employee: Problem: If John moves to a new city, all entries related to John must be updated 53 2011 IBM Corporation
Normalization (continued) No redundancy, no anomalies, no loss of information 54 2011 IBM Corporation
Thank you! 55 2011 IBM Corporation