Micropollutants in the aquatic environment: The Swiss strategy

Transcription

1 Micropollutants in the aquatic environment: The Swiss strategy Adriano Joss, Hansruedi Siegrist (eawag), Michael Schärer, Christian Abegglen (Bafu, VSA) Hilversum, 21 November 2013

2 Overview The Swiss strategy The Technologies Powdered activated carbon Ozone Costs and Energy slide 2

3 Prioritization of sources and pathways Atmospheric deposition traffic Other activities (shipping, leisure,..) Land fills Agriculture Urban water management (storm flow) Waste water treatment plants Agriculture slide 3

4 Analysis of situation in Switzerland - Regional problems with micropollutants slide 4

5 Regional problems with micropollutants Wastewater load in (surface) waters related to population density WWTP are a major source Anteil Percentageof gereinigtes Abwasser treatedin waste grossen waterin und mittleren Swiss Fliessgewässern streams Population density slide 5

6 Development of an assessment concept see see Götz et al. 2010, Kase et al. (2011) slide 6

7 Evaluation of measures measure Primary measures Information Regulation of production and application of substances Ban of substances Source separation Measures at primary pollution sources (production plants) Complete change of urban waste water management (urine separation etc.) effectiveness Depends on substance (group), only applicable for limited amount of substances applicable for limited amount of substances applicable for limited amount of substances applicable for limited amount of substances Very high costs, only applicable on the long term (> 50 y) End of pipe measures Complementary treatment (z. B. ozone, active carbon) Reduction of a broad range of pollutants see slide 7

8 Source control measures have highest priority: - Registration and regulation of products - Green chemistry - Behavior of consumers information of public - Use and disposal of substances But: Possible measures - long-term options - Thousands of substances can hardly be regulated - Replacement of some substances is very difficult (pharmaceuticals) or impossible (natural estrogens). slide 8

9 Adaptation of water protection ordinance Results of consultation Problem and need for measures supported Over 80 % of the statements support a goal-oriented extension of municipal WWTPs 2. Need for adaptation: Financing: Need for a nationwide funding based on the polluterpays-principle More experience with technical processes necessary National coordination of planning Several interventions in federal assembly for example discussion in the Committees for the Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy CESPE of the council of states slide 9

10 parliamentary intervention of the Committee for the Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy (CESPE ) of the council of states Development of financing solution in agreement with the polluter pays principle Establishment of legal requirements for financing and implementation of measures Accepted by federal council and council of states Accepted by national council on March slide 10

11 Swiss ordinance on micropollutants WWTPs today represent relevant point sources of MP Heavily loaded receiving waters mainly in high populated areas (low dilution) Advanced treatment foreseen in 100 out of 750 WWTPs (provisional): big WWTPs (load reduction; pe) sensitive waters waters serving as drinking water resources (precautionary principle) Treatment aim (provisional): 80% removal of representative compounds benzotriazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac, mecoprop and sulfamethoxazole No technology prescribed; current focus: ozonation and PAC Investment costs: 1.2 bn CHF (= 1 bn ) Increase of total annual costs: 130 m CHF per year = 6 % of actual costs of wastewater disposal in Switzerland Adaptation of federal water act: Financing 75 % of investment costs slide 11

12 Energy consumption and costs Electricity Per WWTP % increase National increase: 0.1 % of national electricity consumption <0.1 % of national primary energy consumption Costs Per WWTP 5 35 % increase National increase: 12 % of annual costs of wastewater treatment 6 % of annual costs of wastewater disposal See (or

13 Ongoing work Collaboration with stakeholders Adoption of Swiss Water protection act in progress Spring 2013 submission to council of states Public consultation ended by end of august 2012 Further development based on Statements during public consultation of water protection ordinance Parlamentary intervention of CESPE Strategic board Federal Office for the Environment (lead) Cantons Operators/Owners of WWTPs Swiss water association Research Industry Financing solution Working group Federal Office for the Environment (lead) Cantons Operators/Owners of WWTPs Planning of measures Working group Federal Office for the Environment (lead) Cantons Operators/Owners of WWTPs Processes for waste water treatment Working group within Swiss Water Association slide 13

14 Ongoing work financing solution (adaptation of water protection act) Earmarked financing solution based on polluter pays principle (limited in time) Planning of measures Planning on a watershed level proportionality Experience with technical processes (waste water treatment) Working group within Swiss water assiciation (VSA) National and international build up of expertise International collaboration (NL, D-BW, D-NRW,..) slide 14

15 Overview The Swiss strategy The Technologies Powdered activated carbon Ozone Costs and Energy slide 15

16 Requirements for advanced treatment Broadband removal: effective on a broad mixture of organic compounds Transformation products: the formation of toxic or stable transformation products to be avoided Applicability: Integration into existing infrastructure and operation by current personnel must be feasible Cost/benefit: Material, energy, personnel, costs must be justifiable and competitive slide 16

17 Initial Position Variety of processes from laboratory tests, industrial wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment Selection of 2 promising method for pilot testing "strategy Micropoll" (2006), graduating with pilot tests in 2010 Applicability to large-scale implementations for municipal wastewater treatment in Switzerland? slide 17

18 Overview of suitable processes Adsorption Activated carbon (PAC, GAC) Precipitation Ion exchanger Zeolithe Biologic degradation Natural treatment (reed bed, ponds, soil passage) Technical process (sandfilter, fluidized bed, ) Oxidation AOP Chlorin/Chlordioxide Ferrate Ozone Physico-chemical Nanofiltration Reverse osmosis slide 18

19 Overview The Swiss strategy The Technologies Powdered activated carbon Ozone Costs and Energy slide 19

20 Process Layout PAC GAC Effluent 2. clarifier Adsorbent Effluent 2. clarifier Filter bed Incineration Contact Separation Backwash Effluent slide 20

21 Powdered activated carbon (PAC): Layout PAK-Lagerung PAC storage Conventional WWTP Biologische Stufe Wetting + dosing Benetzung und Dosierung Experiences: Swiss: Pilot trials Eawag, Lausanne, Kloten/Opfikon D: full scale WWTP 2015: WWTP Herisau Additives Fäll- und Hilfsfor Mittel-Dosierung separation Überschuss: Rezirkulation oder Entsorgung Spent PAC: returned to biology or disposed incineration Kontaktreaktor Contactor Rezirkulation Return Separation PAK-Abtrennung slide 21

22 PAC: Mannheim slide 22

23 PAC: Results 100% Lausanne Eawag Kloten/Opfikon 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Belebung (42) 12 mg/l ohne R (42) 20 mg/l ohne R (42) Belebung Oekotox (6) ARA-Mikroverunreinigungen, Seite 23 slide mg/l ohne R Oekotox (6) 20 mg/l ohne R Oektox (6) Belebung (36) 10 mg/l ohne R (36) 10 mg/l mit R (36) 15 mg/l mit R (36) 15 mg/l Bio (36) 30 mg/l Bio (36) Belebung (30) 15 mg/l mit R (30)

24 PAC: Characteristics Broad band effectivity: very good little removal for only few compounds (dependent on PAC dose) Transformation products: none (complete mineralization in case of incineration of spent PAC) PAC loss in the effluent unknown. Applicability: simple integration in existing WWTP several layout options (separation): footprint vs. energy Corrosion/Abrasion Cost/benefit: low energy requirement on site PAC activation energy demanding Costs ca Fr./m 3 Good elimination of micropollutants, DOC, color, odour slide 24

25 Overview The Swiss strategy The Technologies Powdered activated carbon Ozone Costs and Energy slide 25

26 Process Layout Inflow Oxidant Effluent Reactor slide 26

27 Ozonation: Layout Experience: Swiss: Regensdorf, Lausanne D: various installations 2014: WWTP Dübendorf Oxygen Sauerstofftank tank Verdampfer Vaporizer Ozongenerator O 3 Abgasbehandlung Off treatment 2 nd Nachklärung clarifier Sandfilter Ozone Ozonungsreaktor reactor In biologische To biology Stufe slide 27

28 Piloting ozonation at full scale: Regensdorf slide 28

29 Ozonation: Results 100% Regensdorf Lausanne Elimination 80% 60% 40% Dosing: 0.67 go 3 /gdoc (Regensdorf) 0.76 go 3 /gdoc (Lausanne) 20% 0% slide 29

30 Ozonation: Characteristics Broadband removal: very good Limited elimination for few compounds (dependent on ozone dose) Transformation products: mostly unknown oxidation products Clear decrease of most toxic effects, no increase Formation of bromate, nitrosamines (dependent on WW composition) Applicability: good known safety regulations Maintenance by specialists Cost/benefit: increased energy consumption on site ( %) Costs ca Fr./m 3 Good elimination of micropollutants, color, odour, pathogens slide 30

31 Overview The Swiss strategy The Technologies Powdered activated carbon Ozone Costs and Energy slide 31

32 PAC & Ozone: Piloting confirm good elimination slide 32

33 Water quality: ecotoxicology In-vitro biotests: clear toxicity reduction In-vivo biotest: toxicity reduction or no increase

34 Energy consumption (local) Ozonation and PAC Today Ozone (5 mg/l) PAC (12 mg/l) WWTP Flow kwh/m PE kwh/pe/y Primary energy Flow kwh/m PE kwh/pe/y Total energy consumption in Switzerland: Wastewater treatment 480 GWh/a 0.8% Total electric power GWh/a 100% slide 34

35 Costs (local, full charge) Ozonation and PAC Untersee Furt Au Zürich Size PE Average CH Ozone (5 mg/l) PAC(10 mg/l) Sandfilter Flow Fr./m PE Fr./PE/y Flow Fr./m PE Fr./PE/y Flow Fr./m PE Fr./PE/y Flow Fr./m PE Fr./PE/y Relative costs decrease with size Advanced treatment costs 30% of today s treatment costs slide 35

36 Conclusion Reducing the micropollutant load discharged to our surface waters makes sense and is feasible Centralized municipal wastewater treatment is a relevant point source Different technological options Feasible and competitive today are adsorption on PAC and ozonation Knowledge transfer and gathering full scale experience is important for allowing efficient solutions slide 36

37 Thank you