Self Protection Techniques in Malware
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1 DSIE 10 5 th Doctoral lsymposium on Informatics Engineering i January 28 29, 2010 Porto, Portugal Self Protection Techniques in Malware Tiago Santos
2 Overview Introduction Malware Types Why Self Protection? Stealth, Evasion, Obfuscation Code Obsfuscation Entry Point Obfuscation Compression / Packers Encryption Anti Debugger Anti Emulation Anti Disassemble Retrovirus Conclusions
3 Introduction
4 Malware Software that can disrupt the normal functioning of a system. Installed without the knowledge or approval of the user Why? Experimental or Research Anti social bh behaviour Prank Ideological Profit/Extortion Warfare
5 Malware Software that can disrupt the normal functioning of a system. Installed without the knowledge or approval of the user Why? Experimental or Research Anti social bh behaviour Prank Ideological Profit/Extortion Warfare
6 Malware Software that can disrupt the normal functioning of a system. Installed without the knowledge or approval of the user Why? Experimental or Research Anti social bh behaviour Prank Ideological Profit/Extortion Warfare
7 Types Adware Ransomware Browser Hijack Rootkit Backdoor Scumware Botnet Spam Bugs Cryptovirus Dialer Exploit e Bomb Keylogger Hoaxes Logic Bombs Rabbit Spyware Trojans Virus Worms
8 Why Self Protection? Increase thespace betweenthetemporal the temporal points of the malware s life: infection > detection > analysis > defense
9 Why Self Protection? Increase thespace betweenthetemporal the temporal points of the malware s life: infection > detection > analysis > defense
10 Stealth, Evasion, Obfuscation
11 Self Protection Methods PASSIVE Code Obfuscation Entry Point Obfuscation Encryption Compression Packing Oligomorphism Polymorphism Metamorphism ACTIVE Anti emulation Anti debugging Anti disassembling Retro virus
12 Self Protection Methods PASSIVE Code Obfuscation Entry Point Obfuscation Encryption Compression Packing Oligomorphism Polymorphism Metamorphism ACTIVE Anti emulation Anti debugging Anti disassembling Retro virus
13 Self Protection Methods PASSIVE Code Obfuscation Entry Point Obfuscation Encryption Compression Packing Oligomorphism Polymorphism Metamorphism ACTIVE Anti emulation Anti debugging Anti disassembling Retro virus
14 Source: Alisa Shevchenko
15 Code Obsfuscation Inserting junk code Code transposition Exchanging registers Instruction substitution Commom problem: the code can increase significantly! Solution: opcode confusion undocumented instructions LEA EAX, DWORD PTR [040200H] JMP EAX MOV AX, 0200H MOVBX BX, 0004H AND EAX, 0XFFFF SHL EBX, 16 OR EAX, EBX JMP EAX
16 Code Obsfuscation Inserting junk code Code transposition Exchanging registers Instruction substitution Commom problem: the code can increase significantly! Solution: opcode confusion undocumented instructions LEA EAX, DWORD PTR [040200H] JMP EAX MOV AX, 0200H MOVBX BX, 0004H AND EAX, 0XFFFF SHL EBX, 16 OR EAX, EBX JMP EAX
17 Code Obsfuscation Inserting junk code Code transposition Exchanging registers Instruction substitution Commom problem: the code can increase significantly! Solution: opcode confusion undocumented instructions LEA EAX, DWORD PTR [040200H] JMP EAX
18 Code Obsfuscation Inserting junk code Code transposition Exchanging registers Instruction substitution Commom problem: the code can increase significantly! Solution: opcode confusion undocumented instructions LEA EAX, DWORD PTR [040200H] JMP EAX MOV AX, 0200H MOVBX BX, 0004H AND EAX, 0XFFFF SHL EBX, 16 OR EAX, EBX JMP EAX
19 Entry Point Obfuscation Anti heuristic method Hard to detect, desinfect and remove Can get control in any point (e.g. in the end => replace API ExistProcess() by a jump to the viral section )
20 Entry Point Obfuscation Anti heuristic method Hard to detect, desinfect and remove Can get control in any point (e.g. in the end => replace API ExistProcess() by a jump to the viral section )
21 Entry Point Obfuscation Anti heuristic method Hard to detect, desinfect and remove Can get control in any point (e.g. in the end => replace API ExistProcess() by a jump to the viral section )
22 Compression / Packers Reduces significantly the malware size Makes the code analysis much more difficult and tedious Efficient commercial andfree software (Problem: compression/decompression algorithm are known by the AV software Can use available software in the infected system It is possible to change the entire packed code by just changing gone single byte Some packers incorporates in the packed file antidebugging capabilities.
23 Compression / Packers Reduces significantly the malware size Makes the code analysis much more difficult and tedious Efficient commercial andfree software (Problem: compression/decompression algorithm are known by the AV software Can use available software in the infected system It is possible to change the entire packed code by just changing gone single byte Some packers incorporates in the packed file antidebugging capabilities.
24 Compression / Packers Reduces significantly the malware size Makes the code analysis much more difficult and tedious Efficient commercial andfree software (Problem: compression/decompression algorithm are known by the AV software Can use available software in the infected system It is possible to change the entire packed code by just changing gone single byte Some packers incorporates in the packed file antidebugging capabilities.
25 Compression / Packers Reduces significantly the malware size Makes the code analysis much more difficult and tedious Efficient commercial andfree software (Problem: compression/decompression algorithm are known by the AV software Can use available software in the infected system It is possible to change the entire packed code by just changing gone single byte Some packers incorporates in the packed file antidebugging capabilities.
26 Compression / Packers Reduces significantly the malware size Makes the code analysis much more difficult and tedious Efficient commercial andfree software (Problem: compression/decompression algorithm are known by the AV software Can use available software in the infected system It is possible to change the entire packed code by just changing gone single byte Some packers incorporates in the packed file antidebugging capabilities.
27 Compression / Packers Reduces significantly the malware size Makes the code analysis much more difficult and tedious Efficient commercial andfree software (Problem: compression/decompression algorithm are known by the AV software Can use available software in the infected system It is possible to change the entire packed code by just changing gone single byte Some packers incorporates in the packed file antidebugging capabilities.
28 Encryption why? To hide the malware s fixed signature, making it unrecognizable to a scanner Camouflage constants (e.g.,.exe exe, windows/system32, addresses, etc) To intricatei the code analysis
29 Encryption why? To hide the malware s fixed signature, making it unrecognizable to a scanner Camouflage constants (e.g.,.exe exe, windows/system32, addresses, etc) To intricatei the code analysis
30 Encryption why? To hide the malware s fixed signature, making it unrecognizable to a scanner Camouflage constants (e.g.,.exe exe, windows/system32, addresses, etc) To intricatei the code analysis
31 Encryption Key Points Strenght Key origin and distribution Publicvs private key Speed and reliability (e.g. RC4 faster than RSA) Implementation
32 Encryption Key Points Strenght Key origin and distribution Publicvs private key Speed and reliability (e.g. RC4 faster than RSA) Implementation
33 Encryption Key Points Strenght Key origin and distribution Publicvs private key Speed and reliability (e.g. RC4 faster than RSA) Implementation
34 Encryption Key Points Strenght Key origin and distribution Publicvs private key Speed and reliability (e.g. RC4 faster than RSA) Implementation
35 Encryption Key Points Strenght Key origin and distribution Publicvs private key Speed and reliability (e.g. RC4 faster than RSA) Implementation
36 Anti Debugger Different techniques to different debuggers Modified code based detection breakpoint detection : Checksum comparation Checking instructions Software interrupts : INT 3 (for standard Debug Breakpoint 0xCC) Timing based detection check for slowdown in runtime API (e.g. isdebuggerpresent()) Exception based detection many times difficult to bypass (INT 2Dh, INT 0x03, 0xF1, 0Fh 0Bh) Decryption based Instructions prefetching
37 Anti Debugger Different techniques to different debuggers Modified code based detection breakpoint detection : Checksum comparation Checking instructions Software interrupts : INT 3 (for standard Debug Breakpoint 0xCC) Timing based detection check for slowdown in runtime API (e.g. isdebuggerpresent()) Exception based detection many times difficult to bypass (INT 2Dh, INT 0x03, 0xF1, 0Fh 0Bh) Decryption based Instructions prefetching
38 Anti Debugger Different techniques to different debuggers Modified code based detection breakpoint detection : Checksum comparation Checking instructions Software interrupts : INT 3 (for standard Debug Breakpoint 0xCC) Timing based detection check for slowdown in runtime API (e.g. isdebuggerpresent()) Exception based detection many times difficult to bypass (INT 2Dh, INT 0x03, 0xF1, 0Fh 0Bh) Decryption based Instructions prefetching
39 Anti Debugger Different techniques to different debuggers Modified code based detection breakpoint detection : Checksum comparation Checking instructions Software interrupts : INT 3 (for standard Debug Breakpoint 0xCC) Timing based detection check for slowdown in runtime API (e.g. isdebuggerpresent()) Exception based detection many times difficult to bypass (INT 2Dh, INT 0x03, 0xF1, 0Fh 0Bh) Decryption based Instructions prefetching
40 Anti Emulation Use of triggers Sparse infection Sparse payload delivery Decryption: Nested decryption loops Brute force decryption algorithms Non linear decryption algorithms Overextending: Undocumented instructions Instructions not implemented dby the emulator Fool the emulator Network connection
41 Anti Emulation Use of triggers Sparse infection Sparse payload delivery Decryption: Nested decryption loops Brute force decryption algorithms Non linear decryption algorithms Overextending: Undocumented instructions Instructions not implemented dby the emulator Fool the emulator Network connection
42 Anti Emulation Use of triggers Sparse infection Sparse payload delivery Decryption: Nested decryption loops Brute force decryption algorithms Non linear decryption algorithms Overextending: Undocumented instructions Instructions not implemented dby the emulator Fool the emulator Network connection
43 Anti Emulation Use of triggers Sparse infection Sparse payload delivery Decryption: Nested decryption loops Brute force decryption algorithms Non linear decryption algorithms Overextending: Undocumented instructions Instructions not implemented dby the emulator Fool the emulator Network connection
44 Anti Disassemble Trick the disassembler by generating an incorrect disassembled code
45 Anti Disassemble Trick the disassembler by generating an incorrect disassembled code
46 Anti Disassemble Trick the disassembler by generating an incorrect disassembled code MOV BX, 0xF0F0 CMP BX, 0 JNE DB ADD CX,BX XOR EAX, EAX...
47 Anti Disassemble Trick the disassembler by generating an incorrect disassembled code MOV BX, 0xF0F0 CMP BX, 0 JNE DB ADD CX,BX XOR EAX, EAX MOV BX,0F0F CMP BX, JE SHORT C 40100A JNZ SHORT 40100D 40100C PUSH EAX 40100D XOR CX,BX ADD EAX,EAX...
48 Fighting AV Software Retrovirus Actively attacks the AV software by trying to bypass or to block the AV s operations, personal firewall or other security programs Easy to implement Attacks: Modify the AV code Delete theav Change the infected system in a way that affects the AV Remove CPU time to the AV Kill pre determinated processes
49 Fighting AV Software Retrovirus Actively attacks the AV software by trying to bypass or to block the AV s operations, personal firewall or other security programs Easy to implement Attacks: Modify the AV code Delete theav Change the infected system in a way that affects the AV Remove CPU time to the AV Kill pre determinated processes
50 Fighting AV Software Retrovirus Actively attacks the AV software by trying to bypass or to block the AV s operations, personal firewall or other security programs Easy to implement Attacks: Modify the AV code Delete theav Change the infected system in a way that affects the AV Remove CPU time to the AV Kill pre determinated processes
51 Conclusions Can a system be safe with an up to date AV software? Due the continue evolution techniques and the development of new ones, it is impossible to have a complete protection even with an up to dt date state tt of the art AV software, making prudent to always assume that a system is unprotected and already infected. It s a never ending conflict between malware writers and AV developers.
52 Conclusions Can a system be safe with an up to date AV software? Due the continue evolution techniques and the development of new ones, it is impossible to have a complete protection even with an up to dt date state tt of the art AV software, making prudent to always assume that a system is unprotected and already infected. It s a never ending conflict between malware writers and AV developers.
53 Conclusions Can a system be safe with an up to date AV software? Due the continue evolution techniques and the development of new ones, it is impossible to have a complete protection even with an up to dt date state tt of the art AV software, making prudent to always assume that a system is unprotected and already infected. It s a never ending conflict between malware writers and AV developers.
54 Conclusions... virus writers don t have to achieve perfect infection. It isn t crucial that infection attempts sometimes fail, or if a virus can t reliably tell whether a file is already infected. Viruses are messy and an imperfect virus can spread quite well in the real world. Conversely, an anti virus product must be extremelyreliable reliable. Unreliable detection, either by identifying a benign file as infected or vice versa, is a fatal flaw flaw. Richard Ford
55
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