Fine-grained covert debugging using hypervisors and analysis via visualization
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1 Reverse Engineering by Crayon: Game Changing Hypervisor and Visualization Analysis Fine-grained covert debugging using hypervisors and analysis via visualization Daniel A. Quist Lorie M. Liebrock Offensive Computing, LLC New Mexico Tech Defcon 17 Las Vegas, NV
2 Introduction Reverse Engineering g is Hard! Hypervisor based executable monitoring Modifications for improved performance Visualization tool for rapid analysis Modifying the reverse engineering process
3 Difficulties of RE Time consuming gprocess Difficult set of skills to acquire Tools are advanced, but still don t provide adequate views. Focused on static analysis Software armoring makes process even more difficult
4 Process for Reverse Engineering Setup an isolated run-time environment Execution and initial analysis Deobfuscate compressed or packed code Disassembly / Code-level Analysis Identify and analyze relevant and interesting portions of the program
5 Isolated Analysis Environment Setup an Isolated Runtime Environment Virtual machines: VMWare, Xen, KVM, Need to protect yourself ffrom malicious code Create a known-good baseline environment Quickly allows backtracking if something bad happens
6 Execution and Initial Analysis Goal: Quickly figure out what the program is doing without looking at assembly Look for: Changes to the file system Changes to the behavior of the system Network traffic Overall performance Ads or changed browser settings
7 Remove Software Armoring Program protections to prevent reverse engineering Done via packers Small encoder/decoder Self-modifying code Lots of research about this OllyBonE, Saffron, Polyunpack, Renovo, Ether, Azure My research uses Ether
8 Packing and Encryption Self-modifying code Small decoder stub Decompress the main executable Restore imports Play tricks with the executable OS Loader is inherently lazy (efficient) Hide the imports Obscure relocations Use bogus values for various unimportant fields
9 Software Armoring Compressed, obfuscated, hidden code Virtual machine detection Debugger detection Shifting decode frames
10 Normal PE File
11 Packed PE File
12 Troublesome Protections Virtual Machine Detection Redpill, ocvmdetect, Paul Ferrie s paper Debugger Detection IsDebuggerPresent() EFLAGS bitmask Timing Attacks Analyze value of RDTSC before and after Really effective
13 Thwarting Protections Two methods for circumvention 1. Know about all the protections before hand and disable them 2. Make yourself invisible
14 Virtual Machine Monitoring Soft VM Based systems Renovo Polyunpack Zynamics Bochs unpacker Problems Detection of virtual machines is easy Intel CPU never traditionally designed for virtualization Do not emulate x86 bug-for-bug
15 OS Integrated Monitoring Saffron, OllyBonE Page-fault handler based debugger Abuses the supervisor bit on memory pages High-level executions per page Problems Destabilizes the system Need dedicated hardware Fine-grain monitoring not possible
16 Fully Hardware Virtualizations Ether: A. Dinaburg, P. Royal Xen based hypervisor system Base functions for monitoring System calls Instruction traces Memory Writes All interactions done by memory page mapping Problems Unpacking code primitive Dumps mangled and not possible to dissassemble Old version of Xen hypervisor
17 Disassembly and Code Analysis Most nebulous portion of the process Largely depends on intuition Example: When we reversed the MP3 Cutter and MIRC programs Takes time and experience Looking at assembly is tedious Suffers from not seeing the forest from the trees syndrome Analyst fatigue Level of attention required yields few results
18 Find Interesting and Relevant Portions of the Executable Like disassembly, this relies on a lot of intuition and experience Typical starting points: Look for interesting strings Look for API calls Examine the interaction with the OS This portion is fundamentally imprecise, tedious, and often frustrating for beginners and experts
19 Contributions Modifications to Ether Improve malware unpacking Enable advanced tracing mechanisms Automate much of the tedious portions Visualizing Execution for Reversing and Analysis (VERA) Speed up disassembly and finding interesting portions of an executable Faster identification of the Original Entry Point
20 Ether System Architecture
21 Extensions to Ether Removed unpacking code from hypervisor into userspace Better user mode analysis PE Repair system Allows for disassembly of executables Added enhanced monitoring system for executables
22 Results Close to a truly covert analysis system Ether is nearly invisible Still subject to bluepill detections Fine-grain resolution of program execution Application memory monitoring and full analysis capabilities Dumps from Ether can now be loaded in IDA Pro without modification
23 Open Problems Unpacking process produces lots of candidate dump files Need to figure out what the OEP is Import rebuilding is still an issue Now that t there is a nice tool for tracing programs covertly, we need to do analysis
24 Visualization of Trace Data Goals: Quickly visually subvert software armoring Identify modules of the program Initialization Main loops End of unpacking code Figure out where the self-modifying code ends (OEP detection) Discover dynamic runtime program behavior Integrate with existing tools
25 Visualizing the OEP Problem Each block (vertex) represents a basic block executed in the user mode code Each line represents a transition The thicker the line, the more it was executed Colors represent areas of memory execution
26 VERA Visualization of Executables for Reversing and Analysis Windows MFC Application Integrates with IDA Pro Fast, small memory footprint
27 VERA Architecture
28 Visualizing Packers Memory regions marked for PE heuristics
29 Demo!
30 Netbull Virus (Not Packed)
31 Netbull Zoomed View
32 Visualizing Packers Memory regions marked for PE heuristics
33 UPX
34 UPX - OEP
35 ASPack
36 FSG
37 MEW
38 TeLock
39 Future Work General GUI / bug fixes Integration with IDA Pro Memory access visualization System call integration Function boundaries Interactivity with unpacking process Modify hypervisor to work with WinDBG, OllyDbg, IDA Debugger
40 Conclusions Visualizations make it easy to identify the OEP No statistical analysis of data needed Program phases readily identified Graphs are relatively simple Preliminary user study shows tool holds promise for speeding up reverse engineering
41 Questions? These slides are out of date! Find the latest ones at:
Reverse Engineering by Crayon: Game Changing Hypervisor and Visualization Analysis
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