Investigations on the Adhesion of Polyurethane Foams on Thermoplastic Material Systems

Transcription

1 Investigations on the Adhesion of Polyurethane Foams on Thermoplastic Material Systems Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr. -Ing.) genehmigt durch Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische FakultŠt (Ingenieurwissenschafticher Bereich) der Martin-Luther-UniversitŠt Halle-Wittenberg von Herrn M.Phil. Nasir Mahmood geb. am in Bahawalpur (Pakistan) Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. J. Kressler 2. Prof. Dr. H. Roggendorf 3. Prof. Dr. G. Heinrich Merseburg, den urn:nbn:de:gbv: [

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4 Contents IV Contents List of publications III Abbreviations and symbols VII 1. Adhesion of polyurethane foams with thermoplastics Introduction Adhesive joint durability Testing of adhesive joints Adhesion theories Polyurethane foams Manufacturing of PU foams Foam chemistry and morphology Thermoplastic materials Objectives and summary of this work Experimental Materials Adhesion behavior of PU foams with thermoplastic material systems Preparation of test samples Aging of test samples Peel test Contact angle studies on thermoplastics and PU foam systems Contact angle measurements Tensiometry Microscopic studies Atomic force microscopy Optical microscopy 24

5 Contents V 2.5. ToF-SIMS and XPS studies Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Structure analysis in polyurethane foams at the interface FTIR spectroscopy Small angle X-ray scattering Transmission electron microscopy Neutron reflection Diffusion coefficient studies of MDI in thermoplastics Gravimetric analysis FTIR microscopy Optical microscopy Results and discussion Adhesion behavior of PU foams with thermoplastic material systems Analysis of the peel test results Adhesion performance before climate treatments Adhesion performance after climate treatments Testing of samples under modified climate cycles Short summary of adhesion test results Contact angle studies on thermoplastics and PU foam systems Contact angle results of neat TP materials Behavior of samples from PU foam/tp material interface Contact angle results of PU foam samples Contact angle hysteresis Short summary of contact angle results Microscopic studies Atomic force microscopy 48

6 Contents VI Optical microscopy Short summary of microscopic results ToF-SIMS and XPS studies Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Short summary of ToF-SIMS and XPS results Structure analysis in polyurethane foams at the interface FTIR spectroscopy Small angle X-ray scattering Transmission electron microscopy Neutron reflection Short summary of structure analysis results Diffusion coefficient studies of MDI in thermoplastics MDI mass uptake by thermoplastics Determination of type of diffusion Optical microscopy Determination of diffusion coefficient FTIR microscopy Short summary of diffusion coefficient results Summary Zusammenfassung Future work Literature 99 Appendixes 107 Acknowledgement 115 Resume 116

7 Abbreviations and symbols VII Abbreviations and symbols ABS AFM ATR ASTM a.u. a BE CFCs CFHCs CD D d DMF DABCO ev FTIR F f g G GF hn HDI IC IMFP IPDI IRE l acrlyonitrile-butdadiene-styrene polymer atomic force microscopy attenuated total reflectance American Society for Testing and Materials arbitrary unit diffusion exponent binding energy chlorofluorocarbons chlorofluorohydrocarbons compact disc diffusion coefficient diffusion length, interdomain spacing dimethyl formamide diazabicyclooctane electron volt Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy force work function surface tension adhesion energy or fracture energy glass fiber photon energy hexamethylene diisocyanate isocyanates inelastic mean free path isophorone diisocyanate internal reflection element wavelength

8 Abbreviations and symbols VIII lv M MA MDI mrad NDI NR PB PC PEO PG pk a PU PO PPO PS r q Ra and Rz RH RMM RMS RPM RT RuO 4 SAR SAN SAXS sl SMA sv liquid vapour mass maleic anhydride 4,4 / -diphenylmethane diisocyanate milliradian naphthalene diisocyanate neutron reflection polybutadiene polycarbonate polyethylene oxide propylene glycol negative logarithm of dissociation constant of acid polyurethane polyol polypropylene oxide polystyrene density scattering vector surface roughness factors relative humidity relative molecular mass root mean square revolution per minute room temperature Ruthenium tetraoxide Silicone acrylate rubber styrene-acrylonitrile Small angle X-ray scattering Solid liquid poly (styrene-co-maleic anhydride) solid vapour

9 Abbreviations and symbols IX t TDI TEA TMP ToF-SIMS TP TEM q a q r V W WA wt XPS time toluene diisocyanate tertiary amine trimethylolpropane time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry thermoplastic transmission electron microscopy advancing contact angle receding contact angle volume width work of adhesion weight X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy