WATER AND REGIONAL PLANNING: HYPOTHESIS IN THE COASTAL AREA OF GRANADA.

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1 WATER AND REGIONAL PLANNING: HYPOTHESIS IN THE COASTAL AREA OF GRANADA. Alberto Matarán Ruiz ( 1 ) y Luis Miguel Valenzuela Montes( 2 ) ( 1 ) University of Granada (Spain), mataran@ugr.es ( 2 ) University of Granada (Spain), lvmontes@ugr.es KEYWORDS Water, regional development, landscape, land use and Mediterranean Sea ABSTRACT The main argument of this communication is the description of a methodology to tackle global relations between water and regional development (urbanisation, land use, landscape, production structure...) in the Guadalfeo river basin and the Coast of Granada. It also constitutes one thematic area ( Regional and urban characterisation of the Guadalfeo river basin ) of the recently launched research: Integrated management model for basins, rivers, reservoirs and coastline. Pilot study for the integrated management of Guadalfeo river basin. AREA OF STUDY: LAND DEVELOPMENT UNITS This study is a part of a major researching project that includes other factors and chapters. This project is specifically centred in the Guadalfeo river basin and the new development scenario after the Rules dam starts storing water (expected for the middle of 2003). The final and main objective is to design an integrated basin management model, according to the E.U. Water Framework Directive, the New Water Culture - Arrojo (1998)- and the efficiency in the use of natural resources proposed in the latest decades Meadows (1972), Carta Europea de Ordenación del Territorio (1983), Instituto de Recursos Mundiales (2002)- But our particular point of view, about the interactions between basin, dam and territory, can not be solved in the restricted area of the hydrographyc unit. The first analysis about the characteristics of the territory, the impacts and the dynamics regarding the Guadalfeo river and the studied dam, indicates that this is necessary to overcome the basin level and consider at least all the coast of Granada Frontana (2002).. Designing an integrated basin management system is a good opportunity to increase the knowledge about spatial correlations between water and regional development Ziemer and Reeid (1996), Kauffman (2002)- concerning foreseeable dynamics of tourism and agriculture as the main development driving forces in the area. According to this, we have developed a series of territorial units, considering quantitative and qualitative differences in the future development. In order of importance, we present the following criteria for the definition of these territorial units: - 1º. Territorial morphology. - 2º. Homogeneous statistic data and landscape characteristics. - 3º. Functional interdependence of nucleus. These criteria allow us to define the areas were the land use (eg. figure 1) and water use (eg. irrigation in table 1) development scenarios will be projected. The units (figure 2) are defined considering that the hypothesis gives a reasonable coherence between landscape and hydrography for one side and between statis tic and administrative zones for the other side. It has been developed considering municipal limits that constitutes the units perimeter with regards to the homogeneity in the land use, the urban hierarchical relationships and the physical geography. Water and regional planning: hypothesis in the coastal area of Granada page 1 of 5

2 PAPER I 04 PLANNING AND ZONNING IN THE COAST OF GRANADA 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 % Urbanisable % Urbanised 0,00 Gualchos Albondón Polopos Sorvilán Lentejí Itrabo Motril Vélez de Benaudalla TOTAL Figure 1. Planning and zoning in the coast of Granada. Source: Diputación of Granada, 2002 Unit Irrig. Surf. Aband. Surf. Main cultive Prod pts/ha Water Cons. m3/ha Water cost pts/m3 Water Origin Irrig. Syst. Alpujarra 3493,00 146,00 Fruit trees , ,00 17,70 Superficial Gravity Guadalfeo Delta 930,00 0,00 Fruit , ,00 31,00 Superficial Gravity Rambla of Gualchos Rambla of Albuñol 1519,29 0,00 Greenhouses , ,67 11,45 Superficial Localised 2690,90 0,00 Greenhouses , ,00 4,02 Subterraneous Localised River Verde 7287,00 0,00 Subtropical Fruit , ,00 5,14 Superficial Localised Lecrín Valley 29999,56 438,00 Citrus , ,21 17,47 Superficial Gravity Table 1. Irrigation in the territorial units. Source: Diputación of Granada, The territorial development prospective of the considered territorial units is mainly based on the availability and the subsequent management of water resources, as it is essential for a sustainable development in the Mediterranean area. So on, everything must be described within the framework of a global planning that consider the following circumstances: - High socioeconomic contrasts between the inland area of traditional agriculture and the coastal irrigated area. - Conflicts and/or imbalances between the arid east and the irrigated west. - The touristic development. An incipient rural tourism in the inland areas, and a beach based one in the coast. It is consolidated in some nucleus (Almuñécar) and expectant in the whole coastal area because of the new infrastructures that are being constructed for the beginning of the millenium (Rules dam and new motorways). Water and regional planning: hypothesis in the coastal area of Granada page 2 of 5

3 Figure 2. Territorial units HYPOTHESIS AROUND WATER AS A LIMITATIVE FACTOR In this environmental, economic and cultural context, comparable to other areas around the Mediterranean sea Bethement (1994), Borri et al (1996)-, it is essential to explore the sustainability of interactions between water and landscape, in order to project development scenarios of efficient land uses concerning water management. The hypothesis of water as a limitative factor for the development of this territory, defines a series of key issues (water availability, water demand, erosion, etc.) that are linked to the evaluation of related factors and conflicts. A synthesis of this is described by the following relational table that lists the key issues in order of importance: Key Issues Factors / Variables Conflicts / Impacts 1 st.-irregular water availability. 2 nd.- Water demand 3 rd.-reduction of water quality. 4 th - Erosion risk 5 th.- Climatic change Physic environment Water supply infrastructures. Water use efficiency Water consume and prices Economic activities and land uses Water quality Subterraneous water abstraction Depuration facilities Pollution sources Vegetation Land uses Physic environment Agriculture and forest management Temperature and precipitation dynamics Climatic buffers. Development differences Naredo(2002) Offer and demand unbalance -CHS(1999) Excessive consumptive uses Competence Vs planning Use Vs reuse Table 2. Water in the territorial dynamic system. Damage of ecosystems Excessive use of resources Padilla et al (1997) Soil degradation Vázquez (1995) Natural risks Landscape modification Reduction of available water Ayala- Carcedo and Iglesias (2000) Ecosystem modification Irregular water availability, linked to the excessive water abstraction (due to intensive agriculture) and the urban pressure on the coastal areas (due to tourism) are the main arguments to choose water as the most critical factor in the development scenarios of the study area. The expectativs generated by new infrastructures have now overcome a sustainable and efficient water use for the next decades. Water and regional planning: hypothesis in the coastal area of Granada page 3 of 5

4 PAPER I 04 APPROACH AND HYPOTESIS OF DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS A correct evaluation of the relation between water resource and its multiple uses, based on sustainability and efficiency principles, will depend on the methodological success identifying: - 1 st Landscape units according to the environmental and territorial incidence of hydrological cycle. - 2 nd Factors and indicators of the environmental efficiency of economical activities regarding to the consume of water and other resources (land, energy ) - 3 rd Cause-effect relations that have a significant influence on the territorial dynamics regarding to water use. These relations must be described by adequate models. - 4 th The territorial opportunities and planning proposals for the consecution of a sustainable land development in the Mediterranean context. The last stage will consist in elaborate development scenarios based on the dynamic analysis of each territorial unit and of the whole study area. It will be considered the conflict between two main development models: a tendencial model that follows the equilibrium logic and the territorial rationale; and another model focus on market and economical opportunities linked to the spatial development. The interpretation of possible territorial tendencies will be based on the analysis of the most important factors in order to understand the interactions between water and the driving forces of spatial transformation (agriculture, tourism and urbanisation). The following table presents the main arguments: Key issues Factors / Variables Conflicts / Impacts Carrying capacity Land uses Land demand Zoning Landscape assessment Water use efficiency Landscape dynamics Basin morphology Water availability Water balance Productivity Regional planning Policies, plans and projects. Land uses. Development potential Economic activity Economic efficiency (agriculture and tourism) Inversions [17] Population and stake holders Competence Vs planning Saturation Del moral (2002) Increasing soil impervious. Landscape modification Human influence Landscape use value Table 3. Evaluation of territorial development scenarios Technological innovation Non adequate practices Contreras (2002) Economic problems Eseca (1998) Agriculture Vs. tourism Territorial differences Immigration Sustainability - Requejo Liberal (2001). Externalities CONCLUSIONS The arguments presented above, constitute the main structure of objectives, principles, factors and variables that articulate the hypothesis of the methodological approach of the researching project. It goes from the first research presented here, to the final objective (it will last about 4 years): to present evaluations of land development scenarios that are more suitable for the agricultural, touristic and urban landscapes. The question is to influence with the regional planning in the development that will occur in about twenty years, when the new hydraulic and mobility infrastructures will have time to produce and accentuate tensions, uncertainties, incompatibilities, equilibriums, efficiencies, resistances and the rest of the presented hypothesis concerning economical activities and land use (regarding on the use of water). Water and regional planning: hypothesis in the coastal area of Granada page 4 of 5

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is developed thanks to a finance agreement between the University of Granada and the Andalusian Water Institute. The authors also want to thank to the researching group of Urban and Regional Planning (University of Granada) for their usefull notes on this work. REFERENCES Arrojo, P. (1998). Conclusiones del I Congreso Ibérico sobre Planificación y Gestión de Aguas. Univ. Zaragoza, Institución Fernado el Católico. Ayala -Carcedo, F.J. y Iglesias López, A.(2000). Impactos del posible cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos, el diseño y la planificación hidrológica en la España peninsular. El campo de las Ciencias y las Artes. Servicio de Estudios del BBVA. Madrid. Bethement, J. (1994). Gestion de l eau et conflicts sectoriells dans le cadre des pays mediterranees. Atti del Seminario Europeo di Geografia dell acqua de Septiembre de Monselice. Italia Borri, D. et al. (1996). Quality of urban life and sustainable development. Urbanization et agriculture dans le Mediterranée: conflicts et complementarités. Ed. L Harmattan. París p 7 Carta Europea de Ordenación del Territorio. (1983). Reunión de Ministros Europeos en Torremolinos. Málaga. Confederación Hidrográfica del Sur (CHS). (1999). Plan Hidrológico de la Cuenca Sur. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. Madrid. Contreras, S Los regadíos intensivos del Campo de Dalías (Almería). En Martínez Fernández y Esteve Selma (coords.) Agua, regadío y sostenibilidad en el Sudeste bérico. Cap. 7, pp Ed. Bakeaz, Bilbao Del Moral Ituarte, L. (2002). Aspectos territoriales de la gestión del agua: de la idea de factor de desarrollo al debate sobre la capacidad de carga El Plan Hidrológico Nacional desde el Sur. Col. ECORAMA. Ed. COMARES. Granada. p ESECA. (1998). Estudio Económico del Sector Hortofrutícola en la Costa de Granada. ESECA. Granada. Frontana González, Josefa. (2002). Agua y territorio. Recursos y conflictos de usos en Andalucía y en la Costa de Granada. Ed. Universidad de Granada. Col. Monográfica Tierras del Sur. Motril (Granada) Instituto de Recursos Mundiales. (2002). Recursos Mundiales 2002: La guía global del planeta. Ed. Ecoespaña. Madrid. Kauffman, G.J. (2002). what if... the United States of America were based on watersheds?. Water Policy. Vol 4. Issue 1. p Meadows, D.H. (1972). The limits to growth. Universe Books. New York. Naredo, J.M. (2002). El agua en España: Disponibilidades y problemas, El Plan Hidrológico Nacional desde el Sur. Col. ECORAMA. Ed. COMARES. Granada. p Padilla, F., Benavente, J. y Cruz-San Julián, J. (1997). Numerical simulation of the influence of management alternatives of a projected reservoir on a small alluvial aquifer affected by seawater intrusion (Almuñécar, Spain). Environmental Geology. Vol 33. December p Requejo Liberal, J. (2001). La segunda residencia lanza una opa sobre el litoral andaluz: Una grave amenaza sobre el modelo de ordenación territorial para el litoral. III Congreso Internacional sobre Ordenación del Territorio. Gijón. Vázquez Sell, F. Dir. (1995). Restauración Hidrológico-Forestal de la Cuenca Alimentadora del Embalse de Rules en el Río Gualdalfeo. Granada. Confederación Hidrográfica del Sur. Málaga. España. Ziemer, R.R. and Reid, L.M. (1996). What have we learned, and what is new in watershed science?. What is watershed stabilty? Sixth biennial watershed management conference. October 23-25, 1996, California (USA). University of Californ ia, Water Resources Center Report nº 92. Water and regional planning: hypothesis in the coastal area of Granada page 5 of 5