THE GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES. William H. Barr, B.S. Pharm., Pharm.D., Ph.D.

Transcription

1 THE GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES William H. Barr, B.S. Pharm., Pharm.D., Ph.D.

2 This presentation is based, in part, on my observations and experiences over the past 40 years as a baccalaureate and doctoral student at UCSF and a faculty member at SUNY at Buffalo, and MCV/VCU Schools of Pharmacy

3 Premis The development of graduate programs in the pharmaceutical sciences throughout this past century often paralleled the evolution and development of pharmaceutical sciences in the pharmaceutical industry.

4 This interaction is seen in: Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical analyses, Medicinal Chemistry, Physical Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacy Administration.

5 the pharmacist s role in compounding medications first began to diminish with the need and advent of new detailed tests for purity and potency The inability of the compounding pharmacist be able to guarantee the potency and reproducibility of their compounded tinctures, percolates pills, etc., became increasingly problematic. In A Century of Virginia Pharmacy published in 1981 by the Virginia Pharmaceutical Association and Research and Education Foundation

6 In 1879, Parke Davis had already standardized its Liquid Ergotae Purificans and promoted the uniformity and accuracy. By 1880, Searle offered over 800 products with claims of proven potency and uniformity.

7 The 1882 USP (6 th revision), the first to have a Committee of Revision, provided new detailed tests for alkaloids : Purity Physical characteristics, chemical properties Formulas and molecular weights

8 Pharmacognosy, Physical,andAnalyticalChemistry for purity and potency, were required for the majority of early drug products. 0

9 In 1913 to 1933 Dr. Edward Kremers at the University of Wisconsin,Madison, o developed a Pharmaceutical Experiment Station branch of the Dept. of Pharmacy that emphasized Pharmacognosy, which required land to grow plants.

10 Budget ( ) Director, Ed Keims $800 Chemist, E.R. Miller $100 Pharmacist, H.A. Langerhan $100 Pharmacognosist, R.H.Dennison $100 Stenographer, Irene Dengle $480 Gardener, George Bents $600 Horse $100 Equipment and Supplies $320

11 In 1915, a graduate in Pharmacy (2 year Program) could study an additional Year to qualify for the degree, Ph.C. (This may be the shortest time ever for a Graduate Program)

12 Synthetic Chemistry --> Medicinal Chemistry Synthetic Chemistry became the predominate source of new drugs through , with the development of analgesics, sulfonamides drugs, antihistamines. Medicinal Chemistry evolved in this race for the synthesis of new compounds)

13 Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) Industrial and University Researchers developed the theory and practice of Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) to develop series of congeners of the antihistamines, anticholenerics, sulfonamides, et. cetera.

14 Evolution of Physical Pharmacy duration of action became a marketable commodity, e.g., Cough Suppressants rapid onset of effect was important, e.g., for pain, sedation, New Dosage Forms were created by a new, discipline--physical Pharmacy

15 Contributions of Academia The University of Wisconsin (Madison) has a long history of contributions to the Pharmaceutical Sciences. First to award BS in Pharmacy (1883) First to award Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Chemistry First to award Ph.D. in Pharmaceutics Dr. Takeru Higuchi(Ph.D. in Physical and Analytical Chemistry) Joined in 1947 helped to initiate Physical Pharmacy which applied P. Chem.,Organic Chem., Anal. Chem. to Pharmaceutical Product Development.

16 Sidney Riegleman, Ph.D., a Higuchi Student, Went to UCSF to develop help develop Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Gary Levy, a Pharm. D. student at that time took this to Buffalo to continue the evolution in Clinical Pharmaceutics.

17 At the University of Michigan, John Wagner, Ph.D. left Industry to publish several books on Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics from an Industrial perspective.

18 THANK YOU In closing, my apologies that this very short listing could not include so many other areas in The Pharmaceutical Sciences, and so many other luminaries, who have contributed so greatly to our evolving Science.