INSURANCE MOTORCYCLE COLLISION REPORT

Transcription

1 INSURANCE MOTORCYCLE COLLISION REPORT December 2006 MR Model Years COPYRIGHTED DOCUMENT, DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTED 2006 by the Highway Loss Data Institute. All rights reserved. Distribution of this report is restricted. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Possession of this publication does not confer the right to print, reprint, publish, copy, sell, file, or use this report in any manner without the written permission of the copyright owner. HIGHWAY LOSS DATA INSTITUTE

2 COPYRIGHT NOTICE 2006 by the Highway Loss Data Institute, 1005 N. Glebe Road, Arlington, VA All rights reserved. Distribution of this report is restricted. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Possession of this publication does not confer the right to print, reprint, publish, copy, sell, file, or use this material in any manner without the written permission of the copyright owner. Permission is hereby granted to companies that are members of the Highway Loss Data Institute to reprint, copy, or otherwise use this material for their own business purposes, provided that the copyright notice is clearly visible on the material. BOARD OF DIRECTORS P. Baum, Chairman, Nationwide A.H. Gannon, Vice Chairman, United Services Automobile Association R. Birchfield, AIG Agency Auto H.L. Cohen, GEICO Indemnity Insurance Company E. Connell, Erie Insurance Company F.F. Cripe, Allstate Insurance Company T.J. Ellefson, American Family Mutual Insurance Company J. Feldmeier, Auto Club Group D. Griffin, Property Casualty Insurers Association of America S. Kelly, Progressive Insurance A.R. Ledbetter, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company S. Lin, Chubb Group of Insurance Companies S. Miyao, California State Auto Association T.G. Myers, High Point Insurance Group D. Pickens, GMAC Insurance Group B. Reddington, Kentucky Farm Bureau Insurance J.A. Rochman, American Insurance Association L. Shepherd, Safeco L. Stiles, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company B. Tucker, Farmers Insurance Group of Companies J. White, The Hartford A. Lund, Highway Loss Data Institute The membership of the Highway Loss Data Institute Board of Directors represents insurance companies that supply data to HLDI. Financial support for HLDI is provided through the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, which in turn is supported by automobile insurers.

3 CONTENTS Summary Introduction Best and Worst Motorcycle Collision Losses Table 1 Best Motorcycle Collision Losses, Model Years Table 2 Worst Motorcycle Collision Losses, Model Years Motorcycle Collision Losses by Class Table 3 Motorcycle Collision Losses by Model Year Figure 1 Relative Motorcycle Collision Claim Frequencies by Class, Model Years Figure 2 Relative Motorcycle Collision Average Loss Payments per Claim by Class, Model Years Figure 3 Relative Motorcycle Collision Average Loss Payments per Insured Vehicle Year by Class, Model Years Motorcycle Collision Losses by Time Period Table 4 Motorcycle Collision Losses by Model Year and Calendar Year Motorcycle Collision Losses by Engine Displacement Figure 4 Motorcycle Collision Claim Frequencies by Class by Displacement Range, Model Years Figure 5 Motorcycle Collision Average Loss Payments per Claim by Class by Displacement Range, Model Years Figure 6 Motorcycle Collision Average Loss Payments per Insured Vehicle Year by Class by Displacement Range, Models Motorcycle Collision Losses Table 5 Motorcycle Collision Losses, Model Years Choppers Table 6 Motorcycle Collision Exposure By Age, Model Years Appendix A Complete Motorcycle Series Listing Appendix B Motorcycle Classes Defined

4 SUMMARY This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents collision coverage insurance losses for motorcycles produced during model years Results are presented for all street legal motorcycle classes with at least 1,000 insured vehicle years of exposure or 100 claims. The motorcycles combined had a collision claim frequency of 2.3 claims per 100 insured vehicle years and an average loss payment per claim of $5,298, resulting in a $124 average loss payment per insured vehicle year. As a class, super sport motorcycles had the highest overall losses ($506 per insured vehicle year), almost four times higher than losses for touring motorcycles and more than six times higher than those for cruisers. High overall collision losses are being driven by claim frequency, not severity. All of the motorcycles that appear on the highest overall losses list also appear on the highest claim frequencies list. None of the motorcycles that appear on the highest claim severities list appear on the list of motorcycles with the highest overall losses. The Harley Screaming Eagle Deuce, a 1,690 cubic centimeter (cc) cruiser, appears on the highest severity list. However, its claim frequency was so low that it also appears on the lowest frequency list. Of the ten motorcycles with highest overall losses, nine were super sport motorcycles. The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R, a 1,000 cc super sport motorcycle, had the highest overall losses of more than nine times the all-motorcycle result. The Suzuki Hayabusa, a 1,300 cc sport motorcycle, was the only sport motorcycle among those with the highest overall losses, with losses more than four times the all-motorcycle result. Eight of the ten motorcycles with the highest claim severities were Harleys. The Harley Screaming Eagle Electra Glide, a 1,690 cc touring motorcycle, had the highest claim severity of more than two times the all-motorcycle result. Of the ten motorcycles with the lowest overall losses, four were scooters. The Honda Metropolitan, a 50 cc scooter, had overall losses that were 5 percent of the all-motorcycle result. All of the motorcycles with the lowest claim severities had engine displacements at or below 500 cc. Five of the ten motorcycles with the lowest severities were scooters Highway Loss Data Institute 1

5 INTRODUCTION Collision coverage results for all street legal motorcycles produced in model years form the basis of this Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report. To provide information on as many motorcycles as possible, collision data for models are combined for those motorcycles with basic designs that remained unchanged during these model years. Some motorcycle versions are grouped into combined series. Combined series never include different engine displacements. These combined series are listed in Appendix A. Scooters also have been included in this report. It is important to note that some states do not require scooters to be registered if their engine displacements are 50 cubic centimeters (cc) or less. Results for all motorcycles are included in the overall totals and in the separate totals for class subgroups in the principal table (Table 5). Results are presented for individual motorcycles with at least 1,000 insured vehicle years of exposure or 100 claims. A total of 88 motorcycles met this reporting criterion. Loss results for choppers are included on page 16. Results for these motorcycles are not included in the all-motorcycle result set because the amount of data HLDI has for individual choppers is sparse. HLDI has collected coverage and loss data for off-road individual motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles, and off-road utility vehicles, but results for these vehicles are not included in this report. Results are presented by motorcycle class. A detailed description of classes is contained in Appendix B and the HLDI Motorcycle Technical Appendix. This report is based on collision coverage and loss data supplied by 15 insurers: AIG, American Family, American National Property and Casualty, Auto Club Group, Automobile Insurers Bureau of Massachusetts, California State Automobile Association, Chubb, Erie, Farmers, GEICO, The Hartford, Liberty, Nationwide, State Farm, and Tennessee Farm Bureau. Coverage and losses from both standard and nonstandard risk are included. Unlike HLDI reports on passenger vehicles, results in this report have not been standardized for age or deductible. A table that shows age distribution by class has been included on page Highway Loss Data Institute

6 BEST AND WORST MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES Results for individual motorcycles are presented in relative terms, with the value 100 representing the result for all motorcycles combined. Table 1 lists the motorcycles with the lowest overall collision losses including scooters, dual purpose motorcycles, or cruisers. No standard, unclad sport, sport, or super sport motorcycles were among those with the lowest losses. The Honda Metropolitan, a 50 cc scooter, had the lowest overall losses, with losses just 5 percent of the all-motorcycle result. Engine displacements tended to be relatively small among the motorcycles with the lowest losses. The largest engine (750 cc) was found on the Honda Shadow Ace. Table 2 lists the motorcycles with the highest collision losses. Nine of the ten motorcycles with highest overall losses were in the super sport class. The Kawasaki Ninja ZX- 10R, a 1,000 cc super sport motorcycle, had the highest overall losses of more than nine times the all-motorcycle result. The Suzuki Hayabusa, a 1,300 cc sport class motorcycle, was the only sport motorcycle among those with the highest overall losses, with losses more than four times the all-motorcycle result. Five of the ten motorcycles with the highest overall losses had engine displacements that were 1,000 cc or larger Highway Loss Data Institute 3

7 TABLE 1 BEST MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES, MODEL YEARS TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED VEHICLE MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT CLASS YEARS) RESULT* RELATIVE CLAIM FREQUENCY Honda XR Dual Purpose 1, Kawasaki KLR Dual Purpose 2, Suzuki DR-Z400S 400 Dual Purpose 2, Honda Metropolitan 50 Scooter 3, BMW R1150RT 1,150 Sport 2, Honda Shadow Ace Cruiser 9, Honda Rebel 250 Cruiser 4, Harley Screaming Eagle Deuce 1,690 Cruiser 1, Yamaha Vino 50 Scooter 2, BMW F650GS 650 Dual Purpose 1, RELATIVE AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT PER CLAIM Honda Metropolitan 50 Scooter 3, Honda Elite Scooter 1, Yamaha Zuma 50 Scooter 3, Yamaha Vino 50 Scooter 2, Honda Rebel 250 Cruiser 4, Kawasaki Ninja Sport 2, Honda Reflex 249 Scooter 1, Buell Blast P3 492 Sport 1, Kawasaki Vulcan Cruiser 1, Suzuki DR-Z400S 400 Dual Purpose 2, RELATIVE AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT PER INSURED VEHICLE YEAR Honda Metropolitan 50 Scooter 3,210 5 Honda Elite Scooter 1,157 7 Yamaha Zuma 50 Scooter 3,171 8 Yamaha Vino 50 Scooter 2,160 9 Suzuki DR-Z400S 400 Dual Purpose 2, Honda XR Dual Purpose 1, Kawasaki KLR Dual Purpose 2, Honda Rebel 250 Cruiser 4, Suzuki Boulevard S Cruiser 1, Honda Shadow Ace Cruiser 9, *100 = all-motorcycle result Highway Loss Data Institute

8 TABLE 2 WORST MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES, MODEL YEARS TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED VEHICLE MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT CLASS YEARS) RESULT* RELATIVE CLAIM FREQUENCY Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R 1,000 Super Sport Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R 636 Super Sport 1, Honda CBR1000RR 1,000 Super Sport 1, Honda CBR600RR 600 Super Sport 3, Suzuki GSX-R Super Sport 2, Suzuki GSX-R Super Sport 3, Suzuki GSX-R1000 1,000 Super Sport 3, Suzuki Hayabusa 1,300 Sport 3, Yamaha YZF-R1 1,000 Super Sport 4, Yamaha YZF-R6 600 Super Sport 4, RELATIVE AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT PER CLAIM Harley Screaming Eagle Electra Glide 1,690 Touring 1, Harley Screaming Eagle Deuce 1,690 Cruiser 1, Harley Electra Glide Classic 1,450 Touring 10, Harley Ultra Classic Electra Glide 1,450 Touring 20, Harley Screaming Eagle Road King EFI 1,690 Touring 1, Honda Gold Wing 1,800 Touring 15, Harley Heritage Springer 1,450 Cruiser 3, Harley Electra Glide Standard 1,450 Touring 7, Honda ST1300 1,300 Sport 1, Harley Road Glide 1,450 Touring 4, RELATIVE AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT PER INSURED VEHICLE YEAR Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R 1,000 Super Sport Honda CBR1000RR 1,000 Super Sport 1, Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R 636 Super Sport 1, Suzuki GSX-R1000 1,000 Super Sport 3, Suzuki GSX-R Super Sport 2, Honda CBR600RR 600 Super Sport 3, Suzuki Hayabusa 1,300 Sport 3, Suzuki GSX-R Super Sport 3, Yamaha YZF-R1 1,000 Super Sport 4, Yamaha YZF-R6 600 Super Sport 4, *100 = all-motorcycle result 2006 Highway Loss Data Institute 5

9 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES BY CLASS Table 3 lists collision losses for motorcycles by model year and class. The models combined had a claim frequency of 2.3 claims per 100 insured vehicle years, an average loss payment of $5,298, and overall losses of $124 per insured vehicle year. Super sport motorcycles had the highest claim frequency (9.0) and overall losses ($506). Touring motorcycles had the highest average loss payment per claim ($7,176). As a class, dual purpose motorcycles had the lowest claims frequency (0.8). Scooters had the lowest average loss payment per claim ($1,903) and the lowest overall losses ($33). Overall losses for dual purpose motorcycles ($34) were only slightly higher than those for scooters Highway Loss Data Institute

10 TABLE 3 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES BY MODEL YEAR MODEL YEARS CLASS CLAIM FREQUENCY PER 100 INSURED VEHICLE YEARS Cruiser Touring Dual Purpose Standard Unclad Sport Sport Super Sport Scooter All Motorcycles AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT PER CLAIM Cruiser $4,797 $4,799 $4,847 $4,887 $4,726 $4,797 Touring $7,176 $7,337 $7,626 $8,186 $6,548 $7,176 Dual Purpose $3,566 $3,578 $4,668 $4,562 $3,566 Standard $3,056 $3,791 $3,056 Unclad Sport $4,005 $4,259 $4,487 $4,508 $4,005 Sport $4,666 $4,788 $5,303 $5,406 $4,779 $4,666 Super Sport $5,434 $5,278 $5,564 $5,859 $5,902 $5,434 Scooter $1,903 $1,952 $1,971 $2,076 $1,903 All Motorcycles $5,184 $5,156 $5,310 $5,545 $5,322 $5,298 AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT PER INSURED VEHICLE YEAR Cruiser $52 $65 $95 $121 $219 $81 Touring $91 $113 $147 $194 $202 $131 Dual Purpose $20 $24 $42 $52 $34 Standard $61 $131 $95 Unclad Sport $103 $173 $221 $300 $182 Sport $111 $177 $219 $343 $638 $212 Super Sport $273 $402 $556 $741 $1,434 $506 Scooter $15 $27 $33 $57 $33 All Motorcycles $78 $96 $139 $187 $362 $ Highway Loss Data Institute 7

11 Figures 1-3 show the collision claim frequencies, average loss payments per claim, and overall losses for motorcycles by class, expressed in relative terms where 100 equals the all motorcycle result. Claim frequencies range from 36 for dual purpose motorcycles to 386 for super sport motorcycles. Average loss payments per claim range from 38 for scooters to 141 for touring motorcycles. Overall losses range from 27 for scooters to 409 for super sport motorcycles. FIGURE 1 RELATIVE MOTORCYCLE COLLISION CLAIM FREQUENCIES BY CLASS, MODEL YEARS All-Motorcycle Result = Cruiser Touring Dual Purpose Standard Unclad Sport Sport Super Sport Scooter Highway Loss Data Institute

12 FIGURE 2 RELATIVE MOTORCYCLE COLLISION AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENTS PER CLAIM BY CLASS, MODEL YEARS All-Motorcycle Result = $5, Cruiser Touring Dual Purpose Standard Unclad Sport Sport Super Sport Scooter FIGURE 3 RELATIVE MOTORCYCLE COLLISION AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENTS PER INSURED VEHICLE YEAR BY CLASS, MODEL YEARS All-Motorcycle Result = $ Cruiser Touring Dual Purpose Standard Unclad Sport Sport Super Sport Scooter 2006 Highway Loss Data Institute 9

13 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES BY TIME PERIOD Table 4 lists collision losses for motorcycles by calendar year and model year. It is important to note that not all insurers that supplied data for this report were able to provide the same amount of data. In general, later calendar years have more data than earlier years. TABLE 4 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES BY MODEL YEAR AND CALENDAR YEAR MODEL YEARS CALENDAR YEAR CLAIM FREQUENCY PER 100 INSURED VEHICLE YEARS * Total AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT PER CLAIM 2002 $6,006 $5, $5,399 $5,632 $6, $5,258 $5,309 $5,330 $6, $5,104 $5,108 $5,429 $5,495 $6,571 $5, * $4,568 $4,770 $5,080 $5,587 $5,275 $5,171 Total $5,184 $5,156 $5,310 $5,545 $5,322 $5,298 AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT PER INSURED VEHICLE YEAR 2002 $191 $ $76 $102 $ $86 $127 $199 $ $67 $82 $131 $222 $202 $ * $62 $83 $106 $160 $375 $138 Total $78 $96 $139 $187 $362 $124 *2006 is based on coverage and losses thru July Highway Loss Data Institute

14 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES BY ENGINE DISPLACEMENT Figures 4-6 show the collision claim frequencies, average loss payments per claim, and overall losses for motorcycles by engine displacement. For illustrative purposes, results for unclad sports and sports motorcycles were combined, as were results for dual purpose and standard motorcycles. There was no apparent relationship between claim frequency and engine displacement. Claim frequencies were highest for super sport motorcycles, with engine displacements ranging from 750 to 899 cc. For each class, average loss payments per claim increased as engine displacements increased. As with claim frequencies, there was no apparent relationship between overall losses and engine displacement. Overall losses were highest for super sport motorcycles, with engine displacements ranging from 750 to 899 cc. Claims per 100 insured vehicle years FIGURE 4 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION CLAIM FREQUENCIES BY CLASS AND DISPLACEMENT RANGE, MODEL YEARS Cruiser Touring Dual Purpose & Standard Sport & Unclad Sport Super Sport Scooter < ,129 1,130-1,299 1,300-1,450 > 1,450 Displacement range in cubic centimeters (cc) 2006 Highway Loss Data Institute 11

15 FIGURE 5 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENTS PER CLAIM BY CLASS AND DISPLACEMENT RANGE, MODEL YEARS Average loss payment per claim $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 Cruiser Touring Dual Purpose & Standard Sport & Unclad Sport Super Sport Scooter $1,000 < ,129 1,130-1,299 1,300-1,450 > 1,450 Displacement range in cubic centimeters (cc) Average loss payment per insured vehicle year $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 FIGURE 6 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENTS PER INSURED VEHICLE YEAR BY CLASS AND DISPLACEMENT RANGE, MODELS Cruiser Touring Dual Purpose & Standard Sport & Unclad Sport Super Sport Scooter < ,129 1,130-1,299 1,300-1,450 > 1,450 Displacement range in cubic centimeters (cc) Highway Loss Data Institute

16 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES Detailed collision coverage results for all motorcycles with at least 1,000 insured vehicle years of exposure or 100 claims are listed in Table 5. The values reported are total exposure (in insured vehicle years), number of claims, and relative results for three loss categories: claim frequency, average loss payment per claim, and average loss payment per insured vehicle year. The value 100 corresponds to the average result for all motorcycles in each loss category. Individual results are listed in ascending order of relative average loss payment per insured vehicle year within each class. The total exposure accumulated for the five model years was 555,968 insured vehicle years, with claims numbering 12,882. Relative claim frequencies for individual motorcycles ranged from 21 to 732, relative average loss payments per claim ranged from 16 to 232, and relative average loss payments per insured vehicle year ranged from 5 to 920. The Harley Screaming Eagle Electra Glide, a 1,690 cc touring motorcycle, had the highest claim severity. The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R, a 1,000 cc super sport motorcycle, had the highest claim frequency and overall losses. The highest overall losses by class occurred as follows: Cruiser Harley V-Rod 1,130 cc Touring Harley Screaming Eagle Electra Glide 1,690 cc Dual Purpose BMW R1150GS 1,150 cc Unclad Sport Suzuki SV cc Sport Suzuki Hayabusa 1,300 cc Super Sport Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R 1,000 cc Scooter Honda Silver Wing 600 cc 2006 Highway Loss Data Institute 13

17 TABLE 5 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES, MODEL YEARS RELATIVE TOTAL RELATIVE AVERAGE EXPOSURE RELATIVE AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT (INSURED NUMBER CLAIM LOSS PAYMENT PER INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) OF CLAIMS FREQUENCY PER CLAIM VEHICLE YEAR ALL MOTORCYCLES 551,968 12, = =$5, =$124 CRUISER CLASS 328,376 5, Honda Rebel 250 4, Suzuki Boulevard S , Honda Shadow Ace , Kawasaki Vulcan , Honda Shadow VLX 600 6, Suzuki Boulevard S83 1,400 1, Kawasaki Vulcan , Honda Shadow Spirit 1,100 3, Honda Shadow Spirit , Yamaha V-Star , Triumph Bonneville America 800 1, Kawasaki Vulcan , Honda Shadow Sabre 1,100 5, Suzuki Boulevard S , Harley Sportster , Suzuki Boulevard M , Yamaha V-Star ,100 15, Suzuki Intruder , Honda Shadow Aero 750 5, Kawasaki Vulcan ,500 6, Harley Sportster ,200 20, Honda VTX1800 1,800 14, Harley Fat Boy 1,450 25, Yamaha Road Star 1,700 6, Harley Screaming Eagle Deuce 1,690 1, Honda VTX1300 1,300 10, Harley Heritage Softail 1,450 25, Harley Dyna Low Rider 1,450 9, Kawasaki Vulcan ,600 3, Harley Softail Standard 1,450 10, Harley Dyna Wide Glide 1,450 12, Suzuki Boulevard C90 1,500 2, Harley Softail Deluxe 1,450 12, Harley Dyna Super Glide 1,450 9, Harley Night Train 1,450 5, Harley Springer Softail 1,450 2, Yamaha Road Warrior 1,700 2, Harley Heritage Springer 1,450 3, Suzuki Boulevard C , Harley V-Rod 1,130 8, TOURING CLASS 107,016 1, BMW K1200LT 1,200 1, Harley Electra Glide Standard 1,450 7, Honda Gold Wing 1,800 15, Harley Screaming Eagle Road King EFI 1,690 1, Harley Road King 1,450 39, Harley Ultra Classic Electra Glide 1,450 20, Harley Road Glide 1,450 4, Highway Loss Data Institute

18 TABLE 75 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION LOSSES, MODEL YEARS (CONT D) RELATIVE TOTAL RELATIVE AVERAGE EXPOSURE RELATIVE AVERAGE LOSS PAYMENT (INSURED NUMBER CLAIM LOSS PAYMENT PER INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) OF CLAIMS FREQUENCY PER CLAIM VEHICLE YEAR Harley Electra Glide Classic 1,450 10, Yamaha Royal Star 1,294 1, Harley Street Glide 1,450 1, Harley Screaming Eagle Electra Glide 1,690 1, DUAL PURPOSE CLASS 14, Suzuki DR-Z400S 400 2, Honda XR , Kawasaki KLR , BMW F650GS 650 1, BMW R1150GS 1,150 1, STANDARD CLASS 4, UNCLAD SPORT CLASS 13, BMW R1150R 1,150 1, Yamaha FZS1000 1,000 1, Suzuki V-Strom ,000 1, Honda , Suzuki SV , SPORT CLASS 25,698 1, Buell Blast P , BMW R1150RT 1,150 2, Kawasaki Ninja , Kawasaki Concours ,000 1, Yamaha FJR1300 1,300 2, Honda ST1300 1,300 1, Honda Interceptor , Yamaha YZF600R 600 1, Suzuki Hayabusa 1,300 3, SUPER SPORT CLASS 35,798 3, Honda CBR600F4i 600 3, Honda CBR954RR 954 2, Yamaha YZF-R , Yamaha YZF-R1 1,000 4, Suzuki GSX-R , Honda CBR600RR 600 3, Suzuki GSX-R , Suzuki GSX-R1000 1,000 3, Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R 636 1, Honda CBR1000RR 1,000 1, Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R 1, SCOOTER CLASS 21, Honda Metropolitan 50 3, Honda Elite , Yamaha Zuma 50 3, Yamaha Vino 50 2, Vespa ET , Honda Reflex 249 1, Honda Silver Wing 600 1, Highway Loss Data Institute 15

19 CHOPPERS The following manufactures produce highly individualized motorcycles, generally referred as choppers: American Eagle, American Ironhorse, Big Dog, California Customs, Custom Chrome, Milwaukee Motorcycle, Saxon, and Stroker. At the time of this report, the amount of data HLDI had for individual choppers was sparse. The total exposure accumulated for all of these manufacturers for the model years was 4,317 insured vehicle years, with claims numbering 120. As a group, choppers had a claim frequency of 2.8 claims per 100 insured vehicle years, compared with 2.3 claims for all motorcycles. The average loss payment per claim for choppers was $10,743, more than double the claim severity of $5,298 for all motorcycle. The average loss payment per insured vehicle years (overall losses) for choppers was $299, more than twice the loss payment of $124 for all motorcycles. TABLE 6 MOTORCYCLE COLLISION EXPOSURE BY AGE, MODEL YEARS CLASS YOUTHFUL NON-YOUTHFUL SENIOR (<25) (25-64) (>64) UNKNOWN Cruiser 3.7% 86.2% 1.4% 8.7% Touring 0.6% 87.8% 2.5% 9.2% Dual Purpose 3.6% 87.2% 1.2% 8.0% Standard 7.5% 79.8% 1.0% 11.7% Unclad Sport 9.4% 79.3% 0.8% 10.5% Sport 6.4% 80.9% 1.4% 11.3% Super Sport 17.1% 70.5% 0.4% 12.0% Scooter 7.3% 79.6% 6.6% 6.5% Total 4.4% 84.8% 1.7% 9.1% Highway Loss Data Institute

20 APPENDIX A The following table lists all motorcycles that were included in this report regardless of exposure. Additionally, it identifies the individual motorcycles that were grouped into combined series. Combined series appear in bold. APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING CRUISER CLASS 328,376 BMW R1200C 1, Harley Dyna Defender 1, Harley Dyna Low Rider 1,450 9,929 Dyna Low Rider 7,157 Dyna Low Rider EFI 2,772 Harley Dyna Super Glide 1,450 9,964 Dyna Super Glide 7,174 Dyna Super Glide Custom 231 Dyna Super Glide Custom EFI 664 Dyna Super Glide EFI 1,818 Dyna Super Glide EFI 35th Anniversary 79 Harley Dyna Wide Glide 1,450 12,378 Dyna Wide Glide 7,814 Dyna Wide Glide 35th Anniversary 1,735 Dyna Wide Glide EFI 2,809 Dyna Wing Glide 20 Harley Fat Boy 1,450 25,237 Fat Boy 9,006 Fat Boy EFI 16,176 Fat Boy Shrine EFI 55 Harley Heritage Softail 1,450 25,259 Heritage Softail 53 Heritage Softail Classic 7,443 Heritage Softail Classic EFI 17,470 Heritage Softail Classic Shrine EFI 125 Heritage Softail EFI 168 Harley Heritage Springer 1,450 3,843 Heritage Springer 941 Heritage Springer Classic 181 Heritage Springer Classic EFI 618 Heritage Springer EFI 2,103 Harley Night Train 1,450 5,175 Night Train 2,189 Night Train EFI 2,986 Harley Screaming Eagle Deuce 1,690 1, Highway Loss Data Institute 17 TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS)

21 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Harley Screaming Eagle Fat Boy 1, Harley Screaming Eagle V-Rod 1, Harley Softail Deluxe 1,450 12,434 Softail Deluxe 487 Softail Deluxe EFI 2,683 Softail Deuce 2,991 Softail Deuce EFI 6,273 Harley Softail Standard 1,450 10,500 Softail Standard 5,706 Softail Standard EFI 4,794 Harley Sportster ,200 20,699 Sportster ,276 Sportster 1200 Custom 15,879 Sportster 1200 Low 228 Sportster 1200 Roadster 1,688 Sportster 1200 Sport 628 Harley Sportster ,596 Sportster Sportster 883 Custom 7,131 Sportster 883 Hugger 10,216 Sportster 883 low 1,633 Sportster 883 R 1,450 Harley Springer Softail 1,450 2,679 Springer Softail 1,195 Springer Softail EFI 1,484 Harley Street Bob 1, Harley V-Rod 1,130 8,304 Night Rod 106 Street Rod 95 V-Rod 8,102 Honda Magna Honda Rebel 250 4,938 Honda Shadow Ace ,843 Honda Shadow Aero 750 5,867 Shadow Aero 5,458 Shadow Aero 408 Honda Shadow Sabre 1,100 5,536 Honda Shadow Spirit 1,100 3,496 Honda Shadow Spirit ,761 Honda Shadow VLX 600 6,438 Shadow VLX 710 Shadow VLX Deluxe 5,728 Honda Valkyrie 1, Honda Valkyrie Rune 1, Highway Loss Data Institute

22 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Honda VTX1300 1,300 10,832 Honda VTX1800 1,800 14,843 Indian Chief 1, Indian Scout 1, Indian Spirit 1, Kawasaki Eliminator Kawasaki Vulcan ,500 6,852 Vulcan 1500 Classic 1,627 Vulcan 1500 Classic Anniversary 18 Vulcan 1500 Classic FI 838 Vulcan 1500 Drifter 297 Vulcan 1500 Mean Streak 2,150 Vulcan 1500 Nomad FI 1,923 Kawasaki Vulcan ,600 3,050 Vulcan Vulcan 1600 Classic 1,869 Vulcan 1600 Mean Streak 646 Vulcan 1600 Nomad 436 Kawasaki Vulcan , Vulcan Vulcan 2000 Classic 8 Vulcan 2000 Classic LT 25 Vulcan 2000 LTD 48 Kawasaki Vulcan ,291 Kawasaki Vulcan ,783 Kawasaki Vulcan ,184 Vulcan 800 1,279 Vulcan 800 Classic 2,398 Vulcan 800 Drifter 507 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Classic Vulcan 900 Classic 92 Vulcan 900 Classic LT 89 Moto Guzzi California 1, California Stone 48 V11 California 101 Moto Guzzi V11 EV 1, Suzuki Boulevard C ,489 Boulevard C Boulevard C50T 1,954 Suzuki Boulevard C90 1,500 2,989 Boulevard C Intruder LC 2,083 Suzuki Boulevard M109R 1, Highway Loss Data Institute 19

23 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Suzuki Boulevard M ,106 Boulevard M Marauder 1,490 Suzuki Boulevard S ,781 Boulevard S Savage 650 1,677 Suzuki Boulevard S ,934 Boulevard S Intruder 800 1,575 Suzuki Boulevard S83 1,400 1,277 Boulevard S Intruder ,075 Suzuki GZ Suzuki Intruder Volusia 800 6,240 Suzuki VZ1600 1, Triumph Bonneville America 800 1,090 Triumph Rocket III 2, Triumph Speed Master Victory 8-Ball 1,650 2 Victory Hammer 1, Victory Kingpin 1, Victory Vegas 1, Vegas 906 Vegas Arlen Ness 61 Vegas Cory Ness 19 Vegas Jackpot 1 Victory Victory Cruiser 1, Yamaha Road Star 1,700 6,922 Road Star 5,290 Road Star Classic 1,632 Yamaha Road Warrior 1,700 2,914 Yamaha Roadliner 1, Yamaha V-Max , Yamaha V-Star ,100 15,137 Yamaha V-Star ,117 Yamaha Virago Virago Virago 250C 80 TOURING CLASS 107,016 BMW K1200LT 1,200 1,742 BMW R1200CL 1, Ducati ST3 1, Highway Loss Data Institute

24 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Harley Electra Glide Police EFI 1, Harley Electra Glide Classic 1,450 10,199 Electra Glide Classic 2,496 Electra Glide Classic EFI 6,889 Electra Glide Classic Shrine 278 Electra Glide Classic Shrine EFI 535 Harley Electra Glide Standard 1,450 7,622 Electra Glide Standard 4,537 Electra Glide Standard EFI 3,084 Harley Road Glide 1,450 4,406 Road Glide 286 Road Glide EFI 4,120 Harley Road King 1,450 39,441 Road King 4,526 Road King Classic EFI 18,350 Road King Custom 1,128 Road King Custom EFI 4,146 Road King EFI 7,783 Road King Police EFI 1,526 Road King Police Escort EFI 65 Road King Shrine 1,918 Harley Screaming Eagle Electra Glide 1,690 1,273 Screaming Eagle Electra Glide 1,116 Screaming Eagle Ultra Classic Electra Glide 157 Harley Screaming Eagle Road King EFI 1,690 1,788 Harley Street Glide 1,450 1,294 Street Glide 137 Street Glide EFI 1,157 Harley Ultra Classic Electra Glide 1,450 20,167 Ultra Classic Electra Glide EFI 18,969 Ultra Classic Electra Glide EFI w/sidecar 6 Ultra Classic Electra Glide Shrine EFI 1,192 Honda Gold Wing 1,800 15,108 Gold Wing 12,333 Gold Wing ABS 2,361 Gold Wing Audio 227 Gold Wing Audio/comfort 127 Gold Wing Audio/Comfort/Navi/ABS 59 Kawasaki Voyager XII 1, Victory Victory Touring 1, Victory Touring 291 Victory Touring Deluxe Highway Loss Data Institute 21

25 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Yamaha Royal Star 1,294 1,609 Royal Star 1,153 Royal Star tour Deluxe 456 Yamaha Stratoliner 1, DUAL PURPOSE CLASS 14,920 Aprilia Capo Nord 1, BMW F F F650CS 2 BMW F650GS 650 1,492 F650GS 999 F650GS Dakar 493 BMW HP2 Enduro 1,170 9 BMW R1150GS 1,150 1,540 R1150GS 932 R1150GS Adventure 609 BMW R1200GS 1, Ducati Multistrada 1000 DS 1, Ducati Multistrada Honda XR ,406 XR650L 1,406 Kawasaki KLR KLR Kawasaki KLR ,708 Kawasaki KLX250S Kawasaki KLX300R KLX300R 67 KTM 625 SX KTM 640 LC KTM 950 Adventure Suzuki DR-Z400S 400 2,356 DR-Z400S 2,145 DR-Z400SM 211 Suzuki DR200SE Suzuki DR250S Suzuki DR650SE Triumph Tiger Yamaha TW Yamaha XT Highway Loss Data Institute

26 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) STANDARD CLASS 4,644 Buell Cyclone M2 1, Cyclone M2 78 Cyclone M2L 141 Ducati M Ducati M Ducati M Honda Nighthawk Honda Nighthawk Kawasaki KZ1000 Police 1, Moto Guzzi Breva Suzuki Bandit , Suzuki Bandit Suzuki GS Triumph Bonneville Triumph Speed Four Triumph T100 Bonneville Triumph Thruxton (909 ME) Triumph Thunderbird Thunderbird 104 Thunderbird Sport 29 UNCLAD SPORT CLASS 13,760 Aprilia SL , BMW K1200R 1, BMW R1150R 1,150 1,682 R1150R 1,678 R1150R Rockster 4 Buell Thunderbolt S3-T 1, Ducati M900S Ducati Monster S2R Ducati Monster S2R , Ducati Monster S4R Testastretta 1, Honda Honda ,004 Kawasaki Z1000 1, Kawasaki ZR-7S Kawasaki ZRX 1200R 1, Suzuki SV1000 1, Suzuki SV ,425 SV650 1,379 SV650S 2,046 Suzuki V-Strom ,000 1,015 Suzuki V-Strom Highway Loss Data Institute 23

27 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Triumph Speed Triple Yamaha FZ Yamaha FZS1000 1,000 1,733 SPORT CLASS 25,698 Aprilia RST Futura 1, Aprilia Tuono , BMW K1200GT 1, BMW K1200RS 1, BMW R1100S 1, BMW R1150RS 1, BMW R1150RT 1,150 2,730 BMW R1200RT 1, BMW R1200ST 1,200 1 Buell Blast P ,126 Buell Firebolt XB12R 1, Buell Firebolt XB9R Buell Lightning CityX XB9SX Buell Lightning X1 1, Buell Lightning XB12S 1, Lightning XB12S 164 Lightning XB12Scg 27 Buell Lightning XB9S Lightning XB9S 276 Lightning XB9SL 204 Ducati 620 Sport Ducati SS Ducati SS Ducati SS Ducati ST Ducati ST4S Honda CBR1100XX 1, Honda Interceptor ,274 Interceptor 800 1,015 Interceptor 800 ABS 258 Honda ST1100 1, ST ST1100A 21 ST1100P 0 Honda ST1300 1,300 1,223 ST ST1300 ABS 19 ST1300A 348 Honda Superhawk 1, Highway Loss Data Institute

28 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Kawasaki Concours ,000 1,218 Kawasaki Ninja ,136 Kawasaki Ninja Kawasaki Ninja 650R Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14 1, Kawasaki ZZ-R1200 1, Kawasaki ZZR Moto Guzzi V11 Sport 1, Suzuki Hayabusa 1,300 3,229 Suzuki Katana Suzuki Katana Triumph Sprint RS 1, Triumph Sprint ST 1, Triumph Trophy , Yamaha FJR1300 1,300 2,021 Yamaha YZF600R 600 1,109 SUPER SPORT CLASS 35,798 Aprilia RSV 1000 R 1, RSV 1000 R 46 RSV 1000 R Factory 14 RSV 1000 R Haga 5 Aprilia RSV Mille 1, Aprilia RSV Mille R 1, BMW K1200S 1, Ducati Ducati Ducati Ducati 999 Biposto Ducati 999R 1, Ducati 999S 1, Honda CBR1000RR 1,000 1,459 Honda CBR600F4i 600 3,088 Honda CBR600RR 600 3,272 Honda CBR954RR 954 2,436 Honda RC Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R 1, Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R 1, Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R Ninja ZX Ninja ZX-6R 498 Ninja ZX-6RR Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R 636 1,709 Kawasaki Ninja ZX-7R Highway Loss Data Institute 25

29 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Kawasaki Ninja ZX-9R Suzuki GSX-R1000 1,000 3,196 Suzuki GSX-R ,576 Suzuki GSX-R ,380 Suzuki TL1000R 1, Triumph 600 Daytona Triumph 955 Daytona Triumph Daytona Triumph TT Yamaha YZF-R1 1,000 4,230 Yamaha YZF-R ,678 YZF-R6 4,621 YZF-R6S 57 SCOOTER CLASS 21,756 Aprilia Atlantic Aprilia Atlantic Aprilia Mojito 150 Custom Aprilia Mojito Aprilia Mojito 50 Custom Aprilia Rally Aprilia RS Aprilia Scarabeo Aprilia Scarabeo Aprilia Scarabeo Aprilia SR Honda Big Ruckus Honda Elite ,157 Honda Helix Honda Metropolitan 50 3,210 Metropolitan 2,888 Metropolitan II 322 Honda Reflex 249 1,575 Reflex 1,163 Reflex ABS 208 Reflex Sport 184 Reflex Sport ABS 21 Honda Ruckus Honda Silver Wing 600 1,496 Silver Wing 1,375 Silver Wing ABS 121 Kymco Bet and Win Kymco Cobra Kymco Filly Highway Loss Data Institute

30 APPENDIX A COMPLETE MOTORCYCLE SERIES LISTING (CONT D) TOTAL EXPOSURE (INSURED MAKE SERIES DISPLACEMENT VEHICLE YEARS) Kymco Grand Vista Kymco People Kymco People Kymco People Kymco Super Kymco Venox Kymco Yup Kymco ZX Suzuki Burgman Suzuki Burgman Burgman Burgman 650 ABS 12 Vento Phantom Vento Triton Vento Zip Vespa BV Vespa BV Vespa ET Vespa ET ,354 Vespa Granturismo Vespa LT Vespa LT Vespa LX Vespa LX Vespa PX Vespa X Yamaha Riva Yamaha Vino 50 2,160 Yamaha YP Yamaha Zuma 50 3, Highway Loss Data Institute 27

31 APPENDIX B MOTORCYCLE CLASSES DEFINED STREET LEGAL MOTORCYCLE Street legal motorcycles are grouped into nine different classes: cruiser, chopper, dual purpose, sport, super sport, unclad sport, standard, touring, and scooters. There also is a sidecar class. Sidecars can be attached to one or more of the street legal motorcycles and subsequently are exposed to the same hazards inherent in operating motorcycles. Although most motorcycles are designed with the same fundamental components chassis incorporating two wheels, engine, handle bars, and open riding position there still are unique design and operation queues that distinguish the intended riding purpose and performance expectations. The method used to assign motorcycles to classes includes factors such as riding ergonomics, riding position, body style, features, usability, and driving dynamics. The following classes are the variations of street legal motorcycles. CRUISER Cruiser motorcycles mimic the style of earlier American motorcycles from the 1930s to the early 1960s, such as those made by Harley-Davidson and Indian. Although cruisers have benefited from advances in metallurgy and technology, the basic design is still very similar to early motorcycles. They generally are identified as having a classic look. The riding position places the feet forward and the hands up, with the spine erect or leaning back slightly. This position allows greater longdistance comfort with some compromise of control. Some cruisers may have limited performance and turning ability because of a low-slung design and therefore are not intended for sport riding. Cruisers can be used with a sidecar. CHOPPER Chopper-style or extended-fork motorcycles are closely related to cruisers, with the exception of an extended wheelbase that results from the typically longer front fork configuration. The extended wheelbase tends to reduce maneuverability. Choppers generally are highly customized with higher relative costs. As the term chopper implies, the motorcycle is derived by chopping off or removing parts from a typical cruiser with the intent of reducing weight or bulk for the sake of speed. Its reduced maneuverability typically is further exaggerated by a wider rear tire that assists in acceleration. The decreased maneuverability can be directly attributed to the increased rake and trail created by the extended forks. Rake is the angle of the steering head measured in degrees from a line 90 degrees to the ground. Trail is the distance defined by the vertical line from the axle to ground and the intersection of the centerline of the steering neck and ground. Normal trail ranges from 2 to 4 inches, which allows the motorcycle to handle easily at both high and low speeds. If the trail is more than 4 inches, the motorcycle is less responsive to rider input at high speeds and will be difficult to balance at lower speeds or on winding roads Highway Loss Data Institute

32 SPORT Sport motorcycles have a wide range of engine displacements. They differ from cruisers in that they are smaller, lighter, and have extensive body paneling and fairing covers. Some sport motorcycles are capable of having side bags or a rear trunk attached to provide touring ability. These motorcycles are closely related to super sport motorcycles. Their riding position is less aggressive and their power-to-weight ratios are lower than sport/super sport motorcycles, making them more user friendly. Sport motorcycles are capable of high speeds compared with most vehicles but do not offer the acceleration, stability, and handling of super sport motorcycles. Sport motorcycles generally are not considered racing-specification motorcycles by their manufacturers. They are not designed for use with a sidecar. SUPER SPORT Super sport motorcycles are considered consumer versions of the motorcycles used by factory racing teams and typically use racing specifications as benchmarks in design. Measures are taken to reduce weight and increase power, thus making these motorcycles quick in acceleration, nimble in handling, and capable of high speeds. Like sport motorcycles, super sport motorcycles have extensive body paneling and fairing coverings. The riding position is tight and forward leaning to assist in aerodynamics and rider control. They are not designed for use with a sidecar. UNCLAD SPORT Unclad sport motorcycles are retro in styling and are a relatively new market niche. Commonly referred to as naked or hooligan motorcycles, unclad sport motorcycles are derivatives of sport/super sport motorcycles in design and performance. However, they do not have full body panels or fairings typically found on sport/super sport motorcycles. Compared with sport motorcycles, unclad sport motorcycles generally have lower horsepower and a less aggressive riding position, making them more user friendly and suitable for everyday riding. Some serve as beginner motorcycles whereas others are as powerful and agile as super sport motorcycles and are targeted at premium customers (e.g., Ducati and Aprilia). STANDARD Standard motorcycles generally are considered to be beginner motorcycles. Their designs are basic and generally do not utilize technological advances in chassis and engine design. Many standard motorcycles are generic enough to remain in production for 10 years or more without redesign. Riding positions typically are upright and similar to that of a cruiser and the power-to-weight ratios generally are low resulting in a user friendly motorcycle Highway Loss Data Institute 29

33 TOURING Touring motorcycles are characterized by large engines, wind protection for the rider (using a fairing or windscreen), high-capacity fuel tanks (for extended riding distances), the ability to carry luggage (using side bags and/or a topbox mounted toward the rear) and a comfortable riding position. Although any motorcycle can be equipped and used for touring, specialized touring motorcycles such as the Honda Goldwing are designed for this purpose. Touring motorcycles generally are equipped with high-displacement/high-torque engines for traversing hills while carrying a passenger and luggage. They also incorporate many technological advances such as ABS, audio systems, and other features (such as a reverse gear or cruise control) not typically found on motorcycles. DUAL PURPOSE Dual purpose motorcycles are very similar to off-road motorcycles with the exception of being street legal. They generally have larger displacement engines and greater suspension travel than off-road motorcycles, along with more comfortable riding seats and positions. Dual purpose motorcycles are equipped with road-ready features such as turn signals and brake lights for street riding. They also use four-stroke engines for compliance with emissions requirements. SCOOTER Scooters are similar to motorcycles and are designed to be ridden on public roads. They are characterized by smaller wheels, automatic transmissions, small engines, and a step-through configuration allowing the rider to ride with both feet on a running board and knees together. However, larger scooters with engine displacements greater than 250 cc are becoming more popular. The Honda Silver Wing, Honda Reflex, and Suzuki Burgman are examples of the increasing displacements and highway-capable scooters. SIDECAR A sidecar is a wheeled passenger carrier that can be attached to the side of a motorcycle. They typically are used in conjunction with a cruiser or touring motorcycle, but recently sidecars are being developed for scooters. A sidecar is not motorized Highway Loss Data Institute

34 OFF-ROAD VEHICLES In addition to street legal motorcycles, manufacturers produce similarly powered vehicles that serve off-road purposes and are not intended for use on public roads. These vehicles are grouped into four distinct classes based on their physical design and intent. OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLE Off-road motorcycles generally are light weight with small displacement engines. The suspension travel is longer than for a typical motorcycle, with a higher ground clearance. Their construction is rugged, simple and without bodywork and fairings. Tires typically are knobby for off-road tractability because the motorcycles are designed to be ridden through rough and muddy terrain. Many off-road motorcycles are produced strictly for recreational or competitive use and are not street legal. Generally, they are equipped with two-stroke engines. ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are designed with four wheels and may not be ridden on public roads. There are variations in vehicle designs to allow off-road sport riding or serve utilitarian purposes. Engine displacements tend to be low, but some engines share the same advanced designs as street legal motorcycles. ATVs generally accommodate one rider and are operated with the use of motorcycle-like controls including handle bars. Newer designs include automatic transmissions, electric shifters, GPS navigation systems, and larger engine displacements. UTILITY VEHICLE Similar to ATVs, utility vehicles are designed with four wheels and typical motorcycle engines. Utility vehicles differ in that the steering mechanism incorporates a steering wheel rather than handle bars. The passenger capacity of utility vehicles differs from other off-road motorcycles in that they use a bench seat design to accommodate more than one occupant. Although utility vehicles generally do not possess many ATV attributes, they do offer off-road ability with unrivaled cargo capacity. SNOWMOBILE Snowmobiles are similar to motorcycles but are intended to be ridden on terrain covered by a layer of snow or ice. The basic design provides an open riding position, handle bar steering control, and motorcycle-like engine configuration. Instead of a front wheel to control vehicle direction, two ski-like sleds pivot with the direction of the handle bars. Propulsion is provided by tank-like treads in lieu of a rear tire. Snowmobiles are not intended to be ridden on public roads Highway Loss Data Institute 31