Önver A. Cetrez Ph.D. Psychology of Religion & Cultural Psychology Uppsala University cetrez@teol.uu.se

Transcription

1 Önver A. Cetrez Ph.D. Psychology of Religion & Cultural Psychology Uppsala University

2 PULL World is increasing World poverty is increasing Women to be abused and exploited and religious and abuse Natural disasters Man- made disasters (terrorism, war, Re- PUSH

3 MIGRATION Reasons for migra-on drug trafficking Organised crime Terrorism Warlords Internal wars refugees Ethnic cleansing Social and psychological aspects Meaning- making, existen/al issues Iden/ty and genera/onal conflicts Dysfunc/onal religiosity Anger, hatred, sorrow hopelessness Ignorance Shame

4 IMMIGRATION TO SWEDEN German merchants 13 th century Craasmen from Germany, Holland, France, Scotland, Finland 16 th century Walloons, officers & noble families 17 th century Jewish and Gipsy 18 th century Around WW II: Refugees from Germany, the Poland, Nordic countries Hungarian refugees 1956; Czech refugees 1968 Labour (Finland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey) refugee mid (Chile, Uruguay, Iran, Iraq, Assyrians, Kurds) Lost in concepts Foreigner: 1950s (from an alien country) Immigrant (In- vandrare): 1st, 2nd, 3rd 1960s; the other and geographical dimension; linguis@cs/discursive; ins@tu@onal; religious Refugee: 1980s; poli@cal, economical, war; rights & obliga@ons; terrorism; religious

5 THE SWEDISH CASE Sweden, despite long- standing policies and its historical emphasis on social equality, appears to risk developing into a society which is de facto segregated along ethnic lines. Many reports point to the fact that persons of immigrant origin and minority groups face difficul-es in feeling themselves to be part of Swedish society. In areas such as housing, educa@on and employment, there are indica@ons that increasing de facto segrega@on between majority and minority communi@es may be occurring and persons of immigrant origin are also largely excluded from the formal and informal structures and networks via which the society func-ons. It has been commented that Swedish society is very closed, and that there exists a certain mental resistance to mixing with persons from other backgrounds and cultures (. ) It is par@cularly worrying that even children born and raised in Sweden but of immigrant origin may feel excluded from mainstream Swedish society ( ) such children oaen have very limle contact with the majority popula@on, while the informa@on they receive from their surroundings may convey to them the impression that being of immigrant origin implies that one is a problem for society rather than an asset. (The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ECRI; 2003:25)

6 DEFINITION OF CULTURE Shared acquired pa?erns of behavior and meanings that are constructed and transmimed within social- life contexts for the purpose of individual and group survival, and adjustment. These shared acquired pamerns are dynamic in nature [ ] and can become dysfunc-onal (A. Marsella, 2000). External: products, roles, ins@tu@ons Internal: worldview - values, beliefs, aqtudes, behaviours

7 CULTURAL DIMENSIONS Biological- physical Psychological Meaning Balancing Social Ecological

8 DEFINITION OF ACCULTURATION Accultura-on refers to the phenomena occurring when individuals from different cultures come into firsthand contact (Pedersen, et al., 1989) Accultura-ve stress refers to stress related to the process of Power Developmental process

9 Host culture (+) External culture (clothing, personal names, material things) Dynamic culture (language, food, friends, sports) Guest culture (-) Guest culture (+) Subcultures, criminality, exclusion, independence Internal- enduring culture (religiosity, rites) Living area Host culture (-) Context: historical experiences, Socio-political situation, conflicts

10 ACCULTURATION STUDIES Persons with stronger physical differences in Finland perceive higher (2000; persons years from Russia, Estonia, Somalia, Vietnam, Turkey) Perceived undermines the trust towards societal Ethnic crisis and perceived related to strong level of stress and lower self esteem in Norway (2004; youth years from Pakistan, Turkey, Vietnam, Africa, East Europe) Perceived together with decreased family support effects health between strong ethnicity and perceived health among men and women in Sweden (2004; persons years, from Turkey and Iran) Related to SES, low level of and perceived

11 ACCULTURATION STUDIES Pressure to integrate (adapt to new society and preserve original culture) is most stressful among Mexican Americans. stress is specific, 1st in learning new language, 2nd in upholding two cultural systems (Rodriguez, et al., 2002) Strong social support and psychological correlate with less stress, while perceived correlated with higher stress, among Russian and Ukrainian students in Israel (Tartakovsky, 2007) Conclusions from previous research: Perceived for health Social support for health differences

12 RELIGION POST- MIGRATION The context in the host society Aqtudes towards immigrants, their religion, their Level of secularism in host society Immigrant a new s@gma@zed iden@ty Religion takes new forms, with new func@ons, giving legi@macy and confirma@on to new iden@@es

13 RELIGION POST- MIGRATION Changes in the cultural dimensions effects religious rituals and symbols The dimension is loosing its most important content and gives rise to a regression to early and safe rituals, even if not religious they are interpreted in religious terms

14 Gen 1 & 2 p<.001 Gen 1 & 3 p<.001

15 GENERATIONAL CONFLICTS Lack of between (Cetrez, 2005) 1st Both external and internal culture is 2sd The external culture adapted to new society, but internal culture is 3rd The external culture is adapted to new society, but internal culture is struggling between the old and the new The level is different for each Related to processes of and (Cetrez, 2005) Children integrate quicker; take responsibility for parents; parents and children are ashamed of each other (Cetrez, 2005) Women are more flexible and integrate quicker then men; they are bicultural, both preserve and adapt (Cetrez, 2005)

16 FUNCTIONAL AND DYSFUNCTIONAL RELIGION Religiosity as a recourse and support on existen-al level Religious rituals and symbols integra@ng self image and societal values and aqtudes (W. Pruyser) Religious ins@tu@ons well integrated in society Religiosity as dysfunc-onal loosing its existen-al level Religious rituals and symbols becoming a must or forbidden, detached from reality (W. Pruyser) Religious rituals and symbols loosing their legi@macy in a highly secularized society

17 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Construct a case, typical or extreme, from your own experiences or knowledge, where you consider the role of religiosity for people going through the process of accultura@on. Problema@ze your case. Discuss in groups of one representa@ve from each na@onal team. Pay amen@on to the following factors: External and internal cultural dimension Existen@al dimension of human beings Rituals and symbols Assimila@on, integra@on, segrega@on, marginaliza@on Genera@onal differences Gender differences Social support Perceived discrimina@on Societal context: host society, secularism, moderniza@on

18 PLURALITY