How To Understand Engineering

Transcription

1 ENGINEERING YOUR FUTURE Dr. Vlasov 1

2 Outline 1. Importance of Engineering 2. Major Engineering Disciplines 3. Engineering Functions 4. Engineering Majors 5. Statistical Overview Dr. Vlasov 2

3 Importance of Engineering The Industrial Revolution The Age of Steam and Railways The Age of Steel, Electricity and Heavy Engineering The Age of Oil, the Automobile and Mass Production The Age of Information and Telecommunications Dr. Vlasov 3

4 Nikolai Kondratiev ( ) Image taken from: Image taken from: Dr. Vlasov 4

5 Definition of Engineering The first issue (1866) of the English Journal Engineering defines engineering as: The art of directing the great sources of power in nature, for the use and convenience of man. In this old definition, it is defined as an art. Dr. Vlasov 5

6 Definition of Engineering (ABET) The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind. Dr. Vlasov 6

7 Major Engineering Disciplines Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Engineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Industrial Engineering Mechanical Engineering Dr. Vlasov 7

8 Engineers and Scientists Scientists seek technical answers to understand natural phenomenon Engineers study technical problems with a practical application always in mind For example: Scientists study atomic structure to understand the nature of matter; engineers study atomic structure to make smaller and faster microchips Dr. Vlasov 8

9 The Engineer and the Engineering Technologist Main difference between the two is: Engineers design and manufacture machines and systems, while engineering technologists have the technical know-how to use and install the machines properly An example: The technologist identifies the equipment necessary to assemble a new CD player; the engineer designs said CD player Dr. Vlasov 9

10 Engineering Functions: 1. Research 2. Development 3. Testing 4. Design 5. Analysis 6. Systems 7. Manufacturing & Construction 8. Operations & Maintenance 9. Technical Support 10. Customer Support 11. Sales 12. Consulting Dr. Vlasov 10

11 Engineering Functions: Research Research engineers are knowledgeable in principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics Computer know-how is also recommended A Masters Degree is almost always required, and a Ph. D is often strongly recommended Dr. Vlasov 11

12 Engineering Functions: Development Development engineers bridge the gap between the laboratory and the production facility They also identify problems in a potential product An example is the development of concept cars for companies like Ford and GM Dr. Vlasov 12

13 Engineering Functions: Testing Testing engineers are responsible for testing the durability and reliability of a product, making sure that it performs how it is supposed to, every time. T.E.s simulate instances and environments in which a product would be used. Crash testing of a vehicle to observe effects of an air bag and crumple zone are examples of a testing engineer s duties. Dr. Vlasov 13

14 Engineering Functions: Design Design aspect is where the largest number of engineers are employed. Design engineers often work on components of a product, providing all the necessary specifics needed to successfully manufacture the product. Design engineers regularly use computer design software as well as computer aided drafting software in their jobs. Dr. Vlasov 14

15 Engineering Functions: Design (continued) Design engineers must also verify that the part meets reliability and safety standards required for the product A concern always on the mind of design engineers is how to keep the development of a part cost effective, which is taken into account during a design process Dr. Vlasov 15

16 Engineering Functions: Analysis Analysis engineers use computational tools and mathematic models to enrich the work of design and research engineers. Analysis engineers typically have a mastery of: heat transfer, fluid flow, vibrations, dynamics, acoustics, and many other system characteristics. Dr. Vlasov 16

17 Engineering Functions: Systems Responsible on a larger scale for bringing together components of parts from design engineers to make a complete product. Responsible for making sure all components of a product work together as was intended by design engineers. Dr. Vlasov 17

18 Engineering Functions: Manufacturing & Construction Work individually or in teams. Responsible for molding raw materials into finished product. Maintain and keep records on equipment in plant. Help with design process to keep costs low. Dr. Vlasov 18

19 Engineering Functions: Operations & Maintenance Responsible for maintaining production line. Must have technical know-how to deal with problems. Responsible for inspecting facility and equipment, must be certified in various inspection methods. Dr. Vlasov 19

20 Engineering Functions: Technical Support Works between consumers and producers. Not necessarily have in depth knowledge of technical aspects of product. Must have good interpersonal skills. Dr. Vlasov 20

21 Engineering Functions: Customer Support Often have to have more of a technical knowledge than Tech. Support, because they must be able to work with basic customers. Evaluate whether or not a current practice is cost effective via feedback from customers. Dr. Vlasov 21

22 Engineering Functions: Sales Sales engineers have technical background, but are also able to communicate effectively with customers. Job market for sales engineers is growing, due to the fact that products are becoming more and more technically complex. Dr. Vlasov 22

23 Engineering Functions: Consulting Are either self-employed, or work for a firm that does not directly manufacture products. Consulting engineers might be involved in design, installation, and upkeep of a product. Sometimes required to be a registered professional engineer in the state where he/she works. Dr. Vlasov 23

24 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering Previously known as aeronautical and astronautical engineering First space flight Oct. 4, 1957 (Sputnik I) KEY WORDS: Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of air over a streamlined surface or body. Propulsion engineers: develop quieter, more efficient, and cleaner burning engines. Structural engineers: use of new alloys, composites, and other new materials to meet design requirements of new spacecraft Control systems: systems used to operate crafts Orbital mechanics: calculation of where to place satellites using GPS Dr. Vlasov 24

25 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering Concerned with finding ways to produce food more efficiently. Food process engineers: concerned with making healthier processed food products. Soil/Water Resources: working to develop efficient ways to use limited resources. KEY WORDS Harvesting Equip. - removes crops from field, and begins processing of food. Structures: used to hold crops, feed, and livestock; Agricultural engineers develop and design the structures that hold crops. Dr. Vlasov 25

26 Engineering Majors: Architectural Engineering Structural: primarily concerned with the integrity of the building structure. Evaluates loads placed on buildings, and makes sure the building is structurally sound Mechanical systems: control climate of building, as well as humidity and air quality (HVAC) Dr. Vlasov 26

27 Engineering Majors: Biomedical First recognized in 1940 s. Three basic categories: Bioengineering, Medical, and Clinical. Bioengineering is application of engineering principles to biological systems. Medical engineers develop instrumentation for medical uses. Clinical engineers develop systems that help serve the needs of hospitals and clinics. Dr. Vlasov 27

28 Engineering Majors: Chemical Emphasizes the use of chemistry and chemical processes in engineering. Chemical engineers develop processes to extract and refine crude oil and gas resources. Chemical engineers also develop circuit boards, and work in the pharmaceutical industry, where processes are designed to create new, affordable drugs. Dr. Vlasov 28

29 Engineering Majors: Civil Engineering First seen in pyramids of Egypt. Structural engineers most common type of civil engineer. Transportation engineers concerned with design and construction of highways, railroads, and mass transit systems. Surveyors start construction process by locating property lines and property areas. Dr. Vlasov 29

30 Engineering Majors: Computer Engineering Focuses primarily on computer hardware, not software. Work with electrical engineers to develop faster ways to transfer information, and to run the computer. Responsible for the architecture of the computer system. Dr. Vlasov 30

31 Engineering Majors: Electrical Engineering More engineers are electrical than any other discipline. With an ever growing technological society, electrical engineers will ALWAYS have a job. Work in communications, microelectronics, signal processing, bioengineering, etc. Dr. Vlasov 31

32 Engineering Majors: Environmental Engineering Often coupled with Civil Engineering 3 aspects of environmental engineering: Disposal: disposing of industrial/residential waste products Remediation: clean up of a contaminated site Prevention: working with corporations to reduce and/or prevent emissions and work to find ways to recycle products to be used again to reduce waste Dr. Vlasov 32

33 Engineering Majors: Industrial Engineering Design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, material, and energy Emphasis placed on: Production, Manufacturing, Human Factors Area, and Operations Research. Production focuses on plant layout, scheduling, and quality control. Human Factors focuses on the efficient placement of human resources within a plant/facility. Dr. Vlasov 33

34 Engineering Majors: Marine and Ocean Engineering Concerned with the design, development, and operation of ships and boats Marine engineer designs and maintains the systems that operate ships, I.e. propulsion, communication, steering and navigation Ocean engineer design and operates marine equipment other than ships, such as submersibles. O.E.s might also work on submarine pipelines and/or cables and drilling platforms Dr. Vlasov 34

35 Engineering Majors: Materials Engineering Study the structure, as well as other important properties of materials, i.e. strength, hardness, and durability. Run tests to ensure the quality of the performance of the material. Material Engineers also study metallurgy, and the development of composites and alloys. Dr. Vlasov 35

36 Engineering Majors: Mechanical Engineering Concerned with machines and mechanical devices. Work in design, development, production, control, and operation of machines/devices. Requires a strong math and physics background. Often 4 or more math classes required for graduation. Dr. Vlasov 36

37 Engineering Majors: Mining Engineering Work to maintain constant levels of raw minerals used every day in industrial and commercial settings Must discover, remove, process, and refine such minerals Dr. Vlasov 37

38 Engineering Majors: Nuclear Engineering Most concerned with producing and harnessing energy from nuclear sources. Propulsion and electricity are the main uses of nuclear power. Engineers also responsible for disposal of the nuclear waste byproduct, and how to keep people safe from harmful nuclear products. Dr. Vlasov 38

39 Engineering Majors: Petroleum Engineering Discover, remove, refine, and transport crude and refined oil around the world. PE s design and operate the machinery used to refine crude oil into its many forms. Dr. Vlasov 39

40 A Statistical Profile of the Engineering Profession Dr. Vlasov 40

41 Statistical Overview Dr. Vlasov 41

42 College Enrollment Trends of Engineering Students 1950s-1960s: 60,000-80,000 engineering students 1970s marked the lowest number of students, at 43,000 Engineering peaked in 1980s, with around 118,000 students Dr. Vlasov 42

43 College Enrollment of Engineering Students Dr. Vlasov 43

44 College Majors of Recent Engineering Students Of approximately 350,000 full-time undergrad engineering students, just less than 1/3 (124,000) were majoring in computer and electrical engineering Just over 32,000 were undecided Dr. Vlasov 44

45 Job Placement Trends was the hottest year for engineering majors to find jobs. As the number of engineering students declines, employers must fight harder to get whatever students they can get their hands on to fill vacant positions. This has led to a very promising job placement ratio. Dr. Vlasov 45

46 Salaries of Engineers On the whole, engineers make more money than any other graduate with another degree. Electrical, computer, and computer science recently have led the way, with average salaries from a Bachelor degree starting at around $52,000. A Ph.D. in computer science will earn a starting average of around $84,000. Dr. Vlasov 46

47 Salaries of Engineers Dr. Vlasov 47

48 Salaries of Engineers Dr. Vlasov 48

49 Distribution of Engineers by Field of Study Electrical engineering employs the highest number of engineers, nearly 25%, numbering close to 375,000. Mechanical employs almost 250,000. Civil is the next highest populated with 200,000 workers. Dr. Vlasov 49

50 Words of Advice from Employers Looking for graduates who possess: Excellent communication skills Teamwork Leadership Computer/Technical proficiency Hard working attitude Dr. Vlasov 50