DNS: Distributed Name System
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1 Distributed Name System Slides adapted from: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 2 nd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July All material copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved 2:DNS 1 DNS: Distributed Name System Reading assignment: Chapter 2.5 DNS The Internet s Directory Service from Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 2 nd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July :DNS 2
2 DNS: Domain Name System People: many identifiers: SSN, name, passport # Internet hosts, routers: IP address (32 bit) - used for addressing datagrams name, e.g., - used by humans Q: map between IP addresses and name? Domain Name System: distributed database implemented in hierarchy of many name servers application-layer protocol host, routers, name servers to communicate to resolve names (address/name translation) note: core Internet function, implemented as application-layer protocol complexity at network s edge 2:DNS 3 DNS name servers Why not centralize DNS? single point of failure traffic volume distant centralized database maintenance doesn t scale! no server has all nameto-ip address mappings local name servers: each ISP, company has local (default) name server host DNS query first goes to local name server authoritative name server: for a host: stores that host s IP address, name can perform name/address translation for that host s name 2:DNS 4
3 DNS: Root name servers contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server: contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known gets mapping returns mapping to local name server a NSI Herndon, VA c PSInet Herndon, VA d U Maryland College Park, MD g DISA Vienna, VA h ARL Aberdeen, MD j NSI (TBD) Herndon, VA e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA k RIPE London i NORDUnet Stockholm m WIDE Tokyo b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Marina del Rey, CA 13 root name servers worldwide 2:DNS 5 Simple DNS example root name server host surf.eurecom.fr wants IP address of 1. contacts its local DNS server, dns.eurecom.fr 2. dns.eurecom.fr contacts root name server, if necessary 3. root name server contacts authoritative name server, dns.umass.edu, if necessary local name server dns.eurecom.fr requesting host surf.eurecom.fr authorititive name server dns.umass.edu 2:DNS 6
4 DNS example root name server Root name server: may not know authoritative name server may know intermediate name server: who to contact to find authoritative name server local name server dns.eurecom.fr requesting host surf.eurecom.fr intermediate name server dns.umass.edu 4 5 authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu 2:DNS 7 DNS: iterated queries root name server recursive query: puts burden of name resolution on contacted name server heavy load? iterated query: contacted server replies with name of server to contact I don t know this name, but ask this server local name server dns.eurecom.fr requesting host surf.eurecom.fr iterated query intermediate name server dns.umass.edu 5 6 authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu 2:DNS 8
5 DNS: caching and updating records once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time update/notify mechanisms under design by IETF RFC :DNS 9 DNS records DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR) RR format: (name, value, type,ttl) Type=A name is hostname value is IP address Type=NS name is domain (e.g. foo.com) value is IP address of authoritative name server for this domain Type=CNAME name is alias name for some cannonical (the real) name is really servereast.backup2.ibm.com value is cannonical name Type=MX value is name of mailserver associated with name 2:DNS 10
6 DNS protocol, messages DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with same message format msg header identification: 16 bit # for query, reply to query uses same # flags: query or reply recursion desired recursion available reply is authoritative 2:DNS 11 DNS protocol, messages Name, type fields for a query RRs in reponse to query records for authoritative servers additional helpful info that may be used 2:DNS 12
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