Fusion, the Sun s power on Earth

Transcription

1 Fusion, the Sun s power on Earth BEST Autumn course Keep calm & split atoms September 2015 Dr. Jesus Izquierdo ITER Department, Technical Support Services 1

2 Outline 1. World Energy Outlook 2. Fusion principles 3. The ITER Project The technical challenge The managerial challenge 4. F4E the Domestic Agency in Barcelona 2

3 World Energy Outlook Global primary energy demand and related CO 2 emissions INDC scenario: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) scenario made by individual countries for the 21st UN Conference of the Parties (COP21) in December Scenario: scenario consistent with an energy pathway that allows (50% confidence) a maximum global increase of temperature of 2 C by limiting CO 2 in the atmosphere to around 450 parts per million by 2100 OCDE/IEA 2015 Especial Report on Energy and Climate Change 3

4 World Energy Outlook OCDE/IEA 2011 World Energy Outlook 4

5 World Energy Outlook OCDE/IEA 2013 World Energy Outlook 5

6 World Energy Outlook OCDE/IEA 2013 World Energy Outlook 6

7 World Energy Outlook Global primary energy demand by type in the INDC Scenario OCDE/IEA 2015 Especial Report on Energy and Climate Change 7

8 World Energy Outlook Electricity generation by fuel (EU 27) 8

9 World Population (2013) Oil consumption (barrels, 2013)

10 World Energy Outlook 2020 European Energy Strategy EU leadership must also be maintained in the global flagship research project ITER. The Commission will ensure effective governance (including cost containment) and industrial value creation from ITER and the European fusion programme 10

11 Outline 1. World Energy Outlook 2. Fusion principles 3. The ITER Project The technical challenge The managerial challenge 4. F4E the Domestic Agency in Barcelona 11

12 Fusion principles The nuclei Light nuclei (hydrogen, helium) merge together leading to a heavier nuclei and releasing large amount of energy Themostfeasiblereactionontheearth is Deuterium(D) + Tritium(T): D+T He + n + energía Deuterium can be extracted from see water Tritium is generated in the fusion reactor, using Lithium as a breeder 12

13 Fusion principles The nuclei Figure provided by 13

14 Fusion principles Plasma and confinement So, we need to heat the plasma up to ºC but where? The solution the magnetic confinement: The tokamak! 14

15 Fusion principles Plasma and confinement 15

16 Fusion principles Plasma and confinement Zeta Harwell : a=0.48m, R=1.5m, T e ~1,700,000ºK, E ~1ms 16

17 Principles of Fusion Power generation Campaign

18 Principles of Fusion Power generation 18

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21 Outline 1. World Energy Outlook 2. Fusion principles 3. The ITER Project The technical challenge The managerial challenge 4. F4E the Domestic Agency in Barcelona 21

22 The ITER project Objective ITER is the culmination of decades of fusion research: more than 200 tokamaks built the world over. It aims to demonstrate the scientific and technological viability of controlled fusion for power production: It will generate 500 MW of fusion power (amplification factor Q=10) in long pulse operation (up to 500s) aiming at steady state operation demonstrate integrated operation of technologies for a fusion power plant DD Phase DT Phase (2027) 22

23 The ITER project Main systems - Tokamak 840 m3 plasma, C, 1020 part./m3, 500 MW In vessel components (BLANKETS, DIVERTOR) VACCUM VESSEL (9 sectors) TOROIDAL FIELD COILS (18 coils, 4 K) POLOIDAL FIELD COILS (6 coils, 4 K) CENTRAL SOLENOID (6 modules, 4 K) THERMAL SHIELDS (80 K) CRYOSTAT CRYOPUMPS PLASMA HEATING (Radiofrequency EC & IC, Neutral Beam Injectors) PLASMA FUELLING (pellets, puffing) DIAGNOSTICS (plasma measurements) REMOTE HANDLING 23

24 Not only a Tokamak 24

25 but much more! 25

26 now 26

27 in few years 27

28 The ITER project The components 28

29 The ITER project In-vessel components First wall Electrical straps Inlet pipe Central bolt location Rear side view Outlet pipe FW to SB pads Hydraulic connection between adjacent fingers 440 shield blanket modules FW surface: 680 m 2 Be tiles CuCrZr SS pipes SS hollow structure ITER FW covered by 2 designs: Normal Heat Flux (NHF) (< 2 MW/m 2 ) and Enhanced Heat Flux (EHF) (2.1 to 4.6 MW/m 2 ). NHF Finger 3D view 29

30 The ITER project In-vessel components First wall HIPped fabrication route for the manufacture of FW panels 316L SS / CuCrZr joining 1040 C, 140 MPa, 2 hrs Post HIP Solution Annealing HT with fast cooling 316L Stainless Steel / CuCrZr alloy HIP joining CuCrZr / Beryllium joining 580 C, 140 MPa, 2 hrs CuCrZr alloy / Beryllium HIP joining Three full scale FW panel prototypes with HIPped Be tiles completed One full scale FW panel prototype with brazed Be tiles completed Full scale FW panel prototypes 30

31 The ITER project In-vessel components Divertor Inner Vertical Target (IVT) Outer Vertical Target (OVT) Dome (DO) Cassette Assembly ~ 7.9 tons 5000 cycles at 10 MW/m cycles at 20 MW/m 2 31

32 The ITER project In-vessel components Divertor Simulation of Remote Integration of Divertor system ALCA TECHNOLOGY 32

33 The ITER project Vacuum Vessel Building the ITER Vacuum Vessel A complex and huge vacuum vessel is used to contain the hot plasma Made of a double shell 60 mm thick of stainless steel 316 LN, according to nuclear codes Made up of nine sectors like the slices of an orange When all the sectors are joined, it will weigh more than 5000 tonnes About to be pressed into shape Welding Pieces Together 33

34 The ITER project Vacuum Vessel Each 40 sectors, approx. 6.5x6.5x11 m, 400 tons weight including in wall shielding The 60 mm shells have double curvature. Tolerances in the range of ±10mm on shell surfaces and ±2mm on interface areas: maximizing 3D hot forming Maximizing Electron Beam Welding (low heat input techniques) Full penetration welds and 100% volumetric inspection (NDT programs!) VV Mock ups (AWM) 34

35 The ITER project Magnets Making the ITER Magnets Magnets hold the hot plasma and refrain it from touching the walls of the vacuum vessel To reduce electricity loss from magnets, special superconducting cable is used Europe is making 18 of the largest ITER magnets which weigh 6500 tonnes each! Spool of cable Cables wrapped into shape Cable is wrapped around a D shape 35

36 The ITER project Magnets Six out of seven (6/7) members are fabricating Nb3Sn for the toroidal field coils and central solenoid The first 50 kg were fabricated in December 2008 (Japan) and the production is almost ready The world wide production capacity of superconducting strands has multiplied by 5 Courtesy of ICAS 36

37 The ITER Project Fuel Cycle Vacuum Pumping Water Detritiation System: characterisation of LPCE Catalyst Packing mixture, electrolysers & combined WDS-ISS operation Isotopic Separation System: 37

38 The ITER project Heating Electron cyclotron 4x2MW 8x1MW 38

39 ITER SYSTEMS Diagnostics Measurement systems for the ITER plasma and first wall Provide essential information to: protect the machine from damage allow the plasma to be controlled study the plasma Front end hardware mounted on/in the vacuum vessel, divertor cassettes, port plugs and ports Large systems, extending from the plasma to the control room Include both hardware and software 39

40 The ITER project TBM ITER should test Tritium Breeding Module (TBM) concepts that would lead in a future reactor to tritium self sufficiency and to the extraction of high grade heat and electricity production. HCPB HCLL Structural material Coolant Tritium breeder, neutron multiplier He-Cooled Pebble-Bed EUROFER He-Cooled Lithium-Lead Helium, 8 MPa, 300 / 500 C Solid Li 2 TiO 3 / Li 4 SiO 4, Be Liquid Pb-15.7Li Plasma Rear Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe 40

41 The ITER project.. and many others 41

42 The ITER project The background... as an inexhaustible source of energy for the benefit of mankind Gorbachov, Reagan & Mitterrand agree on the need of a new reactor (URSS, US, EU, JA) 1988 Start up of the basic design 1992 Signature of the ITER EDA Agreement (4 parties) 2001 Design completed 2003 China, Korea join the project 2005 Cadarache selected to host the project, India joins 2006 ITER Agreement (7 parties) 2007 ITER Organization enters into force Fusion for Energy enters into force 2012 The decree authorizing the ITER Organization to create the ITER Installation Nucléaire de base (INB) is published in the Journal Official de la République Française on 10 November

43 The ITER project In-kind contribution Seven (7) parties (members), Representing 50% of the World population, Manufacturing 90% of the ITER components in the countries, To guarantee a fair and wide sharing of knowledge and technology 43

44 The ITER project Managerial challenge 44

45 The ITER project Managerial challenge 45

46 Outline 1. World Energy Outlook 2. Fusion principles 3. The ITER Project The technical challenge The managerial challenge 4. F4E the Domestic Agency in Barcelona 46

47 ETSEIB Escola Tecnica Superior d Enginyeria Industrial + BEST F4E - the European Joint Undertaking for the development of Fusion Energy 47

48 F4E The European Union organisation for the development of fusion energy Set up by the European Council in 2007 for 35 years Governed by 29 member states (EU28 + CH) and the Commission Headquarters: Barcelona, Spain Offices: Cadarache, France Garching, Germany Staff: Budget 400 pax 6.6 Billion for ITER 48

49 F4E 49

50 F4E Developing fusion through three projects: F4E is responsible for Europe s contribution to ITER, the world s largest energy development project F4E is collaborating with Japan on a number of projects in fusion known as the Broader Approach F4E will prepare a programme for the development of the next generation of Demonstration Fusion Reactors 50

51 F4E 400 contracts 250 companies 50 R&D organisations 51

52 F4E 52

53 F4E + Traineeships!! 53

54 Fusion energy wants to be part of the mix of energy for the second half of the century In its decision on the Euratom FP6, the Council of Ministers said: 'Fusion energy could contribute in the second half of the century to the emission-free largescale production of base-load electricity. The advances made in fusion energy research justify the further pursuit of a vigorous effort towards the long-term objective of a fusion power plant.' 54

55 for energy 55

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57 + Low cost + Stellarators From Fusion electricity - A roadmap to the realisation of fusion energy (EFDA 2012)