PIN US Route 219 Construction Section 5. Phase 3 Data Recovery Plan

Transcription

1 PIN US Route 219 Construction Section 5 Phase 3 Data Recovery Plan Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) Village of Springville and Town of Concord Erie County, New York. By Ryan Austin, M.A. James Hartner, M.A., RPA and Douglas Perrelli, Ph. D., RPA Douglas Perrelli, Ph.D., RPA Principal Investigator Reports of the Archaeological Survey, Volume 37, Number 28 Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo October 2005 Prepared for Ecology and Environment Inc. Lancaster, New York Sponsors - FHWA & NYSDOT

2 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Site Identification 1 Site Location and Setting 1 Summary of Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey 6 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 6 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 8 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 9 Summary of Phase 2 Site Examinations 12 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 12 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 17 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 19 Site Descriptions 22 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 22 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 24 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 25 Data Potential 32 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 32 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 34 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 35 Research Objectives 36 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 36 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 38 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 39 Research Topics 41 Dorothy Scott 1 and Dorothy Scott 4 Sites 41 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 42 Field and Laboratory Methods 44 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 44 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 46 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 47 Analysis Methods 48 Prehistoric 48 Historic 51 Curation Policy 55 Public Programs 56 Schedule 57 Fieldwork 57 Laboratory Processing 57 Analysis 57 Reporting 57 Human Remains Policy 58 Appendix A: References Cited 59

3 ii List of Figures Figure 1. General location of PIN Construction Section 5 in western New York. 2 Figure 2. PIN Construction Section 5: Locations of Phase 3 Sites shown on the Springville, New York and the 1979 photo-revised edition of the 1964 Ashford Hollow, New York USGS 7.5 Minute Series Quadrangles. Figure 3. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Results of Phase 1 surface inspection. 7 Figure 4. Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643): Site limits based on 8 results of Phase 1 fieldwork. Figure 5. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Results of 10 Phase 1 surface inspection and shovel test pit grid. Figure 6. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Site limits based on results of Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. 15 Figure 7. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork in high density artifact area. 16 Figure 8. Limits of Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) based on Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. 18 Figure 9. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Phase 2 Site Limits 21 showing test unit and shovel test pit locations. Figure 10. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): First Occupation Period 27 Artifact Density Distribution (Blackmar, McKinney, & Darling Tenancies, c ). Figure 11. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Second Occupation Period 28 Artifact Density Distribution (Eaton & Oaks tenancies, c ). List of Tables Table 1. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3660) Phase 1 Artifact Summary. 11 Table 2. Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Summary of Phase 2 13 Prehistoric Artifacts by Test Unit. Table 3. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Phase 2 Shovel Test Pit Artifact Summary. 13 Table 4. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Phase 2 Surface Inspection Artifact Summary. 14 Table 5. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 Prehistoric Artifacts by Test Unit. 17 Table 6. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 Surface Artifacts. 18 Table 7. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 by Shovel test Pit. 18 Table 8. Blackmar-Eaton / MDS 1001 Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Phase 2 Artifact Summary 20 Sorted by Functional Context. Table 9. Blackmar-Eaton Site First Occupation Period Artifact Summary (c ). 29 Table 10. Blackmar-Eaton Site Second Occupation Period Artifact Summary (c ). 30 Table 11. Historic Artifact Functional Categorization System. 51 Table 12. Known Historic Records Describing the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site. 53 List of Photos Photo 1. Dorothy Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640), facing northwest at site s location 4 on well drained knoll. Photo 2. Dorothy Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643), facing southwest at the site s location 4 on a low ridge. Photo 3. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) during Phase 2 STP excavations, 5 facing north-northeast.

4 1 INTRODUCTION This document outlines a Phase 3 data recovery plan for three archaeological sites situated within the PIN , Construction Section 5 project area limits. These include the prehistoric Dorothy Scott 1 (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) and Dorothy Scott 4 (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) sites and the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). All three sites are National Register eligible. They will be impacted by the federally funded construction of a 6.8 km (4.2 mi) segment of US Route 219; a divided four-lane highway with limited access. All the sites are located in the Town of Concord, Erie County, New York (MCD 02910). The Phase 3 data recovery will be conducted under the US Route 219 programmatic agreement between the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), the National Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (NACHP) and the Seneca Nation of Indians (SNI). The Phase 3 study is designed to assure compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and complies with Title 36, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 61. All aspects of this archaeological reconnaissance survey conform to the New York State Education Department's (SED) Work Scope Specifications for Cultural Resource Investigations (2004) and the New York Archaeological Council's (NYAC) Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations (1994). The Phase 3 investigations will be conducted by the Archaeological Survey, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo). The UB Archaeological Survey has been retained by Ecology and Environment Inc. (E&E), Lancaster, New York to conduct the Phase 3 archaeological investigations for Construction Section 5. Mr. Leonid Shmookler, Senior Archaeologist, E&E will work with the UB Archaeological Survey to develop appropriate testing strategies based on the results of the Phase 1 and 2 studies and will oversee all aspects of the Phase 3 investigations. Other parties involved with the Phase 3 study include Mr. Thomas Donohue; Project Engineer, Parsons Transportation Group, Mr. Peter Nixon; High Priority Projects Group, NYSDOT Region 5 and Ms. Kathy Mitchell; Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO), Seneca Nation of Indians (SNI). The SNI will provide observers who will be present during the Phase 3 fieldwork. Site Identification The Dorothy Scott 1 and 4 sites, and the Blackmar-Eaton site, were first recorded by the archaeological reconnaissance survey conducted for PIN in 2002 (Hartner and Perrelli 2003). Subsequent Phase 2 site examinations completed in 2003 (Austin, Hartner and Perrelli 2004). Based on the results of these investigations, all three sites were all determined to be eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Each site is eligible under Criterion D of the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation (Federal Register 48[190], 1983). All have the potential to yield important information on either the prehistory or history of southwestern New York. Because the project plans can not be altered to avoid the three sites, a Phase 3 data recovery is proposed for each. Site Locations and Setting The three Phase 3 sites examined by this study are situated in southwestern New York state. The Construction Section 5 project area extends from southern Erie County into northern Cattaraugus County (Figure 1). The sites are all located near its northern end. Figure 2 shows their locations on the 1954 Springville, New York and the 1979 photo-revised edition of the 1964 Ashford Hollow, New York USGS 7.5 Minute Series Quadrangles. Detailed site maps and site photos are presented later in this report with the individual site descriptions. Photos 1-3 present views of each site s setting at the time the Phase 2 fieldwork was conducted in They have remained unchanged and were still used as agricultural fields in the summer of 2005.

5 Figure 1. General location of PIN Construction Section 5 in western New York. 2

6 Photo 1. Dorothy Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640), facing northwest at site s location on well drained knoll. 3

7 Photo 2. Dorothy Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643), facing southwest at the site s location on a low ridge. Scott 1 site is located in the distance to left and the Scott 2-3 sites lie beyond the Scott 4 site to the right. 4

8 Photo 3. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) during Phase 2 STP excavations, facing north-northeast. 5

9 6 Summary of Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey The three sites to be investigated by the Phase 3 data recovery projects were first recorded in 2002 during the Phase 1 archaeological reconnaissance survey for PIN (Hartner and Perrelli 2003). The Dorothy Scott 1 and 4 sites, and the Blackmar-Eaton site, were all identified as lying entirely within the Section 5 project limits. The Phase 1 work at each site is summarized below. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640). The Dorothy Scott 1 site is located in the Town of Concord, Erie County, New York (MCD 02910). The site lies about 600 m (1968 ft) south of NY Route 39 and 375 m (1230 ft) west of the existing alignment of US Route 219 (Figure 2). The Scott 1 site was identified during a surface inspection of a plowed field (Figure 3). This work indicated the site extended over a 65x100 m ( ft) area, including a 20x40 m (65x131 ft) core area yielding about 75% of the artifact assemblage. The remaining site area represented a diffuse lithic scatter. Several outlying flakes were also recorded. Following the surface inspection, a 15 m (50 ft) shovel test pit grid was excavated encompassing the core artifact concentration and areas slightly beyond it. Two of these 56 STPs yielded a single flake each. Both finds were recovered at the outer edge of the STP grid, outside the artifact concentration recorded by the surface inspection. Situated 180 m (590 ft) from a stream, the Scott 1 site lies in a landform classified by the NYSM background research as Stratum 5 (Hart 1998: Table 1). This stratum was assigned a high sensitivity given that it lies on a well drained upland ridge less than 250 m (820 ft) from a water source. The Scott 1 site lies at an elevation of m ( ft) above mean sea level on gently sloping terrain. West of the site, the topography becomes gently rolling as the ground surface begins to slope downwards. The headwaters of an unnamed tributary of Spooner Creek lie 125 m (410 ft) to the south; the ground surface gradually decreasing in elevation as the stream is approached. This stream flows southwest into Cattaraugus Creek about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) to the south. Cattaraugus Creek is the largest drainage in this part of western New York and drains much of the surrounding plateau as it travels westward to Lake Erie. Terrain to the north and east of the site is gently sloping and lacks prominent topographic features. The Scott 1 site lies on deep, moderately well drained Castile gravelly loam soils (Owens et al. 1986: 38, Plate 127). This soil series is typically associated with elongated terraces, remnant beach ridges and undulating deltas. It has a high sand and gravel content. A broad area that bounds Cattaraugus Creek, including the Dorothy Scott 1 site, lies within the Chenango-Castile-Varysburg soil association (Owens et al. 1986). These soils form in glacial outwash deposits that tend to be well drained. Examination of the soil profiles of the 56 shovel test pits excavated in and around the site revealed two soil strata. The A-horizon plowzone is about cm (12-14 in) thick. It is comprised of a dark grayish brown sandy or silty loam with numerous gravel inclusions. The upper part of the B-horizon subsoil is a dark yellowish brown silty sand or sandy silt with similar inclusions. Environmental conditions at the site are not appropriate for the formation of deeply buried archaeological deposits. The Phase 1 results indicated the Scott 1 site is a low to moderate density lithic scatter. The prehistoric assemblage includes 61 artifacts. None was culturally or temporally diagnostic. Tools include an intact drill, a biface fragment, an end scraper and two utilized flakes. A large primary flake was also found. It is characterized as a suitable blank or chert piece for the manufacture of a formal tool. The remaining 55 finds consist of unmodified debitage. All are derived from Onondaga chert. Some of the debitage represents bifacial thinning flakes. Others are shatter or blocky fragments. The debitage includes two flakes with burnt, pot-lidded surfaces. Indirect evidence of possible prehistoric feature(s) was observed in the form of two burnt flakes only. No other soil anomalies, charcoal fragments, fire-cracked rock or burnt soils were observed during the Phase 1 fieldwork. All the artifacts recovered at the Scott 1 site were found in plowzone soils. Phase 1 investigations also recorded several small lithic scatters in the same plowed field as the Dorothy Scott 1 site. The Dorothy Scott 2-4 sites (UB ) lie about m ( ft) to the west. Work there identified only a few artifacts at each location. A drill fragment found at the Dorothy Scott 4 site is similar to an intact example found at the Scott 1 site.

10 Figure 3. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Results of Phase 1 Surface Inspection. 7

11 8 Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643). The Dorothy Scott 4 site is located in the Town of Concord, Erie County, New York (MCD 02910). It lies about 525 m (1722 ft) south of NY Route 39 and 560 m (1837 ft) west of the existing alignment of US Route 219 (Figure 2). The Phase 1 fieldwork first identified the Dorothy Scott 4 site during a surface inspection of a plowed field. This procedure recorded a flake findspot (FN 13). Twelve shovel test pits were subsequently excavated around this location at 1 and 5 meter (3.3 and 16 ft) intervals (Figure 4). Two STPs yielded additional artifacts consisting of a flake and a drill fragment. The Phase 1 results indicated the site encompassed a 5x5 m (16x16 ft) area. No testing subsurface testing was conducted beyond the 5 m (16 ft) STP grid. Figure 4. Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643): Site limits based on results of Phase 1 fieldwork. The Scott 4 site lies near a small stream in a landform classified by the background research as Stratum 5 (Hart 1998: Table 1). This stratum was assigned a high sensitivity given its well drained setting on an upland ridge less than 250 m (820 ft) from a water source. The site lies at an elevation of 415 m (1361 ft) above mean sea level. Environmental conditions are not appropriate for the formation of deeply buried deposits. Just west and south of the site, the surrounding topography becomes gently rolling as the ground surface begins a down slope trend. The headwaters of an unnamed tributary of Spooner Creek lie 210 m (689 ft) to the south. It flows southwestward into Cattaraugus Creek, which lies about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) to the south. It is the largest drainage in this part of western New York and drains much of the surrounding plateau into Lake Erie. Terrain north and east of the site is level to gently sloping and lacks prominent topographic features.

12 9 The site is situated on deep, moderately well drained Castile gravelly loam soils. This soil series is typically associated with elongated terraces, remnant beach ridges and undulating deltas. It has a high sand and gravel content. A broad area that bounds Cattaraugus Creek, including the Scott 4 site, lies within the Chenango-Castile- Varysburg soil association. These soils form in glacial outwash deposits that tend to be well drained. The soil profiles of 12 STP reveal two soil strata. The A-horizon plowzone is about cm (10-12 in) thick. It is comprised of dark brown or brown sandy silt with numerous gravel inclusions. The upper B-horizon subsoil is yellowish brown with similar texture and inclusions. The results of the Phase 1 study indicated that the Dorothy Scott 4 site represents a low density lithic scatter in close proximity to other small lithic scatters (Scott 1-3 sites). The prehistoric assemblage includes three artifacts. An unmodified flake was recovered on the ground surface (FN 13) and another was found in STP 49/5N. A drill fragment was found in STP 49/1N. All the artifacts are made of Onondaga chert. No evidence of prehistoric features was observed during the Phase 1 investigations. All three artifacts recovered by the Phase 1 study were found in plowzone soils. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). The Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (UB 3660, NYSM 11358) was identified during the Phase 1 reconnaissance survey for PIN , the proposed construction of US Route 219 section 5 (NYS Route 39 to Edies Road) in the Village of Springville and Town of Concord, Erie County, New York and the Towns of Ashford and Ellicottville, Cattaraugus County, New York (Hartner and Perrelli 2003). The site is situated along the north side of Zoar Valley Road on the outskirts of the Village of Springville within Lot 68 B2 of Township 6, Range 7 of Joseph Ellicott s 1797 survey of Holland Company Lands in Western New York. The project area lies within the Town of Concord, Erie County, New York, and encompasses the southern half of the small 2 acre lot. This property and all other properties will hereafter be referred to by a shortened version of the above property description (e.g. Lot 68 B2 [6/7]). The Phase 1B reconnaissance survey included the surface collection of a 55 x 80 m (180 x 262 ft) area according to a 5 m (16.4 ft) inspection grid. Phase 1 testing also included the excavation of 40 shovel test pits (STPs to ) along a 15 m (50 ft) grid overlying the surface inspection area. A graphical representation of site and project area limits showing the location of surface inspection cells and STP locations is presented in Figure 5. A total of 803 historic artifacts were recovered from the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site during the Phase 1B survey, including 730 artifacts from the surface collection and 73 artifacts from 19 shovel test pits. Sorted according functional category, the assemblage includes a total of 5 (0.62%) unidentified artifacts, including examples of burnt glass ceramics, as well oxidized metal artifacts; 252 (31.38%) food related artifacts, including ceramic and glass tableware, glass bottles and metal can container fragments.; 10 (1.25%) food remains eco-facts, including mammal bone and shell; 444 (55.29%) architectural artifacts, including brick, cut and wire nails, mortar and flat glass; 1 (0.12%) clothing group artifact, a leather fragment; 2 (0.25%) lighting / electrical artifacts, both identified as ceramic electrical insulators; 39 (4.86%) miscellaneous modern artifacts, consisting of plastic objects; and 50 (6.23%) energy group artifacts, including coal, charcoal, coal ash, and slag. A tabular summary of the functional categorization of the Phase 1 artifacts is presented below in Table 1. The 5 m (16 ft) surface inspection grid data revealed that the high density portion of the scatter encompasses about a 25 x 30 m (83 x 100 ft) area within the project limits. It lies just east of the western edge of the small lot line indicated on the historic maps. Relatively few finds occurred west of the lot line. Slightly greater numbers of finds occurred north of the artifact concentration. Whether this represents debris disposal patterns, the effects of plowing on site micro-stratigraphy could not be determined. The shovel test pit data indicates that a low density scatter extends slightly beyond the boundaries of the surface inspected area to encompass an area of about 75 x 90 m (246 x 295 ft). Few artifacts were found in environs outside of main artifact concentration (Hartner and Perrelli 2003:205).

13 Figure 5. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660), Results of Phase 1 surface inspection and shovel test pit grid. 10

14 11 Table 1. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3660) Phase 1 Artifact Summary. Functional Group Phase IB Reconnaissance Survey Results Surface % STP % Total % Unidentified % % % Food Related % % % Food Remains % % % Architectural % % % Hygiene/Medicinal % % % Household/Furnishing % % % Clothing % % % Personal/Amusement % % % Lighting/Electrical % % % Tools/Arms % % % Smoking % % % Misc. Modern % % % Transportation/Mechanical % % % Energy % % % Non-Food Faunal % % % Prehistoric % % % Total: % % % Possible evidence of a historic feature was located during the Phase 1 investigations. The soil profile of STP displayed deep organic soils along the south wall of the excavation. It contrasted sharply with the yellowish brown subsoil. This anomaly began just below the plowzone soils and extended to the bottom of the shovel test pit at 71 cm (28 in) below the ground surface. Two modern brown bottle glass shards, two U-staples and four brick fragments were found in the stain. This shovel test pit lies near the high-density portion of the artifact scatter, near the lot line dividing the small house lot MDS 1001 was once located on from the adjacent corn field to the west. STP also lies just a few meters north of Zoar Valley Road. The limited evidence presented in this single STP precluded its direct association with the nineteenth to early twentieth century domestic occupation of MDS It is possible that the feature could also be related to a later twentieth disturbance resulting from utility line excavation or road construction. Except for the soil anomaly observed in STP , all the artifacts recovered by the Phase 1 study were found on the ground surface or in plow-zone soils. This soil stratum is between 25 and 35 cm (10 and 14 in) deep based on shovel test pit soil profiles. Artifacts were found throughout this soil stratum. The limited subsurface testing completed as part of the Phase 1 investigations is considered a preliminary examination of the site. Additional work is required to determine the extent, if any, of intact deposits within the subsoil. Such deposits could potentially occur in a cellar hole, well or a midden pit associated with domestic and agricultural activities that occurred during the site s the nineteenth and early twentieth century domestic occupation.

15 12 Summary of Phase 2 Site Examinations Fieldwork for the Phase 2 site examinations for PIN were conducted by the SUNY Buffalo Archaeological Survey in the summer of This study examined 12 prehistoric sites and one historic site. Based on the results of this work, Phase 3 investigations were recommended for the Dorothy Scott 1, Dorothy Scott 4 and Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) sites. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640). A Phase 2 site examination was recommended because the Scott 1 site represents a small, upland site in a region where few such sites have been previously recorded or systematically investigated. It offers an opportunity to study its role in regional and local settlement patterns and to further the understanding of the use of prehistoric lithic technology in this environmental niche. Increased knowledge of the site will provide insights into the subsistence strategies of its occupants and help determine its relationship, if any, with the nearby Dorothy Scott 2-4 sites. The primary goal of the Phase 2 site examination of the Scott 1 site was to gather sufficient data to determine the site s National Register eligibility. The investigations assessed the integrity and extent of prehistoric archaeological deposits within project limits. Research objectives included refining the horizontal and vertical limits of the site, documenting soil stratigraphy, identifying buried cultural features, and determining whether the site possesses sufficient integrity and research potential. Examination of the site could potentially reveal important information about logistical camps, base camps or habitation sites along Cattaraugus Creek and could yield data on site type, size, landscape utilization and resource exploitation for one or more periods of prehistory. Pit and hearth features, if present, will offer insights into resource utilization, subsistence and dietary practices, and specific types of activities that occurred at this location. Based on data recovery and research potential, a Phase 2 site examination was proposed for the prehistoric component(s) of the site to determine National Register eligibility. Given the plowed field setting of the Scott 1 site, the Phase 2 investigations began with a surface inspection (Figures 6-7). This work complimented previous Phase 1 surface inspection. The site was inspected for a minimum distance of at least 30 m (100 ft) beyond the Phase 1 site limits. The Phase 2 artifact locations were recorded using the relocated Phase 1 site datum and baseline. The subsurface testing included both shovel test pits (STPs) and test unit excavations (TUs). Work began with a series of 52 shovel test pits excavated at a five meter (16 ft) interval. These complimented the Phase 1 STP grid. The Phase 2 shovel test pit grid was followed by a series of test unit excavations to further define the horizontal and vertical limits of the site and assess its integrity. Phase 2 investigations included 17 block excavations with most measuring 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) in area. A few were slightly larger. Most were placed in and around the high-density core of the surface scatter. Several were located in low-density areas. Phase 2 excavations recovered 620 lithic artifacts (Tables 1-3). No ceramics or other non-chert artifacts were found. The site yielded a diverse formal tool assemblage, including a projectile point fragment, four bifaces, seven flake tools, 36 utilized flakes and 572 unmodified flakes. Many stages of a formal, bifacial tool manufacturing sequence are represented ranging from a pre-form or quarry blank that shows minimal preparation of raw chert to nondescript late stage bifaces. The presence of debitage indicates a bifacial reduction sequence took place at the site either for the manufacture of stone tools, the maintenance of an existing tool kit or perhaps both. Finds include 58 burnt artifacts suggesting the presence of hearth features or other areas where burning occurred throughout the site. One pit feature was identified by the Phase 2 excavations. Feature 5 yielded a radiocarbon date from feature in the undisturbed B-horizon subsoil of TU 31. The core of the feature was floated resulting in the recovery of numerous small flakes and charred material, mostly wood charcoal. This sample yielded a conventional radiocarbon age of /- 40 BP that firmly dates the charred material to the Meadowood Phase of the Early Woodland period based. The Phase 2 work also recovered the medial section of a projectile point probably dating to the Meadowood Phase.

16 13 Table 2. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Summary of Phase 2 Prehistoric Artifacts by Test Unit. TU# Projectile Biface Utilized Burnt Core Debitage Other FCR Total Point Flake Flake * * * * Total FCR = Fire-cracked rock = utilized flakes identified as part of detailed lithic analysis Table 3. Dorothy Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Phase 2 Shovel Test Pit Artifact Summary. STP # Depth (cm) Color/ Texture/ Inclusions Artifact Summary 25E 0N 0-33 Dk Brn SiSa, Grl 1-flake Dk YBrn Sa, Grl --- 5E 5N 0-30 Dk Brn SaLo 1-flake Dk YBrn Sa E 5S 0-28 Brn SaLo, Grl 3-flakes, 1-clear flat glass DkYBrn/SiSa/Grl --- 5E 15S 0-32 Dk Brn SaLo, Grl 1-flake Dk YBrn SiSa, Grl E 15S 0-31 Dk Brn SaLo, Grl 2-flakes YBrn SaSi, Grl E 20S 0-29 Dk Brn SaLo, Grl 1-flake YBrn SiSa, Grl E 15N 0-34 GBrn SaSi 2-flakes RBrn SiSa --- Total 11-flakes

17 14 Table 4. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Phase 2 Surface Inspection Artifact Summary. Surface Field Number Number of Artifacts Artifact Type Surface Field Number Number of Artifacts Artifact Type 2 1 flake 59 1 flake 3 1 flake 60 1 flake 6 1 flake 61 1 utilized flake tool 7 1 flake 89 1 flake 9 1 flake 90 1 utilized flake 10 1 flake 91 1 utilized flake 11 1 flake 92 1 flake (burnt) 12 2 utilized flake, flake 94 1 flake (burnt) 14 1 flake 95 1 flake 15 1 flake 96 1 flake 16 1 flake 97 1 flake 18 1 flake 98 1 flake 19 1 flake 99 1 utilized flake 20 1 flake flake 21 1 utilized flake flake 22 1 flake flake 23 1 flake flake 25 1 flake flake 28 1 flake flake 29 1 flake (burnt) flake 30 1 utilized flake flake 31 1 flake utilized flake 32 1 utilized flake flake 33 1 flake flake (burnt) 34 1 utilized flake flake 35 1 flake utilized flake tool 36 1 utilized flake (burnt) flake 37 1 flake flake 38 1 utilized flake tool flake 39 1 biface (burnt) flake 40 1 utilized flake tool utilized flake (burnt) 41 1 utilized flake/scraper biface 44 1 flake utilized flake 45 1 utilized flake flake graver 46 1 flake flake 47 1 flake flake 51 1 Meadowood proj pt utilized flake, flake 52 1 utilized flake flake 54 1 flake flake 55 1 utilized flake flake 56 1 flake (burnt) flake (burnt) 57 1 flake (burnt) utilized flake 58 1 utilized flake tool Total 87 proj pt=1, biface=2 (1 burnt), flake tool=7, utilized flake=16 (2 burnt), flake=61 (7 burnt)

18 Figure 6. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Site limits based on results of Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. 15

19 Figure 7. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork in high density artifact area. 16

20 17 Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643). A Phase 2 site examination was recommended because the Scott 4 site represents a small, upland site in a region where few such sites have been previously recorded or systematically investigated. It offers an opportunity to study its role in regional and local settlement patterns and to further the understanding the use of prehistoric lithic technology in this environmental niche. Increased knowledge of the site will provide insights into the subsistence strategies of its occupants and help determine its relationship, if any, with the nearby Dorothy Scott 1-3 sites. The primary goal of the Phase 2 site examination of the Scott 1 site was to gather sufficient data to determine the site s National Register eligibility. The investigations assessed the integrity and extent of prehistoric archaeological deposits within project limits. Research objectives included refining the horizontal and vertical limits of the site, documenting soil stratigraphy, identifying buried cultural features, and determining whether the site possesses sufficient integrity and research potential. Examination of the site could potentially reveal important information about logistical camps, base camps or habitation sites along Cattaraugus Creek and could yield data on site type, size, landscape utilization and resource exploitation for one or more periods of prehistory. Pit and hearth features, if present, will offer insights into resource utilization, subsistence and dietary practices, and specific types of activities that occurred at this location. Based on data recovery and research potential, a Phase 2 site examination was proposed for the prehistoric component(s) of the site to determine National Register eligibility. Given the plowed field setting of the Scott 1 site, the Phase 2 investigations began with a surface inspection (Figures 8). This work complimented previous Phase 1 surface inspection. The site was inspected for a minimum distance of at least 30 m (100 ft) beyond the Phase 1 site limits. The Phase 2 artifact locations were recorded using the relocated Phase 1 site datum. The subsurface testing included both shovel test pits (STPs) and test unit excavations (TUs). Work began with a series of 16 shovel test pits excavated at a five meter (16 ft) interval. These extended the Phase 1 STP grid. An outlying Phase 2 surface find was examined at 1-5 m ( ft) intervals. The Phase 2 shovel test pit grid was followed by a series of test unit excavations to further define the horizontal and vertical limits of the site and assess its integrity. Phase 2 investigations included four 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) excavations. Phase 2 excavations recovered 20 lithic artifacts (Tables 4-6). No ceramics or other non-chert artifacts were found. Despite its small size, the site yielded a diverse tool assemblage, including a projectile point fragment, a biface and three utilized flakes. The remaining 15 finds represent unmodified flakes. The ratio of tools to debitage suggests a variety of tasks were occurring there, but that formal, bifacial tool reduction was not one of them. The debitage would appear to represent the manufacture of expedient flake tools or the maintenance of an existing tool kit, perhaps both. The Phase 2 surface inspection that resulted in the recovery of three additional flakes in the same general area as the Phase 1 finds. The shovel test pit grid yielded one additional flake. Test unit excavations were then placed in the artifact concentration identified by the Phase 1 and 2 finds. This work yielded the remaining part of the Phase 2 assemblage, including the projectile point. The only temporally diagnostic artifact was recovered from the site. This a relatively small Vosburg projectile point dating to the Late Archaic period (circa BP). Table 5. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 Prehistoric Artifacts by Test Unit. TU# Projectile Biface Utilized Burnt Core Debitage Other FCR Total Point Flake Flake Total FCR = Fire-cracked rock

21 18 Table 6. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 Surface Artifacts. Surface Field Number Artifact Type 65 flake 66 flake 67 flake Total flake=3 Table 7. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 by Shovel test Pit. STP # Depth (cm) Color/ Texture/ Inclusions Artifact Summary FN 66 / 5E 0-28 Brn SiSa, Grl 1-flake Dk YBrn Sa, Grl --- Total 1-flake Figure 8. Limits of Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) based on Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork.

22 19 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). The Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site encompasses a two acre parcel located the northeastern corner of Lot 68B of Township 6, Range 7 of the original Holland Land Survey Area, within the present-day Town of Concord (MCD 02910), Erie County, New York and the Village of Springville (MCD 02957). The Phase 2 site limits were defined during the Phase 1 archaeological reconnaissance survey conducted in 2002 by the Archaeological Survey of the State University of New York at Buffalo (Hartner and Perrelli 2003: ). A Phase 2 site examination was recommended because the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site represents a small nineteenth and early twentieth century tenant farmstead in a region where few such sites have been previously recorded and/or systematically investigated. The results of the Phase 1 study indicated that the site offered evidence for changes in material culture acquisition, use and deposition by historically documented site occupants throughout the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During this period, improvements made to transportation, infrastructure, market access and manufacturing facilitated the development of a rural agricultural economy characterized by an ever increasing reliance on regional commerce and mass produced consumer products. Not only would further excavation of the site examine how the daily lives of site occupants were affected by their participation in the local and regional economy, but how their own personal identities and histories impacted the site development. The MDS 1001 site lies entirely within the Construction Section 5 project area and will be impacted by the proposed US Route 219 Freeway Alternate. The research potential of the site is enhanced because the entire domestic portion of the former tenant farmstead is located within the project limits. This will allow for relationships between the MDS 1001 location and artifact concentrations, features, outbuildings and the like to be studied in detail. Further investigation of these deposits is likely to yield important information on the history of southwestern New York. Therefore, a Phase 2 site examination was recommended in order to ascertain the site s eligibility for nomination to the National Register under Criteria D. The archaeological sampling strategy included a combination of surface inspection, shovel testing and test unit excavation within the Lot 68B2 site property, as well as in the adjacent field to the west. While concentrated within the site property, archaeological testing was conducted within the adjacent field in order to further define the western site limits. The Phase 2 site measures 48 m ( ft) east-west (SW-NE) along Zoar Valley Road by 77 m ( ft) North South, a total area of 3,696 sq. meters (12, sq. ft), and is confined to the southern half of Lot 68 B2 (6/7). A Phase 2 site map is presented below in Figure 9 depicting project area limits, site limits and archaeological testing locations. One hundred and seventy-seven 5 sq. m (16.5 sq. ft) surface inspection cells were collected across both historic properties, a total area of 855 sq. m (2,821.5 sq. ft). One hundred and forty-nine 50 sq. cm (1.64 sq. ft) shovel test pits were excavated along eleven transects; a total area of 74.5 sq. meters (244.4 sq. ft). The STPs were excavated according to natural soil levels. Finally, 10 test units, a total area of 10 sq. m (32.8 sq. ft) were excavated with Lot 68 B2. The TUs were positioned in areas that were determined to possess high concentrations of artifacts, intact features and intact historic fill and subsoil strata during surface inspection and shovel testing. TU soils were excavated in arbitrary 10 cm (ft) levels in order to record intra-level depositional patterns. Finally, all site soils examined by STP and TU excavation were sifted through 6 mm (1/4 in) wire mesh screens in order to maximize artifact recovery. A total of 8,790 artifacts were recovered during the Phase 2 Site Examination, including 3,109 artifacts from test unit excavation, 2,842 artifacts from shovel testing and 2,839 from surface inspection (Table 8). Sorted according to function, the Phase 2 site assemblage includes 200 (2.28%) unidentified artifacts; 1,547 (17.60%) food related artifacts; 88 (1.00%) food remains eco-facts; 6,042 (68.74%) architectural objects; 1 (0.01%) household/furnishing artifact (a mirror fragment); 8 (0.09%) clothing related items, 5 (0.06%) personal/amusement artifacts; 2 (0.02%) lighting/electrical artifacts; 5 (0.06%) tools/arms related objects; 16 (0.18%) smoking group items; 172 (1.96%) miscellaneous modern artifacts (plastic); 78 (0.89%) transportation/mechanical related objects; 530 (6.03%) energy group items (coal, coal ash, slag, charcoal); and 96 (1.09%) non-food faunal skeletal elements.

23 20 Table 8. Blackmar-Eaton / MDS 1001 Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Phase 2 Artifact Summary Sorted by Functional Context. Functional Group Phase 2 Site Examination TU % STP % Surface % Ph II % Unidentified % % % % Food Related % % % 1, % Food Remains % % % % Architectural 2, % 1, % 2, % 6, % Hygiene/Medicinal % % % % Household/Furnishing % % % % Clothing % % % % Personal/Amusement % % % % Lighting/Electrical % % % % Tools/Arms % % % % Smoking % % % % Misc. Modern % % % % Transportation/Mechanical % % % % Energy % % % % Non-Food Faunal % % % % Prehistoric % % % % Total: 3, % 2, % 2, % 8, % Artifacts were unevenly distributed horizontally throughout the project area. A high density artifact concentration was observed within the site s southwest quadrant, in the area located between the western boundary line of Lot 68B2 (6/7) and Zoar Valley Road. Though a dense concentration in this area was noted in A P -, B21-, B22- and B23-Horizon soils, the majority of associated artifacts were recovered from the plough-zone, and to a lesser extent, B21-Horizon subsoil and historic fill soils. Furthermore, all artifacts identified in B21-, B22- and B23- Horizon soils and in second strata fill soils were found in the Blackmar-Eaton site s southwest corner. In addition, six (6) historic features were also recovered during the Phase 2 Site Examination. Features 1, 2, 4 and 5 were identified as posthole/post-molds. Identified as postholes, Features 1 and 2 were located near the site Zoar Valley Road frontage in TU 5, at the transition between Ap- and B21-Horizon soils. Nine (9) artifacts were recovered from Feature 1, while only a single (1) artifact was recovered from Feature 2, all of which were identified as charcoal. Features 4 and 5 were located along the site s western property line, within TU 6. Both features, also identified as postholes, were found at the transition between B21- and B22-Horizon soils. Both of these features were positioned just outside of Feature 3, a deeply buried pit midden/privy feature. It is yet not clear how Features 3, 4 and 5 are related, though it is possible that the former posts were part of a small outbuilding associated with the pit. Feature 6 was the only historic feature located outside of the high density scatter, in the northwestern corner of the project area, and was identified as the fully articulated skeleton of a juvenile pig (Sus scrofa). No evidence of butchery or gnaw marks were observed, suggesting that the animal may have been diseased, killed by dogs, or intentionally buried as a pet.

24 Figure 9. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Phase 2 Site Limits showing test unit and shovel test pit locations 21

25 22 Site Descriptions Individual site descriptions are presented below for the three sites where Phase 3 work is proposed: the prehistoric Dorothy Scott 1 (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) and Dorothy Scott 4 (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) sites, and the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). The site descriptions are based on the results of the Phase 1 and 2 excavations. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Context. Temporally diagnostic evidence associated with the Scott 1 site indicates it represents a Meadowood Phase occupation dating to the Early Woodland period (circa BP). The results of the Phase 2 site examination indicate the Scott 1 site has provided important information about the prehistoric occupation of the Cattaraugus Creek valley and the Allegheny Plateau during this period. Sites of this age are more numerous on parts of the Erie lake plain region of western New York and relatively few have been recorded in upland settings. The Scott 6 site (UB 3725) is the nearest Meadowood period site to the Scott 1 site. This projectile point findspot is located on similar well drained soils, about 200 m (656 ft) west of the Scott 1 site limits. The two sites may be associated. Elsewhere in the Construction Section 5 project area, the Miller 1 site yielded evidence of an Early Woodland occupation. This artifact findspot is located on well drained soils in a rolling plain setting similar to that of the Scott 1 and 6 sites. There is little specific knowledge of the subsistence and settlement strategies employed on small, upland sites of the Early Woodland period. Previous investigations of sites dating to this period in the Allegheny Plateau are limited in both number and scope. Elsewhere in the plateau region of southwestern New York, a small number of Meadowood sites are recorded along the Allegheny River and Conewango Creek valleys to the south. Nearer to the Scott 1 site, the SUNY Buffalo site files lists only four previously recorded Meadowood sites in the Cattaraugus Creek valley. Three lie about 10 km (6 mi) upstream from the Scott 1 site, while the fourth lies downstream. Site Size / Site Limits. Given its plowed field setting, the horizontal limits of the Scott 1 are defined by the Phase 1 and 2 surface inspections, as well as shovel test pits and test unit excavations. The results of the Phase 2 investigations increased the Scott 1 site limits to encompass a 100x180 m (328x590 ft) area (Figures 6-7). The Phase 1 work had earlier indicated that the site extended over a 65x100 m (213x328 ft) area with a moderately dense 20x40 m (66x122 ft) core. The results of the Phase 2 surface inspection indicated that the size of the core area corresponds well with the Phase 1 work. The second surface inspection recovered material from a slightly smaller 20x35 m (66x115 ft) area. The expanded site limits also includes scattered finds throughout the 100x180 m (328x590 ft) area, as well as a several small clusters of findspots consisting of just a few finds. The site s vertical limits are defined by the results of the Phase 1 and 2 shovel test pits and the Phase 2 test units (Appendix B: Tables 37-38). These data indicate most prehistoric finds occur in the upper part of the soil profile corresponding to the Ap-horizon or plowzone. The excavation profiles indicate this level is a relatively uniform 30 cm (12 in) deep across the site. The few flakes recovered in the deeper parts of the B-horizon are associated with the prehistoric feature and/or rodent disturbances. No evidence of either a buried or a partially formed A-horizon was observed in any of the excavations. Integrity. The primary disturbance to site deposits is the effects of repeated plowing. Much of the prehistoric assemblage was recovered from the upper part of the soil profile representing to the Ap-horizon plowzone. This stratum is a uniform 30 cm (12 in) across the site. Prehistoric artifacts were recovered from below the plowzone in four of the test units. None were found in this level during the Phase 1 investigations. A relatively small number of these finds are associated with Feature 5, the pit feature recorded in TU 31. Elsewhere, nearly all of the remaining prehistoric artifacts recovered from below the plowzone were found in association with a soil anomaly observed in TUs 25 and 29, part of which is a sinuous rodent disturbance. This material includes a biface fragment and most of the burnt flakes recovered by the Phase 2 investigations. The soil anomaly extends into an unexcavated area to the north. Further investigation of this location may provide insights as to its origin and function. Two flakes were recovered from the subsoil of the block excavation at TUs , while a single flake was reported in TU 19.

26 23 Artifact Summary. The Phase 1 and 2 excavations recovered 682 artifacts, not including the material, mostly micro-flakes, found through flotation processing of feature soil samples. The assemblage includes formal tools such as a Meadowood projectile point fragment, an intact drill, five bifaces and seven flake tools such as scrapers. Expedient tools are represented by 38 utilized flakes. A quarry blank was also recovered indicating possible source of some of these lithics. The remainder of the finds are characterized as debitage. Features. Two prehistoric features, and several soil anomalies possibly representing features, were documented by the Phase 2 study. None were recorded by the Phase 1 fieldwork. Plowzone soils across the site have disturbed the upper part of the soil profile to depth of approximately 30 cm (12 in). Consequently, only the lower parts of features remain intact. Features were identified in Test Units 27 and 31. The first indication that this location was sensitive was the relatively large numbers of flakes recovered in the plowzone soils of both test units. Stains were noted at the Ap/Bhorizon interface. A probable post-mold (Feature 3) was observed in the northeast quadrant, and a pit (Feature 5) was partly exposed in the northwest corner of the TU 27 excavation. A sample of charred material from Feature 5 was submitted and yielded a radiocarbon date of /- 40 years BP. Two soil anomalies possibly of prehistoric origin were also investigated. Both are shallow 3-5 cm (1-2 in) deep stains (Features 1-2) were recorded just below the plowzone in the block excavation at TUs Feature 1 lacked any internal structure and consisted of mottled areas of dark brown soil with small amounts of ash and charcoal. The silty sand feature fill contained much less gravel than the surrounding subsoil. Feature 2 is a somewhat large area just below the plowzone. It did not become apparent until TU 13 had been excavated. Like Feature 1, it was shallow and lacked internal structure. Significance. The site is significant because it presents considerable data recovery and research opportunities afforded by high artifact density and diversity, feature potential and good site integrity. The prehistoric feature documented thus far indicates the site retains a degree of subsurface integrity. The presence of several tool types is evidence of variety of functions occurred here and the feature evidence is likely an indication the site was occupied for at least a short duration. Little is known specifically about the Early Woodland occupation of the uplands of southwestern New York and its associated subsistence strategies, settlement patterns and social organization. The data from the Scott 1site provides some initial insights into this period. While there are some larger and better documented Early Woodland sites elsewhere in western New York, the role of the small Scott 1 site in a regional context is not clearly understood. The Phase 1 and 2 work conducted to date provides data from a professionally excavated context in a region where relatively few such studies have been completed. In addition to the remaining portion of Feature 5 in TU 31, other parts of the site not yet studied are likely to yield additional artifacts and preserved features. This potentially includes Features 1 and 2 and in TUs and the soil anomaly in TUs Such evidence could contribute significantly to our understanding of prehistoric subsistence, settlement and technology in the uplands of southwestern New York. Further investigations will help determine the relationship between the Meadowood sites in this region and those on the Erie-Ontario lake plain, the Genesee River valley and the other regions of the Northeast.

27 24 Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Context. Temporally diagnostic evidence associated with the Scott 4 site indicates it represents a Vosburg Phase occupation dating to the Late Archaic period (circa BP). The results of the Phase 2 site examination indicate the site has provided important information about the prehistoric occupation of the Cattaraugus Creek valley and the Allegheny Plateau during this period. Few sites of this age have been recorded in western New York. There is little specific knowledge of the subsistence and settlement strategies employed on small, upland sites of this early phase of the Late Archaic period. Previous investigations of sites elsewhere dating to this period are limited. There are no settlement pattern models for western New York that focus specifically on Late Archaic sites in the Allegany Plateau uplands. The site appears to be a small resource gathering/processing site associated with a hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy. Settlement pattern models suggest such sites often occur in areas where deer congregate in the winter, as well as on the drier soils preferred by the trees that produce nuts. Oak groves were favored locations given that they provided food for both prehistoric peoples, as well as their game animals. The well drained setting of the Scott 4 site is consistent with this description. Such soils might be associated with nut bearing trees like red oaks, as well as black cherry and sugar maple, but there is no evidence to suggest what season the site may have been occupied. Site Size / Site Limits. Given its plowed field setting, the horizontal limits of the Scott 4 are defined by the Phase 1 and 2 surface inspections, as well as shovel test pits and test unit excavations. The results of the Phase 2 investigations increased the Scott 4 site limits to encompass about 10x10 m (33x33 ft). It was initially identified by a single flake (FN 13) found on the surface of a plowed field during the Phase 1 investigations. Additional two additional finds were made in two Phase 1 shovel test pits. Phase 2 finds were recovered on the ground surface and in both shovel test pits and test unit excavations. The site s vertical limits are defined by the results of the Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. All the prehistoric finds from the Scott 4 site were recovered from the plowzone soils, except for a single flake recorded in the uppermost part of the subsoil of TU 5 at the interface with the plowzone. The plowzone is typically 30 cm (12 in) deep, but reached as much as 40 cm (16 in) in some areas. Integrity. The primary disturbance to site deposits are the effects of repeated plowing. Nearly all of the prehistoric assemblage was recovered from the upper part of the soil profile representing to the Ap-horizon plowzone. This stratum is a uniform cm (12-16 in) across the site. Artifact Summary. The Phase 1 and 2 excavations of the Scott 4 site recovered 23 lithic artifacts. No other artifact types were recovered. Although small, the assemblage consists of three formal tool fragments; a biface, an awl/drill and a Late Archaic period Vosburg projectile point (ca BP). Expedient tools include three utilized flakes. The remainder of the assemblage is comprised of 17 unmodified flakes and flake fragments. Features. No evidence of prehistoric features was encountered at the Scott 4 site during the Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. While the site s small assemblage might suggests it represents an ephemeral occupation, the presence of at least three tool types suggests a range of activities occurred here and implies it may have been occupied for a sufficient period of time to have created features not yet identified. While some Late Archaic features, such as pits and postmolds, might be difficult to recognize given the length of time they have weathered, others such as hearths with charcoal or other evidence of burning may still be evident. Only a small part of the site has been sampled by the Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. Exposure of broad areas around the tool and debitage findspots would increase the likelihood of detecting such features should additional investigations be conducted. Because this location has been used for agricultural purposes since the mid-nineteenth century, the effects of plowing makes it less likely that shallow features will be preserved.

28 25 Significance. The Phase 1 and 2 investigations of the Scott 4 site revealed that this small site has the potential to make important contributions towards understanding the prehistory of the Cattaraugus Creek valley and the uplands of southwestern New York. Despite its small assemblage, finds include temporally diagnostic evidence in the form of a Vosburg projectile point dating to the Late Archaic period (circa ). Its presence suggests the site is associated with hunting. A biface and an awl/drill found at the site are further evidence of other types of activities occurring there. These finds are indications the site s general function is associated with the extraction and processing of resources in this environmental niche. The small nature of the Scott 4 site suggests it was briefly occupied. As a single component site, it has greater research potential. The Scott 4 site represents a spatially discrete area of prehistoric occupation whose interpretation is not complicated with evidence of multiple occupations. As such, it offers important insights into the prehistoric settlement patterns and subsistence strategies of its prehistoric occupants. While no preserved features were documented, the recovery of at least one find in the uppermost part of the undisturbed soil suggests parts of the site might remain intact. The Phase 1 and 2 work at the Scott 4 represents an important contribution to the understanding of regional prehistory. Few sites dating to the early phase of the Late Archaic period have been studied. A sufficient portion of the Scott 4 site has been examined to demonstrate its research potential. The work completed to date indicates that further investigations are likely to produce additional useful data. The knowledge already gained from the Scott 4 site will gain greater importance when synthesized with knowledge of similar sites elsewhere. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) Context. Two discrete historic occupation periods and associated archaeological materials have been identified at the Blackmar Eaton (MDS 1001) site. The first occupation period (c ) is associated with the Blackmar, McLean and Darling Tenancies. During this period, the site was owned by two different landlords, Lester Brace (c ), and William W. Blackmar (c ). In addition to being the second landowner, Blackmar was also the first recorded tenant of MDS 1001, which was likely built at this time. The 2002 orthographic site photo revealed a rectangular shaped soil-mark located over 5 m (16 ft) from the shoulder of Zoar Valley road. The feature is oriented parallel to the road and measures 5 x 12 m (16 x 39 ft). Based on the size, shape and position of this soil-mark, it is likely representative of the former location of MDS Blackmar and his family occupied MDS 1001 until some time prior to The second documented occupation is associated with James McKinney and his family, between c.1850 and In 1853, the former tenant, William W. Blackmar, purchased Lot 68B2 (6/7) and maintained it as rental farmstead. The 1855 federal census shows that MDS 1001 was rented to a widow, Emiline Darling, her children and several of her younger siblings. Archaeological evidence for the first occupation period was recovered from B 21- and B 22-Horizon soils, several historic fill layers, and Feature 6. Artifacts recovered from these layers are diagnostic of a mid-19 th century site, and are relatively older than period 2 deposits (Austin, et. al 2005). Artifacts associated with the first occupation period were unevenly distributed throughout the site (Figure 10). Several moderate to high density concentrations were identified, including a dense sheet midden containing 200 +/- artifacts found in the area surrounding Feature 3, a deep pit midden associated with the second occupation period. Additional moderate density deposits ( /- artifacts) were identified along the site s western property line. An additional moderate density deposit (50 +/- artifacts) was recovered in the sites northeast corner in association with Feature 6, an articulated pig skeleton. A moderate to low density broadcast scatter was also observed along the site s southern road frontage and eastern property line. The second occupation period (c ) is associated with the Eaton and Oakes tenancies. In 1857, Blackmar sold the property to his nephew, Luzerne Eaton. At this time, it is postulated that several of the older agricultural buildings associated with the first occupation period tenancy were razed, as the site s function changed from a tenant farm to a retirement home for Luzerne s parents, Elisha and Betsey Eaton. The Eaton family had owned and resided at the adjacent farmstead (Structure 1007) located immediately east of MDS 1001, since In 1851, Luzerne acquired the family s farmstead, including the Structure 1007 lot, and by 1857, had taken over the operation of the family farm. It is likely that Luzerne purchased the MDS 1001 property in order to creating additional space for his growing family. During this period, that Luzerne, his wife and children lived at the main

29 26 farmhouse, Structure 1007, while his aging mother and father resided next door at MDS 1001 within a secondary domestic residence for his parents (USBC 1860, 1870). Similar land tenure patterns of co-generational domestic occupation have been documented in 19 th century farmstead contexts elsewhere in western of New York and western Pennsylvania (Austin et. al 2005; Rotenstein 1995). Luzerne Eaton left Structure 1007 during the first part of the 1870s, Elisha stayed at MDS 1001/Structure 1007 until some time prior to 1880, when he and his wife moved in with their son Luzerne and his family who at this time were residing just north of the Village of Springville. Following his Elisha s death in 1881, Luzerne sold all of his family s former land holdings associated with the Structure 1007 farm complex, including MDS 1001, to his son-inlaw Walter J. Allen, who worked as a grocer and druggist at a local store. Neither Allen nor his family ever lived at the site, and instead rented-out both residential structures. During the 1880s and 1890s, MDS 1001 was rented to Hyam Oaks, a farm laborer, his wife Caroline and their two daughters. Allen sold the property to Hannah McAleese in 1882, who moved into Structure 1007 (USDC 1892), though continued to rent MDS 1001 to Oaks. In 1896, McAleese sold the Structure 1007 / MDS 1001 farmstead complex to Elizabeth Shead. No documentary evidence could be found for any occupation at MDS 1001 after Though no exact date for the structure s razing could be found, it is likely to have occurred prior to For ease of description, an arbitrary razing date of 1900 has been assigned until more specific information becomes available. In 1903, Shead sold the property to William S. Hufstader, who is known to have arrived at the site with his family by at least The Hufstader residence is depicted in the location of MDS 1001 on the 1909 New Century Atlas map of the Town of Concord, while Structure 1007 is now missing. Based on aerial photographs taken during the 1920s, it is likely that the structure described within the project area is actually located within the neighboring Lot 7 (6/6), and corresponds to Structure 1007, as no visible traces of MDS 1001 can be observed within the site property. No documentary evidence for the Hufstader family can be found after By 1951, the entire Lot 68B2 (6/7) property was being utilized as cultivated land. Currently, the property planted in maize. Archaeological evidence of the second occupation period was identified within Ap-Horizon soils and Features 1, 2 and 3. Artifacts recovered from the Ap-Horizon soils revealed dense architectural debris along the sites western property line, near the site s Zoar Valley road frontage (Figure 11). While it was initially assumed that this dense (1000+) artifact deposit was evidence for MDS 1001 razing debris, the identification of a ghost foundation near the sites eastern property line suggests otherwise; it would appear that the dense concentration is located too far away from the foundation to be contextually associated. Another interpretation for the high density scatter suggests that it is related to the removal of agricultural outbuildings when the site was converted into a secondary domestic residence. Following their destruction, the area was likely used as the primary refuse disposal area for inhabitants of MDS A moderate to low (15 to 50 +/- artifacts) sheet midden deposit was identified outside of the dense concentration zone, and includes artifacts discarded during household production and refuse disposal related activities. Features 1 and 2 were identified in a position just behind the ghost foundation, suggesting that the two may be contextually related. It is possible that these posthole features are associated with a semi-permanent outbuilding or fence located immediately behind MDS Feature 3 was identified cut into Ap-, B21- and B22- horizons within the high density artifact scatter. Feature 3 is deep pit midden that contained artifacts diagnostic of late 19 th century household debris. While it is possible that Feature 3 is a garbage disposal pit, it is possible that a privy was once located at this position. This interpretation is likely based on Feature 3 s position near the western margins of the MDS 1001 house-lot / Structure 1007 complex, and was associated with the high density sheet midden refuse disposal area.

30 Figure 10. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): First Occupation Period Artifact Density Distribution (Blackmar, McKinney, & Darling Tenancies, c ). 27

31 Figure 11. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Second Occupation Period Artifact Density Distribution (Eaton & Oaks tenancies, c ). 28

32 29 Site Size / Limits. The majority of archaeological deposits associated with the Blackmar-Eaton Site are located within the Town of Concord (MCD 02910), Erie County, New York. A small section located on the eastern end of the site is situated just within the village limits of Springville (MCD 02957). The Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site limits were revised between Phase 1 and phase 2. Whereas in the Phase 1 site limits extended west, past project limits into Lot 68 B1, testing conducted during the Phase 2 results re-defined the site limits as ending at the Lot 68 B2 property line. The revised site limits lie between 10 and 90 m (33 and 295 ft) north of the Zoar Valley Road centerline, with the northern project area limits running parallel to the north boundary line of Lot 68. The project area lies approximately 485 m (1591 ft) west of the existing alignment of US Route 219 and is located entirely within the Construction Section 5 project area. Integrity. The majority of site soils were deemed to be relatively intact, despite the effects of plow-mixing compromised the integrity of A P -Horizon micro-stratigraphy. It also appears that B21-Horizon soils may have also been affected by deep plowing. Historic artifacts were recovered from A P -Horizon soils, though lesser amounts were found within the B21-, B22- and B23-horizons. Six archaeological features were also identified within natural horizon soils. Though accurate archaeological dates could not be calculated for B22-, B23-, Fill- and buried A P - Horizon soils due to small sample size, both A P - and B21-Horizion assemblages yielded mid-nineteenth century dates. Furthermore, artifacts found within the B21-Horizon assemblage were relatively older mean production date than those found within plowzone contexts, the existence of two distinct occupational contexts. Historic fill soils were observed in the site s southwest corner and along the western property line, and may represent disturbances caused by the demolition of agricultural outbuildings associated MDS 1001 during the initial years of the second occupation period (c.1857+/-). These historic disturbances do not detract from the site s integrity, but add to our understanding of mid 19 th century land use practices. Modern disturbances were observed along the Zoar Valley Road frontage, within 5 m (16 ft) of the pavement s edge, and therefore this area has been assigned a moderate integrity. However, because the majority of site deposits were found north of the road, it is unlikely that this disturbance negatively impacts the overall site s subsurface integrity. Artifact Summary. A combined total of 11,127 artifacts have been recovered during Phase 1B and Phase 2 archaeological testing at the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site, including 919 artifacts from deposits associated with the sites first occupation period (c ; Table 9) and 10,208 artifacts from the sites second occupation period (c ; Table 10). Table 9. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site First Occupation Period Artifact Summary (c ). Functional Group Occupation Period I Artifacts B21-Horizon B22-Horizon Feature 6 Fill Levs Total % 0 Unidentified % 1 Food Related % 2 Food Remains % 3 Architectural % 4 Hygiene/Medicinal % 5 Household/Furnishing % 6 Clothing % 7 Personal/Amusement % 8 Lighting/Electrical % 9 Tools/Arms % 10 Smoking % 11 Misc. Modern % 12 Transportation/Mechanical % 13 Energy % 14 Non-Food Faunal % 15 Prehistoric % Total: %

33 30 A total of 909 artifacts associated with the first occupation period were recovered in several discrete stratigraphic contexts, including B21- and B22-Horizon soils, Feature 6, and several historic fill deposits (Table 9). The assemblage includes: 20 (2.20%) unidentified items, 84 (9.24 %) food related artifacts; 49 (5.39%) food remains ecofacts; 520 (57.21%) architectural related artifacts; 1 (0.11%) clothing related artifacts; 1 (0.11%) transportation/mechanical object; 174 (19.14%) energy group items; and 60 (6.60%) non-food faunal ecofacts (Feature 6 buried pig). No hygiene/medicinal, household/furnishing, personal/amusement, lighting/electrical, smoking, miscellaneous modern or prehistoric artifacts were recovered. Table 10. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site Second Occupation Period Artifact Summary (c ). Functional Group Occupation Period II Artifacts Ap-Horizon Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3 Total % 0 Unidentified % 1 Food Related 1, , % 2 Food Remains % 3 Architectural 7, , % 4 Hygiene/Medicinal % 5 Household/Furnishing % 6 Clothing % 7 Personal/Amusement % 8 Lighting/Electrical % 9 Tools/Arms % 10 Smoking % 11 Misc. Modern % 12 Transportation/Mechanical % 13 Energy % 14 Non-Food Faunal % 15 Prehistoric % Total: 9, , % 10,218 artifacts were found within second occupation period (c ) deposits (Table 10). They include: 185 (1.81%) unidentified artifacts; 1,672 (16.38%) food related artifacts; 74 (0.72%) food remains ecofacts; 7,540 (73.86%) architectural related artifacts; 1 (0.01%) household/furnishing item; 8 (0.08%) clothing related artifacts; 5 (0.05%) personal/amusement related objects; 16 (0.16%) tobacco smoking items; 201 (1.97%) miscellaneous modern artifacts; 77 (0.75%) transportation/mechanical objects; 394 (3.86%) energy group items; and 36 (0.35%) non-food faunal ecofacts. No Hygiene/medicinal or Prehistoric artifacts were recovered. Features. Six (6) historic features were also recovered during the Phase 2 Site Examination. Features 1, 2, 4 and 5 were identified as posthole/post-molds. Identified as postholes, Features 1 and 2 were located near the site Zoar Valley Road frontage in TU 5. Both features were found at the transition between Ap- and B21-Horizon soils, and are associated with the second occupation period. Nine (9) artifacts were recovered from Feature 1, while only a single (1) artifact was recovered from Feature 2, all of which were identified as charcoal. Features 4 and 5 were located along the site s western property line within TU 6. Both features, also identified as postholes, were found at the transition between B21- and B22-Horizon soils, and are associated with the site s first occupation period. Both features were located next to Feature 3, a deeply buried pit midden/privy feature. It possible that the former posts were part of a small outbuilding associated with the pit. Feature 6 was located in STP 8.13/TU1 in the site s northwestern corner of the project area, within B21 horizon soils. This unusual feature identified as the fully articulated skeleton of a juvenile pig (Sus scrofa). No evidence of butchery or gnaw marks were observed, suggesting that the animal may have been diseased, killed by dogs, or perhaps was a revered family pet.

34 Significance. The site is significant because it presents considerable data recovery and research opportunities afforded by high artifact density, feature potential and integrity, and multiple historical components combined with good contextual information. Historic features are attributable to specific time periods and functional contexts. Historical deposits identified at the Blackmar-Eaton site have the potential to yield knowledge regarding the development of rural western New York farm sites, consumer behavior and agricultural change during the mid to late 19 th century. 31

35 32 Data Potential The data potential of the three sites where Phase 3 work is proposed is presented below. The sites include the prehistoric Dorothy Scott 1 (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) and Dorothy Scott 4 (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) sites, and the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). Each site s potential is considered based on the results of the Phase 1 and 2 excavations. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) The Scott 1 site has the potential to yield additional important information on the prehistoric occupation of southwestern New York. A sufficient portion of the site has been examined and documented to indicate it retains many research opportunities. While the archaeological potential of the deposits is well understood, future research will involve further manipulation of these data and comparison with new data sets acquired from additional excavations. This body of knowledge will be used to better understand the site s role at the local and regional levels. Knowledge already gained from the study of the relatively small Scott 1 site provides important insights into these research topics. However, these data will assume greater importance when they can be combined with the results of future studies in the region. In addition to high densities of lithic debitage, the site will likely yield formal tools and other diagnostic artifacts yielding information on reduction techniques, raw material exploitation patterns and the like. These data can be used to conduct problem-oriented research relating to the reconstruction of prehistoric environments and life ways. More importantly, data likely exists in the form of floral and faunal remains in features, along with their temporal and spatial relationships and condition. Data from the site may allow for improved chronological control over important prehistoric cultural developments in the Cattaraugus Creek watershed, and elsewhere in the region. Chronology. The Scott 1 site has the potential to yield chronological data from a number of sources. Stylistic and formal attributes of lithic artifacts can provide temporal data. It is possible this Early Woodland site may also yield ceramics. An important source of data likely to encountered are additional preserved cultural features within in the B-horizon soils. It may be possible to collection more floral remains, most likely wood charcoal, with which to obtain conventional radiocarbon age estimates. This will compliment the previous AMS date and can aid in establishing a chronological framework for the site s deposits not yielding temporal data. More direct age associations can be obtained by subjecting carbon encrustation from ceramic vessels should such data be encountered. Such evidence would be obtained by using the Accelerator/Mass Spectrometry (AMS) techniques. Another possible source of dating the site would be small fragments of annual food plants obtained in a feature context. This material can also be subjected to AMS dating techniques. These data would provide firm dates for establishing the when the site was occupied and would be considered more reliable than dates obtained from wood charcoal that may be decades old when it was collected and used prehistorically. Subsistence and Settlement Patterns. The Scott 1 site has the potential to provide additional subsistence and settlement data from the contents of preserved subsurface features. In conjunction with chronological data, subsistence and settlement data as obtained from features will allow for substantial improvements in understanding prehistoric occupation in the Cattaraugus Creek watershed. The Scott 1 site is expected to reflect the subsistence and settlement patterns of an upland Early Woodland site. Studying these data will allow for refinements of local and regional models of prehistoric culture. Data will be obtained through flotation sampling of feature fill, and through the study of feature morphology and contents. The presence of a preserved identified by the Phase 2 excavations suggests others may present. Functional interpretations of features will allow for categories of features (storage pits, hearths, post molds, etc.) to be compared in terms of spatial and material relationships. The material evidence contained within features, such as food remains and stone tools, represent data with greater research potential. Data will be analyzed in an attempt to group artifacts and feature concentrations to ascertain the occupational history and use of the site. These data would also facilitate comparison with other sites in the region.

36 33 Lithics. Lithic data is present at the Scott 1 site in the form of chipped stone tools and debitage. These data are important for preliminary chronological assessments and interpretations of site deposits. They form the basis of many research questions pertinent to the site with respect to chronology, site function and technological strategies. Data pertaining to the organization of chipped stone tool technologies in association with this Early Woodland site will be obtained through the analysis of tools and debitage attributes. Food gathering and production techniques, as well as dietary issues, can be addressed through the study of tools if such evidence is encountered. Artifact frequencies, distributions and use-wear patterns on utilized artifacts represent sources of information for making interpretations of site function and subsistence and settlement patterns. Ceramics. Ceramics may provide considerable data pertinent to the study of prehistoric technology, food production, settlement patterns and social organization. Although no ceramics were recovered by the Phase 1 and 2 excavations, the Early Woodland period Scott 1 site has the potential to yield such evidence. However, the absence of ceramics is also significant in interpreting the site s function. If recovered, ceramic data will be used in conjunction with other information from the site to enhance and refine knowledge of the site. Ceramic artifacts can be considered in terms of technology, function and style. Technological aspects include manufacture techniques (i.e. coil manufactured vs. paddle-and-anvil technique), paste composition and surface treatment (i.e. cord-marked vs. smooth). The function and importance of ceramic technology in relation to other aspects of food production and settlement patterns can be studied through comparative analysis of vessel size, use-wear marks and, perhaps, through chemical characterization studies of encrustations on vessels. Stylistic data could be obtained through vessel form and attribute analyses of decorations on sherds.

37 34 Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) The Scott 4 site has the potential to yield additional important information on the prehistoric occupation of southwestern New York. A sufficient portion of the site has been examined and documented to indicate it offers additional research opportunities. While the archaeological potential of the deposits is well documented, future research will involve further manipulation of these data and comparison with new data sets acquired from additional excavations. This body of knowledge will be used to further understand the site s role at local and regional levels. Knowledge already gained from the study of the relatively small Scott 4 site provides important insights into these research topics. These data will also assume greater importance when combined with the results of future studies in the region. In addition to small numbers of lithic debitage, the site will likely yield formal tools and, perhaps, other temporally or culturally diagnostic artifacts. These finds will also yield insights into lithic utilization strategies, reduction techniques and raw material exploitation patterns. These data can be used to conduct problem-oriented research relating to the reconstruction of prehistoric environments and culture. Only a small portion of the site has been examined by the Phase 1 and 2 excavations. It is unknown if preserved features remain. If they do, they would represent an important source of data, particularly if they contain floral or faunal remains. This material would help provide temporal evidence if dated, providing a chronological framework for the site and aiding in interpreting its role in prehistoric cultural developments in the Cattaraugus Creek watershed, and elsewhere in the region. Chronology. The Scott 4 site has the potential to yield chronological if additional temporally diagnostic artifacts are recovered. One projectile point was found during the Phase 2 excavations. Only a small part of the site has been sampled by the Phase 1 and 2 investigations. Although nearly all of the finds have been recovered in plowzone soils, there it is a possibility that the deeper parts of subsurface features remain intact. Those yielding wood charcoal or plant remains would be considered for radiocarbon dating. Subsistence and Settlement Patterns. The Scott 4 site has the potential to provide additional subsistence and settlement data, which in conjunction with chronological data, will allow for improvements in understanding prehistoric occupation in the Cattaraugus Creek watershed. The Scott 4 site is expected to reflect the subsistence and settlement patterns of a single component Late Archaic site in an upland setting. Studying these data will allow for refinements of local and regional models of prehistoric culture. The material evidence represented by the lithic assemblage represents data with research potential. These data will be analyzed in an attempt to identify the site s function. Should preserved features be identified, these data would provide further insights into subsistence patterns. In addition to studying feature morphology, their contents would floated to recover floral or faunal remains. Functional interpretations of features will allow for categories of features (storage pits, hearths, post molds, etc.) to be compared in terms of spatial and material relationships with the other remains from the site. Lithics. Lithic data is present at the Scott 4 site in the form of chipped stone tools and debitage. These data are important for preliminary chronological assessments and interpretations of site deposits. They form the basis of many research questions pertinent to the site with respect to chronology, site function and technological strategies. Data pertaining to the organization of chipped stone tool technologies in association with this Late Archaic site will be obtained through the analysis of tools and debitage attributes. Food gathering and production techniques, as well as dietary issues, can be addressed through the study of tools if such evidence is encountered. Artifact frequencies, distributions and use-wear patterns on utilized artifacts represent sources of information for making interpretations of site function and subsistence and settlement patterns.

38 35 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) The Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site has the potential to yield significant data for the study of historic nineteenth and early twentieth century domestic sites. Few historic farmsteads and even fewer tenant occupied farms have been examined within the local western New York region. Artifacts recovered during both Phase 1B and 2 investigations include materials related to the site s two 19 th century occupation periods, as well as to the properties eventual abandonment and re-use as a lawn area and eventually its use as an agricultural field. The site is significant because it presents considerable data recovery and research opportunities afforded by high artifact density, feature potential and integrity, and multiple historical components combined with good contextual information. Historic features are attributable to specific time periods and functional contexts. Historical deposits identified at the Blackmar-Eaton site have the potential to yield knowledge regarding the development of rural western New York farm sites during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Temporal and Functional Context. The Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site has the potential to yield data regarding the temporal and functional characteristics of nineteenth century tenant farmsteads in rural western New York over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Such information is derived from both archival and archaeological sources. There exists substantial primary and secondary source information that describes the Blackmar-Eaton site and its occupants. Primary archival sources include Erie county deed records; New York State and Federal population schedules; agricultural censuses; historic maps and atlases; as well as genealogical data and family histories. Secondary sources include late nineteenth and early twentieth century town and county histories (e.g History of the Holland Land Purchase (Turner 1849); Centennial History of Erie County (Johnson 1876); History of the Original Town of Concord (Briggs 1883); History of Buffalo & Erie County (Smith 1884); Our County and Its People: A Descriptive work on Erie County, Vol. 1 (White 1898); and Niagara Frontier: A Narrative and Documentary History (Wilner 1931). Archaeological data recovered from previous phases of investigation at the Blackmar-Eaton site also offers the potential to interpret the site s temporal-functional context. First, subsurface testing has revealed discrete artifact deposits within easily discernable stratigraphic and spatial context. Second, a wide variety of diagnostic artifact material has been recovered from these contexts, including food related items, clothing artifacts, energy related debris, architectural materials, and personal use artifacts. Not only are these artifacts diagnostic of chronology and functional usage, but also can be used as indicators of the social, economic, and cultural practices of site inhabitants, and how they changed over time. Consumer Behavior. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the development of rural farmsteads was be characterized by a general shift in the modes of rural production, wherein traditional subsistence farming methods and community-based systems of barter exchange were replaced by modern commercial farming and regional cash-based market systems (Parkerson 1995:58). Archaeological evidence recovered from the Blackmar-Eaton site can be used to examine the material aspects of the development of commercial farming and consumerism in southern Erie County, and their effect upon ethnic customs, religious values, social identities, economic strategies, personal goals and histories of the site s historic occupants.

39 36 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objective of the data recovery project is to mitigate the impact of PIN to the prehistoric Dorothy Scott 1 (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) and Dorothy Scott 4 (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) sites, and the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). Each site will be mitigated through the collection, preservation and synthesis of available data. The horizontal and vertical distribution of cultural material will be explored. Data will be collected from all parts of each site with an emphasis on finding preserved cultural feature in the B-horizon. The horizontal and vertical distribution, relationship and nature of material from each site will be studied in detail where possible. Problem-oriented research can be conducted using data from each site and this information will be integrated with knowledge gained from the study of other sites. Research objectives using the data gained from the Phase 3 investigations is discussed below for each of the three sites. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Temporally diagnostic evidence associated with the Scott 1 site indicates it represents a Meadowood Phase occupation dating to the Early Woodland period (circa BP). Generally, this period is distinguished form the previous Late Archaic period by the presence of new traits in technology (ceramic vessels and smoking pipes), subsistence strategies (early phases of agriculture), settlement patterns (increased sedentism and aggregation) and evidence of ceremonialism (burial practices). Like preceding Archaic populations, Early Woodland peoples were predominantly hunter-gatherers, but over time, they began to rely more heavily on cultigens such as curcubits and maize. Phase 3 investigations of the Scott 1 site have the potential to recover additional subsurface features capable of yielding such data. Their study will allow for further understanding of the site s function and its role in Early Woodland period subsistence and settlement patterns. There is little specific knowledge of the subsistence and settlement strategies employed on small, upland sites of the Early Woodland period. Previous investigations of sites dating to this period in the Allegheny Plateau are limited in both number and scope. Elsewhere in the plateau region of southwestern New York, a small number of Meadowood sites are recorded along the Allegheny River and Conewango Creek valleys to the south. Knowledge gained from the Scott 1 site provides an opportunity to study the relationships between Meadowood Phase sites between these major watersheds. This knowledge then allows for a regional assessment of Early Woodland settlement patterns throughout the plateau region of southwestern New York and other regions beyond. Elsewhere in western New York, Granger s 1978 study of Early Woodland settlement patterns considers two types of sites; one located on the Erie lake plain and one on the adjacent low lying uplands. He postulates a macroband/microband pattern of settlement system based on the seasonal availability of local resources. Unlike the Scott 1 site, the Riverhaven 2 site s lake plain setting supposedly represents a larger sedentary camp, occupied during the autumn, winter, and early spring. This interpretation is based on stone faunal artifacts suggesting hunting and features associated with storage and the presence of numerous smaller Meadowood sites in the vicinity. The much smaller Sinking Ponds site represents a spring/summer upland fishing camp. Granger argues that such small settlement sites (micro-band), like Sinking Ponds, were subsets of a larger Riverhaven 2 type sedentary occupation (macro-band). The Scott 1 site provides an important data set from what appears to be a micro-band site. Its research potential is increased in that it provides an upland example of this site type allowing for assessment of Granger s model using a site from elsewhere than the Erie lake plain. This comparative data will allow for refinements to the model and assess its validity to describe upland settlement patterns.

40 37 There are no settlement pattern models for western New York that focus specifically on Early Woodland sites in the Allegany Plateau uplands. However, a model advanced by Hammer (1993:74-75) is based on site locations recorded in the NYSM site files making it a useful regional study with which to begin to consider the upland setting of the Scott 1 site. It describes the Proto-Horticultural and Classic Hunting and Gathering Back Country type site (Ibid. p. 19). These small resource gathering/processing sites reflect the hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy practiced for millennia from Archaic through Middle Woodland times. Hammer hypothesizes that small upland sites associated with a hunting-gathering subsistence strategy often occur where deer congregate in the winter, as well as on drier soils preferred by nut bearing trees. Oak groves were favored locations for both prehistoric peoples, as well as their game animals. The well-drained Scott 1 site lies in such a setting. Phase 3 study of the Scott 1 site provides an opportunity to determine its function and assess Hammer s model for describing upland settlement patterns in the Allegany Plateau region of southwestern New York. Another regional settlement system study examined 20 Meadowood sites in the northern Genesee River valley, near the fringe of the plateau (Trubowitz 1977:128). Sites are located primarily on the valley slopes, and to a lesser extent on the upland divides between drainages and flood plains. This investigation revealed that the primary site type is a small camp. The occasional artifact findspot was also reported. No major Meadowood sites were documented by this large areal survey, although it is hypothesized that the nearby Scaccia site may have served as a large central habitation site in the same manner as Granger s Riverhaven 2 site. The Scaccia site possesses feature evidence, burials and a large varied assemblage reflecting a multitude of activities often only minimally represented on the small sites. The Genesee River valley evidence suggests this infrequently occurring type of large site represents a location where small groups occupying the surrounding area occasionally aggregated creating a much larger site and its associated occupational debris. Trubowitz s regional study of the Genesee River valley (1978:135) notes that four of the six Middle Woodland Adena sites identified also had Meadowood components. This suggests a continuity of subsistence strategies and settlement patterns between Early and Middle Woodland times also demonstrated at the Strickland site. In addition, the Strickland and Scott 1 sites are similar in that each possesses a core area surrounded by a low-density area of scattered findspots, including several tools. In both cases, the Meadowood projectile point fragments were recovered in the low-density area. However, the Scott 1 site differs in that the high-density artifact scatter also dates to the Early Woodland period. Phase 3 study of the Scott 1 site allows for a comparison of Early Woodland settlement patterns between these western New York regions. It will also help define the role of the Scott 3 site in the context of an upland plateau setting a southwestern New York where fewer Meadowood period sites have been recorded and studied. Ozker (1982: ) characterizes Early Woodland adaptation in the Great lakes region as a seasonal round of activities that involved the use of specialized extractive camps. Her interpretations are based on data from the Schultz site in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Material from the site appears to show evidence of recurrent, overlapping summer and fall occupations. Different frequencies of features and feature contents, chert debris and mollusk shells are used to infer seasonality. Fire cracked rock, debitage and mollusk shells all occur in large quantities at summer activity areas. The paucity of these materials and the presence of nutshell in features resulted in assigning a fall occupation to other activity areas. Given similarities in structural evidence, in the form of post mold and feature clusters, the presence of overlapping houses is inferred, and differences in artifact and feature content appear to reflect seasonal variation. Some fall activity areas have high fire cracked rock frequencies by weight; therefore, some of the fall occupied sites are interpreted as reflecting functional variation in fall subsistence tasks, possibly related to nut processing. The Scott 1 site provides an important data set to further understanding of Meadowood sites in a seasonal context. Few such sites have been documented in western New York, particularly in the uplands of southwestern New York. The Phase 3 investigations would provide such data. Knowledge of the role of the Scott 1 site in its local seasonal context also has implications for broader scale subsistence and settlement pattern models.

41 38 Comparative studies between with other regional manifestations of Early Woodland period Meadowood occupations can be conducted using data from the Scott 1 site. It shares several of the general traits described for Meadowood sites in southern Ontario (Ellis and Ferris 1990:129). These include examples of the distinctive cache blade, the distinctive side-notched point type and a preference for the use of Onondaga chert. Not surprisingly, the small, upland Scott 1 site lacks diagnostic artifact types such as Vinette 1 ceramics, gorgets and birdstones often associated with large habitation sites. The Meadowood occupations of New York, southern Ontario and the St. Lawrence River valley appear to have had close contacts and frequent interaction throughout the region (Ibid. p ). Phase 3 study of the Scott 1 site provides an important data set that will be used in studies addressing these issues. Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) The Scott 4 site dates to the Vosburg Phase of the Late Archaic period (circa BP). The presence of a Vosburg projectile point among the finds seems to indicate hunting was one of its specialized functions. The surrounding area appears to have been an attractive area for this form of resource acquisition. Nearby sites with projectile points all attest to the use of this upland area for hunting forays and its importance to a hunter-gather lifestyle. Ritchie (1980:84) considers the Vosburg Phase to be an eastern New York state manifestation of the Laurentian tradition centered in the Hudson Valley and extending into the Delaware River drainage basin and western Connecticut. It closely parallels the Brewerton Phase considered more dominant in central and western New York state. Justice (1995: , Map 50) defines the range of Vosburg points to extend from southern New England into southern Ontario and eastern Michigan, as well as including Ohio and Pennsylvania. However, Ellis and Ferris (1990: ) make no note of Vosburg points occurring in southern Ontario, but do observe that Brewerton Phase sites are well represented. The Scott 4 site represents an important data set for studying the regional manifestations of the Vosburg Phase. Its presence in western New York may be evidence of the limits of this point type. Knowledge provided by Phase 3 study of the Scott 4 site and its lithic assemblage would be important for furthering understanding of the relationship between the Vosburg and Brewerton Phases. There are no settlement pattern models for western New York that focus specifically on Late Archaic sites in the Allegany Plateau uplands. A model advanced by Hammer (1993:74-75) is based on site locations recorded in the NYSM site files describes a Proto-Horticultural and Classic Hunting and Gathering Back Country type site (Ibid. p. 19). The Scott 4 site appears to represent an example of this site type. Such small resource gathering/processing sites reflect the hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy practiced for millennia from Archaic through Middle Woodland times. Typically occurring within 200 m (656 ft) of small streams, the back country hunting and gathering site type is often found at the edges of the watersheds of large creeks or streams (Ibid. p. 71). Hammer hypothesizes that the small upland sites are associated with a hunting-gathering subsistence strategy occur in areas where deer congregate in the winter, as well as on the drier soils preferred by the trees that produce nuts. Oak groves were favored locations given that they provided food for both people and game. The well-drained setting of the Scott 4 site is consistent with this description and these soils are with nut-bearing trees like red oak, as well as black cherry and sugar maple (Owens et al. 1986:265). Presently, there is no evidence to suggest what season the Scott 4 site may have been occupied. The well drained Scott 4 site lies in such a setting. Phase 3 study of the Scott 4 site provides an opportunity to determine its function(s) and assess Hammer s model for describing upland settlement patterns in the Allegany Plateau region of southwestern New York. Extensive background research was conducted as part of the PIN programmatic agreement (Hart 1998, Hart and Sullivan 1996). This work revealed that few large-scale investigations have been previously conducted in the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York. Consequently, there is little comparative information beyond the group of sites recorded by the PIN field investigations. The relatively few sites previously recorded in this region mostly lie in a flood plain setting, rather than the upland setting such as that occupied by the Scott 4 site and the other nearby sites. As a result, most site location models, other than that by Hammer (1993) noted above, emphasize the importance of major drainages and their broad floodplains as a focus for settlement, in particular for large sites. Knowledge gained from the Scott 4 site begins to provide the basic chronological framework to describe prehistoric settlement patterns in the Cattaraugus Creek valley and other upland settings in southwestern New York.

42 39 Investigation of other portions of the Allegheny Plateau outside western New York with topography and physiography similar to the Scott 4 site, have recorded upland sites in a variety of settings. These include flat ridge tops, knolls and stream heads (Hart 1998:9). The Scott 4 site shares these locational attributes. Many settlement pattern models utilizing these data suggest that areas within m ( ft) of a water source and with less than 10-15% slopes have an increased site sensitivity. The setting of the Scott 4 site meets these criteria. It is associated with a well drained, gravelly ridge with gently sloping terrain (3-8%), about 145 m (476 ft) from the headwaters of an unnamed tributary of Spooner Creek. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) Diagnostic archival and archaeological evidence recovered from the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site indicate that it represents the core domestic area of a small tenant farmstead occupied during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In order to interpret the development of this marginal rental property, the site must be considered in terms of the local and regional context in which it existed. The Town of Concord was initially formed on March 12 th, 1812 from the town of Willink, and was composed present day towns of Concord, Collins, North Collins and Sardinia. On March 16 th, 1821, the towns of Collins and Sardinia were set off from Concord (White 1898:16-17). Initially, portions of township 6, range 6, including the Village of Springville, were included in the new town of Sardinia, though these lands eventually reverted back to Concord in The present day town of concord includes lands located within TWP 6, R6; TWP 6, R7; TWP 7, R7; and TWP 7, R 6. The first settlement within Concord was made just east of the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site, at the present day site of Springville in 1807 by Christopher Stone and John Albro, followed the next year by Samuel Cochran, Joseph Yaw and Deacon John Russell (White 1898:530; Briggs 1883:157). As compared to the northern towns of Clarence, Amherst and Buffalo, growth was slow in this upland region due to the availability of better farm lands elsewhere, limitations on the types of farming that could be practiced and the difficulties posed by underdeveloped transportation networks. The earliest road in the Town of Concord was the Genesee Road or Cattaraugus Road that ran between the eastern border of the Holland land company purchase area, running west through Wyoming county, Sardinia, Concord, North Collins and ending at a point near Lawton in the Town of Collins (Briggs 1883:174). Other early highways include: the State Road, built in 1810 from Buffalo to Olean; and Townsend Road between Springville and Boston over Townsend Hill, which served as an early mail route; During the 1820s, the first direct route between Springville and Morton s Corners was built (NY Rte. 39); and during the following decade, a road was constructed from Lot 52 (7/6) to Lot 6 (7/7), and runs over the course of present day Sharp Rd. In 1852, a plank road was constructed to Hamburg along the Eighteen-Mile Creek valley, where it connected with a plank road that ran to Buffalo (Briggs 1883:174). Roads that were constructed during the first decade of the nineteenth century spurred settlement within Springville and the surrounding countryside. Small scale industries, commercial enterprises and artisans were located in early settlements, which tended to be situated in the valleys of large drainages. These hamlets evolved into villages and became transportation hubs and focal points for local economies. The first tavern in the village was built by David Stickney in 1811, and the first store operated by J.P. Janks. The following year, Rufus Eaton built sawmill. Three years later Eaton built a gristmill with Benjamin Gardiner (White 1898:536; Briggs 1883:349). Outside the villages and hamlets, the earliest pioneers practiced subsistence agriculture with surpluses being traded in the local economy once their farms had become established. A variety of crops and animals were raised. The number of farms increased as logging, an integral part of the early economy, cleared forests opening up the landscape and turning trees into both lumber and finished wood products.

43 40 As the local lumber industry began to decline by the mid-nineteenth century, commercially inclined farmers shifted the focus of their production to more profitable agricultural ventures, including mixed husbandry, fruit, vegetables, hay and dairy products (McMurry 1997:60; Rafferty 2000:128; White 1898:375). In order to remain economically competitive, successful farmers bought additional land increase the size of their farmsteads. In order to maintain larger farms, wage laborers were often hired to alleviate some of the burden placed upon the farm household by increased production. Prior to the development of large commercial farms late nineteenth century, individual farm households were often composed of a farmer s immediate and extended family members, as well as non-related hired farm hands and servants. These non-related members of the farm economy worked, slept and ate in close contact with their employers (McMurry 1997:63). As the scale and focus of agricultural production changed, so too did the relationship between the farmer and his employees. Hired laborers were no longer paid in room and board, but rather in cash. Agrarian reformers of the period called for the creation of private family space within the home, thereby necessitating the removal of all non-family household members to separate dwelling areas for those who could afford to do so. No longer were laborers thought of as members of the household, but as employees. By the mid-nineteenth century, domestic spaces on profitable surplus based farms would have been organized to encompass both a central residential structure, as well as one or more, tenant cottages (Adams 1990:94-95). Additionally, many farmstead landscapes were modified to maximize agricultural efficiency while further decreasing strain on household members (Gates 1960:166). Such modifications included the construction of new, specialized buildings, as well as the physical re-orientation of living and working spaces within the farmstead itself (Mascia 1996:164; McMurry 1997:56-57, 95; Parkerson 1995:79). A variety of specific-use outbuildings were constructed to facilitate production, and separate cottages were constructed away from the main farm houses to house tenants and hired hands that were employed as wage laborers on the surplus farm (McMurry 1997:128). Though many profit-oriented farmers employed progressive farming tools and techniques, the region could not compete economically with mid-western agricultural production. Furthermore, much of the production, processing and packaging of agricultural products were slowly removed from farmsteads themselves. For example in the dairy industry the production of butter, cream and cheese was moved off the farmstead into small factories located in rural villages (Gibb 1990). Although the dairy industry, particularly cheese production, characterized late nineteenth century agriculture within the Town of Concord, hay production slowly increased over other forms of crops. The arrival of railroads hastened this process encouraging growth by providing access to large urban centers such as Buffalo, as well as stimulated a brief resurgence in the lumber industry as the remaining forests were cleared. On May 6 th, 1878, the Springville and Sardinia railroad was opened as a spur line of the Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia Railroad, connecting at Sardinia Junction. In 1883, the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh railroad was constructed through the Village of Springville, as a branch line from Ashford to Buffalo. Communication was also facilitated through the development of telegraph and telephone networks. The first telegraph line in Concord was constructed between Springville and Sardinia in 1880; the American Rapid Transit company began operations in Springville the following year (Briggs 1883), and the first telephone service was installed in Springville in By the onset of the twentieth century family-run subsistence and less-profitable surplus farms were consolidated into larger commercial farmsteads. Furthermore, the mechanization of agricultural tools and equipment saw a decreased demand for farm laborers. Rural areas became increasingly depopulated as large urban centers, such as Buffalo, grew rapidly. Many former agricultural fields became reforested forming the basis of a small scale lumbering industry that has survived until the present time. Mechanization and improved farming practices increased production on a large scale in other parts of the country. Farms in southwestern New York became increasingly inefficient and many either stopped farming or did it only on a limited scale. This process was accelerated by the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. Many former farmsteads became used principally as residences or tenancies. However, those owner-run farms that did survive after the war grew in size as economies of scale became an important aspect of their continued survival.

44 41 Research Topics Pertinent research topics for the three sites where Phase 3 investigations are proposed are presented below. The prehistoric Scott 1 and 4 sites are discussed together, while the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) is discussed separately. Dorothy Scott 1 (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) and Dorothy Scott 4 (NYSM 11341, UB 3643). Field, laboratory and analysis methods are designed to generate data in the individual prehistoric site contexts established above. These data will be used to conduct research in several topical areas including site formation and structure based on the horizontal and vertical distribution of artifacts and features at each site. Chronology is another major research topic that can be addressed using multiple kinds of data from both sites. The organization of prehistoric lithic and ceramic technology, subsistence practices and settlement patterns represent other topical areas that may be addressed using data from each site, and integrating these data with that from other sites in the locale and region. Analysis results will address specific local and regional research questions and improve existing models of early historic settlement in western New York, and of prehistoric culture-history, culture change and land use in the Cattaraugus Creek watershed. Results will compliment recent research conducted by the New York State Museum, the Public Archaeology Facility of SUNY at Binghamton and the SUNY at Buffalo Archaeological Survey. Site Structure. The structure of archaeological deposits at the Scott 1 and 4 sites will be determined through an examination of the horizontal and vertical distribution of cultural material (artifacts and features) in test units and trenches from across the site, as well as the results of the Phase 1 and 2 investigations. Artifact distributions in the plowzone and feature distributions in less-disturbed contexts may reveal activity areas in horizontal space. Site formation processes can be evaluated by comparing soils and stratigraphic information with artifact and feature distributions. Data from different areas of each site will be compared to identify variations in soils and stratigraphy, and in the composition of artifact and feature assemblages, particularly at the much larger Scott 1 site. The Scott 4, although relatively small, may also display such patterning. Chronology. Stylistic and typological analyses of lithic artifacts from both the Scott 1 and 4 sites will provide a means of integrating material from each site with existing artifact analyses and models of regional culture-history. Such studies will also be undertaken should ceramics be recovered from the Early Woodland period Scott 1 site. To augment typological artifact analyses, and to refine existing models, radiocarbon dates will be obtained from material recovered from reliable archaeological contexts in association with artifacts and features. These will be used to establish dates of deposition for different features and associated cultural horizons. C14 dates will be obtained from carbonized floral remains in association with diagnostic stone tool and ceramic forms where possible. To enhance the accuracy of age estimates of occupations at the site, AMS C14 dates may be obtained from ceramic encrustations and annual plants if available. The presence of intact subsurface features at the Scott 1 suggests it has the potential to yield such data during the Phase 3 investigations. The limited work conducted at the Scott 4 site has not revealed such data, but there is still the potential for it to occur. Organization of Lithic and Ceramic Technology. Information about the manufacture and use of stone tools (and ceramic vessels if available) from each prehistoric site will be used to address questions related to subsistence, settlement patterns and site function for the specific cultures and time periods represented. These topics will be addressed through the analysis of lithic raw material management and lithic production strategies and, if possible, ceramic production, design and decoration techniques. Stone tool production will be studied through the analysis of formal tools and debitage. Raw material management will be studied by combining tool and debitage analysis results with source identification for the raw chert used at the site. The analysis may involve assessing the availability secondary chert deposits in the Cattaraugus Creek watershed near the site area. A comprehensive debitage analysis from a technological organization perspective will be conducted (Nelson 1991, Perrelli 1998). Chipped stone tools and debitage are examined and compared to assess what lithic reduction practices were performed at the site, and how those aspects of lithic reduction and tool production represented at this site may fit with a regional, long-term view of tool production, mobility and land use.

45 42 Subsistence and Settlement. Features, assuming more are identified at the Scott 1 site, will be an important source of information about subsistence practices, settlement patterns and site function. This will also be the case should they be identified at the Scott 4 site. The study of features will allow for the isolation of activity areas and the attribution of their function. These data will be used to link information from the site with existing models of prehistoric settlement patterns. Features may provide evidence of plant use by the site s occupants. Such data provides insights into the shift to horticulture during Early Woodland period when the Scott 1 site was occupied, as well as the production of domesticates and environmental change through time. These data may make it possible to partially reconstruct the diets of particular of the site s occupants and the paleo-environment in which they lived. The primary source of material for paleobotanical analysis will be processed flotation samples from preserved features at the site. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). Field, laboratory and analysis methods are designed to generate data in the historic site contexts established above. These data will be used to conduct research in several topical areas including site formation and structure based on the horizontal and vertical distribution of artifacts and features at each site. Chronology is another research topic that can be addressed using both historical (archival) and archaeological data. Because site structure, function and chronologically are intrinsically linked to the determination of site context, all three will be discussed under the aegis of a single research question. Furthermore, agricultural change, market capitalism and the development of a consumer economy represent other topical areas that may be addressed using data from each site, and integrating these data with that from other sites in the locale and region. Analysis results will address specific local and regional research questions and improve existing models of agricultural, economic, social and cultural change in southern Erie County, New York over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Results will compliment recent research conducted by the New York State Museum, the Public Archaeology Facility of SUNY at Binghamton and the SUNY at Buffalo Archaeological Survey. Site Structure, Function and Chronology. The first research topic addresses the physical nature of archaeological deposits at the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site, as well as serves as a preface to all following historic site research topics. It considers functionally and chronologically diagnostic artifacts and features as they relate to the development of the site. All vertically and horizontally distinct archaeological deposits will be analyzed as separate contexts. Site formation processes can be evaluated by comparing soils and stratigraphic information with artifact and feature distributions. Data from the site will be examined to isolate different activity areas in the context of a working nineteenth century farmstead. Variations in artifact type distributions and features will assist in the identification of functional sub-areas of the site. Site chronology will be determined through the identification and analysis of diagnostic artifacts and landscape features combined with an examination of related historical data. Domestic ceramics will serve as the primary diagnostic artifacts, though other types of artifacts will be used whenever specific production dates can be ascertained. Mean production dates will be calculated for each functionally and spatially distinct artifact assemblage, in order to infer relative site chronology and functional-use context. Archival sources documenting the site s occupational history will then be used in conjunction with the archaeological interpretation to reconstruct the site structure and interpret taphonomy. Consumer Behavior. The purpose of the second set of research questions is to examine the consumer behavior of site occupants, as observed through material culture associated with both historic occupation periods. Though archeological deposits from several documented households are compressed into only two archaeological contexts, it is possible to track general changes in material culture usage over time, particularly with respect to differences that may be related to MDS 1001 s re-use as a secondary domestic residence during the site s second occupation period (c ). Material evidence of consumer behavior includes a range of domestic artifacts, primarily ceramic and glass items. These artifacts will be analyzed with respect to color, form, decoration and motif. Particular attention will be paid to patterns observed in each occupational assemblage, including those associated with the quantity, quality, standardization, production location and temporality of consumer goods.

46 43 This set of research questions will also compare and contrast the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site, located in southern Erie county, to the Dirschberger farmstead site (NYSM 11061; UB 3096), located in northern Erie County. Though initially occupied as an owner-operated farmstead, like Blackmar-Eaton, the Dirschberger site was also reused as a secondary domestic residence to house elderly family members. Furthermore, the Dirschberger site was occupied by individuals of Dutch and German descent who migrated to western New York from the middle-atlantic regions of Pennsylvania and New Jersey unlike the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site which was occupied by individuals of English descent from New England and Eastern New York (Austin et. al 2005; Austin, Hartner and Perrelli 2004). The comparison of the two sites will be used to study the effects of local geography and the differential development of the northern and southern portions of the county on the consumption patterns of site inhabitants. Agricultural Change. The third set of research questions examines the effects of the dynamic commercial local agricultural economy on 19 th century site inhabitants, particularly as it influenced the production, acquisition, use, modification and disposal of material culture by landlords and tenants both historic occupation periods. Material culture evidence associated with the actions of site owners include all aspects of the built environment, including the construction and destruction of buildings within the farmstead complex, and the modification of functional landscape features including, fences, yards, pastures and work areas. Materials associated with the actions of the tenants include ephemeral landscape modification related to artifact depositional patterns related to household refuse disposal, work area utilization and general site upkeep. It is also the purpose of this set of research questions to utilize both archaeological and documentary sources to examine site development over the course of the 19 th century. The analysis archival data sources include agricultural production schedules, population censuses, probate inventories, tax records, historic deeds and other documents. These records can be used to infer the degree to which site owners and tenants were involved in commercial agricultural production as well as examine their success relative to other agriculturalists and laborers elsewhere in the community and region. Furthermore, these data will be employed in order to examine the effects of socio-economic status, ethnicity, social relationships and family life cycle on archaeological materials and patterns identified for both occupation periods. Archaeological data will also be analyzed to determine the degree to which site occupants were involved in the home production of material culture, as well as to which they acquired locally produced goods and internationally manufactured consumer products. The identification of distinct artifact deposition patterns will also serve to illustrate site occupant s acceptance of progressive ideals related work area specialization and the improvement in the overall appearance of the farmhouse, outbuildings and grounds as evinced by the segregation of refuse disposal areas away from the immediate house yard, to more marginal, out-of-the way locations.

47 44 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS The methods section outlines the nature of the archaeological field, laboratory and analytical work to be performed at the prehistoric Scott 1 and 4 sites and the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site. Included are procedures for obtaining, cleaning, identifying and cataloging the materials recovered from the Phase 3 excavations. A fieldwork plan is devised to adequately sample the horizontal and vertical limits of each site. The focus of the data recovery project is the identification and recovery of artifacts from the A-horizon and intact cultural features and artifact concentrations in the B-horizon. Each site is discussed separately below. Standard archaeological methods are employed during the data recovery project as outlined by the New York Archaeological Council (NYAC 1994) and the New York State Museum (SED 2004). Standard excavation procedures include the sifting of all excavated non-flotation sample sediments through 1/4" wire mesh screens. Flotation samples will typically be un-sifted so that fragile material may remain intact. All soil horizons will be excavated separately, and material from different soil horizons will be saved separately. Arbitrary 10 cm (4 in) excavation levels will be employed to subdivide the Ap and B soil horizons. All material will be saved separately by excavation level. All potential features will be excavated separately and by internal stratigraphy where present. When encountered, features are typically bisected and the two sides are excavated separately. Some soil anomalies may be sampled in the field by screening if it is suspected they may not be cultural in origin. Both cultural features, and those considered to possibly be cultural in origin, will be excavated retaining feature fill soils for flotation processing. Feature fill sampling may occur for features yielding more than 20 liters of soil, and must occur as a matter of practicality for features containing more than 50 liters. Soil samples for flotation processing are collected from all distinguishable feature fills separately. Non-feature soil samples may be saved where artifact, charcoal or bone concentrations are encountered. Documentation of the data recovery project will include the use of standardized record-keeping form for each test unit and excavation level. The forms ensure that all relevant information is collected in a compatible format to describe every test unit, excavation level, feature and soil stain excavated or encountered during the project. Forms include information about soil conditions including feature plan view and profile documentation, soil color (Munsell and English equivalent), texture, artifact content, non-artifact inclusions, degree of disturbance, etc. Color photographs will be taken depicting the site area, all test unit profiles and feature plan views and profiles. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Test Unit Excavation. The Phase 3 investigations will include a series of test unit excavations to examine several aspect of the site s structure. Among the areas that will be examined is the low density part of the Scott 1 site identified by the Phase 2 work. This work will compliment the surface inspection results, document soil stratigraphy in these areas, ascertain if site deposits remain intact in B-horizon soils and will provide comparative data for studying intra-site patterning. The numbers and types of artifacts present in this less understood part of the site will provide important additions to those in the core of the site that has been studied more thoroughly. The low density portion of the site includes an approximately 60x900 m (200x300 ft) area surrounding the high density core and a small, outlying group of artifacts to the northwest. These few finds extend throughout an approximately 15x15 m (50x50 ft) area. Both areas will be sampled. Four to five 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) test unit excavations are proposed in the small, outlying group of finds. This represents about a 1% sample of this area. Work in the portion of the diffuse scatter surrounding the high density core will include about 15 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) excavations. This level of work is sufficient to sample this area on a 15 m (50 ft) grid with five test units reserved to examine areas of interest. Combined with surface inspection data, these results are expected to characterize this part of the site. Subsurface testing will also be conducted in the high density core of the Scott 1 site. This work will compliment the Phase 2 work that focused on this part of the site. Among the goals of the test unit excavations will be to examine the parts of the core not previously examined, particularly in the northern portion. These excavations will also investigate areas near several prehistoric features and soil anomalies identified by the Phase 2 investigations. In particular, controlled excavations will be conducted around the pit feature (Feature 5) that yielded a radiocarbon date of 2480 years BP +/- 80. The test units will maximize the recovery of any tools or debitage that

48 45 may be present in nearby plowzone soils, which although disturbed by tilling, are expected to retain sufficient integrity to provide important data about intra-site patterning. Block excavations in these areas will also provide a controlled means of revealing and identifying other features, including the remaining portion of Feature 5 not previously excavated. It is probable that other features would be encountered providing important data to aid in interpreting the site. The Phase 1 and 2 surface inspections revealed the core area to measure about 20x40 m (66x122 ft). A 5% sample of this area would require the excavation of 40 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) test units. These would be combined in block excavations where appropriate to sufficiently examine areas of interest. Mechanical Soil Stripping. Following controlled test unit excavation procedures, the final step to be undertaken during data recovery is to strip off the plow-zone over large parts of the site. The goal of this procedure is to expose the surface of the B-horizon in an attempt to locate subsurface features not previously identified by the test unit excavations. These procedures will sample different parts of the site. Because intact features are known to occur in the core area of the Scott 1 site, and others are expected to be encountered there, the mechanical stripping will expose as much of this area as possible. The stripping will also sample parts of the diffuse scatter to determine if any subsurface remains are present in those parts of the site. This will be accomplished by mechanically stripping the A-horizon soil from a series of eight (8) 5x30 m (16x100 ft) trenches that begin in the high density part of the site and radiate outward to low density areas like spokes of a wheel. Larger blocks of the low density parts of the site may also be stripped. Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork did not adequately sample the lower part of the soil profile in these areas. Results of the Phase 3 test unit excavations will provide a means of selecting additional areas to be mechanically stripped. Examination of these areas is important for establishing the relationship between features and artifact scatters and understanding the site s structure. This is particularly important for the Scott 1 site as the site structure seems to suggest the presence of activity areas surrounding the core part of the site. If features are located by soil stripping, they will be excavated separately and by internal stratigraphy where present. Features will typically be bisected, with one half of the soil sifted and saved as a flotation sample, and the other side saved un-sifted also for flotation. Laboratory Methods. Artifacts and soil samples will be returned to the Archaeological Survey laboratory, SUNY at Buffalo in labeled bags according to provenience assignment and date of excavation. Artifacts and other potential cultural material will be separated into categories for processing. Ceramics, chipped stone material, utilized cobbles, fire cracked rock, charcoal and bone are treated separately. The different materials are cleaned using methods appropriate for preserving the condition of each specific material, and are stabilized for identification and analysis. Lithic artifacts include utilized cobbles, fire cracked rock (FCR) and all chipped stone tools and debitage. Lithic artifacts are soaked in tap water and cleaned with brushes prior to identification. They will be air dried and placed in plastic bags according to their provenience for storage in the lab. Ceramics are washed gently in water with occasional brushing of edges to facilitate reconstruction. Charcoal and bone is generally not washed. All original field notes, maps, photographs, lab notes and other records generated by the Phase 3 study will be stored at the Marian E. White Museum, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo. This will be done pending a determination of the final disposition of the collections in consultation with the Seneca Nation of Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office as provided for in the US Route 219 programmatic agreement. Flotation Processing. All flotation samples are air dried in the lab and dry sample volumes are measured using a graduated bucket. The samples will be processed in a Flote-Tech machine-assisted flotation system (Hunter and Gassner 1998). This device uses filtered and re-circulated water and diffused air to extract archaeo-botanical, faunal and micro-artifacts from soil samples. A light fraction sample is saved as the water and soil particles flow through a fine mesh (<1 mm) screen. A heavy fraction of material is captured in a 2 mm mesh screen as the soil particles settle in the flotation tank. Both fractions will be allowed to air dry. The light fraction will be bagged and saved for future analyses without further processing. Cobbles, pebbles and heavy geologic material will be removed from the heavy fraction and examined by hand for artifacts by hand to minimize damage to fragile material remains. All artifacts and other cultural materials recovered by flotation are analyzed according to artifact and material type.

49 46 Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Test Unit Excavation. The Phase 3 investigations will include a series of test unit excavations to further examine the site s structure. This work will compliment the surface inspection results, document soil stratigraphy, ascertain if site deposits remain intact in B-horizon soils and will provide comparative data for studying intra-site patterning. The test units will maximize the recovery of any tools or debitage that may be present in plowzone soils, which although disturbed by tilling, are expected to retain sufficient integrity to provide important data about intrasite patterning. Block excavations in these areas will also provide a controlled means of revealing and identifying other features. It is possible features might be encountered providing important data to aid in interpreting the site. Because the numbers of artifacts present at small site are limited, further test unit excavations will provide important additions to those found earlier. The Phase 2 investigations indicate the site The Phase 1 and 2 surface inspections revealed the Scott 4 site encompass about 10x10 m (33x33 ft). In order to adequately sample the site s diffuse deposits, the excavation of 10 test units measuring 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) excavations is proposed. This level of work provides for an adequate sample of the known site area and would allow for the inspection of adjacent areas where lithics were not recovered. The locations of lithics and features, if present, may not correlate. These could be combined into block excavations where appropriate to sufficiently examine areas of interest. Mechanical Soil Stripping. Following the controlled excavation procedures, a final step that will be undertaken in the data recovery project is to strip off the plowzone over large parts of the site and adjacent areas. The goal of this procedure will to expose the surface of the B-horizon in an attempt to locate subsurface features not previously identified by the test unit excavations. The results of the Phase 3 test units will provide a means of helping to select the five (5) trench areas to be mechanically stripped. Examination of these areas is important for establishing the intra-site relationships and understanding the site s structure. These data will also provide insights into the possible relationships to any structure that may have once stood at the site. Procedures will be modeled after the Dorothy Scott 1 site stripping and will involve soil removal from 5x30m (16x150 ft) trenches. Laboratory Methods. Artifacts and soil samples will be returned to the Archaeological Survey laboratory, SUNY at Buffalo in labeled bags according to provenience assignment and date of excavation. Artifacts and other potential cultural material will be separated into categories for processing. Ceramics, chipped stone material, utilized cobbles, fire cracked rock, charcoal and bone are treated separately. The different materials are cleaned using methods appropriate for preserving the condition of each specific material, and are stabilized for identification and analysis. Lithic artifacts include utilized cobbles, fire cracked rock (FCR) and all chipped stone tools and debitage. Lithic artifacts are soaked in tap water and cleaned with brushes prior to identification. They will be air dried and placed in plastic bags according to their provenience for storage. Ceramics are washed gently in water with occasional brushing of edges to facilitate reconstruction. Charcoal and bone is generally not washed. All original field notes, maps, photographs, lab notes and other records generated by the Phase 3 study will be stored at the Marian E. White Museum, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo. This will be done pending a determination of the final disposition of the collections in consultation with the Seneca Nation of Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office as provided for in the US Route 219 programmatic agreement. Flotation Processing. All flotation samples are air dried in the lab and dry sample volumes are measured using a graduated bucket. The samples will be processed in a Flote-Tech machine-assisted flotation system (Hunter and Gassner 1998). This device uses filtered and re-circulated water and diffused air to extract archaeo-botanical, faunal and micro-artifacts from soil samples. A light fraction sample is saved as the water and soil particles flow through a fine mesh (<1 mm) screen. A heavy fraction of material is captured in a 2 mm mesh screen as the soil particles settle in the flotation tank. Both fractions will be allowed to air dry. The light fraction will be bagged and saved for future analyses without further processing. Cobbles, pebbles and heavy geologic material is removed from the heavy fraction and examined by hand for artifacts by hand to minimize damage to fragile material remains. All artifacts and other cultural materials recovered by flotation are analyzed according to artifact and material type.

50 47 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) Test Unit Excavation. The Phase 3 data recovery excavation will include a series of test units in order to examine the site s structure. Two (2) test unit excavation loci have been identified within Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site limits, and will concentrate on further exposing features identified during the Phase 2 Site examination. The proposed Phase 3 excavations will cover an overall surface area of 40 sq. m (131 sq. ft), representing an 1% sample of the total 3,969 sq. m (12, sq. ft) Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site area. Locus 1 is located 30 m (98 ft) northeast of the western property line, immediately adjacent to Zoar Valley Road. This area surrounds a ghost-foundation identified on the 2002 digital orthographic image of the site area, and may represent the former position of MDS The feature is oriented towards Zoar Valley Road, just over 5 m (16 ft) from the modern edge of pavement. Two posthole features (Features 1 and 2) were also identified during Phase 2 testing just north of the foundation. It is possible that both features are contextually related to the domestic areas within the former farmstead. Proposed subsurface testing includes the excavation of two (2) 1 x 8 m (3.3 x 26.4 ft) trenches will be excavated within this area in order to sample archaeological deposits within the immediate vicinity of what is likely the footprint of MDS Locus 2 includes the area immediately surrounding the deep pit midden (Feature 3) and two posthole/postmolds (Features 4 and 5) identified. Two (2) 1 x 8 m (3.3 x 26.4 ft) trenches will be excavated within this area, intersecting at Phase 2 TU 6 in order to further examine the physical characteristics of not only of Feature 3, but also to explore soils associated with the moderate and high density artifact concentrations found in B21- and Ap-Horizon soils (respectively) identified within this area. An additional eight (8) 1x1 m (3.3 x 3.3 ft) test units are reserved for the exploration of any additional features encountered in either of the two loci of investigation. Test unit excavation within each area will maximize the recovery of historic artifacts that may be present in plowzone soils, which although partially disturbed by tilling, are expected to retain sufficient integrity to provide important data regarding intra-site patterning. Trench and block excavations in these areas will also provide a controlled means of revealing and identifying other features. It is also possible features might be encountered that aid in overall site interpretation. Mechanical Soil Stripping. Following the controlled excavation procedures, a final step that will be undertaken in the data recovery project is to strip off the plowzone over large parts of the site. The goal of this procedure will to expose the surface of the B-horizon in an attempt to locate subsurface features not previously identified by the test unit excavations. These procedures will sample different parts of the site. Because intact features are known to occur in the southwest corner and road frontage of the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site, and others are expected to be encountered there, the mechanical stripping will expose as much of these areas as possible. Examination of both areas of dense and diffuse artifact scatter is important for establishing the relationships between features and their associated artifact scatters and understanding the site s structure. This is particularly important as site structure seems to suggest the presence of several activity areas and/or structures within the site s southwest corner, given the large amount of domestic refuse, architectural debris and the identification of at least one pit midden and four historic posthole/postmold features found within this area. Furthermore, mechanical stripping within the vicinity of the pig burial feature in the site s northeast corner may provide further evidence for farm-related activities that once took place within this area. These data will provide insights into the spatial organization of the farmstead s agricultural production area. Larger blocks of the low density parts of the site may also be stripped. Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork did not adequately sample the lower part of the soil profile in these areas. Results of the Phase 3 test unit excavations will provide a means of selecting additional areas to be mechanically stripped. Examination of these areas is important for establishing the relationship between features and artifact scatters and understanding the site s structure This phase of testing will include mechanically stripping the A-horizon soil from a series of six (6) intersecting 5x30 m (16x100 ft) trenches. Three (3) of these trenches will be excavated within the high density artifact scatter found in the site s southwest corner, each starting at the western property line and radiating outward to low density areas to the north, east and south. Two (2) trenches will be excavated within the vicinity of MDS 1001 s footprint in the site s southeastern corner. These trenches will intersect at a right angle, and will be oriented to the angle of Zoar Valley Road. Finally, a single (1) trench will be excavated in the site s northeastern corner in the vicinity of the Feature 6 pig burial. All features encountered during mechanical stripping will be recorded on a site map and

51 48 excavated to sterile subsoil. Furthermore, representative soil samples will be saved from each appropriate feature context for flotation. Additional mechanical stripping will be conduced in places where features have been partially exposed in order to gain a better understanding of their overall size, shape and composition. Laboratory Methods. All artifacts and Soil samples will be returned to the Archaeological Survey at the State University of New York at Buffalo in bags labeled according to provenience and date of excavation. More durable artifacts (e.g. ceramics, glass, brick, etc.) will be washed by hand with tap water and brushes, and then air dried on cardboard trays, while more delicate objects (e.g. metal, bone, etc.) are dry brushed. Historic artifacts are initially sorted according to unit number, stratigraphic layer and broad techno-morphological characteristics, such as material type, form, and function. The analysis of site structure is achieved through the study of the patterns of artifacts and features in vertical and horizontal space. Activity areas are defined by grouping artifacts and features associated with different cultures and time periods, mapping the distribution of material evidence and treating feature and artifact associations as analytic units. Site functions are defined based on groups of activities that can be attributed to particular occupations or analytic units. Flotation Processing. All flotation samples are air dried in the lab and dry sample volumes are measured using a graduated bucket. The samples will be processed in a Flote-Tech machine-assisted flotation system (Hunter and Gassner 1998). This device uses filtered and re-circulated water and diffused air to extract archaeo-botanical, faunal and micro-artifacts from soil samples. A light fraction sample is saved as the water and soil particles flow through a fine mesh (<1 mm) screen. A heavy fraction of material is captured in a 2 mm mesh screen as the soil particles settle in the flotation tank. Both fractions will be allowed to air dry. The light fraction will be bagged and saved for future analyses without further processing. Cobbles, pebbles and heavy geologic material is removed from the heavy fraction and examined by hand for artifacts by hand to minimize damage to fragile material remains. All artifacts and other cultural materials recovered by flotation are analyzed according to artifact and material type. ANALYSIS METHODS This section of the Phase 3 data recovery proposal presents planned analysis methods for the prehistoric Dorothy Scott 1 and 4 sites and the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site. The two groups of sites are discussed separately. Each group requires methods unique to the different types of artifacts they are expected to yield. Prehistoric Data Analysis and Research Methods. The proposed field and lab methods will recover data with which to address the proposed research topics. Data are generated through the classification of artifacts and features, the identification of food remains, spatial and stratigraphic relationships of artifacts and features, age associations, etc. Data are also generated through typological and attribute analyses of different sets of material culture, such as lithic and ceramic artifacts. These data sets form the basis of interpretations of activity area and site function, for example, and facilitate comparison of technology, subsistence and settlement practices of the different culture groups represented. Site function is determined, in part, by assessing the different tasks performed at each site. Occupation duration is assessed through artifact density, artifact diversity, feature depth and content, and the density and diversity of food remains for the various components represented. Stone tool production and the organization of ceramic technology will be studied using the horizontal and vertical distribution of artifacts in addition to tool, debitage and vessel form, typological and attribute analysis. The condition of raw chert used at the site will be studied by observing the nature of cortical surfaces on flakes and cores. In all cases, the practices of different groups and material from different periods will be compared and contrasted. Ultimately, material from this site will be compared with that from other sites to synthesize the available information and contribute local and regional knowledge of prehistory.

52 49 Site Structure and Function. The analysis of site structure is achieved through the study of the patterns of artifacts and features in vertical and horizontal space. Activity areas are defined by grouping artifacts and features associated with different cultures and times, mapping the distribution of material evidence and treating feature and artifact associations as analytic units. Site functions are defined based on groups of activities that can be attributed to particular occupations, with reference to known archaeological patterns at the local and regional level. Artifacts such a stone tools and ceramics are categorized functionally and stylistically to develop an understanding of activity patterns, production techniques, task performance and variation within analytic units. Variation in the nature and distribution of debitage within occupation episodes, in relation to finished tools and other remains adds another dimension to the analysis of site structure and the study of prehistoric land use. Feature Analysis. Feature data collection will involve the excavation of features by internal stratigraphic subdivisions, if evident, and flotation sampling of all identifiable features and differing fill types within features. Analysis will include information about feature contents and dimensions. Feature analysis is important for defining site structure and for reconstructing subsistence and settlement patterns of the people that used the site. Excavated features will be classified both temporally and functionally where possible. Artifacts and ecofacts from individual features will be considered discrete occupation episodes for analytical purposes. Features will be grouped by culture and time period where possible to form arbitrary analytic units. Individual features may be assigned functions based on artifact and ecofact content, shape, size and depth. Paleobotanical and Faunal Analysis. Paleobotanical and faunal material is collected through soil screening and by flotation processing of soil samples from feature fill. Larger bones and charcoal fragments, when present, are collected from the 6 mm (1/4 in) mesh field screens during test unit excavation. Flotation-processed samples of carbonized floral remains will be sent to a professional paleo-botanist analyst with experience analyzing material from similar sites in the same geographic area. No human bones will be analyzed unless this work is authorized and overseen by the Seneca Nation of Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office. Questions relating to seasonality are addressed, in part, by analyzing floral and faunal data. Evidence of seasonal site use, specific types of food remains and the use of early horticultural practices, if present at the Dorothy Scott 1 site, may be generated by the analysis of floral remains. Similarly, faunal material recovered may add greatly to our understanding of each site use, and of change in the environment and human use of the locale through time. A comparison of subsistence and settlement patterns will rely on comparisons of feature and artifact distributions and assessments of occupation duration and intensity. Research questions specific to the Late Archaic Dorothy Scott 4 site and the Early Woodland Dorothy Scott 1 site include determining site function, understanding seasonal site use and identifying specific subsistence practices. The data needed to study the nature of food processing will be collected from floral and faunal assemblages where possible to compliment the tool and debitage analysis. Together, these data will allow for the reconstruction of different food procurement and processing strategies. Comparisons can then be made with similar data sets from the different periods at the same locale. These and other data will facilitate the study of changing subsistence and settlement practices through time. Chronology. C14 dates will be obtained from feature charcoal or floral and faunal remains if possible. C14 dates will be used to corroborate dates associated with soil horizons, diagnostic artifacts, and to establish the age of site deposits in general. All C14 samples will be sent to Beta Analytic, Inc. for analysis. Typically, C14 samples will consist of wood charcoal or carbonized seeds, nut shell and other annual plant parts, as selected from flotation samples processed at the Archaeological Survey. C14 samples may also be collected from undisturbed proveniences during excavation if special circumstances permit. This will be plausible if large chunks or discrete pockets of charcoal are identified in features or wall profiles. A maximum of ten C14 dates is proposed for the Scott 1 and Scott 4 sites data recovery projects, including up to five AMS C14 assays. Dating specific cultigens and other annual plants will provide more accurate age associations with material remains, and better chronological control over archaeological components associated with them. This will allow for more precise and meaningful interpretations of site function and significance in a regional context.

53 50 Analysis of Lithic Technology. Lithic artifacts recovered during the Phase 3 may include utilized cobbles, formal groundstone, fire-cracked rock and chipped stone material. Utilized cobbles and groundstone represent informal and formal stone tools respectively. They are subjectively classified as to function based on wear marks, shape and other characteristics. No formal groundstone was recovered at either site, but formal groundstone artifacts such as birdstones, gorgets, axes and adzes are associated with some Early Woodland period sites and may be recovered. The analysis of this material will be geared towards understanding artifact, feature and site function. These artifacts are classified by form and function, and by their horizontal and vertical provenience at the site, and are grouped by culture and time period. Fire-cracked rock is identified where cobbles display sharp edges and fresh breakage surfaces from heat stress, sometimes accompanied by black and reddish discoloration. This material is indicative of hearths and other facilities used for food processing among other things. This material is counted, weighed, and used as another data set with which to assess feature and site function. Chipped stone tools and debris represent the most numerous artifacts from each site and represents a body of data with considerable research potential. Chipped stone material is first divided into tool and debitage categories. Tools are classified based on formal attributes such as bifacial thinning, notching and shaping. No attempt is made to identify tools based on the presence of retouch or use-wear in this analysis. Formal tools and debitage are discussed separately, but the interpretation of site function and technological organization relies on information from all artifact categories. A sample of debitage is examined to determine the nature of chipping debris as part of the analysis of chipped stone technology. Following the initial cleaning and lab processing, chipped stone debitage is size-sorted to facilitate assemblage description and as a preliminary step in assessing technological organization. This is accomplished by re-sifting debitage through different sized wire mesh screens. Micro flakes are defined as those flakes that passed through all mesh sizes including 6 mm (1/4 in) mesh. Small flakes passed through 12 mm (1/2 in) mesh but were trapped by 6 mm (1/4 in) mesh, large flakes were trapped by 12 mm (1/2 in) mesh and macro flakes were trapped by 25 mm (1 in) mesh. Burned flakes are identified based on the presence of pot-lid fractures (Luedtke 1992). The analysis of chipped stone material is conducted under the assumption that tools and debris are products of some type of organized lithic technology (Binford 1979, Nelson 1991, Carr 1994). This theoretical stance maintains that artifacts, as products of human behavior, are representative of problem solving strategies. The production, use and discard of stone tools reflect the needs of a particular resource user in a specific physical and social environment. This concept is a useful starting point for understanding the material patterning of artifacts in western New York and the underlying technological practices that lead to this patterning. Schiffer (1996) argues that prehistoric artifacts were used in a systemic context, and are subject to a variety of physical changes, including wear, breakage and transportation to and from sites via natural forces. Such changes can occur before, during and after artifacts enter the archaeological record. In addition, sites often represent a mix of cultural material from different human groups and periods. Researchers should proceed with caution and have realistic expectations of what inferences can be made with particular sets of archaeological data. Despite these potential difficulties, the concept of technological organization supplies a framework for the analysis of chipped stone and other material from archaeological sites. Every attempt is made to present the data in a manner useful for making inferences about technological organization. Further inferences can then be made regarding the relationship between chipped stone tools and other aspects of subsistence, settlement and technology such as raw material acquisition, logistical mobility and seasonal settlement patterning. A primary goal of this type of analysis is to recognize patterns and variation in the practice of tool making and use strategies. Identifying different techniques used by people from different cultures or periods, in conjunction with subsistence and settlement data, will facilitate interpretations of changing social, economic and environmental conditions through time. Ceramic Technology. The ceramic analysis, should such finds be recovered at the Early Woodland period Scott 4 site, will be conducted using whole vessels as the unit of analysis, although whole vessels are generally not found on prehistoric sites in western New York. In most cases, vessels are represented by groups of similar sherds found in the same provenience. Attributes used to associate sherds include; temper type, temper color, temper type and color uniformity, temper grain size, grain size uniformity, interior and exterior surface treatment, decoration, sherd thickness, and overall vessel shape. Only whole (non-exfoliated) rim and body sherds are considered in the analysis. Vessel lots are subject to typological comparisons in an attempt to identify them in relation to the existing

54 51 regional culture-historical frameworks and ceramic studies (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949, MacNeish 1952, Guthe 1958; White 1961, Schock 1974, Engelbrecht 1984, Allen 1988, Rayner-Herter 1995). Interpretations of the material are based on associations between vessel types, site components and known culture groups and periods. Historic Functional Categorization. Historic artifacts were analyzed according to a functional cataloging system adapted from the non-hierarchical catalogue system developed by the Public Archaeology Facility (PAF) at the State University of New York at Binghamton (e.g. Wurst 1997). This scheme is based on Stanley South s (1977) functional categorization system developed for 18 th century colonial sites, wherein each artifact is assigned to a category representative of a unique use-context. According to Wurst (1997), the functional patterning scheme does not work well in 19 th century contexts since industrialization, mechanization and standardization of production added too much variability to materials and their use contexts on later historic period sites (Wurst 1997:24). Recently, work has been done to develop better methods to date 19 th and 20 th century artifacts (Miller 1991; Miller, et. al. 2000; Maxwell 2000; Samford 2000). The current functional categorization schema was developed by the Public Archaeology Facility, SUNY at Binghamton. It represents the development of new functional categories that better account for the range of materials frequently recovered from later historic period. Though the functional categorization system is no longer viewed as a predictive model for site development, it does provide an organized system for the analysis and reporting of archaeological results. In this system, artifacts are categorized into fifteen (15) functional classes, a brief description of which is presented in Table 11. Table 11. Historic Artifact Functional Categorization System. Functional Category # Artifact Examples Unidentified 0 Unidentified function, form or material. Food Related 1 Ceramic preparation/storage, food serving/consumption wares, beverage containers, bottle glass, glassware, tableware. Food Remains 2 Faunal (mammal, fish and shellfish) and floral (e.g. seeds, nuts, etc.) ecofacts. Architectural 3 Brick, mortar, plaster, nails, spikes, screws, bolts, washers, window glass. Hygiene/Medicinal 4 Pharmaceutical bottles, chamber pots, tooth brushes, combs. Household/Furnishing 5 Hinges, knobs, drawer pulls, and locks, escutcheon plates, keyhole surrounds, rollers, brass tacks. Clothing 6 Buckles, buttons, straight pins, glass beads. Personal/Amusement 7 Coins, rings, pencils, tweezers, pocket knifes. Tools/Arms 8 Firearms, gunflints, balls, shot, hammer, saw, screwdriver, farm equipment. Smoking 9 Tobacco, opium pipes and smoking accessories. Lighting 10 Light bulb parts, lamp glass, oil, gas hardware. Miscellaneous Modern 11 Plastic, paper, foil, cellophane. Transportation/Mechanical 12 Automobile and carriage parts, roads, horseshoes, horseshoe nails. Heating/Energy/Fuel 13 Coal, coal ash, charcoal, slag. Non-Food Faunal Remains 14 Faunal materials not identified as food remains, e.g. human and animal burials. Prehistoric 15 Flakes, projectile points, utilized cobbles, fire cracked rock, pottery, etc. Within each group, artifacts are classified according to provenience, material, decoration, color, form, physical dimensions, weight (when applicable), percentage complete, number of fragments, number of complete objects, as well as a brief description of the artifact(s). Assemblages for each trench, stratigraphic layer, and feature, were categorized separately in order to preserve contextual integrity. Artifacts were then entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and Microsoft Access for purposes of analysis and reporting.

55 52 Chronology. Archaeological chronology will be analyzed using formulaic Mean Artifact Date (MAD) seriation techniques. Mean Artifact Dating techniques utilized for this project were adapted from Stanley South s (1977) mean ceramic dating (MCD) method. Similar to MCD, MAD values expresses the frequency relationship between diagnostic artifact types of known manufacture periods (South 1977:218). Instead of relying solely upon domestic ceramics, MAD calculations include production dates for all temporally diagnostic site artifacts including clothing group artifacts (e.g. buttons); activities group artifacts (e.g. barbed wire, electrical equipment), architectural group items (e.g. nails, building hardware), and other kitchen group artifacts (e.g. bottle glass, metal containers). A Mean Artifact Date is calculated by multiplying a median production date by the count of that particular artifact type. All median production date products are then summed and divided by the total number of diagnostic artifacts within the assemblage. The resulting value is the mean artifact date. In addition to the mean artifact date, a mean beginning and mean ending production date may also be calculated in order to provide additional means of interpreting site occupation dates. The MAD is weighted towards artifact types that possess similar production date ranges. The assumption is that artifacts produced during the same period were likely acquired, used and/or deposited within the same general historic occupation. When mean artifact dates are taken for each contextually discrete assemblage, it is possible to create a relative chronology for the site based on the relationship between mean artifact dates. However, the result is several MADs for each class of artifact because different objects/materials are used in different ways, and have different breakage rates/disposal behavior; it is erroneous to uncritically assume that all artifacts possess similar performance characteristics. The mean artifact date calculation assumes that diagnostic artifact count refers to the number of whole artifacts. However when artifacts are recovered from sheet midden contexts, individual fragments are often too small and/or too fragmentary to determine the minimum number of vessels. In these cases, if the mean artifact date is calculated from sherd count and not vessel count, the mean ceramic date may be artificially influenced due to the fact that each individual sherd is now counted as an individual vessel. In order to avoid this problem, when an assemblage is too fragmentary to count individual vessels, each individual type of identified vessel will be counted as one vessel. While these measures may not reflect the actual assemblage date, it does allow for a basic seriation of site assemblages. Spatial Analysis. Spatial analysis will be conducted in order to locate activity areas including dumps, middens and structures to reconstruct overall site structure and occupational history. Both overall artifact density and functional category/group will be examined within each horizontally and vertically discrete provenience excavated. Spatial analysis will be conducted with the aid of the Surfer 7.0 software package, published by Golden Software. Surfer is a continuous surface generator used to interpolate artifact densities across the site and to visualize these densities on the site map as contours. Geographic coordinates are plotted using x and y values, while artifact density is plotted by the z value. Physical locations on the site grid, including both data collection unit locations and site boundaries, are converted into x and y values and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Artifact counts for each provenience are then entered as z values. Archival Sources Analysis. Archaeological interpretation of the Blackmar-Eaton site was augmented by archival research. A comprehensive understanding of a large spectrum of written documents often helps answer research questions that are difficult to answer by excavation alone (Reith 2001:24). Historic documentary sources were consulted, including Erie County deed records; New York State and Federal population schedules; agricultural censuses; Late 19 th and early 20 th century town and county histories; historic maps and atlases; as well as genealogical data and family histories. A list of the historic documents pertaining to the Blackmar-Eaton site and its occupants is presented in Table 12. Erie County land transaction records were located for the UB 3660 project area between 1824 and Insufficient data is presently available for property transactions that occurred during the late 19 th century and early 20 th century, though they will be forthcoming as data becomes available. Deed records regarding the Blackmar- Eaton (MDS 1001) site were found in three sources. The first source is Erie County deed ledgers found in the Erie County Clerks Office. Though these records are often the most complete and informative source for land transaction records, the majority of the ledgers are original copies and have already started to disintegrate. Information recorded by these ledgers includes name and surname of the grantor(s) and grantee(s), as well as the name of the grantor s wife; the monetary amount of the transaction; the names of witnesses, lawyers and clerks who

56 53 oversaw the sale; a written and/or graphical description of the property; as well as the date of instrument and date of recording. Within the report all properties directly and indirectly associated with the site or its occupants will be referred to by their lot number and any sub-lot designations, followed by the township and range numbers in parentheses (e.g. UB 3660 sits upon Lot 68B2 [6/7]). The second source is a compilation of Holland Land Company and Farmers Loan and Trust land transaction records recorded in 1859 by Tobias Witmer. In this volume, the range of information listed is somewhat more abridged than the original deed record ledgers, and includes: township, range, lot, sublot, number of acres, date of deed and name of lot holder. Because only land sales are recorded, the names of the original article holders are not listed. Furthermore, because the book only records land sales, it is possible that the original lot holder listed in the text refers to an individual who purchased a parcel (or parcels) after the original article holder (and often the original occupant of the land) had defaulted on payments and the property reverted back to Holland Land Company ownership. The third source of deed records is an index to the land transactions of the Holland Land Company, published in two volumes ( ; ) by Karen E. Livsey (1991, 1996). Though more limited in content than either the original deed record or the Witmer volume, Livsey does provide a reference to the microfilm reel number of the original record, which is located in the Reed Library, State University of New York at Fredonia. Information provided by Livsey includes name, surname, date, lot/sub-lot designation, township, range and type of transaction. Table 12. Known Historic Records Describing the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). Record Type Source Dates Census Records New York State Population Schedules Agricultural Schedules Federal Population Schedules New York State Agricultural Census Records Land Deeds Individual Land Transaction Records 19 th and 20 th century Witmer Erie Co. NY Deeds Livsey 1991, Holland Land Company Transactions (2 vol.) Historic Maps Various maps of Western New York and Erie Co., NY 1797,1804,1829,1855 Historic Atlases Various Atlases of the Town of Concord Erie Co., NY 1866, 1880, 1909 General Histories Various regional, county and town histories 1849, 1876, 1883, 1884, 1898, 1931 Aerial Photographs Fairchild, Erie County Highway Dept. 1928, 1951 Genealogical Records LDS Archives, Eaton Family History, Various Web Sources --- New York State and Federal censuses provide more specific information for individual site occupants. Data was recovered from both New York and Federal Population schedules. Federal census information is available for Erie County for as early as 1790, though the records that describe the Blackmar-Eaton site are taken starting in the 1840s. New York State censuses were also recorded for the population Erie County from approximately 1855 to Like the Federal census, New York state censuses were recorded by decade, though were taken on the fifth year of the decade instead of on the initial year. Prior to 1850, federal censuses listed only the names of the (male) head of household, as well as the age ranges and sex of each household member. After 1850, both New York State and Federal population schedules included additional information about family members, including their names, ages, and relationship to the head of household; professional occupation (e.g. farmer ); value of property and personal estate and place of birth. Other categories found on that may or may not be listed included marriage status, skin color, land ownership, citizenship, schooling, and/or physical ailment (e.g. deaf, dumb, blind, insane or idiotic ). The 1865 New York State census also records military service, and/or place of death. Agricultural schedules were taken during both federal and New York State censuses, though only the State Census data is currently available in Buffalo. Therefore, all farm data was derived from New York State censuses. The type of

57 54 information included on the agricultural censuses include the size, resource allocation, and value of agricultural property and of farm production; the type crops grown and the quantity harvested; types of fertilizers used; as well as other domestic crafts being produced (and sold) on the farmstead. Historical atlases and maps of Western New York that depict the environs within and around the Blackmar- Eaton site to varying degrees of clarity were located for the years 1804, 1829, 1855, 1866, 1880 and The 1804 Map of Morris s Purchase or West Geneseo in the State of New York depicts the Holland Land Company purchase area and its divisions into sections (H, O, Willink, etc), townships and ranges. Place names, including those of counties, settlements (e.g. New Amsterdam [Buffalo], Tonawanda Creek Reservation, etc ), major roads and trails, and waterways. No site specific information is found on this map. The 1829 Atlas of Erie County (Burr 1829) still depicts all those things described for the earlier map, but also includes the Erie Canal, lot lines and numbers, town names, post office locations. Also, like the 1804 map, the Burr atlas does not describe the UB 3660 project area in detail. The first map to depict individual lot-holders/residents is the 1855 Map of Erie County (Geil 1855). All of the information depicted on previous maps is included, but now, domestic structures and associated occupant/owner names, businesses, churches, cemeteries, and railroads (e.g. blacksmith shop, saw mill) are also depicted. The 1866 New Topographical Atlas of Erie County, New York (Stone and Stewart 1866) contains details as the 1855 Geil Map. However, there are several errors on this map, including incorrectly positioned lot lines and township-range designations. These errors were corrected in the 1880 Illustrated Historic Atlas of Erie County, New York, published by F.W. Beers and Company (1880). In addition to correcting previous errors, the 1880 map also now shows individual parcels of land and acreage, as well as land owner names, even if the property does not contain a residential, commercial or industrial structure. The last historic atlas map of Erie County is the 1909 New Century Atlas of Erie County New York (New Century Map Co. 1909). Included on the map is all of the information found on the 1880 Beers map, as well as individual street names and road names, as well as the landmark names given to individual properties (e.g. Creek Farm, Chaffee Farm or Echo Hill ). In addition to historic atlases, historic 1924 and 1938 USGS Ellicottville 15 min quadrangle maps and modern (c.1965) USGS Ashford Hollow 15 min quadrangle maps were consulted to determine the location and relationship and orientation of standing structures in and around the project area. Unlike the illustrated town atlases of the 19 th and early 20 th centuries, the USGS quadrangle maps do not show lot lines, owner s names or realistic depictions of buildings. Therefore, it is difficult to trace property ownership through the 20 th century when deed evidence is not necessarily available. Arial photographs taken during the early and mid 20 th century aerial photos also provide contextual information regarding site development and land usage. The first aerial photograph of the site area is found in the 1929 Aerial Atlas of Erie County, conducted by Fairchild Aerial Surveys, Inc. (Diehl 1929). While the resolution of individual structures and landscape features is somewhat grainy (only 300 d.p.i), individual structures, outbuildings, lawns, fields and orchards are evident. A second aerial survey of Erie County was conducted in 1951 by the Erie County Division of Highways (ECDH 1951), and contains the same information found on the earlier Fairchild survey. Other historic sources used to reconstruct the documentary history of the UB 3660 site include several histories of Buffalo and Erie County that were written during the second half of the 19 th century and the first half of the 20 th century. These sources provide information about the earliest settlements and settlers as well as the prominent events, institutions and people that shaped the political and popular culture development of Western New York. These sources include the History of the Holland Land Purchase (Turner 1849); Centennial History of Erie County (Johnson 1876); History of the Original Town of Concord (Briggs 1883); History of Buffalo & Erie County (Smith 1884); Our County and Its People: A Descriptive work on Erie County, Vol. 1 (White 1898); and Niagara Frontier: A Narrative and Documentary History (Wilner 1931). Finally, the last type of historical sources consulted during for the Phase 2 Site examination includes a wide range of genealogical data. Sources for genealogical information include the LDS family history archives, maintained by the Church of Latter-day Saints (Mormon); various family histories (see History of the Eaton Family), and genealogical websites including NYGenWeb, Rootsweb.com, Ancestry.com and GenCircles.com. Due the general unreliability of internet sources, data collected on-line was cross-referenced with primary source documentation whenever possible. Information available from genealogical reference includes vital statistics, marriage and baptism records, migration patterns and evidence of intermarriage between different families, and other things that would not be found in censuses, deeds or atlases.

58 55 CURATION POLICY All work for the Phase 3 data recovery projects will be was conducted under the US Route 219 programmatic agreement between the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), the National Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (NACHP) and the Seneca Nation of Indians (SNI). The Phase 3 data recovery project is a cooperative effort between the University at Buffalo (UB) Archaeological Survey, NYSDOT, New York State Museum, Seneca Nation of Indians and OPRHP. All of the artifacts recovered will be processed in the Archaeological Survey laboratory and original records, paperwork, and artifacts will be curated according to the discretion of the Seneca Nation of Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office. Material will be temporarily housed at the Archaeological Survey and in the Marian E. White Museum, University at Buffalo. The Archaeological Survey maintains a professional archaeology laboratory that consists of separate and adjoining rooms totaling over 260 square meters (2800 sq ft). All equipment necessary to process, document and curate historic and prehistoric archaeological collections are available at the Survey. This includes; sinks, cleaning tools, a Flote-Tech flotation processing machine (Hunter and Gassner 1998, Rossen 1999), a SMAP type flotation processing tank (Watson 1976), drying racks, temporary storage facilities, drafting tables, storage bags, containers, labeling pens and other equipment for preserving and documenting cultural materials. In addition, the Survey has access to a 279 square meter (3000 sq ft) anthropological reference library and its own local and regional archaeology library. The Archaeological Survey has an ongoing project creating a computerized data base for collections management and cataloging purposes, and has several computers dedicated to site mapping, data management, word processing and report preparation. The Marian E. White Museum maintains a professional facility that complies with federal standards (36 CFR Part 79) and other guidelines for institutions serving as repositories for archaeological collections (NYAC 1994). The museum consists of a large subdivided room that occupies about 800 square meters (8600 sq. ft) and is separate from the Archaeological Survey laboratory and work space. The museum room is environmentally controlled both in terms of temperature and humidity, and is equipped with steel shelving for long term artifact storage. Long term collections have shown little evidence of post-excavation deterioration. Materials housed at the museum are minimally sensitive to environmental fluctuations due to being double containerized in zip-lock plastic bags and cardboard boxes. The room has motion and smoke detectors that are tied directly to campus security (SUNY at Buffalo Department of Public Safety) and to the local authorities (Town of Amherst Police and Fire Department). Storage facilities meet all state and local electrical, fire, building, health and safety codes. Access to collections housed at the Marian E. White Museum is restricted. Only qualified professionals and students can gain access to collections not subject to NAGPRA considerations, which are closed to all researchers. Material available for study and can be viewed or loaned to interested parties for research, scientific analysis and exhibition with permission from the museum Director, Dr. Sarunas Milisauskas. Both short and long-term collections use is permitted by the museum. Long-term use is limited to SUNY Buffalo Students or researchers associated with an educational or museum institution that can maintain a safe environment for the material outside the Marian E. White Museum, and guarantee return of all items borrowed.

59 56 PUBLIC PROGRAMS The Archaeological Survey staff disseminates the results of archaeological investigations and projects to the local and regional archaeological community, as well as to the public. The dissemination of information to archaeologists occurs through the presentation of project results and research syntheses at local and regional professional meetings. Local forums for the presentation of such information include monthly meetings of the Frederick M. Houghton Chapter of the New York State Archaeological Association (NYSAA), and periodic meetings at area historical societies and museums. Regional forums include the annual meeting of the New York Archaeological Council and the Northeastern Anthropological Association. Information about the Washburn site may be presented at these and other meetings by the Archaeological Survey staff. Depending on the results of the data recovery project and material analyses, the findings, interpretations and syntheses of these and other regional data may be submitted for publication in scholarly journals such as The Bulletin (Journal of the NYSAA), North American Archaeologist or American Antiquity. Occasional publications produced by the Anthropology Department, State University of New York at Buffalo are sometimes dedicated to the dissemination of important information related to local archaeology. A copy-edited version of the final report may be sponsored by the NYSDOT and NYSM and produced for use by the public. Publication money allocated in the budget is intended for this purpose. Involvement of the public in the data recovery project can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Information about the site, the Archaeological Survey and the archaeology of western New York may be distributed to the public in the form of a pamphlet, to be written by the Archaeological Survey and approved by the NYSDOT and NYSM. The pamphlet will be written in non-technical language and will be made available to people who live near the site and local historical societies, schools and libraries. It will advise people to contact the Archaeological Survey for further information. Area residents, teachers and students are all invited to learn about the excavations and may be provided with presentations about the results. Press releases may be made available to local media to update people on the progress of the project and on the relevance of this project for understanding area prehistory. Press releases will be made available to local media only with the prior consent of the NYSDOT, NYSM and Seneca Nation.

60 57 SCHEDULE Fieldwork The fieldwork portion of the data recovery project is expected to run for two to three months depending on weather conditions, the availability of the necessary equipment to replow each site and to conduct the stripping portion of the investigations. The Archaeological Survey anticipates completing the work between May-July Work may begin sooner, the above conditions applying, if all interested parties come to agreement on the data recovery proposal for each site and the necessary budget is approved. One week after the completion of Phase 3 fieldwork, an end-of-fieldwork letter will be submitted to the NYSDOT outlining the proposed work, the work actually completed and the preliminary results. Laboratory Processing Artifact cleaning, soil sample flotation and other material processing will begin as material is returned to the Archaeological Survey laboratory during the course of the fieldwork schedule. Processing, artifact identification and cataloging will be ongoing during the fieldwork, and will extend beyond the fieldwork portion of the project by one to two months, depending on the amount and diversity of material recovered and appropriate degree of processing that is required. Analysis Artifact and material analyses will begin as soon as material can be processed and labeled at the Archaeological Survey lab. Preliminary artifact and intra-site spatial analysis will take about two months to complete. Materials requiring specialized processing will be sent to non-local consultants and analysts as soon as they are prepared. Outside consultants will analyze paleobotanical remains, faunal remains and will provide C14 analysis results. These are performed by professionals who typically take four to six weeks to provide results in a format suitable for inclusion in the report. Complicated analyses may require additional time. Reporting Upon the completion of all processing and analysis, report preparation will take an additional two months. Some overlap of report writing, processing and analysis is anticipated. Report completion may be influenced by the availability of analysis results. The total data recovery project is expected to take up to nine months to complete.

61 58 HUMAN REMAINS POLICY Any bones found during excavation that are believed to be potentially human will engage the following series of precautionary steps to protect and maintain these materials. This human remains policy follows guidelines established by New York State (NYAC 1994) and of the federal government (NAGPRA). 1) Excavation in the area is stopped and the Principal Investigator of the Archaeological Survey is notified ( ). An initial attempt is made to determine whether the bones are of human origin, and whether they represent a Native American or Euro-American individual(s) and represent a burial(s). 2) The presence of clearly non-native American human bones will be reported to local law enforcement officials so that a coroner and investigator can inspect the site to determine if the bones represent a potential crime scene. If the site is determined to be a crime scene all subsequent investigation is conducted by law enforcement officials. If not, the bones are treated as a potential burial in archaeological context from the historic period. Avoidance is the preferred course of action in this case. If avoidance is not possible, the local municipality and all constituencies, including landowners and any potential descendants will be consulted regarding the removal and reburial of the remains. 3) Upon finding an actual or potential Native American skeleton, or portions thereof, the Director of the Archaeological Survey will notify the NYSM and NYSDOT who will in turn notify the SHPO (Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation in Peebles Island, New York, x281) and the Seneca Nation Tribal Historic Preservation Office, 467 Center Street, Salamanca New York 14779, (716) These agencies will in turn notify Peter Jemison, Seneca Nation NAGPRA Representative, , and Robert L. Dean, an archaeological representative of the Seneca Nation, for advice on how to proceed. All interested parties will meet to discuss avoidance and preservation of the portion of the site that contains human bone, and alternatives to design plans. All parties must agree to an alternative. 4) All actions will be summarized in a final report for the project.

62 59 APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED Adams, William H Dating Historic Sites: The Importance of Understanding Time Lag in the Acquisition, Curation, Use and Disposal of Artifacts. Historical Archaeology 37(2): Silcott, Washington: Ethnoarchaeology of a Rural American Community. Reports of Investigations, No. 54. Laboratory of Anthropology. Washington State University. Abbott A. L., R. D. Leonard and G. T. Jones 1996 Explaining the Change from Biface to Flake Technology: A Selectionist Application. In Darwinian Archaeologies. Maschner, H. D. G., Ed. Plenum Press, New York. Allen, Kathleen S Ceramic Style and Social Continuity in an Iroquoian Tribe. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo. Ames, Kenneth L Death in the Dining Room and Other Tales of Victorian Culture (American Civilization). Temple University Press. Philadelphia. Ancestry.com Andrefsky, William Jr Raw material Availability and the Organization of Technology. American Antiquity 59(1): Anonymous 1804 Map of Morris s Purchase or West Geneseo in the State of New York Exhibiting The Boundary Lines of the Seven Tracts of Land Purchased by the Holland Land Company. Austin, Ryan F., James Hartner and Douglas Perrelli 2004 Phase 2 Site Examinations of the Dorothy Scott 1-4 Sites, Fredrick Hofmann Site, Willard Miller 1-2 sites, Robert Obenauer 1-5 sites, and MDS 1001 (Blackmar-Eaton) site for PIN , US Route 219 Construction Section 5 and Wetland Mitigation Area, Village of Springville and Town of Concord, Erie Count, Towns of Ashford and Ellicottville, Cattaraugus County, New York. Reports of the Archaeological Survey, Volume 36, Number 11. Department of Anthropology, SUNY at Buffalo. Austin, Ryan, Douglas J. Perrelli, Frank L. Cowan and Clayton M. Tinsley 2005 Archaeological Data Recovery of the Dirschberger Site (UB 3096, NYSM 11061, A ) for PIN , 00PR4053, the Reconstruction and Realignment of NY Route 33 (Genesee Street) in the Towns of Alden and Lancaster, Erie County, New York. Reports of the Archaeological Survey, Volume 36, Number 24. Department of Anthropology, SUNY at Buffalo. Azizi, Sharla C., Diane Dallal, Mallory A. Gordon, Meta F. Janowitz, Nadia N.S. Maczaj, and Marie-Lorraine Pipes 1996 Analytical Coding System for Historic Period Artifacts. The Cultural Resource Group. Louis Berger & Associates, Inc. Barron, Hal S Those who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth Century New England. Cambridge University Press. New York. Baugher, Sherene and Terry H. Klein 2002 Introduction to the Archaeology of Nineteenth-Century Farmsteads in Northeastern Canada and the United States. Northeast Historical Archaeology 30-31:1-8.

63 60 Bedell, John, Michael Petraglia and Thomas Plummer 1994 Status, Technology and Rural Tradition in Western Pennsylvania: Excavations at the Shaeffer Site. Northeast Historical Archaeology 23: Beers, F.W. and Co Illustrated Historical Atlas of Erie County, New York. F.W. Beers and Company. Philadelphia. Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Services, Revised July 1, Murry Tamers and Darden Hood, Directors. Miami, Florida. Binford, Lewis R Organization and Formation Processes: Looking at Curated Technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research, Volume 35, Number 3. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Briggs, Erasmus 1883 History of the Original Town of Concord: Being the Present Towns of Concord, Collins, North Collins, and Sardinia, Erie County. Union and Advertisers Company. Rochester, New York. Brunger, Eric 1955 Dairying and Urban Development in New York State Agricultural History 29: Buehler, E. and I. Tesmer 1963 Geology of Erie County, New York. Bulletin of Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 21(3). Burr, David 1829 Map of the County of Erie, New York. Bushman, R. L Opening the American Countryside. In: The Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology, edited by James A. Henretta, M. Kammer and S. M. Katz. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. pp Calvert, Karin Children in the House: The Material Culture of Early Childhood, Northeastern University Press. Boston. Carr, Philip J., Ed The Organization of North American Prehistoric Chipped Stone Tool Technologies. Archaeological Series 7. International Monographs in Prehistory. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2004 Familysearch.org Clark, Clifford E The American Family Home, University of South Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. Cobb, Charles R. and Paul A. Webb 1994 A Source Area Perspective on Expedient and Formal Core Technologies. North American Archaeologist 15(3): Baywood Publishing Company.

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68 65 Nelson, Margaret C The Study of Technological Organization. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 3. Edited by Michael B. Schiffer. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. New York Archaeological Council 1994 Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations and the Curation of Archaeological Collections in New York State. New York Archaeological Council. New York Genealogy Web New York State 1855a New York State Census: Population Schedule. Town of Concord, Erie County. 1855b New York State Census: Agricultural Schedule. Town of Concord, Erie County. 1865a New York State Census: Population Schedule. Town of Concord, Erie County. 1865b New York State Census: Agricultural Schedule. Town of Concord, Erie County. 1875a New York State Census: Population Schedule. Town of Concord, Erie County. 1875b New York State Census: Agricultural Schedule. Town of Concord, Erie County. New York State Education Department 2004 Work Scope Specifications for Cultural Resource Investigations on NYSDOT Projects. New York State Museum, Albany. Noel Hume, Ivor 1969 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. O Donovan, Maria and Daniel H. Weiskotten 1999 Living on the Edge: The Archaeology of the Keith Site (SUBi 1552, NYSM 10075) a 19 th -Century Farmstead in Coventry, New York, PIN /BIN , Route 41 over Wilkins Brook, Town of Coventry, Chenango County, New York. Report for the New York State Museum and NYSDOT, from Public Archaeology Facility, SUNY Binghamton. Binghamton, New York. O Donovan, Maria and Lou Ann Wurst 2002 Living on the Edge: Consumption and Class at the Keith Site. Northeast Historical Archaeology 30-31: Pacheco, Paul J., Ed A View From The Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology. The Ohio Archaeological Council, Inc. Columbus, Ohio. Pallotta, Toni M Zawatski Pottery Sherd Analysis. State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Anthropology. Reports of the Archaeological Survey 7(6). Parkerson, Donald H The Agricultural Transition in New York State: Markets and Migration in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America. Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. Parry, W. and R. Kelly 1987 Expedient Core Technology and Sedentism. In The Organization of Core Technology, J. K. Johnson and C. A. Morrow, Eds. Westview Press, Boulder.

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