PIN US Route 219 Construction Section 5. Phase 3 Data Recovery Plan

Transcription

1 PIN US Route 219 Construction Section 5 Phase 3 Data Recovery Plan Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) Village of Springville and Town of Concord Erie County, New York. By Ryan Austin, M.A. James Hartner, M.A., RPA and Douglas Perrelli, Ph. D., RPA Douglas Perrelli, Ph.D., RPA Principal Investigator Reports of the Archaeological Survey, Volume 37, Number 28 Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo October 2005 Prepared for Ecology and Environment Inc. Lancaster, New York Sponsors - FHWA & NYSDOT

2 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Site Identification 1 Site Location and Setting 1 Summary of Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey 6 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 6 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 8 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 9 Summary of Phase 2 Site Examinations 12 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 12 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 17 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 19 Site Descriptions 22 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 22 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 24 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 25 Data Potential 32 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 32 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 34 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 35 Research Objectives 36 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 36 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 38 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 39 Research Topics 41 Dorothy Scott 1 and Dorothy Scott 4 Sites 41 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 42 Field and Laboratory Methods 44 Dorothy Scott 1 Site 44 Dorothy Scott 4 Site 46 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site 47 Analysis Methods 48 Prehistoric 48 Historic 51 Curation Policy 55 Public Programs 56 Schedule 57 Fieldwork 57 Laboratory Processing 57 Analysis 57 Reporting 57 Human Remains Policy 58 Appendix A: References Cited 59

3 ii List of Figures Figure 1. General location of PIN Construction Section 5 in western New York. 2 Figure 2. PIN Construction Section 5: Locations of Phase 3 Sites shown on the Springville, New York and the 1979 photo-revised edition of the 1964 Ashford Hollow, New York USGS 7.5 Minute Series Quadrangles. Figure 3. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Results of Phase 1 surface inspection. 7 Figure 4. Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643): Site limits based on 8 results of Phase 1 fieldwork. Figure 5. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Results of 10 Phase 1 surface inspection and shovel test pit grid. Figure 6. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Site limits based on results of Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. 15 Figure 7. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork in high density artifact area. 16 Figure 8. Limits of Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) based on Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. 18 Figure 9. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Phase 2 Site Limits 21 showing test unit and shovel test pit locations. Figure 10. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): First Occupation Period 27 Artifact Density Distribution (Blackmar, McKinney, & Darling Tenancies, c ). Figure 11. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Second Occupation Period 28 Artifact Density Distribution (Eaton & Oaks tenancies, c ). List of Tables Table 1. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3660) Phase 1 Artifact Summary. 11 Table 2. Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Summary of Phase 2 13 Prehistoric Artifacts by Test Unit. Table 3. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Phase 2 Shovel Test Pit Artifact Summary. 13 Table 4. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Phase 2 Surface Inspection Artifact Summary. 14 Table 5. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 Prehistoric Artifacts by Test Unit. 17 Table 6. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 Surface Artifacts. 18 Table 7. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 by Shovel test Pit. 18 Table 8. Blackmar-Eaton / MDS 1001 Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Phase 2 Artifact Summary 20 Sorted by Functional Context. Table 9. Blackmar-Eaton Site First Occupation Period Artifact Summary (c ). 29 Table 10. Blackmar-Eaton Site Second Occupation Period Artifact Summary (c ). 30 Table 11. Historic Artifact Functional Categorization System. 51 Table 12. Known Historic Records Describing the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site. 53 List of Photos Photo 1. Dorothy Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640), facing northwest at site s location 4 on well drained knoll. Photo 2. Dorothy Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643), facing southwest at the site s location 4 on a low ridge. Photo 3. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) during Phase 2 STP excavations, 5 facing north-northeast.

4 1 INTRODUCTION This document outlines a Phase 3 data recovery plan for three archaeological sites situated within the PIN , Construction Section 5 project area limits. These include the prehistoric Dorothy Scott 1 (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) and Dorothy Scott 4 (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) sites and the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). All three sites are National Register eligible. They will be impacted by the federally funded construction of a 6.8 km (4.2 mi) segment of US Route 219; a divided four-lane highway with limited access. All the sites are located in the Town of Concord, Erie County, New York (MCD 02910). The Phase 3 data recovery will be conducted under the US Route 219 programmatic agreement between the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), the National Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (NACHP) and the Seneca Nation of Indians (SNI). The Phase 3 study is designed to assure compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and complies with Title 36, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 61. All aspects of this archaeological reconnaissance survey conform to the New York State Education Department's (SED) Work Scope Specifications for Cultural Resource Investigations (2004) and the New York Archaeological Council's (NYAC) Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations (1994). The Phase 3 investigations will be conducted by the Archaeological Survey, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo). The UB Archaeological Survey has been retained by Ecology and Environment Inc. (E&E), Lancaster, New York to conduct the Phase 3 archaeological investigations for Construction Section 5. Mr. Leonid Shmookler, Senior Archaeologist, E&E will work with the UB Archaeological Survey to develop appropriate testing strategies based on the results of the Phase 1 and 2 studies and will oversee all aspects of the Phase 3 investigations. Other parties involved with the Phase 3 study include Mr. Thomas Donohue; Project Engineer, Parsons Transportation Group, Mr. Peter Nixon; High Priority Projects Group, NYSDOT Region 5 and Ms. Kathy Mitchell; Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO), Seneca Nation of Indians (SNI). The SNI will provide observers who will be present during the Phase 3 fieldwork. Site Identification The Dorothy Scott 1 and 4 sites, and the Blackmar-Eaton site, were first recorded by the archaeological reconnaissance survey conducted for PIN in 2002 (Hartner and Perrelli 2003). Subsequent Phase 2 site examinations completed in 2003 (Austin, Hartner and Perrelli 2004). Based on the results of these investigations, all three sites were all determined to be eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Each site is eligible under Criterion D of the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation (Federal Register 48[190], 1983). All have the potential to yield important information on either the prehistory or history of southwestern New York. Because the project plans can not be altered to avoid the three sites, a Phase 3 data recovery is proposed for each. Site Locations and Setting The three Phase 3 sites examined by this study are situated in southwestern New York state. The Construction Section 5 project area extends from southern Erie County into northern Cattaraugus County (Figure 1). The sites are all located near its northern end. Figure 2 shows their locations on the 1954 Springville, New York and the 1979 photo-revised edition of the 1964 Ashford Hollow, New York USGS 7.5 Minute Series Quadrangles. Detailed site maps and site photos are presented later in this report with the individual site descriptions. Photos 1-3 present views of each site s setting at the time the Phase 2 fieldwork was conducted in They have remained unchanged and were still used as agricultural fields in the summer of 2005.

5 Figure 1. General location of PIN Construction Section 5 in western New York. 2

6 Photo 1. Dorothy Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640), facing northwest at site s location on well drained knoll. 3

7 Photo 2. Dorothy Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643), facing southwest at the site s location on a low ridge. Scott 1 site is located in the distance to left and the Scott 2-3 sites lie beyond the Scott 4 site to the right. 4

8 Photo 3. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660) during Phase 2 STP excavations, facing north-northeast. 5

9 6 Summary of Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey The three sites to be investigated by the Phase 3 data recovery projects were first recorded in 2002 during the Phase 1 archaeological reconnaissance survey for PIN (Hartner and Perrelli 2003). The Dorothy Scott 1 and 4 sites, and the Blackmar-Eaton site, were all identified as lying entirely within the Section 5 project limits. The Phase 1 work at each site is summarized below. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640). The Dorothy Scott 1 site is located in the Town of Concord, Erie County, New York (MCD 02910). The site lies about 600 m (1968 ft) south of NY Route 39 and 375 m (1230 ft) west of the existing alignment of US Route 219 (Figure 2). The Scott 1 site was identified during a surface inspection of a plowed field (Figure 3). This work indicated the site extended over a 65x100 m ( ft) area, including a 20x40 m (65x131 ft) core area yielding about 75% of the artifact assemblage. The remaining site area represented a diffuse lithic scatter. Several outlying flakes were also recorded. Following the surface inspection, a 15 m (50 ft) shovel test pit grid was excavated encompassing the core artifact concentration and areas slightly beyond it. Two of these 56 STPs yielded a single flake each. Both finds were recovered at the outer edge of the STP grid, outside the artifact concentration recorded by the surface inspection. Situated 180 m (590 ft) from a stream, the Scott 1 site lies in a landform classified by the NYSM background research as Stratum 5 (Hart 1998: Table 1). This stratum was assigned a high sensitivity given that it lies on a well drained upland ridge less than 250 m (820 ft) from a water source. The Scott 1 site lies at an elevation of m ( ft) above mean sea level on gently sloping terrain. West of the site, the topography becomes gently rolling as the ground surface begins to slope downwards. The headwaters of an unnamed tributary of Spooner Creek lie 125 m (410 ft) to the south; the ground surface gradually decreasing in elevation as the stream is approached. This stream flows southwest into Cattaraugus Creek about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) to the south. Cattaraugus Creek is the largest drainage in this part of western New York and drains much of the surrounding plateau as it travels westward to Lake Erie. Terrain to the north and east of the site is gently sloping and lacks prominent topographic features. The Scott 1 site lies on deep, moderately well drained Castile gravelly loam soils (Owens et al. 1986: 38, Plate 127). This soil series is typically associated with elongated terraces, remnant beach ridges and undulating deltas. It has a high sand and gravel content. A broad area that bounds Cattaraugus Creek, including the Dorothy Scott 1 site, lies within the Chenango-Castile-Varysburg soil association (Owens et al. 1986). These soils form in glacial outwash deposits that tend to be well drained. Examination of the soil profiles of the 56 shovel test pits excavated in and around the site revealed two soil strata. The A-horizon plowzone is about cm (12-14 in) thick. It is comprised of a dark grayish brown sandy or silty loam with numerous gravel inclusions. The upper part of the B-horizon subsoil is a dark yellowish brown silty sand or sandy silt with similar inclusions. Environmental conditions at the site are not appropriate for the formation of deeply buried archaeological deposits. The Phase 1 results indicated the Scott 1 site is a low to moderate density lithic scatter. The prehistoric assemblage includes 61 artifacts. None was culturally or temporally diagnostic. Tools include an intact drill, a biface fragment, an end scraper and two utilized flakes. A large primary flake was also found. It is characterized as a suitable blank or chert piece for the manufacture of a formal tool. The remaining 55 finds consist of unmodified debitage. All are derived from Onondaga chert. Some of the debitage represents bifacial thinning flakes. Others are shatter or blocky fragments. The debitage includes two flakes with burnt, pot-lidded surfaces. Indirect evidence of possible prehistoric feature(s) was observed in the form of two burnt flakes only. No other soil anomalies, charcoal fragments, fire-cracked rock or burnt soils were observed during the Phase 1 fieldwork. All the artifacts recovered at the Scott 1 site were found in plowzone soils. Phase 1 investigations also recorded several small lithic scatters in the same plowed field as the Dorothy Scott 1 site. The Dorothy Scott 2-4 sites (UB ) lie about m ( ft) to the west. Work there identified only a few artifacts at each location. A drill fragment found at the Dorothy Scott 4 site is similar to an intact example found at the Scott 1 site.

10 Figure 3. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Results of Phase 1 Surface Inspection. 7

11 8 Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643). The Dorothy Scott 4 site is located in the Town of Concord, Erie County, New York (MCD 02910). It lies about 525 m (1722 ft) south of NY Route 39 and 560 m (1837 ft) west of the existing alignment of US Route 219 (Figure 2). The Phase 1 fieldwork first identified the Dorothy Scott 4 site during a surface inspection of a plowed field. This procedure recorded a flake findspot (FN 13). Twelve shovel test pits were subsequently excavated around this location at 1 and 5 meter (3.3 and 16 ft) intervals (Figure 4). Two STPs yielded additional artifacts consisting of a flake and a drill fragment. The Phase 1 results indicated the site encompassed a 5x5 m (16x16 ft) area. No testing subsurface testing was conducted beyond the 5 m (16 ft) STP grid. Figure 4. Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643): Site limits based on results of Phase 1 fieldwork. The Scott 4 site lies near a small stream in a landform classified by the background research as Stratum 5 (Hart 1998: Table 1). This stratum was assigned a high sensitivity given its well drained setting on an upland ridge less than 250 m (820 ft) from a water source. The site lies at an elevation of 415 m (1361 ft) above mean sea level. Environmental conditions are not appropriate for the formation of deeply buried deposits. Just west and south of the site, the surrounding topography becomes gently rolling as the ground surface begins a down slope trend. The headwaters of an unnamed tributary of Spooner Creek lie 210 m (689 ft) to the south. It flows southwestward into Cattaraugus Creek, which lies about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) to the south. It is the largest drainage in this part of western New York and drains much of the surrounding plateau into Lake Erie. Terrain north and east of the site is level to gently sloping and lacks prominent topographic features.

12 9 The site is situated on deep, moderately well drained Castile gravelly loam soils. This soil series is typically associated with elongated terraces, remnant beach ridges and undulating deltas. It has a high sand and gravel content. A broad area that bounds Cattaraugus Creek, including the Scott 4 site, lies within the Chenango-Castile- Varysburg soil association. These soils form in glacial outwash deposits that tend to be well drained. The soil profiles of 12 STP reveal two soil strata. The A-horizon plowzone is about cm (10-12 in) thick. It is comprised of dark brown or brown sandy silt with numerous gravel inclusions. The upper B-horizon subsoil is yellowish brown with similar texture and inclusions. The results of the Phase 1 study indicated that the Dorothy Scott 4 site represents a low density lithic scatter in close proximity to other small lithic scatters (Scott 1-3 sites). The prehistoric assemblage includes three artifacts. An unmodified flake was recovered on the ground surface (FN 13) and another was found in STP 49/5N. A drill fragment was found in STP 49/1N. All the artifacts are made of Onondaga chert. No evidence of prehistoric features was observed during the Phase 1 investigations. All three artifacts recovered by the Phase 1 study were found in plowzone soils. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). The Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (UB 3660, NYSM 11358) was identified during the Phase 1 reconnaissance survey for PIN , the proposed construction of US Route 219 section 5 (NYS Route 39 to Edies Road) in the Village of Springville and Town of Concord, Erie County, New York and the Towns of Ashford and Ellicottville, Cattaraugus County, New York (Hartner and Perrelli 2003). The site is situated along the north side of Zoar Valley Road on the outskirts of the Village of Springville within Lot 68 B2 of Township 6, Range 7 of Joseph Ellicott s 1797 survey of Holland Company Lands in Western New York. The project area lies within the Town of Concord, Erie County, New York, and encompasses the southern half of the small 2 acre lot. This property and all other properties will hereafter be referred to by a shortened version of the above property description (e.g. Lot 68 B2 [6/7]). The Phase 1B reconnaissance survey included the surface collection of a 55 x 80 m (180 x 262 ft) area according to a 5 m (16.4 ft) inspection grid. Phase 1 testing also included the excavation of 40 shovel test pits (STPs to ) along a 15 m (50 ft) grid overlying the surface inspection area. A graphical representation of site and project area limits showing the location of surface inspection cells and STP locations is presented in Figure 5. A total of 803 historic artifacts were recovered from the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site during the Phase 1B survey, including 730 artifacts from the surface collection and 73 artifacts from 19 shovel test pits. Sorted according functional category, the assemblage includes a total of 5 (0.62%) unidentified artifacts, including examples of burnt glass ceramics, as well oxidized metal artifacts; 252 (31.38%) food related artifacts, including ceramic and glass tableware, glass bottles and metal can container fragments.; 10 (1.25%) food remains eco-facts, including mammal bone and shell; 444 (55.29%) architectural artifacts, including brick, cut and wire nails, mortar and flat glass; 1 (0.12%) clothing group artifact, a leather fragment; 2 (0.25%) lighting / electrical artifacts, both identified as ceramic electrical insulators; 39 (4.86%) miscellaneous modern artifacts, consisting of plastic objects; and 50 (6.23%) energy group artifacts, including coal, charcoal, coal ash, and slag. A tabular summary of the functional categorization of the Phase 1 artifacts is presented below in Table 1. The 5 m (16 ft) surface inspection grid data revealed that the high density portion of the scatter encompasses about a 25 x 30 m (83 x 100 ft) area within the project limits. It lies just east of the western edge of the small lot line indicated on the historic maps. Relatively few finds occurred west of the lot line. Slightly greater numbers of finds occurred north of the artifact concentration. Whether this represents debris disposal patterns, the effects of plowing on site micro-stratigraphy could not be determined. The shovel test pit data indicates that a low density scatter extends slightly beyond the boundaries of the surface inspected area to encompass an area of about 75 x 90 m (246 x 295 ft). Few artifacts were found in environs outside of main artifact concentration (Hartner and Perrelli 2003:205).

13 Figure 5. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660), Results of Phase 1 surface inspection and shovel test pit grid. 10

14 11 Table 1. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3660) Phase 1 Artifact Summary. Functional Group Phase IB Reconnaissance Survey Results Surface % STP % Total % Unidentified % % % Food Related % % % Food Remains % % % Architectural % % % Hygiene/Medicinal % % % Household/Furnishing % % % Clothing % % % Personal/Amusement % % % Lighting/Electrical % % % Tools/Arms % % % Smoking % % % Misc. Modern % % % Transportation/Mechanical % % % Energy % % % Non-Food Faunal % % % Prehistoric % % % Total: % % % Possible evidence of a historic feature was located during the Phase 1 investigations. The soil profile of STP displayed deep organic soils along the south wall of the excavation. It contrasted sharply with the yellowish brown subsoil. This anomaly began just below the plowzone soils and extended to the bottom of the shovel test pit at 71 cm (28 in) below the ground surface. Two modern brown bottle glass shards, two U-staples and four brick fragments were found in the stain. This shovel test pit lies near the high-density portion of the artifact scatter, near the lot line dividing the small house lot MDS 1001 was once located on from the adjacent corn field to the west. STP also lies just a few meters north of Zoar Valley Road. The limited evidence presented in this single STP precluded its direct association with the nineteenth to early twentieth century domestic occupation of MDS It is possible that the feature could also be related to a later twentieth disturbance resulting from utility line excavation or road construction. Except for the soil anomaly observed in STP , all the artifacts recovered by the Phase 1 study were found on the ground surface or in plow-zone soils. This soil stratum is between 25 and 35 cm (10 and 14 in) deep based on shovel test pit soil profiles. Artifacts were found throughout this soil stratum. The limited subsurface testing completed as part of the Phase 1 investigations is considered a preliminary examination of the site. Additional work is required to determine the extent, if any, of intact deposits within the subsoil. Such deposits could potentially occur in a cellar hole, well or a midden pit associated with domestic and agricultural activities that occurred during the site s the nineteenth and early twentieth century domestic occupation.

15 12 Summary of Phase 2 Site Examinations Fieldwork for the Phase 2 site examinations for PIN were conducted by the SUNY Buffalo Archaeological Survey in the summer of This study examined 12 prehistoric sites and one historic site. Based on the results of this work, Phase 3 investigations were recommended for the Dorothy Scott 1, Dorothy Scott 4 and Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) sites. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640). A Phase 2 site examination was recommended because the Scott 1 site represents a small, upland site in a region where few such sites have been previously recorded or systematically investigated. It offers an opportunity to study its role in regional and local settlement patterns and to further the understanding of the use of prehistoric lithic technology in this environmental niche. Increased knowledge of the site will provide insights into the subsistence strategies of its occupants and help determine its relationship, if any, with the nearby Dorothy Scott 2-4 sites. The primary goal of the Phase 2 site examination of the Scott 1 site was to gather sufficient data to determine the site s National Register eligibility. The investigations assessed the integrity and extent of prehistoric archaeological deposits within project limits. Research objectives included refining the horizontal and vertical limits of the site, documenting soil stratigraphy, identifying buried cultural features, and determining whether the site possesses sufficient integrity and research potential. Examination of the site could potentially reveal important information about logistical camps, base camps or habitation sites along Cattaraugus Creek and could yield data on site type, size, landscape utilization and resource exploitation for one or more periods of prehistory. Pit and hearth features, if present, will offer insights into resource utilization, subsistence and dietary practices, and specific types of activities that occurred at this location. Based on data recovery and research potential, a Phase 2 site examination was proposed for the prehistoric component(s) of the site to determine National Register eligibility. Given the plowed field setting of the Scott 1 site, the Phase 2 investigations began with a surface inspection (Figures 6-7). This work complimented previous Phase 1 surface inspection. The site was inspected for a minimum distance of at least 30 m (100 ft) beyond the Phase 1 site limits. The Phase 2 artifact locations were recorded using the relocated Phase 1 site datum and baseline. The subsurface testing included both shovel test pits (STPs) and test unit excavations (TUs). Work began with a series of 52 shovel test pits excavated at a five meter (16 ft) interval. These complimented the Phase 1 STP grid. The Phase 2 shovel test pit grid was followed by a series of test unit excavations to further define the horizontal and vertical limits of the site and assess its integrity. Phase 2 investigations included 17 block excavations with most measuring 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) in area. A few were slightly larger. Most were placed in and around the high-density core of the surface scatter. Several were located in low-density areas. Phase 2 excavations recovered 620 lithic artifacts (Tables 1-3). No ceramics or other non-chert artifacts were found. The site yielded a diverse formal tool assemblage, including a projectile point fragment, four bifaces, seven flake tools, 36 utilized flakes and 572 unmodified flakes. Many stages of a formal, bifacial tool manufacturing sequence are represented ranging from a pre-form or quarry blank that shows minimal preparation of raw chert to nondescript late stage bifaces. The presence of debitage indicates a bifacial reduction sequence took place at the site either for the manufacture of stone tools, the maintenance of an existing tool kit or perhaps both. Finds include 58 burnt artifacts suggesting the presence of hearth features or other areas where burning occurred throughout the site. One pit feature was identified by the Phase 2 excavations. Feature 5 yielded a radiocarbon date from feature in the undisturbed B-horizon subsoil of TU 31. The core of the feature was floated resulting in the recovery of numerous small flakes and charred material, mostly wood charcoal. This sample yielded a conventional radiocarbon age of /- 40 BP that firmly dates the charred material to the Meadowood Phase of the Early Woodland period based. The Phase 2 work also recovered the medial section of a projectile point probably dating to the Meadowood Phase.

16 13 Table 2. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Summary of Phase 2 Prehistoric Artifacts by Test Unit. TU# Projectile Biface Utilized Burnt Core Debitage Other FCR Total Point Flake Flake * * * * Total FCR = Fire-cracked rock = utilized flakes identified as part of detailed lithic analysis Table 3. Dorothy Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Phase 2 Shovel Test Pit Artifact Summary. STP # Depth (cm) Color/ Texture/ Inclusions Artifact Summary 25E 0N 0-33 Dk Brn SiSa, Grl 1-flake Dk YBrn Sa, Grl --- 5E 5N 0-30 Dk Brn SaLo 1-flake Dk YBrn Sa E 5S 0-28 Brn SaLo, Grl 3-flakes, 1-clear flat glass DkYBrn/SiSa/Grl --- 5E 15S 0-32 Dk Brn SaLo, Grl 1-flake Dk YBrn SiSa, Grl E 15S 0-31 Dk Brn SaLo, Grl 2-flakes YBrn SaSi, Grl E 20S 0-29 Dk Brn SaLo, Grl 1-flake YBrn SiSa, Grl E 15N 0-34 GBrn SaSi 2-flakes RBrn SiSa --- Total 11-flakes

17 14 Table 4. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Phase 2 Surface Inspection Artifact Summary. Surface Field Number Number of Artifacts Artifact Type Surface Field Number Number of Artifacts Artifact Type 2 1 flake 59 1 flake 3 1 flake 60 1 flake 6 1 flake 61 1 utilized flake tool 7 1 flake 89 1 flake 9 1 flake 90 1 utilized flake 10 1 flake 91 1 utilized flake 11 1 flake 92 1 flake (burnt) 12 2 utilized flake, flake 94 1 flake (burnt) 14 1 flake 95 1 flake 15 1 flake 96 1 flake 16 1 flake 97 1 flake 18 1 flake 98 1 flake 19 1 flake 99 1 utilized flake 20 1 flake flake 21 1 utilized flake flake 22 1 flake flake 23 1 flake flake 25 1 flake flake 28 1 flake flake 29 1 flake (burnt) flake 30 1 utilized flake flake 31 1 flake utilized flake 32 1 utilized flake flake 33 1 flake flake (burnt) 34 1 utilized flake flake 35 1 flake utilized flake tool 36 1 utilized flake (burnt) flake 37 1 flake flake 38 1 utilized flake tool flake 39 1 biface (burnt) flake 40 1 utilized flake tool utilized flake (burnt) 41 1 utilized flake/scraper biface 44 1 flake utilized flake 45 1 utilized flake flake graver 46 1 flake flake 47 1 flake flake 51 1 Meadowood proj pt utilized flake, flake 52 1 utilized flake flake 54 1 flake flake 55 1 utilized flake flake 56 1 flake (burnt) flake (burnt) 57 1 flake (burnt) utilized flake 58 1 utilized flake tool Total 87 proj pt=1, biface=2 (1 burnt), flake tool=7, utilized flake=16 (2 burnt), flake=61 (7 burnt)

18 Figure 6. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Site limits based on results of Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork. 15

19 Figure 7. Scott 1 site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640): Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork in high density artifact area. 16

20 17 Dorothy Scott 4 Site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643). A Phase 2 site examination was recommended because the Scott 4 site represents a small, upland site in a region where few such sites have been previously recorded or systematically investigated. It offers an opportunity to study its role in regional and local settlement patterns and to further the understanding the use of prehistoric lithic technology in this environmental niche. Increased knowledge of the site will provide insights into the subsistence strategies of its occupants and help determine its relationship, if any, with the nearby Dorothy Scott 1-3 sites. The primary goal of the Phase 2 site examination of the Scott 1 site was to gather sufficient data to determine the site s National Register eligibility. The investigations assessed the integrity and extent of prehistoric archaeological deposits within project limits. Research objectives included refining the horizontal and vertical limits of the site, documenting soil stratigraphy, identifying buried cultural features, and determining whether the site possesses sufficient integrity and research potential. Examination of the site could potentially reveal important information about logistical camps, base camps or habitation sites along Cattaraugus Creek and could yield data on site type, size, landscape utilization and resource exploitation for one or more periods of prehistory. Pit and hearth features, if present, will offer insights into resource utilization, subsistence and dietary practices, and specific types of activities that occurred at this location. Based on data recovery and research potential, a Phase 2 site examination was proposed for the prehistoric component(s) of the site to determine National Register eligibility. Given the plowed field setting of the Scott 1 site, the Phase 2 investigations began with a surface inspection (Figures 8). This work complimented previous Phase 1 surface inspection. The site was inspected for a minimum distance of at least 30 m (100 ft) beyond the Phase 1 site limits. The Phase 2 artifact locations were recorded using the relocated Phase 1 site datum. The subsurface testing included both shovel test pits (STPs) and test unit excavations (TUs). Work began with a series of 16 shovel test pits excavated at a five meter (16 ft) interval. These extended the Phase 1 STP grid. An outlying Phase 2 surface find was examined at 1-5 m ( ft) intervals. The Phase 2 shovel test pit grid was followed by a series of test unit excavations to further define the horizontal and vertical limits of the site and assess its integrity. Phase 2 investigations included four 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) excavations. Phase 2 excavations recovered 20 lithic artifacts (Tables 4-6). No ceramics or other non-chert artifacts were found. Despite its small size, the site yielded a diverse tool assemblage, including a projectile point fragment, a biface and three utilized flakes. The remaining 15 finds represent unmodified flakes. The ratio of tools to debitage suggests a variety of tasks were occurring there, but that formal, bifacial tool reduction was not one of them. The debitage would appear to represent the manufacture of expedient flake tools or the maintenance of an existing tool kit, perhaps both. The Phase 2 surface inspection that resulted in the recovery of three additional flakes in the same general area as the Phase 1 finds. The shovel test pit grid yielded one additional flake. Test unit excavations were then placed in the artifact concentration identified by the Phase 1 and 2 finds. This work yielded the remaining part of the Phase 2 assemblage, including the projectile point. The only temporally diagnostic artifact was recovered from the site. This a relatively small Vosburg projectile point dating to the Late Archaic period (circa BP). Table 5. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 Prehistoric Artifacts by Test Unit. TU# Projectile Biface Utilized Burnt Core Debitage Other FCR Total Point Flake Flake Total FCR = Fire-cracked rock

21 18 Table 6. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 Surface Artifacts. Surface Field Number Artifact Type 65 flake 66 flake 67 flake Total flake=3 Table 7. Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) Summary of Phase 2 by Shovel test Pit. STP # Depth (cm) Color/ Texture/ Inclusions Artifact Summary FN 66 / 5E 0-28 Brn SiSa, Grl 1-flake Dk YBrn Sa, Grl --- Total 1-flake Figure 8. Limits of Scott 4 site (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) based on Phase 1 and 2 fieldwork.

22 19 Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). The Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site encompasses a two acre parcel located the northeastern corner of Lot 68B of Township 6, Range 7 of the original Holland Land Survey Area, within the present-day Town of Concord (MCD 02910), Erie County, New York and the Village of Springville (MCD 02957). The Phase 2 site limits were defined during the Phase 1 archaeological reconnaissance survey conducted in 2002 by the Archaeological Survey of the State University of New York at Buffalo (Hartner and Perrelli 2003: ). A Phase 2 site examination was recommended because the Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site represents a small nineteenth and early twentieth century tenant farmstead in a region where few such sites have been previously recorded and/or systematically investigated. The results of the Phase 1 study indicated that the site offered evidence for changes in material culture acquisition, use and deposition by historically documented site occupants throughout the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During this period, improvements made to transportation, infrastructure, market access and manufacturing facilitated the development of a rural agricultural economy characterized by an ever increasing reliance on regional commerce and mass produced consumer products. Not only would further excavation of the site examine how the daily lives of site occupants were affected by their participation in the local and regional economy, but how their own personal identities and histories impacted the site development. The MDS 1001 site lies entirely within the Construction Section 5 project area and will be impacted by the proposed US Route 219 Freeway Alternate. The research potential of the site is enhanced because the entire domestic portion of the former tenant farmstead is located within the project limits. This will allow for relationships between the MDS 1001 location and artifact concentrations, features, outbuildings and the like to be studied in detail. Further investigation of these deposits is likely to yield important information on the history of southwestern New York. Therefore, a Phase 2 site examination was recommended in order to ascertain the site s eligibility for nomination to the National Register under Criteria D. The archaeological sampling strategy included a combination of surface inspection, shovel testing and test unit excavation within the Lot 68B2 site property, as well as in the adjacent field to the west. While concentrated within the site property, archaeological testing was conducted within the adjacent field in order to further define the western site limits. The Phase 2 site measures 48 m ( ft) east-west (SW-NE) along Zoar Valley Road by 77 m ( ft) North South, a total area of 3,696 sq. meters (12, sq. ft), and is confined to the southern half of Lot 68 B2 (6/7). A Phase 2 site map is presented below in Figure 9 depicting project area limits, site limits and archaeological testing locations. One hundred and seventy-seven 5 sq. m (16.5 sq. ft) surface inspection cells were collected across both historic properties, a total area of 855 sq. m (2,821.5 sq. ft). One hundred and forty-nine 50 sq. cm (1.64 sq. ft) shovel test pits were excavated along eleven transects; a total area of 74.5 sq. meters (244.4 sq. ft). The STPs were excavated according to natural soil levels. Finally, 10 test units, a total area of 10 sq. m (32.8 sq. ft) were excavated with Lot 68 B2. The TUs were positioned in areas that were determined to possess high concentrations of artifacts, intact features and intact historic fill and subsoil strata during surface inspection and shovel testing. TU soils were excavated in arbitrary 10 cm (ft) levels in order to record intra-level depositional patterns. Finally, all site soils examined by STP and TU excavation were sifted through 6 mm (1/4 in) wire mesh screens in order to maximize artifact recovery. A total of 8,790 artifacts were recovered during the Phase 2 Site Examination, including 3,109 artifacts from test unit excavation, 2,842 artifacts from shovel testing and 2,839 from surface inspection (Table 8). Sorted according to function, the Phase 2 site assemblage includes 200 (2.28%) unidentified artifacts; 1,547 (17.60%) food related artifacts; 88 (1.00%) food remains eco-facts; 6,042 (68.74%) architectural objects; 1 (0.01%) household/furnishing artifact (a mirror fragment); 8 (0.09%) clothing related items, 5 (0.06%) personal/amusement artifacts; 2 (0.02%) lighting/electrical artifacts; 5 (0.06%) tools/arms related objects; 16 (0.18%) smoking group items; 172 (1.96%) miscellaneous modern artifacts (plastic); 78 (0.89%) transportation/mechanical related objects; 530 (6.03%) energy group items (coal, coal ash, slag, charcoal); and 96 (1.09%) non-food faunal skeletal elements.

23 20 Table 8. Blackmar-Eaton / MDS 1001 Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Phase 2 Artifact Summary Sorted by Functional Context. Functional Group Phase 2 Site Examination TU % STP % Surface % Ph II % Unidentified % % % % Food Related % % % 1, % Food Remains % % % % Architectural 2, % 1, % 2, % 6, % Hygiene/Medicinal % % % % Household/Furnishing % % % % Clothing % % % % Personal/Amusement % % % % Lighting/Electrical % % % % Tools/Arms % % % % Smoking % % % % Misc. Modern % % % % Transportation/Mechanical % % % % Energy % % % % Non-Food Faunal % % % % Prehistoric % % % % Total: 3, % 2, % 2, % 8, % Artifacts were unevenly distributed horizontally throughout the project area. A high density artifact concentration was observed within the site s southwest quadrant, in the area located between the western boundary line of Lot 68B2 (6/7) and Zoar Valley Road. Though a dense concentration in this area was noted in A P -, B21-, B22- and B23-Horizon soils, the majority of associated artifacts were recovered from the plough-zone, and to a lesser extent, B21-Horizon subsoil and historic fill soils. Furthermore, all artifacts identified in B21-, B22- and B23- Horizon soils and in second strata fill soils were found in the Blackmar-Eaton site s southwest corner. In addition, six (6) historic features were also recovered during the Phase 2 Site Examination. Features 1, 2, 4 and 5 were identified as posthole/post-molds. Identified as postholes, Features 1 and 2 were located near the site Zoar Valley Road frontage in TU 5, at the transition between Ap- and B21-Horizon soils. Nine (9) artifacts were recovered from Feature 1, while only a single (1) artifact was recovered from Feature 2, all of which were identified as charcoal. Features 4 and 5 were located along the site s western property line, within TU 6. Both features, also identified as postholes, were found at the transition between B21- and B22-Horizon soils. Both of these features were positioned just outside of Feature 3, a deeply buried pit midden/privy feature. It is yet not clear how Features 3, 4 and 5 are related, though it is possible that the former posts were part of a small outbuilding associated with the pit. Feature 6 was the only historic feature located outside of the high density scatter, in the northwestern corner of the project area, and was identified as the fully articulated skeleton of a juvenile pig (Sus scrofa). No evidence of butchery or gnaw marks were observed, suggesting that the animal may have been diseased, killed by dogs, or intentionally buried as a pet.

24 Figure 9. Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) Site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660): Phase 2 Site Limits showing test unit and shovel test pit locations 21

25 22 Site Descriptions Individual site descriptions are presented below for the three sites where Phase 3 work is proposed: the prehistoric Dorothy Scott 1 (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) and Dorothy Scott 4 (NYSM 11341, UB 3643) sites, and the historic Blackmar-Eaton (MDS 1001) site (NYSM 11358, UB 3660). The site descriptions are based on the results of the Phase 1 and 2 excavations. Dorothy Scott 1 Site (NYSM 11338, UB 3640) Context. Temporally diagnostic evidence associated with the Scott 1 site indicates it represents a Meadowood Phase occupation dating to the Early Woodland period (circa BP). The results of the Phase 2 site examination indicate the Scott 1 site has provided important information about the prehistoric occupation of the Cattaraugus Creek valley and the Allegheny Plateau during this period. Sites of this age are more numerous on parts of the Erie lake plain region of western New York and relatively few have been recorded in upland settings. The Scott 6 site (UB 3725) is the nearest Meadowood period site to the Scott 1 site. This projectile point findspot is located on similar well drained soils, about 200 m (656 ft) west of the Scott 1 site limits. The two sites may be associated. Elsewhere in the Construction Section 5 project area, the Miller 1 site yielded evidence of an Early Woodland occupation. This artifact findspot is located on well drained soils in a rolling plain setting similar to that of the Scott 1 and 6 sites. There is little specific knowledge of the subsistence and settlement strategies employed on small, upland sites of the Early Woodland period. Previous investigations of sites dating to this period in the Allegheny Plateau are limited in both number and scope. Elsewhere in the plateau region of southwestern New York, a small number of Meadowood sites are recorded along the Allegheny River and Conewango Creek valleys to the south. Nearer to the Scott 1 site, the SUNY Buffalo site files lists only four previously recorded Meadowood sites in the Cattaraugus Creek valley. Three lie about 10 km (6 mi) upstream from the Scott 1 site, while the fourth lies downstream. Site Size / Site Limits. Given its plowed field setting, the horizontal limits of the Scott 1 are defined by the Phase 1 and 2 surface inspections, as well as shovel test pits and test unit excavations. The results of the Phase 2 investigations increased the Scott 1 site limits to encompass a 100x180 m (328x590 ft) area (Figures 6-7). The Phase 1 work had earlier indicated that the site extended over a 65x100 m (213x328 ft) area with a moderately dense 20x40 m (66x122 ft) core. The results of the Phase 2 surface inspection indicated that the size of the core area corresponds well with the Phase 1 work. The second surface inspection recovered material from a slightly smaller 20x35 m (66x115 ft) area. The expanded site limits also includes scattered finds throughout the 100x180 m (328x590 ft) area, as well as a several small clusters of findspots consisting of just a few finds. The site s vertical limits are defined by the results of the Phase 1 and 2 shovel test pits and the Phase 2 test units (Appendix B: Tables 37-38). These data indicate most prehistoric finds occur in the upper part of the soil profile corresponding to the Ap-horizon or plowzone. The excavation profiles indicate this level is a relatively uniform 30 cm (12 in) deep across the site. The few flakes recovered in the deeper parts of the B-horizon are associated with the prehistoric feature and/or rodent disturbances. No evidence of either a buried or a partially formed A-horizon was observed in any of the excavations. Integrity. The primary disturbance to site deposits is the effects of repeated plowing. Much of the prehistoric assemblage was recovered from the upper part of the soil profile representing to the Ap-horizon plowzone. This stratum is a uniform 30 cm (12 in) across the site. Prehistoric artifacts were recovered from below the plowzone in four of the test units. None were found in this level during the Phase 1 investigations. A relatively small number of these finds are associated with Feature 5, the pit feature recorded in TU 31. Elsewhere, nearly all of the remaining prehistoric artifacts recovered from below the plowzone were found in association with a soil anomaly observed in TUs 25 and 29, part of which is a sinuous rodent disturbance. This material includes a biface fragment and most of the burnt flakes recovered by the Phase 2 investigations. The soil anomaly extends into an unexcavated area to the north. Further investigation of this location may provide insights as to its origin and function. Two flakes were recovered from the subsoil of the block excavation at TUs , while a single flake was reported in TU 19.

26 23 Artifact Summary. The Phase 1 and 2 excavations recovered 682 artifacts, not including the material, mostly micro-flakes, found through flotation processing of feature soil samples. The assemblage includes formal tools such as a Meadowood projectile point fragment, an intact drill, five bifaces and seven flake tools such as scrapers. Expedient tools are represented by 38 utilized flakes. A quarry blank was also recovered indicating possible source of some of these lithics. The remainder of the finds are characterized as debitage. Features. Two prehistoric features, and several soil anomalies possibly representing features, were documented by the Phase 2 study. None were recorded by the Phase 1 fieldwork. Plowzone soils across the site have disturbed the upper part of the soil profile to depth of approximately 30 cm (12 in). Consequently, only the lower parts of features remain intact. Features were identified in Test Units 27 and 31. The first indication that this location was sensitive was the relatively large numbers of flakes recovered in the plowzone soils of both test units. Stains were noted at the Ap/Bhorizon interface. A probable post-mold (Feature 3) was observed in the northeast quadrant, and a pit (Feature 5) was partly exposed in the northwest corner of the TU 27 excavation. A sample of charred material from Feature 5 was submitted and yielded a radiocarbon date of /- 40 years BP. Two soil anomalies possibly of prehistoric origin were also investigated. Both are shallow 3-5 cm (1-2 in) deep stains (Features 1-2) were recorded just below the plowzone in the block excavation at TUs Feature 1 lacked any internal structure and consisted of mottled areas of dark brown soil with small amounts of ash and charcoal. The silty sand feature fill contained much less gravel than the surrounding subsoil. Feature 2 is a somewhat large area just below the plowzone. It did not become apparent until TU 13 had been excavated. Like Feature 1, it was shallow and lacked internal structure. Significance. The site is significant because it presents considerable data recovery and research opportunities afforded by high artifact density and diversity, feature potential and good site integrity. The prehistoric feature documented thus far indicates the site retains a degree of subsurface integrity. The presence of several tool types is evidence of variety of functions occurred here and the feature evidence is likely an indication the site was occupied for at least a short duration. Little is known specifically about the Early Woodland occupation of the uplands of southwestern New York and its associated subsistence strategies, settlement patterns and social organization. The data from the Scott 1site provides some initial insights into this period. While there are some larger and better documented Early Woodland sites elsewhere in western New York, the role of the small Scott 1 site in a regional context is not clearly understood. The Phase 1 and 2 work conducted to date provides data from a professionally excavated context in a region where relatively few such studies have been completed. In addition to the remaining portion of Feature 5 in TU 31, other parts of the site not yet studied are likely to yield additional artifacts and preserved features. This potentially includes Features 1 and 2 and in TUs and the soil anomaly in TUs Such evidence could contribute significantly to our understanding of prehistoric subsistence, settlement and technology in the uplands of southwestern New York. Further investigations will help determine the relationship between the Meadowood sites in this region and those on the Erie-Ontario lake plain, the Genesee River valley and the other regions of the Northeast.