- past perfect... no cambia - must... had to - shall... should - will... would - can... could - may... might

Transcription

1 REPORTED SPEECH Toda frase en estilo indirecto debe contener un verbo introductorio, una partícula de enlace y la frase que se cita. Ej: He said, "I walk a lot" He said (that) he walked a lot Verbo introductorio part. Enlace oración indirecta Verbos introductorios. El verbo introductorio depende del tipo de frase que queramos reproducir en estilo indirecto. Diferenciamos dos tipos de frases: 1.- Enunciativas: afirmativas o negativas: said, told, seguidos de los pronombres complemento, etc. 2.- Interrogativas: asked, wanted to know, wondered, inquired, etc. Cambios morfológicos. 1.- Pronominales Cambian según el punto de vista del hablante. Ej: "I'll send you a card, Sue" (palabras textuales de Ann) a) Ann told Sue (that) she would send her a card (dicho por alguien más) b) Ann said / told me (that) she would send me a card (dicho por Sue) c) I told Sue (that) I would send her a card. (dicho por Ann) - past perfect... no cambia - must... had to - shall... should - will... would - can... could - may... might - Los modales en pasado o condicionales (could, might, would, ought to, etc) no cambian. - Los modales perfectos (must have, could have, ought to have, etc...) no cambian. 3.- De adverbios / expresiones adverbiales. Now... immediately / then Ago... before / earlier Today... that day Tonight... that night Tomorrow... the next / the following day Yesterday... the previous day / the day before Last night... the previous night / the night before Next Monday... the following Monday This week... that week, the same week This afternoon... that afternoon, the same afternoon The day before yesterday... two days before The day after tomorrow... in two days' time 2.- Tiempos Verbales. NOTA: No deberás cambiar el tiempo verbal de la frase subordinada cuando el verbo introductorio esté en presente, pretérito perfecto o futuro. Ej: Jim says / tells me, "He has read Tony's book and doesn't understand it." Jim says / tells me (that) he has read Tony's book and doesn't understand it. Sin embargo, cuando el verbo introductorio vaya en pasado, como suele ocurrir, el tiempo verbal cambia: - simple present... simple past - present progressive... past progressive - simple past... past perfect (o simple past) - past progressive... past perfect progressive - present perfect... past perfect - present perfect progressive... past perfect progressive - past perfect progressive... no cambia Otros cambios Cambios de lugar Here... there This (como pronombre demostrativo)... that (como adjetivo)... the (como pronombre personal complemento... these... those Cambios de verbos Come... go Bring... take it, them 1

2 CÓMO SE PASA DE LENGUAJE DIRECTO A INDIRECTO. 1.- Frases enunciativas: afirmativas o negativas. Primero se pone el verbo introductorio, con THAT (estilo formal) o sin THAT (estilo informal), luego los cambios pronominales, de tiempos verbales, de tiempo y de lugar. Ej: He said, "I'm going home." He said (that) he was gong home "I don't like tea", he told me. He told me (that) he didn't like tea. Verbos introductorios son: say, tell (+ objeto), explain, suggest, insist (on) promise, warn, admit, agree, remind, claim, complain, reply. 2.- Frases interrogativas. a) Las que empiecen por WH- (what, where, who, how, whose y sus compuestos) Primero se pone el verbo introductorio,(nombre o pronombre complemento), la partícula interrogativa correspondiente y luego como en las frases enunciativas. Ej: She asked (us), "When did you go there?" She asked (us) when we had gone there. b) Las que no empiecen por WH- (verbos auxiliares: be, have, do/does/did y modales) Primero se pone el verbo introductorio, (nombre o pronombre complemento), IF / WHETHER, y luego como en las frases enunciativas. Ej: She asked (me), Are you hungry? She asked (me) if / whether I was hungry. Have you seen John recently? She wanted to know if / whether I had seen John recently. Did you study for the exam?, she wondered. She wondered if/whether I had studied for the exam. 3.- Órdenes. En el estilo directo utilizamos siempre el imperativo para indicar una orden. En el estilo indirecto, empleamos la siguiente estructura: Sujeto + verbo introductorio + objeto + To + infinitivo. Ej: He said to Jack, Open the door, please. He told Jack to open the door. He said to me, Don t talk He told me not to talk. Verbos introductorios son: tell, ask, advise, warn, order, command, etc. 4.- Oraciones mixtas (oraciones afirmativas / negativas; preguntas + ordenes; ordenes + oraciones afirm./neg, o todas juntas.) a) Cada una requiere su verbo introductorio propio. Ej: I don t know the way. Do you?, he asked. He asked he didn t know the way and asked her if she did / if she knew it. Someone s coming, he said. Get behind the screen. He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen. b) A veces, cuando la última oración es una frase afirmativa o negativa que ayuda a explicar la primera, podemos usar AS en lugar de un segundo verbo introductorio. Ej: You d better wear a coat. It s very cold out, he said. You advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out. c) A veces, el segundo verbo introductorio puede ser un participio. Ej: Please, don t drink too much! Remember that you ll have to drive home, she said. She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that he d have to drive home. 5.- Exclamaciones y YES/NO. a) Las exclamaciones normalmente se convierten en frases afirmativas o negativas en estilo indirecto. El signo de exclamación desaparece. a.1.- Exclamaciones que empiezan por: What (a)... o How... van a pasar a expresiones del tipo explain / say that Ej: He said, What a dreadful idea! / How dreadful idea! He exclaimed / he said that it was a dreadful idea. a.2.- Give an exclamation of delight,disgust, horror, relief, surprise, etc. a.3.- With an exclamation of delight, disgust, horror, relief, surprise, etc, + he, she, etc. + verbo. a.4.- Otros tipos de exclamación, tales como Good!, Marvellous!, Heavens! Oh! Ugh!, se pasan como en el apartado a.2 y a.3 de arriba. Ej: Good! he exclaimed. He gave an exclamation of pleasure. 2

3 a.5.- Fíjate también en: Ej: He said, Thank you! He thanked me. He said, Curse this fog! He cursed the fog. He said, Good luck! He wished me luck. He said, Liar! He called me a liar. He said, Damn! He swore b) YES and NO se expresan en estilo indirecto con el sujeto + el verbo auxiliar apropiado. Ej: He said, Can you swim? and I said No. He asked (me) if I could swim and I said I couldn t. He said, Will you have time to do it, and I said Yes. He asked if I would have time to do it and I said that I would. d) Verb + (THAT) + verb in the past. Add, answer, ask, exclaim, state, etc. Ej: They added (that) they bought it in England. e) Verb + gerund. Apologise for, insist on, suggest, etc. Ej: John apologised for being so rude. f) Verb + THAT + subject + SHOULD + infinitive. Should debe usarse cuando queremos expresar la idea de que algo debe ser hecho, o es importante. Va con verbos como: Advise, ask, demand, insit, order, etc. Ej: She advised that I should work harder this term. 6.- otras formas de expresar el lenguaje indirecto. El estilo indirecto normalmente ocurre en párrafos contínuos de lenguaje indirecto, no en frases sueltas. Para unirlas, usamos frases como: She went on to say, he continued, he added that, etc. También usamos verbos que introducen estilo indirecto como: they invited, she remarked, etc. No debemos aplicar las reglas mecánicamente cuando pasamos a estilo indirecto; tenemos que interpretar lo que oímos o leemos, así que a menudo usamos verbos como exclaim, insist, suggest, etc. Las contestaciones de SI/NO y los adverbios como WELL desaparecen cuando los pasamos a estilo indirecto. Lo daremos en forma de estructuras para que resulte más fácil para el estudiante. a) Verb + object + (not) + to. Advise, ask, command, demand, invite, order, remind, request, tell, warn, etc. Ej: He advised me to go to bed early. He ordered me not to smoke in there. b) Verb + (not) + to. Agree, promise, offer, refuse, threaten, etc. Ej: She agreed to come with me. She promised not to tell anyone. c) Verb + (nombre o pronombre complemento) Greet, interrupt, introduce, thank, welcome, etc. Ej: She introduced me to her friends. EXERCISES Enunciativas (afirmativas y negativas). 1.- I m very tired, Carmen said. 2.- My husband hasn t cleaned the room, Mrs Smith said. 3.- You don t look well, my friend told me. 4.- I ll see you tomorrow, said Graham. 5.- I m leaving this afternoon, Ron, said Tim. 6.- I lost my lighter last night, Michael, said Chris. 7.- The Times is not a Government newspaper, the writer said. 8.- My husband said, John was appointed chairman at Christmas. 9.- The doctor will prescribe tablets if your head aches, she said 10.- John said to me, These flowers are beautiful Helen to Jane, I bought you this car today. 3

4 12.- It will probably snow later in the day, the forecast said I didn t see the car in front, the man said We re hungry, they said I don t really want to play tennis, Danny told me "Michelle is working in her room," Mrs Black said "Brenda has gone to the theatre," Mick told Bill 18.- "I'll see you later," Larry told Mary "I can't take a message right now," the secretary said I took three hours to get here because the roads are flooded," he told me A) WRITE THESE SENTENCES IN REPORTED SPEECH. 1.- ' I'll see you tomorrow, ' she said. 2.- 'I saw her today,' he said. 3.- ' I don't like this film,' she said. 4.- He said, ' We went swimming today.' 5.- ' I met her about three months ago,' he said. 6.- ' Pete and Sue are getting married tomorrow,' she said. 7.- 'I haven't read these books yet,' he said. 8.- ' I was driving my car yesterday,' she said. 9.- 'I can see you tomorrow,' he said yesterday ' I didn't drive home after the party, I was too drunk,' she said 'I have something to show you', I said to her ' Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun,' she said ' I'm going away tomorrow, mother,' he said ' I've been in London for a month but so far I haven't had time to visit the Tower,' said Rupert ' It isn't so foggy today as it was yesterday,' I remarked ' The new underpass is being officially opened the day after tomorrow,' said the BBC announcer ' We have moved into our new flat. We don't like nearly so much as our last one,' said my aunt ' We have a lift but very often it doesn't work,' they said ' From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Eiffel Tower,' said my friend. B) WRITE THESE QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH. 1.- 'Do you like Marlon Brando?,' she asked. 2.- 'Are you enjoying yourself?,' he asked. 3.- 'Does your father work here?,' she asked her. 4.- 'Are you a foreigner?,' he asked me. 5.- 'Have you finished your exams?, they asked us. 6.- 'Did you invite Pete and Judith?,' I asked him. 7.- 'Did they tell you when they were leaving?,' she asked. 8.- 'Can you come to my party?,' he asked her. 9.- 'Were you playing with my computer?,' she asked us. 10.-' Is my father living in London?,' she asked my mother. 4

5 C) INTERROGATIVAS CON IF. 1.- "Does this car belong to you?" a policeman told me. 2.- "Do you really want to buy this magazine?" her friend asked her. 3.- "Was the train late?" she asked him. 4.- "Is he American or English?" he wanted to know. 5.- "Can you lend me ten pounds?" I asked him. 6.- "May I use your telephone?" she asked him. 7.- Do you like English cheese?" she asked us. 8.- He said, "Is John here?" 9.- She said, "Do you want any dinner or not? 10.- "Did he tell you?, she told him "Have you been to England before?" he asked me "Are you going to visit Scotland?" he wanted to know Susan asked me, "Did you see the film on TV?" 14.- "Have you ever been to the USA?", the man asked Sue "Can you help me?" the woman asked Bill She asked me, "Does your dog stick his head in cupboards?" 17.- The policeman asked, "Is the dog barking now?" 18.- I asked my mum, "Will I have to clean the hamster's cage tomorrow?" 19.- "Can I use your phone to make a local call?" she asked me "Do you know where Angela is living?" he asked me. D) WRITE THESE WH-QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH. 1.- 'What's your name?,' he asked me. 2.- 'How old is your father?,' my teacher asked him. 3.- 'When does the train leave?,' I asked. 4.- 'Who did you see at the meeting?,' my mother asked her. 5.- 'Why did you take my wallet?,' she asked me. 6.- 'How did you get to school?,' the boy asked Mary. 7.- 'What time does the plane arrive?,' they asked the manager. 8.- 'Why are you so late?,' my teacher asked me. 9.- 'Where did you go in Japan?,' I asked my father 'What are you doing with our books?,' they asked us 'Why are you looking through the keyhole?,' I said 'Who put salt in my coffee?,' he asked 'Which of you knows how to make Irish coffee?,' said the chief cook 'Why did you travel first class?,' I asked him 'How can I possibly run in these high-heeled shoes?,' she inquired 'What is your new house like?,' I asked them He said, 'Where am I supposed to go now?.' 18.- 'Whose car did you borrow last night?,' I said to him 'What was she wearing when you saw her?,' the policeman asked me 'Who owns this revolver?,' said the detective. 5

6 E) PUT THE SENTENCES INTO REPORTED SPEECH: COMMANDS. 1.- He said, 'Get out of my way.' 2.- 'Climb in through the window,' he ordered. 3.- 'Please pay at the desk?,' said the assistant to me. 4.- 'Open your bag, please,' said the store detective to my sister. 5.- 'Don't worry about anything, Mrs Pitt,' said her lawyer. 6.- 'Don't use bent coins in a slot machine,' I advised him. 7.- 'Follow that car,' the detective said to the taxi-driver. 8.- 'Wash it in lukewarm water,' recommended the assistant. 9.- 'Have confidence in me,' said the doctor to me 'Take me up to the 33rd floor,' he said to the liftman 'Read the notice about life-saving equipment,' advised the airhostess 'Always cook with butter,' said her mother, 'never use margarine.' 13.- 'Don't argue with your father,' I said to my boyfriend 'Wait for me at the bridge,' said the young man to the lady 'Don't eat too much fat,' I advised Peter 'Don't say anything to make me angry,' my father said to my brother 'Don't forget to feed the fish,' Mary said to her husband 'Get your dog a bigger basket,' he said to me 'Write to me as much as you can,' Said his wife 'Put your pistol on the table,' the policeman said to the girl. MIXTURE 1.- My father said I ve done the shopping and I ll be home at The sergeant said Don t move from here!. 3.- My mother asked me Are you going to the same school as my daughter?. 4.- She said My sister doesn t know how to discuss with our parents. 5.- The policeman asked me Why were you carrying that bag yesterday?. 6.- The soldier said My friends didn t know where I was. 7.- My sister said Get out of my room, Beth. 8.- They asked us Can you lend us your ball?. 9.- My teacher said Sit down and start the exam, please His mother asked her Where have your parents done with my tickets?. 1.- Mary said, This is the most beautiful picture I have in my house. 2.- Why are you laughing?, she said to me. 3.- The General said, Clean your guns!. 4.- The dog has stolen your sandwich, Peter said to Mary. 5.- When is your sister leaving to England?, he said to her. 6.- The instructor said to John, Don t swim too far. 7.- I have no idea what they are talking about, she said. 8.- Have you read this book?, she told me. 9.- The police said to me, Come with me to the police station, please My friend paid you $20 for your books, she told him Don t speak in the exam!, the teacher said to his students. 6

7 12.- We are studying hard for the next week s test, said the students The teacher said, Don t write in your book, Peter Is this the book you lent me?, she told me Peter said, Come here, please I will post this letter for you, said Robert Are you going out with my sister?, he told me This is the best film I have ever seen, said Jane Don t hit my dog!, she said Where does your brother live?, she told him I visited your mother yesterday, she said to me She told her, Write to me as soon as possible I don't know what to do with all my papers on my table, she said We like working on Sundays because we get double pay, explained the workers You've got my umbrella and yours is in your bedroom, I said Do you like Marlon Brando?, she said to Peter Are you enjoying yourself?, he told her My father lives in London but now I m staying with my aunt, she said to me I have sent the postcards to your friends at last, my daughter said to me Don t speak in the exam, the teacher said to the students Be polite to our guests my parents said to me Where is your father working? Peter asked Mary I can t help you, Anna said The Mozart Company has often visited our town, my cousins said to me We must pay the telephone bill this month, she said Does the U.S.A have a written constitution? he said Have they studied Byron s poetry? he said I want you to take these books to the library tomorrow, she told her son I can t help you, Anna said The students have been studying Robert Frost s poetry, she said Haven t you ever used a word processor before? he wanted to know Does the United States have a written constitution? he asked Do people still play cricket? we wondered Did you hear the news last night? he asked Who was playing the piano just now? he asked What have you prepared for our meeting? she asked him Which hotel do you think is best? she enquired Where will you be next Sunday at four o clock? he asked Don t worry! I said to her Take the books to the library! she said to the pupil Why didn t you feed the dog yesterday? my mother said. 7