Role of Insulin Analogs in Type 2 Diabetes References
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1 1. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology Diabetes Recommendations Implementation Writing Committee. ACE/AACE Consensus conference on the implementation of outpatient management of diabetes mellitus: consensus conference recommendations. Endocr Pract. 2006;12:(Suppl 1): American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherogenesis. Endocr Pract. 2000;6: American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(Suppl 1): S62 S American Diabetes Association. Estimated average glucose, eag. Available at: Accessed December 16, American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes Diabetes Care. 2010;33(Suppl 1):S11 S Apidra (insulin glulisine [rdna origin] injection) solution for injection. Prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; Bardsley JK, Ratner RE. Pathophysiology of the metabolic disorder. In: Mensing C, ed: The Art and Science of Diabetes Self-Management Education. Chicago, Ill: American Association of Diabetes Educators; 2006: Bergenstal RM, Kendall DM, Franz MJ, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic approach to meeting standards of care. II: Oral agents, insulin and management of complications. In: DeGroot, LJ, Jameson JL, eds. Endocrinology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 2001: Blonde L, Merilainen M, Karwe V, et al; TITRATE Study Group. Patient-directed titration for achieving glycaemic goals using a once-daily basal insulin analogue: an assessment of two different fasting plasma glucose targets the TITRATE Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11: Buse JB, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Herman WH, et al. DURAbility of basal versus lispro mix 75/25 insulin efficacy (DURABLE) trial 24-week results: safety and efficacy of insulin lispro mix 75/25 versus insulin glargine added to oral antihyperglycemic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Diabetes Translation. National Diabetes Surveillance System. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Available at: Accessed December 15, 2009.
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3 27. Korytkowski M. When oral agents fail: Practical barriers to starting insulin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(Suppl 3):S18 S Lantus (insulin glargine [rdna origin] injection). Prescribing information. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; Lebovitz HE. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. In: Lebovitz HE, ed. Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders. 4th ed. Alexandria, Va: American Diabetes Association; 2004: Lepore M, Pampanelli S, Fanelli C, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous injection of long-acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro. Diabetes. 2000;49: Levemir (insulin detemir [rdna origin] injection). Prescribing information. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk Inc.; Lingvay I, Legendre JL, Kaloyanova PF, et al. Insulin-based versus triple oral therapy for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: which is better. Diabetes Care. 2009;32: Malone JK, Kerr LF, Campaigne BN, et al. Combined therapy with insulin lispro mix 75/25 plus metformin or insulin glargine plus metformin: a 16-week, randomized, open-label, crossover study in patients with type 2 diabetes beginning insulin therapy. Clin Ther. 2004;26: Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. A consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32: Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, et al. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes Care. 2008;31: Novolin N (NPH, human insulin isophane suspension [rdna origin]). Prescribing information. Princeton, NJ; Novo Nordisk Inc.; Pearson J, Powers MA. Systematically initiating insulin: the staged diabetes management approach. Diabetes Educ. 2006;32(Suppl):19S 28S. 38. Peragallo-Dittko V. Removing barriers to insulin therapy. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33:60S 65S. 39. Peyrot M, Mathews DR, Snoek FJ, et al. An international study of psychological resistance to insulin among persons with diabetes. Diabetologia. 2003;46(Suppl 2):A Peyrot M, Rubin RR, Lauritzen T, et al. Resistance to insulin therapy among patients and providers. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:
4 41. Phillips P. Type 2 diabetes failure, blame and guilt in the adoption of insulin therapy. Rev. Diabet Stud. 2005;2: Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Guzman S, et al. Psychological insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28: Polonsky WH, Jackson RA. What s so tough about taking insulin? Addressing the problem of psychological insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Clin Diabetes. 2004;22: Raskin P, Allen E, Hollander P, et al; for the INITIATE Study Group. Initiating insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of biphasic and basal insulin analogs. Diabetes Care. 2005;28: Ratner R. Insulin delivery systems and the management of diabetes. Pract Diabetol. 2004;23: Raz I, Wilson PWF, Strojek K, et al. Effects of prandial versus fasting glycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the HEART2D trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32: Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Gerich J; on Behalf of the Insulin Glargine 4002 Study Investigators. The Treat-to-Target Trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2003;26: Robertson C. Physiologic insulin replacement in type 2 diabetes: Optimizing postprandial glucose control. Diabetes Educator. 2006;32: Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, et al. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2009;15: Russell-Jones D. Molecular, pharmacological and clinical aspects of liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;297: Sanofi-aventis. Clinical trial summary: NCT Target glycemic control and the incidence of documented symptomatic hypoglycemia in insulin naïve subjects with type 2 diabetes failing on oral hypoglycemic agent(s) and treated with Lantus (insulin glargine) or Levemir (insulin detemir): a multicenter, multinational, randomized, open-label, comparative, parallel-group study. Available at: Accessed January 27, Skyler JS. Insulin treatment. In: Lebovitz HE, ed. Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders. Alexandria, Va: American Diabetes Association; 2004: Steil CF. Pharmacologic therapies for glucose management. In: Mensing C, ed. The Art and Science of Diabetes Self-Management Education. Chicago, Ill: American Association of Diabetes Educators; 2006:
5 54. Swinnen SG, Snoek FJ, Dain MP, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline data of the insulin glargine (Lantus) versus insulin detemir (Levemir) treat-to-target (L2T3) study: a multinational, randomized noninferiority trial of basal insulin initiation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11: Thorn LM, Forsblom C, Fagerudd J, et al. Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: association with diabetic nephropathy and glycemic control (the FinnDiane study). Diabetes Care. 2005;28: Tomky DM, Kulkarni K. Intensifying insulin therapy: multiple daily injections to pump therapy. In: Mensing C, ed. The Art and Science of Diabetes Self-Management Education. Chicago, Ill: American Association of Diabetes Educators; 2006: Welchol (colesevelam hydrochloride). Prescribing information. Parsippany, NJ: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.; 2009.
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