Data Center Networks and Basic Switching Technologies
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1 Data Center Networks and Basic Switching Technologies Hakim Weatherspoon Assistant Professor, Dept of Computer Science CS 5413: High Performance Systems and Networking September 15, 2014 Slides used and adapted judiciously from Computer Networking, A Top-Down Approach
2 Where are we in the semester? Overview and Basics Data Center Networks Basic switching technologies (today) Data Center Network Topologies Software Routers (eg. Click, Routebricks, NetMap, Netslice) Alternative Switching Technologies Data Center Transport Data Center Software Networking Software Defined networking (overview, control plane, data plane, NetFGPA) Data Center Traffic and Measurements Virtualizing Networks Middleboxes Advanced Topics
3 Goals for Today Basic Switching Technologies/Router Architecture Overview See Section 4.3 in book A 50-Gb/s IP Router Craig Partridge, Senior Member, Philip P. Carvey, Isidro Castineyra, Tom Clarke, John Rokosz, Joshua Seeger, Michael Sollins, Steve Starch, Benjamin Tober, Gregory D. Troxel, David Waitzman, Scott Winterble. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (ToN), Volume 6, Issue 3 (June 1998), pages
4 two key router functions: run routing algorithms/protocol (e.g. RIP, OSPF, BGP) forwarding datagrams from incoming to outgoing link forwarding tables computed, pushed to input ports routing processor routing, management control plane (software) forwarding data plane (hardware) high-seed switching fabric router input ports router output ports
5 Input Port Functions line termination link layer protocol (receive) lookup, forwarding queueing switch fabric physical layer: bit-level reception data link layer: e.g., Ethernet see chapter 5 decentralized switching: given datagram dest., lookup output port using forwarding table in input port memory ( match plus action ) goal: complete input port processing at line speed queuing: if datagrams arrive faster than forwarding rate into switch fabric
6 Switching Fabrics transfer packet from input buffer to appropriate output buffer switching rate: rate at which packets can be transfered from inputs to outputs often measured as multiple of input/output line rate N inputs: switching rate N times line rate desirable three types of switching fabrics memory memory bus crossbar
7 Switching via Memory: First Generation Routers traditional computers with switching under direct control of CPU packet copied to system s memory speed limited by memory bandwidth (2 bus crossings per datagram) input port (e.g., Ethernet) memory output port (e.g., Ethernet) system bus
8 Switching via a bus datagram from input port memory to output port memory via a shared bus bus contention: switching speed limited by bus bandwidth 32 Gbps bus, Cisco 5600: sufficient speed for access and enterprise routers bus
9 Switching via interconnection network overcome bus bandwidth limitations banyan networks, crossbar, other interconnection nets initially developed to connect processors in multiprocessor advanced design: fragmenting datagram into fixed length cells, switch cells through the fabric. Cisco 12000: switches 60 Gbps through the interconnection network crossbar
10 Output Ports switch fabric datagram buffer queueing link layer protocol (send) line termination buffering required when datagrams arrive from fabric faster than the transmission rate scheduling discipline chooses among queued datagrams for transmission
11 Output Port Queuing switch fabric switch fabric at t, packets more from input to output one packet time later buffering when arrival rate via switch exceeds output line speed queueing (delay) and loss due to output port buffer overflow!
12 How much buffering? RFC 3439 rule of thumb: average buffering equal to typical RTT (say 250 msec) times link capacity C e.g., C = 10 Gpbs link: 2.5 Gbit buffer recent recommendation: with N flows, buffering equal to RTT. C N
13 Input Port Queuing fabric slower than input ports combined -> queueing may occur at input queues queueing delay and loss due to input buffer overflow! Head-of-the-Line (HOL) blocking: queued datagram at front of queue prevents others in queue from moving forward switch fabric switch fabric output port contention: only one red datagram can be transferred. lower red packet is blocked one packet time later: green packet experiences HOL blocking
14 Goals for Today Basic Switching Technologies/Router Architecture Overview See Section 4.3 in book A 50-Gb/s IP Router Craig Partridge, Senior Member, Philip P. Carvey, Isidro Castineyra, Tom Clarke, John Rokosz, Joshua Seeger, Michael Sollins, Steve Starch, Benjamin Tober, Gregory D. Troxel, David Waitzman, Scott Winterble. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (ToN), Volume 6, Issue 3 (June 1998), pages
15 Multigigabit Router (MGR) Architecture Network interfaces (Line cards) Forwarding Engine Network Processor Switching Fabric.
16 Multigigabit Router (MGR) Contributions Network interfaces (Line cards) Forwarding Engine distinct from line cards Forwarding Engine Complete set of forwarding tables, fast path QoS Network Processor Updates Routing Table Separates and handles slow path Switching Fabric Switched backplane
17 Goals for Today Basic Switching Technologies/Router Architecture Overview See Section 4.3 in book A 50-Gb/s IP Router Craig Partridge, Senior Member, Philip P. Carvey, Isidro Castineyra, Tom Clarke, John Rokosz, Joshua Seeger, Michael Sollins, Steve Starch, Benjamin Tober, Gregory D. Troxel, David Waitzman, Scott Winterble. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (ToN), Volume 6, Issue 3 (June 1998), pages
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