ACARE Taxonomy A common European taxonomy for aeronautical research & technology

Transcription

1 ACARE Taxonomy A common European taxonomy for aeronautical research & technology D.P. Hannessen and J.C. Donker No part of this report may be reproduced and/or disclosed, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the owner. Customer: ACARE Contract number: Owner: ACARE Distribution: Limited Classification title: Unclassified January 2003

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3 -3- Summary To provide a support infrastructure for the Advisory Council on Aeronautical Research in Europe (ACARE), the Aeronautical Stakeholders Tools for the European Research Agenda (ASTERA) project was set up. ASTERA contains several work packages. The taxonomy work package describes the identification and definition of a common taxonomy for the European aeronautical community. It consists of an organised listing of research & technology (R&T) related topics within the European aeronautical community. This document is the end result of the taxonomy work package. In it, the project approach is described, as well as the contributors and the end product of the work package, viz. the ACARE taxonomy. The taxonomy lists Research & Technology areas identified by a group of representatives of European aeronautics industries, institutes, and overarching aeronautics organisations. An initial taxonomy was built on a combination of expertise of the representatives and results from earlier similar projects. From this point it has been modified and expanded along new insights resulting from consultations with a Steering Group with representatives from European aeronautics industries, institutes and overarching organisations. The taxonomy is brought to at least one level deeper compared to previous undertakings (e.g. by GARTEUR), thus providing a more complete overview of aeronautics areas as well as a more in-depth view in which areas have been detailed into domains and sub-domains. The ACARE taxonomy will therefore not only serve those on a strategic / management level but should also be functional as a common reference taxonomy to those working in the area of aeronautical research in general.

4 -4- List of abbreviations ACARE AECMA ARDEP ASTERA ATM CIRA DLR EADS EREA GARTEUR NASA NLR ONERA R & T SCITEC SRA Advisory Council on Aeronautical Research in Europe European Association of Aerospace Industries Analysis of Research and Development in EUROCONTROL Programmes Aeronautical Stakeholders Tool for the European Research Agenda Air Traffic Management Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali (Italian Aerospace Research Centre) Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Centre) European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company European Research Establishments in Aeronautics Group for Aeronautical Research and Technology in Europe National Aeronautics and Space Administration Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium (National Aerospace Laboratory) Office National d'etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales (National office for aerospace research) Research & Technology Science and Technology study Strategic Research Agenda

5 -5- Contents 1 Introduction 7 2 Taxonomy Purpose Approach Organisation Taxonomy rationale ASTERA Taxonomy Taxonomy Areas Taxonomy Domains, sub-domains Taxonomy Area 1: Flight Physics Taxonomy Area 2: Aerostructures Taxonomy Area 3: Propulsions Taxonomy Area 4: Aircraft Avionics, Systems & Equipement Taxonomy Area 5: Flight Mechanics Taxonomy Area 6: Integrated Design & Validation (methods & tools) Taxonomy Aera 7: Air Traffic Management Taxonomy Area 8: Airports Taxonomy Area 9: Human Factors Taxonomy Area 10: Innovative Concepts & Scenarios 83 3 Conclusions & Recommendations 85 4 References 87 (87 pages in total)

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7 -7-1 Introduction In order for Europe to maintain its competitiveness in aviation for the next twenty years, a formation of European stakeholders in aeronautics defined a strategic research agenda (SRA). The SRA is the plan for materialising the Vision 2020 of the European Research Area, and the goals identified by the vision. Those goals are to make Europe the world leader in aeronautics through collaboration, strengthened and guided by a single shared vision. Common mechanisms will be created for research and technological development in the service of a leading-edge sector, symbolising European industrial ingenuity and excellence. The established formation, the Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE), was set up with the aim of developing and maintaining the strategic research agenda for aeronautics in Europe. One of the first ACARE activities was to define the Taxonomy work package as part of the Aeronautical Stakeholders Tools for the European Research Agenda (ASTERA) project. The objective of the ACARE taxonomy work is to achieve the definition of a Europeansupported taxonomy in a relative short period of time. The taxonomy should consist of an organised listing of research & technology (R&T) related topics within the European aeronautical community. A Working Group was set out to identify and define the taxonomy. Each Working Group member obtained information from experts in certain taxonomy areas regarding structure and description. The experts would then formulate a definition including sub-domains. Throughout the process a large Steering Group advised the Working Group. The Steering Group members were representatives from aeronautical industries, technology institutes and Europeanwide aeronautical organisations. With this ensemble difficult issues could be solved with regard to the overall structure of the taxonomy. Through meetings with the Steering Group and through reviews of the taxonomy, a broadly supported taxonomy was created, which is essential if the taxonomy is to be used by a substantial European group of managers and technical staff. Not re-inventing the wheel was a primary issue and the Steering Group took the care to start its work from already well established classifications and build from them. In this document the resulting taxonomy is described, as well as the process via which the taxonomy was defined. This will be done by explaining the purpose of the taxonomy in more detail, in section 2.1. The approach taken for constructing the ACARE taxonomy is described in

8 -8- section 2.2. The taxonomy itself is presented in section 2.3 and will consume the larger part of the document. Chapter 3 contains conclusions and recommendations for the maintenance and accessibility of the taxonomy for a wide European audience.

9 -9-2 Taxonomy 2.1 Purpose The main purpose of the ACARE taxonomy is to provide technological support to the ACARE council by means of a workable definition list concerning aeronautical R&T topics that exist within the different European partners from industries and institutes. This list has to be agreed and used by all stakeholders in the European aeronautical community in order to make correct comparisons and benchmarks of R&T capabilities. Its use will be at the start of the ACARE initiative, providing a terminology base for a common understanding in the ASTERA projects to follow. Therefore the taxonomy will function as one of the first foundations in the implementation of the SRA. The taxonomy is required to be flexible, easy to use for higher-level management purposes and also useable at more detailed levels to compare research activities. 2.2 Approach A consortium consisting of the Netherlands National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, QinetiQ of the UK, and ONERA of France was selected by the ACARE customer to define the ACARE taxonomy in the second half of EUROCONTROL also provided direct support to the consortium. The first phase in the project was to get a clear understanding of what taxonomy approaches existed for aerospace, e.g. at NASA, SCITEC, and EUROCONTROL. Different approaches were found, varying from alphabetical listings of topics to topics that were cross-linked in a matrix form to achieve multiple perspectives. As a second activity, the approach for the ACARE taxonomy was defined to comply with the following requirements and constraints for the taxonomy: - Achieve a common structure and high-level description for European research and technology development, through an organised listing of research & technology (R&T) related topics within the European aeronautical community. - Address the broad range of aeronautical products, technology developments and tools on a manager scale. - Support multiple views for managers and technology people. - Obtain wide guidance via a Steering Committee to enable broad use within the European aeronautical community. - Produce the taxonomy structure and high-level definition in the period August 2002 to December Describe aeronautics topics only; do not describe space-only topics.

10 Support dual use, civilian and military when covering military topics; do not describe military-only topics. This list was specified by the Steering Group together with the customer at the beginning of the project. It was then passed on to all experts within the Working Group s organisations to work with. Because of the timeframe the project was bound by some practical decisions on, for example, the level of detail and the review sessions with all the project members Organisation Within the group of project members, the taxonomy has been constructed by a working-group, which received valuable feedback from a specially formed Steering Group. This Working Group consisted of specialists from three different organisations divided over three countries: ONERA (D. Nouailhas) in France, QinetiQ (B. Spedding) in the United Kingdom and National Aerospace Laboratory NLR (D.P. Hannessen) in the Netherlands. The overall project management was placed at NLR. Onera and NLR being member of the Association of European Research Establishments in Aeronautics (EREA). From the beginning of the project it became clear that in order to achieve maximum agreement on any form of European terminology listing, representatives from all European fields were needed. A Steering Group was formed to provide senior management guidance. The Steering Group was also formed with the goal of representing European industry, (national) technology institutes, and representatives of air transport users. It was formed of the following members (in alphabetical order): - AECMA (A. Swan / L. Bottasso) - Airbus (D. King) - DLR (U. Möller / A. Junior) - EADS (J.L. Galvani) - EUROCONTROL (J.L. Marchand) - NLR (F.J. Abbink) - Rolls Royce (N. Peacock) The Steering Group members provided directions at the beginning of the work, functioned as a sounding board, and provided support for the taxonomy definition through reviews of deliverable items. The Steering Group convened at major milestones in the project to discuss review comments and to set directions for the remainder of the project.

11 Taxonomy rationale In order to get maximum agreement of all stakeholders the ACARE taxonomy has been defined with its future users in mind. First of all these are the members of the ACARE group, but later technical people and sub-level management may also encounter the taxonomy in their work. Therefore, it was decided that the topics chosen in different levels of the taxonomy should be able to be mapped to the topics common to the users working domain. The Steering Group advised to take the previously developed GARTEUR taxonomy as starting point for the Working Group. Then a goal was set to take this GARTEUR taxonomy and complete it and define it at least one level deeper. This led to the agreement of the overall structure of the ACARE taxonomy. The level of detail of the taxonomy was also discussed, for here one could find different approaches as well. The approach was taken to define a relatively small number of research areas, and to detail these further into domains and sub-domains. Existing research domains were carefully studied for areas or domains missing in the GARTEUR taxonomy. The existing research domains are believed to be very useful for facilitating an easy mapping of existing research and technology of particular organisations to the common R&T areas of the ACARE taxonomy. The Working Group constructed a first taxonomy from literature studies and existing taxonomies. ATM related topics, which were not part of the GARTEUR taxonomy, were already defined by EUROCONTROL as part of ARDEP. Since this area fits perfectly into the ACARE taxonomy, it was copied into the ACARE taxonomy without major changes. Since the GARTEUR taxonomy was taken as a baseline, the structure of the ACARE taxonomy is also hierarchical. First there is a top-level of ten so-called main aeronautical areas. These areas are divided into domains. For each domain, a definition is provided. Below each domain follow sub-domains, which are described through the listing of keywords. This will serve as a context boundary in where the domain should be regarded. See the figure below. Using the GARTEUR taxonomy gave an early handle in the beginning. Although it has been changed considerably (e.g. level of detail, areas, domains, etc.) it speeded up the process of focusing on the structure in an early phase. Choosing the matrix format for the taxonomy was also considered, since this would enable different views (application-oriented, technology-oriented, etc.). Although the hierarchical structure led to a number of discussions, the hierarchical approach was maintained to achieve the intended effort and timeframe.

12 -12- Also a matrix was considered by some to be less accessible for a broad audience that a structured hierarchical listing which would create more overview. See the figure below for the hierarchical layout of the taxonomy. Domain 1 Definition Sub-domains Area 1 Domain 2 Definition Sub-domains... Domain 1 Definition ACARE Taxonomy Area 2 Domain 2 Sub-domains Definition Sub-domains Area 10 Figure 2.1. ACARE Taxonomy structure For easy reference, each area and domain is specified by a number of its area, its three-letter abbreviation and its full name. As an example: 211 HAA Helicopter Aero-acoustics In this example the number 211 is constructed of first the number of the area it is placed in, which is two in this case, and its successive number within this area, which is eleven. Experts within the Working Group s organisations provided definitions and the keyword listing for each domain. This process involved sometimes reformulating or altering the area of the domains as reviews showed a better consistent location within the taxonomy. There was no preselected number of domains or sub-domains for each area. The experts within the Working

13 -13- Group organisations were free to define the necessary number of domains and sub-domains themselves. Throughout the process, some areas showed groups of related domains. This brought in the idea of clustering within some areas. During the development it also became clear that some items could fall under more than one area depending on their level of specification. This is not necessarily a problem as long as one instance is the more domain-specific one and the other instance contains the generalised explanation. For example, if an item in the field of support systems is specific enough for area Air Traffic Management its name should clearly mention this (e.g. ATM automated support ). But in the area of Integrated design and Validation there is also need for a more overall explanation, so that will be called Decision Support Systems. A system of cross-referencing between taxonomy entries will help clarify these sorts of relationships. 2.3 ACARE Taxonomy Below is the list of the top-level areas in the taxonomy. These areas are the result of several cycles of evaluation from the Steering Group. The main criteria set for this top level were that there should be enough areas for a reasonable degree of differentiation between them, but that the number of areas should not be unmanageably large. It was agreed that a list of ten areas was compact enough to be easy to use, whilst still encapsulating the main topics of European aeronautics.

14 Taxonomy Areas Taxonomy version: Moderator: National Aerospace Laboratory NLR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY AREAS: 1. Flight physics FLP 2. Aerostructures AST 3. Propulsion PRO 4. Aircraft Avionics, Systems & Equipment AVS 5. Flight Mechanics FLM 6. Integrated Design & Validation (methods & tools) IDV 7. Air Traffic Management ATM 8. Airports APT 9. Human Factors HFA 10. Innovative Concepts & scenarios ICS Taxonomy Domains, sub-domains For each of the ten areas, its domain, definitions and sub-domains are listed in the following sub-sections

15 Taxonomy Area 1: Flight Physics 1 FLP FLIGHT PHYSICS 101 CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics 102 UAD Unsteady Aerodynamics Definition: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) consists in the development, validation, and use of software tools for the numerical simulation of fluid flows past aerodynamic vehicles. CFD is a discipline necessitating the knowledge of applied mathematics, fluid dynamics and computer sciences. Different levels of modelling are used for solving the governing partial differential equations of fluid flows (incompressible or compressible, inviscid or viscous...). Physical models have to be validated and calibrated by comparison with experimental data. Geometry of flow domain and boundary and initial conditions must be taken into account properly. Discretised equations are solved through numerical schemes and algorithms aiming at accuracy, efficiency and robustness. The computer codes are run on scalar or parallel computers along the following steps: After the grid generation (or adaptation), the CFD solver is run before post-processing and visualisation of the results. CFD is used for understanding physics by flow ana Sub-domains: 1. Physical modelling (turbulent, reactive flows ) 2. Development of numerical schemes and algorithms 3. Development and production of CFD software 4. Validation of CFD software 5. Grid generation and adaptation 6. High Performance computing (vector and parallel processing) 7. Complex CFD applications Definition: In aerodynamics, unsteady phenomena occur from shock-boundary layer interaction or boundary layer separation, but also are present in the flows around rotating systems. They concern the external aerodynamics of all the vehicles : aircraft, helicopter, projectile and launcher. To answer the purpose of transport aircraft, the aims of studies are guided by the requirement of non separated flow in cruise and some constraints in the flight envelope : buffeting onset, flutter risk, limit cycle oscillation and level and spectral power of the loads on structures. Unsteadiness is an important parameter on the behaviour and the performances of flexible aircraft. For fighters at high angle of attack, separated flows are encountered in air intakes on forebody, wings and afterbody. Thus, hysteresis phenomena of lift coefficient is the characteristic of quick manoeuvres in aerial combat. The aircraft behaviour during flight in turbulence is also an important feature for penetration mission. Airflow around helicopter is of course unsteady due to the relative speed of local flow on the blades during the rotation of the rotor (advancing side and retreating side) and to the cyclic movements of articulated blades. The same kind of unsteady interaction is encountered between propfan and wing of commuters.

16 API Aeronautical Propulsion Integration blades. The same kind of unsteady interaction is encountered between propfan and wing of commuters. The buffeting observed at the base of launchers is created by strong separation of the external flow and interactions with exhaust plume. Internal separation in over-expanded nozzles at the take-off is unsteady and 3D and causes lateral forces beside the thrust. The behaviour in gust and during the activation of control surfaces are important data for the control of the vehicles. Unsteady flows are also encountered in turbomachinery due to the rotation and interactions between the stages. Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Wind tunnel testing; Aeroelasticity 3. Flow separation 4. Rotor aerodynamics 5. Buffeting 6. Flutter 7. Shock wave-boundary layer inter-action 8. Buzz 9. Surging 10. Rotating stall Definition: 1. For aircraft, the design of powerplant installation aims to minimise the installation drag by avoiding the separation on the pylon or on the wing in all the flight envelope, particularly at low lift coefficient. New installations are studied in order to reduce the noise, for example by engine location on the upper side of the wing or with semi-buried engines. Experimental tests on models in wind tunnels need to use TPS techniques for simulating the mass flow rate into the nacelle and its effect on the flow around the wing. 2. For rotorcraft, the aims of the studies are to minimise the hub drag and the interaction drag and to reduce the aerodynamic noise. Some works concern the design of air intakes in relation to airflow through the rotor and of the nozzle in order to reduce the heat transfer on the rear part of the fuselage (infrared signature). 3. For airbreathing missile, the air intakes are optimised to take in account some constraints of stealthiness (RCS) and assume a good efficiency at high angle of attack. Some devices are necessary to prevent the separation of the flow on thin lips or in the S-shape diffuser.

17 AFC Airflow control Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Wind Tunnel Testing 3. Air intake 4. Nozzle 5. Drag reduction 6. Flow separation 7. Air flow control 8. Infrared Signature 9. Radar signature 10. Noise reduction Definition: In this recent and promising area, a lot of devices are searched to act on the boundary layer, on shockboundary layer interaction, on separation or on vortex development in order to : - reduce the drag by active or passive means; - develop new concepts for improving the behaviour or the control of the aircraft near the limits of the flight envelope or to extend the flight envelope; - minimise the effect of wake behind large aircraft in take-off or landing configurations. The control systems concern civil aircrafts, fighters and rotor blades and can be passive or active. MEMS can also be used. For controlling the boundary layer separation due to shock or adverse pressure gradient, the main devices are vortex generators, bump, cavity (passive control) and fluidic systems (blowing or synthetic jet). To reduce the friction drag of turbulent boundary layer, riblets or MEMS can be used. The delay of the transition location is obtained through laminar flow control techniques. The vortex control is realised by mechanical (leading edge flaps) or pneumatic device (forebody and wing vortices). Trailing edge vortex control can be made with adapted trailing edge flaps. Optimisation of rotor blades is also searched to get less vibration and less noise by means of active control without diminishing aerodynamic efficiency (mechanical or pneumatic system). For stealth subsonic airbreathing missile, control devices are needed to prevent separation of the air flow in the short S duct.

18 HLD High Lift Devices Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Wind Tunnel Testing 3. Drag reduction 4. Laminar flow 5. Transition/turbulence 6. MEMS 7. Vortex generator 8. Wing tip device 9. Synthetic jet 10. Blowing flap 11. Bump riblet Definition: Main objectives of the studies related to high lift devices are : - to reduce take-off and landing distances ; - to get simpler and lighter high lift systems (typically 3 airfoils) with the same efficiency than more complex systems ; - to reduce aerodynamic noise. The first topic concerns civil transport and military aircraft. Because the high sweep angle of the wing of supersonic transport and combat aircraft, the leading edge and trailing edge flaps have to be efficient at higher angles of attack for the landing. The multi-surface lifting arrangement is very sensitive to viscous effects due to the very closed interactions between wakes and boundary layers. Specific distributions of the lift along the wing are also studied in order to modify the topology of the vortices in the wake of big aircraft. Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Wind Tunnel Testing 3. Multi-surface airfoil 4. Leading edge flap; trailing edge flap 5. Noise reduction 6. Wake vortex 7. Air traffic management 8. Certification Requirements

19 WGD Wing Design Definition: The main objective of the wing design is the minimisation of the drag in cruise conditions : - lift induced drag, through appropriate platform, twist design or through wing tip devices (winglet, wing tip sail, tip turbine, ); - viscous drag, through airfoil section shaping to avoid separation of turbulent boundary layer; - shock wave drag, controlled in order to prevent strong interaction with boundary layer (no separation). On the other hand, improvements are searched on aerodynamic interactions, in particular wing-body, propulsion installation and static margin in order to reduce the trim drag. The wing design uses the last improvements of CFD with numerical optimisation tools and now some multidisciplinary constraints are included in the process. For the design of flexible wing like rotorcraft blade, coupling methods are used where structural deformations are taken in account. In some cases acoustic constraints are also introduced. On missiles, the design of control surfaces is mainly driven by hinge moment constraint. Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Wind Tunnel Testing 3. Drag reduction 4. Wing tip device 5. Multidisciplinary optimisation 6. Flexible wing 7. Noise reduction 107 AER Aerodynamics of External and Removable items Definition: The spreading out of landing gears which provokes an increase of the drag and a negative pitching moment which can modify the behaviour of the aircraft and these aerodynamic phenomena have to be taken in account in flight model for the approach phase and take-off. On the other part, the landing gears increase the aerodynamic noise and some solutions are searched to minimise this nuisance. Antenna but also mainly pods are also sources of extra drag and possible aeroelastic problems. The external carriage of stores causes a drag penalty for the aircraft. Fuel tanks (and missiles for military aircraft) dramatically reduce the range of the aircraft and induce modifications of the static margin. At transonic speeds, unstable shock waves are located on stores and can cause damages on control surfaces. Store carriage optimisation aims at reducing drag penalty (conformal pack), flow unsteadiness as well as radar signature. Evaluation of store trajectories during release is needed for flight security.

20 WTT Wind tunnel Testing/Technology Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Wind Tunnel Testing 3. Aerodynamic noise 4. Unsteady flow 5. Radar signature 6. Landing Gear 7. Flight / Ground Tests 8. Pod Definition: Wind tunnels are essentially used in R&D to study flow phenomena and to simulate on scaled models the aerodynamics of any aircraft or other aerodynamically relevant object. Geometry, Mach number and Reynolds number are, in that order the main similarity conditions for a precise (nearly exact) simulation. Other conditions may apply (e.g. inertia, real gas...). Depending on what needs to be simulated, numerous (>100) techniques have been developed, some common to most tunnels, some more specific to a certain class of facilities. Sub-domains: 1. Model design/manufacturing: concurrent engineering, from CFD to CAD/CAM, quick prototyping systems. 2. On-line data acquisition/reduction systems: high sampling rates for unsteady flows, handling of large data bases, standardised data presentation. 3. Wind tunnel flow conditioning: flow quality survey/improvement (angularity, turbulence, noise), high Reynolds number simulation (pressure, cryogenics), high enthalpy tunnels. 4. Full or semi-span model common techniques: global & local loads, pressures, boundary layer transition checking, aerodynamic coefficients, buffeting boundaries, visualisations, model support and wall interference correction/reduction. 5. Airframe/propulsion integration: air intakes, nozzles/afterbodies, motorised nacelles, propellers, helicopter rotors, stealth. 6. Flow/surface flow survey: by intrusive and/or non intrusive means. 7. Specific techniques such as : Aeroacoustics, Aeroelasticity/flutter, Jettison (free drop & captive trajectory), Ground effect, Dynamic derivatives, Heat transfer (hypersonic).

21 WMT Wind tunnel Measuring Techniques 110 CAC Computational Acoustics Definition: Conventional measuring techniques mostly rely upon strain gauges and temperature sensors. Non intrusive optical measuring techniques are able to visualise the flow structure and to provide quantitative data relative to both surface characteristics (pressure distribution, transition detection, etc.) and flow field properties (mainly velocity and turbulence). Sub-domains: 1. Pressure: (un)steady pressures, Pitot/multihole probes, PSP (Pressure Sensitive Paints). 2. Temperature and heat flux: Infrared Thermography, thermocouples, hot wire, hot film. 3. Velocity: LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry), PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry), DGV (Doppler Global Velocimetry). 4. Flow visualisation: Schlieren technique, shadowgraphy, laser tomoscopy, Rayleigh scattering, interferometry. 5. Surface visualisation: oil film, mini-tufts, infrared or sublimation transition detection. 6. Forces, moments: strain-gage balances (6-component or local loads). 7. Model attitude/deformation: potentiometers, accelerometers, photogrammetry, moiré. Definition: Computational methods for the numerical propagation of sound through internal and external flows. Computational predictions are most often split into noise source modelling and numerical simulation of acoustic propagation. Noise source modelling is strongly problem-dependent (turbulence, blade loads fluctuations, cavity resonances, combustion, vibrations) and is assumed to be covered by domain 302. Methods for the numerical propagation of sound through internal and external flows can be splitted into two categories, (1) integral methods and (2) discretised methods. 1. Integral methods, mostly used for external problems in which acoustic propagation is assumed by the analytical Green's function in free field and uniform flow. The sound is computed at any observer point through a surface or volume integral. 2. Discretized methods assume the discretisation of relevant continuous equations over the propagation medium. Flow non-homogeneities (spatial and temporal) are taken into account from CFD results. Internal and external flows are concerned. Sub-domains: 1. Noise source modelling. 2. Numerical simulation of acoustic propagation.

22 ENP External Noise prediction Definition: Prediction of aircraft noise in view of reducing community annoyance around airports and heliports. This includes jet aeroplanes, propeller aeroplanes, and helicopters. Studies are mainly focussed on transport aviation, but military aircraft and general aviation also are of concern. In each of the following sub-domains, one has to deal with three main activities. - Analytical or numerical simulations. - Tests in static facilities, in wind tunnels, or in flight. - Optimisation of novel designs. Sub-domains: 1. Turbofan or turbojet engines 2. Helicopter turboshaft engines 3. Propeller (high speed and general aviation) 4. Helicopter rotors (main rotor, tail rotor) 5. Airframe-generated noise (high lift devices, landing gears) 6. Installation effects of engines 7. Sonic boom of supersonic aircraft includes ARDEP Sub domain NOIS of ENV domain

23 Taxonomy Area 2: Aerostructures 2 AST AEROSTRUCTURES 201 MMP Metallic Materials & basic processes Definition: High temperature materials for engines and light alloys for airframe. Improvement of the properties of already in use materials, improvement of materials in the process of being introduced, prospection and development of new materials. Development of new assembling technologies and the corresponding modelling. Development of specific tools for materials processing (alloy making furnaces, powder metallurgy, deposition techniques, oxidation and corrosion furnaces, heat treatments furnaces, machining facilities). Techniques of physico-chemical and microstuctural investigations (Xray analysis, scanning electron microscopy and microanalyses). Mechanical characterisation. Sub-domains: 1. Superalloys 2. Aluminium alloys 3. Titanium aluminides 4. New weldable alloys 5. Coatings 6. Oxidation, corrosion 7. Assembling processes 8. Repairing processes 9. Microscopical analyses 10. Chemical analyses 11. Mechanical testing 202 NMP Non-Metallic Materials & basic processes Definition: Organic and ceramic materials in different forms (film, monolith, fibre). Surface protection (oxidation, corrosion, thermal barrier), ceramics for structural and electrical engineering (blades and hot parts of engines, electromagnetic windows, ball bearing, electric insulators, fibres and nanotubes), processing routes (PVD, CVD, sintering, reaction-bonding, directional solidification, cold and hot isostatic pressing, melting and spinning, laser ablation and electric discharge). Sub-domains: 1. Carbide and nitride of silicon 2. Organometallic precursors of ceramics (alkoxides and organosilicon polymers) 3. Organic precursors of carbon (PAN, pitch) 4. Glass and glass-ceramics 5. silica 6. cordierite 7. metallic sulphides and fluorides 8. Polyethylene 9. aramid, glass

24 CMP Composite Materials & basic processes 10. carbon and boron nitride nanotubes 11. thermal barrier coatings 12. Piezoelectric Definition: Life prediction (residual stress, damage propagation, oxidation and corrosion) and multi-scale modelling taking into account the fibre/matrix interface. Development of micromechanical characterisation tools (instrumented microindentation at room and high temperature, push-out and push-in). Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) : hot parts for turbine engine (nozzle flaps, thrust vectoring nozzles, flame-holder, exhaust cones), rocket propulsion (thrust chambers, exit nozzles and nozzle throats) and thermal protections. Composites reinforced with long fibres or fillers. Processing routes (sintering, hot pressing, reaction bonding, liquid infiltration, chemical vapour infiltration). Organic Matrix Composites (OMC) : main body and wings for both subsonic or hypersonic aeroplanes and helicopters, outer ducts for engines, tanks, structural components for satellites and rockets, thermal protections. Short or long fibre composites, compounds (premix or nanotubes). Processing routes (press moulding, autoclave, RTM, filament winding, tow placement). Metal matrix composites (MMC) : aero-engines hot parts (compressor disks, drive shafts, blades) and structural components (aircraft landing gear, rocket motor casing, missile fins, satellite antennas). Continuous fibre-reinforced and particulate-reinforced composites. Processing routes (liquid infiltration under moderate pressure, fibre coating and HIPing, powder metallurgy). Sub-domains: 1. CMC: matrices (carbide and nitride of silicon, glass-ceramics, carbon) ; fibres (silicon carbide, carbon, oxide) and fillers (silicon carbide). 2. OMC: matrices (thermosetting resins, thermoplastic polymers, thermostables and elastomers); reinforcement by fibres (carbon, polyethylene, polyaramide, glass, plant fibres) and by particles (mineral, nanotubes). 3. MMC: matrices (conventional titanium alloys, titanium aluminides, nickel-based superalloys, aluminium and magnesium alloys); fibres (silicon carbide, alumina, carbon) and particles (carbides). 4. Elaboration processes. 5. repairing processes.

25 AMP Advanced Manufacturing Processes & Technologies Definition: Advanced Manufacturing Engineering processes involve the design, production engineering and transition to factory operation of competitive manufacturing processes, techniques, methods and tools. Sub-domains: 1. Flexible Manufacturing 2. Robotics 3. composite components 4. fibre-metal laminates 5. Ribbon Organised Wiring 6. High speed machining: metal parts 7. Fabrication simulation: all kind of manufacturing processes to reduce start up time 8. Welding technologies 8.1. Friction stir welding : metal structures 8.2. Laser beam welding: metal structures 9. Explosive forming 10. Advanced castings 11. Super plastic forming: metal structures, in particular titanium 12. Resin transfer moulding: composite structures 13. Tau placement: automated fibre placement, composite structures 14. Thermo-plastics: composite structures 15. Riveted Joint 16. Bonded Joint 17. Conformal antennas 205 SAD Structural Analysis and Design Definition: Structural analysis and design consist in all the steps necessary to guarantee that any structural part will be able to fulfil its requirements. It encompasses the conception and design (with links with CAD) and the prediction/verification of strength to static loads (stress analysis) and low amplitude cycling loads (fatigue). The effects of the environment (such as ageing, thermal loads, moisture effects,...) are included in this domain.

26 AEL Aero-elasticity Sub-domains: 1. Metallic Material constitutive laws (linear elasticity, plasticity, viscolelasticity) 2. Composite laws (linear and non-linear domains) 3. Numerical methods (finite element, solving methods) 4. Composite and multilayer structure modelling 5. Static Stress analysis with damage and failure criteria 6. Fatigue behaviour analysis with crack initiation and propagation 7. Multi-scale modelling methods for CMC, OMC and MMC materials 8. Buckling (linear and non-linear approaches) for metallic components 9. Buckling for composite structures with or without stiffener 10. Post-buckling (crack initiation and delamination propagation) 11. Assembling modelling (rivets, bonding, FSW techniques,..) 12. Optimisation methods Definition: Study of flexible structures situated in a flowing fluid. The origins are in the field of aerospace engineering (aeroplanes, helicopters rotors, turbomachineries, launchers and missiles), but aeroelasticity concerns also civil engineering (bridges, towers), mechanical and nuclear engineering. The first objective of aeroelasticity is to guarantee the integrity of the structure in the flow. Aeroelasticity is the study of the mechanics of coupled aerodynamics-structure systems: the structure is taken in the usual mechanical sense of the term, which is to say that it includes the passive structure and the structured coupled to control systems (flight controls, control law). In fact, the term aero-servo-elasticity is often used. High temperature environments can be important in aeroelastic problems, hence the terms aerothermo-elasticity. So aeroelasticity incorporates the theory of continuum mechanics, fluid mechanics, and automatic systems. The scientific fields concerned, then, are steady and unsteady aerodynamics, the static and dynamic structure with its linear or non-linear properties, the servo controls, also with their linear and non-linear properties, and the coupling loop between the aerodynamics, the structure, and the systems. Aeroelastics problems can be static and dynamic: In dynamic aeroelasticity, there is a further subdivision of problems into two broad types. The first type is when the flow is unsteady and the structure is in a steady position, but behaves dynamically. This is the case of problems having to do with atmospheric turbulence, boundary layer separation, and shock wave-boundary layer interaction. Buffeting also enters into this category of problems. The second type of general aeroelasticity problem has to do with those aeroelastic instabilities where the motion of the structure causes the forces, in that the aerodynamic forces do not exist without this motion. Flutter falls into this category and is the most important topic of aeroelasticity.

27 BVA Buckling, Vibrations and Acoustics Sub-domains: 1. Static aeroelasticity: Linear and non linear structure, Steady aerodynamic, Static deformation, Static divergence, Aeroelastic optimisation. 2. Dynamic aeroelasticity: Structural dynamic (linear and non linear), Unsteady aerodynamic (linear and non linear), Fluid structure coupling, Fluid structure systems coupling, Flutter, Forced response. 3. Numerical aeroelasticity: Unsteady aerodynamic, Stability and response prediction, Aeroelastic optimisation, (multidisciplinary optimisation), Aeroelastic model updating, Aero-servo-elasticity. 4. Experimental aeroelasticity: Unsteady aerodynamic, Flutter model (design, manufacture, ground testing, wind tunnel testing). 5. Aeroelastic Certification: Ground vibration test, Flutter flight test. Definition: Activity on buckling consists of the development, improvement and validation of experimental and numerical methods for the prediction of buckling phenomenon and optimisation of structural components (metallic and composite materials) in aerospace domain. Vibrations and Vibro-Acoustics: Objectives of the structural dynamic are to determine the dynamic behaviour of structural systems excited by external or internal forces (mechanical, aerodynamics or acoustic) in order to guarantee the integrity of the structure in the environment and the comfort of the users. The objectives of the vibro-acoustics are the same for a structure coupled with a fluid. Two types of problems can be consider. The first type concerns the internal noise generated by vibrating structures. The second type concerns the acoustic discretion where the external noise is generated by vibrating structure. The studies concern the physical understanding of the mechanic and acoustic phenomena s, their description, their quantification with theoretical, numerical and experimental means.

28 SMS Smart Materials and Structures Sub-domains: 1 - Structural dynamics: 1.1. Structural dynamic modelling: Material modelling (viscoelastic media, composites, multilayer structure); Numerical method( (Analytical, Finite Element analysis), Statistic Energy Analysis); Linear and non linear analysis; Damping modelling; Structure internal fluid interaction (sloshing) Multibody dynamics modelling: Kinematics and dynamics of rigid and flexible components 1.3. Stress Waves in Solids: Waves propagation 1.4. Structural Model updating 1.5. Dynamic Structural optimisation 1.6. Shocks and vibrations: Transient response, Low frequency range, Medium and high frequency ranges 1.8. Random Vibrations in Structural Mechanics: Linear and non-linear systems, Random excitation (turbulence, noise, acoustic) 1.9. Experimental Methods in Vibrations: Vibration properties of materials, Vibration technique in nondestructive testing, Systems excitations, transducers, Data acquisition, Signal processing and analysis, 1.8- Experimental Modal Analysis, FRF measurements 2 - Elasto-acoustic: 2.1. Material properties: Homogeneous material, composites, viscoelastic media, multilayer, etc.; Acoustic material 2.2. Modelling: Analytical approaches, Finite element analysis, Boundary Element analysis, Statistic Energy Analysis 2.3. Sound Structure Interaction: Acoustic propagation, Acoustic radiation, Acoustic transmission through structures, Acoustic reflection from elastics structures, Acoustic excitation, Acoustic fatigue, Structure and fluid damping 2.4. Experimental Identification Definition: This domain consists in to equip structures with sensors, actuators and intelligence in order to give them some autonomy, adaptation capabilities or reduce the operational costs or nuisances (noise...). The sensors provide the knowledge of the internal state and of the external environment. The actuators give the ability to adapt to internal and external changes. The intelligence permits the autonomous capacity to decide the optimal way of adaptation.

29 SMT Structures behaviour and Material Testing Sub-domains: 1. Miniaturisation of sensors (piezoelectric devices, optical fibers,..) 2. Integration of sensors 3. Active Piezoelectric materials 4. Electrostrictive materials 5. Single crystals 6. Magnetostrictive materials 7. Electrorheological 8. Shape memory alloys 9. Actuators 10. Micro-motors 11. Control strategies 12. Multi-functional materials 13. Health Monitoring System 14. Control of vibration 15. Shape Control 16. Active flow Control 17. UAV, mini UAV Definition: Development and use of test facilities in order to get inputs for prediction tools (material properties characterisation of metallic and composite materials), validate prediction tools (determination of local or/global information such as strain, stress, plasticity, cracks, delamination phenomenon,..) and to verify the behaviour of sub-components or real structure (limit strength, fatigue behaviour,..). Sub-domains: 1. Constitutive laws (metallic and composite materials) 2. Experimental static component behaviour 3. Non-linear characterisation with and without temperature environment 4. Buckling testing 5. Diffusitivity measurements (thermal properties. NDT) 6. Electrical and electromagnetic properties measurements (NDT) 7. Optical properties (NDT) 8. X Ray radiography (NDI) 9. Ultrasounds with and without contact (Air coupled or laser) 10. Eddy Current (NDI) 11. Thermography method (NDI) 12. Optical techniques (holography, shearography, Moire)

30 INP Internal Noise prediction 211 HAA Helicopter Aero-acoustics Definition: Activity on internal noise prediction consists of the development, improvement and validation of experimental and numerical methods for the prediction and the reduction of internal noise (aeroplane, helicopter, launcher). This activity is a part of the Vibration and Vibroacoustic domain. To solve an Internal Noise Problem, we need the knowledge of the excitation sources, the dynamic behaviour of the structure, the propagation way of the vibration in the structure and in the internal fluid. Sub-domains: 1. Material properties: Homogeneous material, heterogeneous structure, Composite material, viscoelastic media, multilayer, etc., Acoustic material, porous material, Material optimisation. 2. Modelling: Analytical approaches, Finite element analysis, Boundary Element Analysis, Statistic Energy Analysis, Energy diffusion; 3. Excitation sources: mechanic, aerodynamic, acoustic; Acoustic propagation, Acoustic radiation, Acoustic transmission through structures, Acoustic reflection from elastics structures. 4. Experimental Identification. Definition: Helicopter aeroacoustics consists in: - studying and identifying the aerodynamic phenomena causing noise generation and influencing noise radiation. The occurrence of these phenomena and their relative contributions to noise, strongly depend on flight conditions (take-off, descent, level flight at low, medium and high speed) and on the type of helicopter. - developing and validating computational tools for prediction of helicopter noise with the following objectives: - quantification of helicopter nuisance, - quiet helicopter design (rotor, turboshaft air intake and acoustic lining), - determination of low noise flight procedures (for civil applications) - determination of low detectability manoeuvres and flight procedures (for military purposes). Helicopter noise sources comprise main and tail rotors and turboshaft engines. Research activities consist in: - physical modelling and numerical simulations, - wind tunnel or static tests and helicopter flight tests. Key issues for an accurate numerical prediction of helicopter noise are: - for rotor noise, a precise prediction of the main rotor wake and vortices which may interact with main rotor and even tail rotor blades, depending on flight conditions. - for turboshaft engine noise, a precise prediction of acoustic propagation in the complex flow and geometry of the engine air intake.

31 NOI Noise Reduction Sub-domains: 1. Sub-domains according to the origin of the sources: 1.1. main rotor noise 1.2. tail rotor noise 1.3. turboshaft engine noise 2. Sub-domains according to the nature of noise: 2.1. discrete frequency noise related to periodic aerodynamic phenomena The nuisance from helicopter rotors is very much increased when a certain type of discrete frequency noise called "helicopter rotor impulsive noise" occurs. This "impulsive noise" includes Blade Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise in descent and low-to-medium level flight and High Speed Impulsive noise (HSI) broadband noise, mainly due to interactions between rotating components (rotor and compressor blades) with incoming turbulence. Definition: 1. Internal noise reduction Active Control. The aim is to decrease the level of noise due to the vibrations of structures with the use of active control algorithms able to take into account different noise sources, i.e. wide band excitations. 2. External noise reduction Reduction at the source; acoustic absorbing materials (passive and adaptive). Link with ATM and Human Factors (noise perception) Sub-domains: 1. Active Control algorithms 2. Techniques in relation with actuators and sensors such as piezoelectric or piezoceramic materials, electrostrictive ceramics and their mechanical modellisation. 3. Automatics and real time systems for the study and for the realisation of controllers 4. Optimisation of the location of patches on the structures 5. Modal identification of structures 6. Knowledge of noise sources and identification of acoustic leaks 7. Acoustic measurements for the validation of Active Control 8. Sources: 8.1. Optimisation of aerodynamic and acoustic performance through new design of fan blade and vanes, advanced propellers (possibly uneven spaced), and helicopter rotors Novel aircraft designs to mask some sources, or to alleviate installation effects (interactions) on noise generation. 9. Acoustic linings: 9.1. New concepts of passive or adaptive materials 9.2. Extensions to high temperatures on the exhaust duct 10. Noise abatement procedures

32 ACT Acoustic Measurements and Test Technology Definition: Acoustic measurements deal with pressure field using microphones and pressure transducers, in association if needed with other probes, as accelerometers or DLV. It constitutes the basis for experimental studies concerning noise pollution, noise reduction, acoustic detection and ranging, and acoustic fatigue. Depending of the application, attention is focused on the radiated far-field (vehicle certification), the near acoustic field (cabin noise, vibro-acoustics), the characterisation of noise sources (physical phenomena responsible for vehicle noise emission such as turbomachinery noise, jet noise, airframe noise, installation effects), the acoustic imaging (detection and ranging). Measurements are made at model scale (anechoïc room, windtunnels) or at full scale. Acoustic measurements are strongly coupled with signal processing, in particular concerning localisation and active noise control. They are also strongly interested in psychoacoustics and the definition of noise annoyance indicators. Sub-domains: 1. Sensors and transducers: condenser microphone, loudspeakers, acoustic driver, accelerometer, sound intensity probe, smart transducer, pistonphone, DLV 2. Units: physical units (Pa, db), psychoacoustical units (dba, PNdB, EPNdB, Leq, ) 3. Common measurements: calibration, absorption, convection, refraction, reverberation, near-field and farfield, intensimetry 4. Machinery and airframe noise measurements: anechoïc room, reverberation chamber, wind tunnel, flight tests, internal and external noise 5. Noise source localisation and ranging: microphone array, acoustic mirror 6. Acoustic signal recording and processing: narrow band frequency analysis, third octave and octave bands, correlations, random noise, impulsive noise 7. Certification procedures 8. Acoustic detection 9. Active noise control 214 ASY Aircraft Security Definition: Aircraft security measures are the physical protection measures required in order to protect the aircraft and the passengers and crew when they are on-board. Sub-domains: 1. Flight deck barrier devices (e.g. impenetrable cockpit doors) 2. Bomb-proof cargo containers (to contain effects of explosions) Comment: see also Area 'AIRCRAFT AVIONICS SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT'

33 Taxonomy Area 3: Propulsions 3 PRO PROPULSION 301 PER Performance Definition: Turbomachines are systems that consist in an assembly of several components. The components that have an influence on performances are mainly the compressor, the combustor and the turbine and eventually the heat exchanger, if present. The turbomachines performances study concerns either the performance of an elementary component or the overall performance of the machine that depends directly upon the performances of each component that are the data to be introduced in cycles studies to evaluate this overall performance. The efficiency of the system has a direct effect on the production of green house effect carbon dioxide. Experimental measurements remain a major way to evaluate the real performances of a turbojet, at ground or high altitude conditions. Nevertheless numerical simulation, steady and unsteady, becomes more and more reliable and induces a noticeable reduction of development times even if an ultimate final experimental verification is still necessary. Performances of every elementary components, compressors etc..., tend to reach their limits and the quest of a still better performance, particularly to reduce the greenhouse effect by consumption reduction, needs to consider new and more complicated cycles, involving for instance heat exchangers. Sub-domains: 1. compressor : pressure ratio, efficiency, resistance to distortion, stall margin, active control, number of stages 2. turbine : efficiency, cooling, number of stages 3. combustion : efficiency, stability, ignition, extinction, instabilities, active control, gaseous emissions, soots 4. the complete engine : thrust, specific thrust, weight, dimensions, specific consumption, emission indices, noise 5. lifetime 6. maintenance constraints 7. cost 302 TPA Turbomachinery / Propulsion Aerodynamics Definition: The studies of turbomachinery aerodynamics aim to reduce the number of stages and the number of blades in keeping good performances in the thermodynamic cycle. The improvements of compressors and turbines are obtained in taking in account aerodynamic requirements but also mechanical and thermal constraints. For the aerodynamic part, the interactions between the stages are studied in order to evaluate the efficiency of the engine in all the flight envelope and to predict the phenomena onset at the limits of this domain : surging, rotating separation. The optimisation of the blades needs the knowledge of the geometrical effects like tip clearance on performances.

34 COM Combustion Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Wind Tunnel Testing 3. Tip clearance effect 4. Heating flux 5. surging 6. Rotating stall Definition: Combustion in turbomachines is the mean to introduce energy in the system. The quality of the combustion has a direct influence upon a great number of factors and particularly the pollution through gaseous (NOx, CO, unburned hydrocarbons,...) and soot emissions. The behaviour of the condensed phase (liquid kerosene) has a major impact on the location and the development of combustion and emission. Combustion is of the turbulent type. The accurate prediction of multiphase turbulent combustion supposes the mastering of turbulence itself. In particular, radiation cannot be anymore ignored as it redistributes energy in the volume and thus change the chemical kinetics. So the problem is still very opened and remains strategic considering the particular focus that is made upon pollution. For this study, experimental investigation with sophisticated diagnostic techniques and numerical simulation, averaged or unsteady, remain mandatory. Nitric oxides production being maximum at stoechiometric conditions, combustion processes at lean or rich conditions induce a deep evolution of the combustors. The catalytic combustion is a possible route but the use in aeronautical engines presents some difficulties like lifetime of catalytic substrates. Sub-domains: 1. combustion efficiency 2. injection : atomisation, vaporisation 3. chemical kinetics 4. turbulent combustion modelling 5. radiative transfers 6. stability 7. ignition, extinction 8. instabilities 9. active control 10. auto-ignition and flash-back 11. gaseous emissions 12. soots 13. catalytic combustion 14. diagnostics

35 ABP Air-breathing propulsion Definition: In air intakes the kinetic energy is partially transformed into pressure. The distortion of the flow in front of the engine is due to the non uniformity of the flow in front of the lips, the shape of the diffusor, the development of boundary layer on the walls and sometimes the shock-boundary layer interaction. This distortion has to be reduced to keep a good efficiency of the turbojet. The mass flow needed by the engine has to be provided by the air intake for the overall flight envelope. Thus additional inlets or variable geometry are used for supersonic aircraft and fighter. For supersonic vehicles (aircraft and missile) external flow compression induces a penalty for the cowl drag, so mixed compression air intakes are interesting for high cruise Mach numbers. However in this case, some small perturbations can cause the buzz phenomenon by dynamic effect of the shock displacement near the throat. Some devices have to be developed to prevent this risk (internal diverter, porous wall,...). For turboprops, air intakes are located behind the propeller or under the rotor and these strong interactions have to be taken in account in air intake design. At the take-off the presence of the propeller reduce locally the leading edge slat efficiency. The rotative movement of the airflow issued from the propeller is at the origin of a rolling moment to be controlled. The design of air intake and its installation on the vehicle have to respect some constraints like noise reduction and minimisation of radar signature. Others problems are the icing of the lips and the ingestion of sand, dust or birds. Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Intakes 3. Propeller, propfans, turbojets, turbofan 4. Wind Tunnel Testing 5. Noise reduction 6. Radar signature 7. Buzz 8. Icing 9. Ingestion

36 HTT Heat Transfer 306 NVR Nozzles, Vectored Thrust, Reheat Definition: Heat transfers concern mainly the combustor, the turbine and the heat exchangers, if present. In the combustor heat transfers are of two types : convective and radiative. The effect can be damages of the combustor wall through hot points or thermal fatigue due to accumulation of ignition and extinction in the successive flight cycles. The convective heat transfers are due to the direct contact of reacting hot flows with walls. The solutions go through the mastering of fluid dynamics and aerothermochemistry and more precisely of the techniques of wall cooling by film or impingement. Numerical simulation and analytic experimentation play a considerable role in this problem. The radiative heat transfers are due mainly to the emission of hot gases and soots ; the wall to wall radiative transfers are less important. In the turbines, heat transfers are of the convective type. They concern mainly three problems : exchanges between main flow and the external wall of the turbine blades with the associated cooling techniques, cooling of the blades by internal air circuits and the transfer of energy in internal rotating cavities in the core of the engine. In this last case, the flow rates being very low, the movements of the fluid in the cavity are completely driven by the friction on the walls, necessitating a great mastering of turbulence phenomena. In the heat exchangers, heat transfers are the reason to use this component. New conceptions of these devices must be developed to meet the requirements of aeronautical constraints as compacity, weights, geometrical adaptation. In the three cases, investigations must be coupled to the study of conductive heat transfers inside the materials. Sub-domains: 1. turbulence 2. rotating flows 3. radiation 4. diagnostics Definition: The performances of the nozzles are strongly linked to the afterbody aerodynamics for supersonic aircraft. On fighters, modifications of the geometry of the nozzle are needed for the adaptation at very different flight conditions. On the botttail boundary layer separation can occur due to jet expansion or flight in incidence or sideslip. In order to reduce the jet noise, some shapes of nozzle can be used on transonic aircraft and solutions with ejector silencer are studied for supersonic aircraft. The reduction of IR signature is an important operational constraint and several techniques of mixing to reduce the jet temperature can be used. Vectored thrust is a means of controlling the aircraft stability or improving the manoeuvrability of the vehicle. Several systems are used (deflectors in the jet, rotation of the nozzle, wall injection inside the nozzle,...).

37 ECT Engine Controls Sub-domains: 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics 2. Wind Tunnel Testing 3. Noise Reduction 4. Silencer 5. Afterbody 6. Flow separation 7. Infrared Signature Definition: Engine control includes two branches: - Engine modelling - Engine control system architecture and its related equipment (sensors and actuators) 1. Engine modelling consists : - in identifying a mathematical model with the engine actual operating data: such mathematical model is necessary to define the control strategy and loops of the engine during its operations - in defining the control algorithms that will be implemented in the control loops 2. engine control systems include all sensors, actuators, and regulators or/and computers that determine the operating parameters of the operating engine. Sensors are temperature, pressure, rpm, ; actuators are variable surface (vanes, blade angle settling) control actuators, fuel pumps and metering units; digital computers or hydro-mechanical regulators may be used to build up the control loops. System architecture is influenced by engine architecture and mission profile, by the thermal and dynamic environment created in and around the engine, and available equipment technology. Sub-domains: 1. Engine modelling is evolving fast with the increase of on-board computing capability: these allow more sophisticated and efficient control strategies by implementation of model based schemes, with identification of model parameters on actual engine operating status, in order to set up operating points based on performance computed parameters instead of single sensor signals. Such innovative strategy allows to reduce operating margins coming from engine to engine dispersion, or ageing, or component wear, and therefore contributes to the increase of engine performance and/or life increase. This is possible thanks to the best advanced mathematics such as fuzzy logic, neuronal networks, Kalman filtering, genetic algorithms, 2. Engine control systems are influenced by advances in electronics, sensor and actuator technologies: - high temperature ( more than 200C ) electronics allows to incorporate intelligence in the harsh environment of an operating engine, giving the way to smart sensors and actuators, and distributed architecture - power electronics allows to shift from hydraulic to electrical actuation with better reliability and maintainability as a benefit for the aircraft operator: more electrical systems allows easier health monitoring, and trouble shooting.

38 APU Auxiliary Power Unit 309 FUL Fuels and Lubricants Definition: APU are subsystems that deliver power, either mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic, for specific periods of the aircraft mission, when the main power source (driven by the engines) is no longer available or insufficient, on ground or in flight: on ground before and during engine start, in flight shut downs, special power needs for payload or armaments, more generally every power needs in emergency circumstances.. APU include a turbine, and an electric or hydraulic generator to convert mechanical power, and a system for derive compressed air for delivery to other systems such as engine starter or environmental control system (ECS). The generated power is in the range of a few kw up to several 100kW. Sub-domains: The evolutions have the same goals as those of propulsion turbines: increasing power per kilogram, decreasing fuel consumption, reducing costs through various ways (reduction of part counts, more efficient manufacturing process,..) Another trend is the integration of APU in the broader platform system optimisation including the main power generation, and the main power consumers: in this scope some effective concepts have evolved such as the Integral Power Unit which is a machine integrating on a single shaft the former APU, the electrical generator and the ECS compressor and turbine. Such an IPU has a much longer operating time, and a broader operating domain that may open design options to variable cycle concepts. Definition: Aviation turbine fuel: propellant used in jet engines. Jet fuel, or more commonly kerosene, is a refined petroleum distillate intermediate in volatility between gasoline and gasoil. Several grades can be found. In civil aviation, kerosene Jet A1 (or Jet A in the USA), is used world-wide. For military applications, kerosene is often used with additives to improve its properties. Link with "Emissions pollution". Lubricant: substance interposed between rotating parts to limit friction and wear. Aviation lubricants are ester based compounds and are very stable at temperatures met in the engines. Sub-domains: In a jet engine, a lubricant has two main functions: 1. lubricate rotating parts such as bearings and gears, to limit wear and friction 2. evacuate the heat generated between these rotating parts Secondary functions can be mentioned, such as remove particles of wear or pollution and protect parts against corrosion.

39 TBC Test Bench Calibration Definition: The calibration of a test bench consists of determining all the losses due to the test cell configuration affecting the engine performances (thrust, ). The calibration of the test cell must be determined for a given engine configuration Sub-domains: The resulting corrective factors are determined to take into account: 1. the energy loss due to the boundary layers in the vicinity of the test cell walls 2. the heterogeneity of the flow field upstream the engine inlet 3. the aerodynamic forces on the mechanical system maintaining the engine 311 EHM Engine Health Monitoring Definition: Engine health monitoring is the assessment of engine physical condition by monitoring and interpreting available engine instrumentation and operation cycles, in order to detect incipient trouble in advance of critical anomalies. Health monitoring techniques have evolved from flight engineer/pilot tasks through visual and tactile cues available on cockpit gages to automatically monitored data on on-board computer, transferred in real time or differed time to ground station for analysis. Sub-domains: Future trends are towards an increase in the sophistication of on-board and ground-based engine monitoring and maintenance systems including dedicated on-board diagnostic processors and algorithms, advanced diagnostics and prognostics instrumentation with fault accommodating logic. The ultimate vision is a combined monitoring system that applies prognostics within an engine health management system to allow aircraft operators to automatically track remaining life of engine component. In addition processing of signals such as vibrations and acoustic signature should be developed to identify and locate mechanical incipient failures ( disk or blade crack initiation, bearing wear,..) 312 EXP Experimental Facilities and Measurement Techniques Definition: Characterisation of reactive flows requires the knowledge of several parameters: concentration and temperature of various species, as well as velocity and turbulence. These quantities are currently obtained by non intrusive optical techniques based on either molecular or particle scattering. Sub-domains: 1. Measurements of temperatures and concentrations: CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering), LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence), LII (Laser Induced Incandescence), DFWM (Degenerated Four Wave Mixing), REMPI (Resonantly Enhanced Multi-Photon Ionisation), DLAS (Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy), EBF (Electron Beam Fluorescence). 2. Velocity measurements: LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry), PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry), DGV (Doppler Global Velocimetry), PDA (Phase Doppler Anemometry: velocity and particle size), L2F (Laser Two- Focus Velocimetry).

40 CMM Computational methods Definition: Computational methods for propulsion consist in the development, validation, and use of software tools for the numerical simulation of physical phenomen taking place in propulsion devices, such as turbine engines, jet engines, rocket motors (liquid and solid propellants), missiles, ramjets, launchers. The numerical codes must provide capabilities for treating multi-physics situations implying multi-species, multi-phases, turbulent, chemically reacting flows with heat transfers from convective and radiative processes and strong fluidstructure couplings. This necessitates the knowledge of applied mathematics, numerical methods, computer sciences and physical modellings. Physical models and the codes where they are made available have to be validated and calibrated by comparison with experimental data. In particular physical, thermodynamic and chemical properties are of major importance, as well as input data for the models used in numerical simulations and may require dedicated experiments to be acquired. Unsteady flows are of major concern as instabilities, transient flows and noise generation are often critical aspects of propulsion devices. Emissions (pollutants, noise, radiation,...) are often to be controlled and must receive special attention. Computations often include complex, hostile conditions and stiff mechanisms which require high computational power, robustness and efficiency. Grid tailoring and grid adaptation is often mandatory, as well as parallel computing and code coupling. The computer codes are run along the following steps: After the grid generation (or adaptation), the solver are run and data are eventually exchanged between solvers before post-processing and analysis of the results. Numerical simulations are used for understanding physics of complex situations for performance prediction and for flow control or system design studies. Sub-domains: 1. Physical modelling (turbulent, heat transfer, reactive flows, two-phase flows, radiative medium ) 2. Unsteady flows, vortex flows, aeroacoustics 3. Development of numerical schemes and algorithms 4. Code coupling, multi-physics, multi-scale simulations 5. Development and production of software 6. Validation of software, model characterisation 7. Grid generation and adaptation 8. High Performance computing (vector and parallel processing) 9. Complex applications, system analysis, control

41 EPD Emissions pollution Definition: These topics are of the most importance in the actual context. The emissions of the turbojets are produced by the combustion. They are of two categories : minor and major species. Minor species : NOx, CO, HC, particulates, are characterised by the fact that in certain conditions they can be quasi avoided. The art of the engineer consists in finding the best compromise to minimise these emissions, some, like NOx and CO, necessitating contradictory conditions. Their study requires a great knowledge in advanced chemical kinetics, particularly for soots : precursors, nucleation, growth and oxidation. The characteristic times are of the order of the millisecond. Major species : CO2, H2O, have a production strictly proportional to the fuel consumption and cannot be avoided. They concern mainly the greenhouse effect. The only way to reduce them is to reduce the fuel consumption and the solution relies on overall engine, and aircraft, efficiencies. The effect of these emissions on the environment involve very complex phenomena belonging to the physical chemistry of the atmosphere. Characteristic times are much longer, from one second to several days. The evolution of the effluents are not deterministic and depend of the local and instantaneous meteorological conditions, and particularly the eventual presence of the solar radiation. These phenomena include heterogeneous mechanisms due to the presence of condensed phases that constitute aerosols presenting important evolution in composition during their lifetime. The two characteristic situations are the local impact, in the vicinity of airports, and the global impact during the flight, the consequences being different for troposphere and stratosphere. In all these problems, sophisticated diagnostics have the greatest importance. Sub-domains: 1. chemical kinetics 2. turbulent combustion 3. atmosphere physico-chemistry 4. diagnostics 5. species transport and dispersion

42 Taxonomy Area 4: Aircraft Avionics, Systems & Equipement 4 AVS AIRCRAFT AVIONICS, SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT Avionics & on-board systems 401 AVN Avionics Definition: Contains all sub-domains relating to avionics, cockpit and ATM-related aircraft systems. Sub-domains: 1. Cockpit Automation: Cockpit, Cockpit systems, Avionics, GPWS, Cockpit displays, EFIS, Glass cockpit, CMU, ATSU, Communications display, enhanced vision systems, CPDLC display, ACARS interface. Comments: on board avionics systems, pilot HMI, validation of sub systems. Includes GPWS, EFIS, enhanced vision systems, communications displays, radios and airborne radar displays. 2. Airborne Separation Assurance System: Airborne Situation Awareness System, Airborne Separation Assurance System, ASAS Human Machine Interface / procedures, CDTI. Comments: Airborne situation awareness systems, Airborne Separation Assurance Systems, automation of these systems, validation of subsystems. ASAS Human Machine Interface / procedures. Systems for autonomous aircraft operations and to support delegation of separation responsibility. 3. ACAS Automation and Use: TCAS, ACAS, Airborne Collision Avoidance System. Comments: Airborne collision avoidance systems, automation of these systems, validation of subsystems. Includes studies of the operation and use of TCAS, ACAS and their impact on the ATM system. 4. Flight Management Systems: Flight Management Systems, FMS, 3DFMS, 4DFMS, Flight Database. Comments: flight management databases, safety and validation of FMS in relation to the ATM environment. 402 CSD Cockpit Systems, Visualisation & Display Systems Definition: Aircraft cockpits must evolve, to provide aircrew with access to accurate and timely information through highly capable display systems. Sub-domains: 1. Cockpit indicators and gauges 2. Cockpit switch panels 3. Cockpit display panels. CRT, flat panel, touch screen, head-up displays 4. Display issues. readability in different lighting situations, resolution, contrast, viewing angle 5. Reduction in weight, power and cooling requirements 6. Increased reliability 7. Integration with flight management and navigation systems (EFIS, ACARS, ATSU) 8. Glass cockpit

43 NAV Navigation / Flight Management / Autoland Definition: Navigation and flight management systems are required to optimise the efficiency of operating aircraft in the ever more densely populated airspace. The objective is for full and permanent automatic approach and landing in all weathers. Links with SSS - 'Surveillance Sensor Systems'. Sub-domains: 1. RF-based aircraft navigation and guidance systems (e.g. VOR, ILS, MLS, LORAN, TACAN, ADF, DME, NDB) 2. Satellite-based aircraft navigation and guidance systems (e.g. GPS, differential GPS, GLONASS) 3. Inertial navigation systems 4. Digital altitude control systems (radar altimeters etc) 5. System interfaces, data flows and analysis. 3D FMS< 4D FMS, flight database 6. Inspection, adjustment, performance testing, malfunction analysis and corrective 7. Automatic landing systems. autoland, low visibility approach and landing, precision approach, tactical decision tools 8. Enhanced vision systems, pattern recognition and data fusion 9. Synthetic 3D vision with terrain and obstacle information and visualisation, automatic warnings to crew if flight path intersects with terrain 404 WAR Warning Systems Definition: To reduce the risk of aircraft colliding with each other, or by undertaking Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT), aircraft are fitted with an array of collision warning systems. Note that human aspects of responses to warning system alerts are dealt with in the "Human Factors" research and technology area, and fire protection warning systems are dealt with later in this Area. Sub-domains: 1. Sensors. ground collision avoidance (GPWS) 2. Sensors. airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS) 3. Alerting systems (audio, warning lights, displays. map view, profile view, 3D perspective view) 4. Integrated terrain awareness and warning systems 5. Turbulence warning. windshear, wake vortex, clear air turbulence 6. Ground and airborne detection of meteorological icing conditions 7. Integration of airborne detection with atmospheric data received from outside the aircraft for real-time crew information and for transmission to other users 8. False alarm reduction

44 EME Electronics & Microelectronics for on-board systems Definition: Research and technology addressing the development, integration, validation and use of new electronic and micro-electronic systems on aircraft, including the facilitation of the More Electric Aircraft concept. Sub-domains: 1. New materials 2. Power, weight and cooling requirement reductions 3. Reliability increase 4. Component and system interfaces and architectures 5. MEMS 406 SIN Sensors integration Definition: Fusing of data from sensors to present a single, unambiguous picture to the system users. Sub-domains: 1. Integrated modular avionics 2. System interfaces and architectures 3. Algorithm development, testing and validation 4. Application to navigation, aircraft status and flight data systems 407 FDR Flight Data/Flight Recording Definition: Commercial aircraft are required to be fitted with devices that record flight information that can be used to help reconstruct the events leading up to an aircraft incident or accident. Sub-domains: 1. Cockpit voice recorder (CVR). recording technology 2. CVR sensors (microphones) 3. CVR. reconstruction tools and algorithms 4. Flight data recorder (FDR). recording technology 5. FDR. sensors 6. FDR. reconstruction tools and algorithms 7. Passenger cabin recording equipment

45 CSY Communications Systems 409 IDN Identification 410 AVI Avionics Integration Definition: Covers communications between aircraft and the ground, as well as communications on-board the aircraft. Links with CST - 'Communications and Systems Technology'. Sub-domains: 1. Radio communication systems (HF, VHF, UHF, AM/FM), analogue and digital 2. Integration of communications systems 3. Communications systems architecture (including routers, WANs and gateways) 4. Reductions in power requirements, weight reduction 5. Communication systems components. waveguides, antennas 6. Data transmission. datalinks (VHF datalink, air-air datalink, broadcast datalink), telemetry, ACARS 7. On-board intercom systems 8. Satellite communications. voice, datalinks, communications integration Definition: ATM systems require accurate and timely knowledge of the location and identification off all aircraft within their airspace. Close links to ATM area. Sub-domains: 1. IFF transponders (selective integration, Mode S, Mode S subnetwork, Mode S SARPS, Mode 5) 2. Non-co-operative identification (JEM etc) Definition: With the increasing complexity of aircraft avionics, their integration into an effective system is required. Evaluation of the interactions between each sub-system is required. This includes electronic flight instrument systems, flight management, air data, attitude reference and power distribution systems. Sub-domains: 1. Functional verification 2. Integration testing 3. Maintenance of integrated avionics system 4. Operational characteristics of integrated avionics systems

46 OPT Optics - Optronics - Lasers - Image processing and data fusion Definition: Research and technology associated with the use of optical, electro-optical and optronics systems; and the collection and fusing of data from such systems. Sub-domains: 1. System interfaces and architectures 2. Reductions in power, weight and cooling requirements 3. Integration with avionics 4. Radar data processing (RDP) 5. Sources of surveillance data 6. Optics sensors. enhanced vision sensors, light intensifiers, solid state lasers, MOEMS (Micro electrooptical mechanical systems) 7. Nano technologies 8. Signal processing 9. High bandwidth data transmission 10. Data fusion. architectures, algorithms, validation 412 ELS Electronic Library System Definition: Research and technology associated with the collection and presentation of technical and operational material relating to aircraft, in a digital form which can be accessed by flight crews and maintenance staff through computers, either networked or stand-alone. Sub-domains: 1. Collection and digitisation of data 2. Data management 3. Data display (laptops, PDAs, tablet/slate PCs) 4. System characteristics (e.g. physical robustness to harsh operating environment) 5. Connectivity and ground infrastructure issues 6. IT associated tools (e.g. virtual reality) for enhanced maintenance support 413 HUM Aircraft health and usage monitoring system Definition: Research and technology associated with a network of sensors tasked with monitoring the health, usage, fatigue and performance of various aircraft systems and sub-systems. Sub-domains: 1. Application of prognostic health management to improve condition-based maintenance 2. HUMS sensors. characteristics, interfaces, management, scheduling and self-monitoring 3. Data management. storage, archiving, retrieval, analysis 4. Integration of diagnostic and prognostic systems

47 SMA Smart maintenance systems 415 LTG Lighting systems Definition: Complex systems comprising electronic, electro-mechanical and hydraulic sub-systems must be engineered with ease of maintenance as a design goal. In a fielded system, effective preventive maintenance achieved through online system health monitoring, damage detection and smart diagnostics and repair strategies will yield significant saving in the total life cycle costs, by improving the systems' reliability, maintainability and availability. Sub-domains: 1. Autonomous logistics. anticipatory maintenance and repair 2. Provisions of information to maintenance staff 3. Reductions in logistics and maintenance support requirements 4. Automated logging of system and sub-system performance 5. System interfaces and architectures 6. Self-healing and self-repairing systems and materials 7. Maintenance monitoring systems 8. Failure tolerant systems 9. Computer-based maintenance support and training, methods and materials Definition: Research and technology into internal and external aircraft lighting systems. Sub-domains: 1. Lighting technologies. LED, incandescent, fluorescent, high-density discharge, electro-luminescent 2. Operational considerations. power requirements, reliability, flexibility in installation and operation, reduction in maintenance requirements 3. Safety considerations. robustness, redundancy 4. Lighting types. ambient cabin, task cabin (reading etc), information and guidance, safety, flight-deck, external anti-collision

48 ACS Aircraft Security Definition: Aircraft security measures are the physical protection measures required in order to protect the aircraft and the passengers and crew when they are on-board. Sub-domains: 1. Systems and procedures for identification and access of personnel to the flight deck 2. On-board explosives detection systems 3. Alarm systems (e.g. panic alarms for cabin staff, seatback phones for passengers) 4. Cockpit security monitoring systems (voice recorders, video surveillance etc) 5. Passenger cabin security monitoring systems (voice recorders, video surveillance etc) 6. Security systems deployed by armed sky marshals 7. Tamper-proof and multiply-redundant transponder systems 8. Modified collision and terrain-avoidance systems (to prevent aircraft from being crashed deliberately) 9. Modified automatic landing systems (to enable forced landing of aircraft by ground authorities after it has been hijacked) Comment: see also Area 'Structures, Materials & Processes' 4 AVS AIRCRAFT AVIONICS SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT Power systems 417 EPG Electrical Power Generation & Distribution Definition: Research and technology associated with the generation, distribution, integration and control of electrical power on board the aircraft, both AC and DC. The development of aircraft power technologies that are simple in design and have a wider range of application will result in lower acquisition and maintenance costs, and will facilitate the development of the More Electric Aircraft. Sub-domains: 1. System components. generators, alternators, converters, inverters, batteries, circuit protection (circuit breakers, current limiters, automatic bus transfer), wiring, connectors, control systems, measuring instruments, warning indicators 2. System characteristics. power quality, isolation, reliability, interface standardisation 3. Issues. electrical load analysis, power quality testing, installation assessment, distribution and load management 4. Integration and validation of technologies

49 PNU Pneumatic systems Definition: Pneumatic systems provide compressed air to pressurise the aircraft water supply system, for wing ice protection, and as emergency back-up for hydraulic sub-systems. Sub-domains: 1. Components. LP air cylinders, pressure gauges and warning lights, pipework, valves and fittings, filters, seals 2. Wing ice protection. ice sensor integration for Protection on Demand, hybrid wing heating 3. Provision of emergency oxygen systems for passengers and crew 4. Emergency inflation systems (rafts, escape slides etc) 419 HYD Hydraulic power generation & distribution Definition: Research and technology associated with the use of hydraulic systems (power generation, control and distribution). Sub-domains: 1. Components. reservoirs, pumps, valves (pressure regulators and directional control), accumulators, filters, supply and return lines, seals, actuators, fittings and control systems 2. Design. tools to support modelling for dynamic performance analysis 3. Interfaces with other aircraft systems 4 AVS AIRCRAFT AVIONICS SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT Cabin systems 420 PAX Passenger and freight systems Definition: Research and technology associated with the development of improvements to aircraft seating, safety restraints and interior systems, including the integration of on-board passenger services. Sub-domains: 1. Passenger seats - configurations (side-facing, rear-facing, bed-seats), comfort (suppression of vibration etc), ergonomic design, safety crash worthiness, integration of value-added services 2. In-flight cabin systems - electronic business/office systems, airline information, flight information/interactive maps, internet access, telephone access, audio/video and other multimedia services on demand, video surveillance monitoring and recording 3. Restraints - airbags, seat belts, child restraints, analysis of operational effectiveness 4. Safety systems - lightweight breathing systems, smoke hoods, evacuation systems (slides etc) 5. Cargo systems - loading, handling, restraining, monitoring, integration

50 ECS Environmental control System 422 WWS Water and waste systems Definition: Aircraft environmental control systems (ECS) provide the means to ensure a controlled environment within the aircraft interior, in terms of air supply, air flow, temperature, pressure and humidity. In addition to normal cabin-air requirements, certain areas of aircraft have special ECS-related operational and safety requirements, such as adequate cooling of equipment or removal of smoke or odours. Sub-domains: 1. Provision of fresh air - bleed air, ozone converter, air conditioning/cooling packs (heat exchangers, turbines, compressors, air mix chambers) 2. Air filters - activated charcoal, HEPA, filter status monitoring 3. Exhaust of cabin air - pressure control, outflow valves 4. Recirculation system - CO, CO2 monitoring and removal 5. Temperature, humidity control 6. Cabin ventilation and ducting system - flow patterns analysis, tools and modelling, zonal distribution, avoidance of draughts and stagnant areas 7. Control systems - status indicators, parameter level and system warning indicators, manual regulators for emergency use 8. Air quality monitoring and analysis - development of comfort index 9. Ground operations of ECS - APU, external air conditioning units 10. Personal climate control facilitation (temperature, airflow, humidity) Definition: Water is required for crew and passengers, for both drinking and cleaning purposes. Waster from passengers and crew needs to be stored and disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner. Sub-domains: 1. Fresh water systems - storage, tank capacity, distribution system and flow rate, pressure system, disinfection (chlorine, anodic oxidation), ground handling interface - filling and emptying 2. Grey water - disposal system (heating, in-flight spraying) 3. Toilets - reliability, maintainability, technologies (recirculation, vacuum), storage and disposal of waste 4. Plumbing - pipework, valves, fittings, filters 5. Cabin waste - solid/semi-solid/liquid, storage, compaction, avoidance of smells 6. Ground handling interface

51 -51-4 AVS AIRCRAFT AVIONICS SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT Other systems 423 FUS Fuel systems Definition: Research and technology associated with the aircraft fuel storage and distribution systems. Sub-domains: 1. Storage - tank location, design, construction 2. Distribution systems - pipes, valves, isolation systems, pumps 3. Management system - level indicators, actuators, control system 4. Refuelling and defuelling systems 5. Safety issues - fire protection measures, electrical bonding straps and jumpers 424 LGB Landing gear and braking systems Definition: Research and technology associated with the landing gear, wheels, tyres, braking and steering systems. Sub-domains: 1. Landing gear - configuration and design, shock absorption (active and passive damping), load control systems, control theory aspects, power demand, corrosion protection 2. Wheels - construction, design (main and nose wheels) 3. Tyres - construction, design, temperature and pressure sensors and monitoring, operation under loads, wear prediction 4. Braking system - materials (carbon, steel), anti-skid systems (integrated brake monitoring, anti-skid valves, brake management systems), automatic braking systems, temperature sensors and monitoring systems, accumulators, pressure transducers 5. Steering system - nosewheel steering 425 FPS Fire protection systems Definition: A fire protection (FP) system in an aircraft includes passive and active FP means. Passive FP is achieved by using fireproof, or fire-resistant, materials. Active FP systems comprise smoke, fire and overheat detectors with indicators, fire suppression devices and a management control sub-system. Sub-domains: 1. Passive protection - fireblocking layer on materials (e.g. cabin seats), fire-resistant fittings, floor coverings and non-structural applications 2. Detection systems - smoke (back-scattering, optical attenuation), fire (gas sensing, near IR, IR), overheat, hot air leakage 3. Fire suppression - halon, watermist/nitrogen flooding, environmental impact, piping, valves, on-board inert gas generation systems, hand-held extinguishing systems 4. Control systems - maintenance panels, cockpit display panels, visualisation of system status, audible alerts, design (zonal configuration, redundancy, reliability, systems research, analysis of operational incidents), BITE

52 Taxonomy Area 5: Flight Mechanics 5 FLM FLIGHT MECHANICS - Stability and Control 501 OAS Open-loop Aircraft Stability Analysis Definition: The research in open-loop stability uses analytical and experimental techniques to study the aircraft's natural motion around the centre of gravity, resulting from the external forces and moments acting on the aircraft, without interference from a pilot or autopilot. In the analysis it is determined if in a certain flight condition all forces and moments are in equilibrium. Subsequently, an aircraft is considered to be open-loop stable if, after a small disturbance from an equilibrium flight condition, the aircraft has a natural tendency to return to the original condition, without interference from a pilot or autopilot. Sub-domains: 1. System identification - from empirical / analytical model parameter estimation, wind tunnel tests and flight tests. 2. Mathematical modelling - equations of motion, aerodynamics, mass properties and geometry, taking into account modelling errors and uncertainties). 3. Analytical analysis of stability and stability margins - including a sensitivity analysis to determine the most influential physical parameters. 4. Flight Tests - experimental analysis of stability and natural motion of the aircraft, including model validation, definition of suitable test manoeuvres, instrumentation. 502 FCS Flight control system Definition: The flight control system of an aircraft enables the pilot to control the aircraft along a desired trajectory and overcome the aerodynamic forces acting on the control surfaces. It improves the stability and flying qualities of an aircraft to a desired level. Current civil transport aircraft and military fighter aircraft are equipped with electronic fly-by-wire flight control systems providing easy, safe and economic operation of the vehicle under all operating conditions. Research on flight control systems uses analytical and experimental techniques to design a system to control the aircraft and subsequently analyse the stability of the closed-loop system, i.e. the aircraft with the pilot (or autopilot) in the loop. Sub-domains: 1. System Identification (see 501) 2. Mathematical modelling (see 501, adding sensors and FSC systems models) 3. Definition of controller requirements and desired handling criteria 4. Controller design - control theory (architecture, algorithms, robustness) 5. Thrust vectoring and integrated flight- and propulsion control 6. Analytical controller analysis (stability and robustness, using linear models) 7. Controller analysis using desktop simulation 8. Controller analysis using a flight simulator (pilot-in-the-loop, handling qualities) 9. Flight test analysis (see 501, including handling qualities) 10. Development of a more efficient, integrated design and analysis process for robust controllers

53 -53-5 FLM FLIGHT MECHANICS - Performance 503 APS Aircraft Performance Analysis Definition: In aircraft performance analysis, analytical and experimental techniques are used to determine extreme quantities of the translational motion of the centre of gravity of the aircraft, which are relevant to its operational and economic use. Typical quantities that are determined in a performance analysis are: - operational flight envelope (min/max of airspeed, altitude and load factor). - operational range and endurance - Performance in climb/descent - Cruise performance (optimum fuel consumption versus cruise speed and altitude) - performance in turns - runway performance (take-off and landing distance) Sub-domains: 1. Mathematical modelling (3 DOF point mass model, equations of motion, environment, aerodynamics, engine and systems) 2. Analytical performance calculations 3. Performance Analysis of complex and/or dangerous manoeuvres via non-linear desktop simulation 4. Flight Tests - experimental performance (definition of suitable test manoeuvres, instrumentation and validation of model and analytical analysis results) 504 OAP Optimisation of Aircraft Performance Definition: In performance optimisation research, mathematical and analytical routines are used to calculate optimal trajectories and optimal flight conditions. Usually, in the calculation simplified models of the aircraft (aerodynamics, point mass) and its environment are used. Typical examples are minimum-time-to-climb or minimum-fuel-manoeuvre problems. Sub-domains: 1. Mathematical modelling (see 503). 2. Selection of optimisation method and strategy. 3. Mathematical Definition of performance objectives. 4. Implementation and application of efficient optimisation routines. 5. Verification of optimisation results in simulation and flight tests.

54 -54-5 FLM FLIGHT MECHANICS - Failure and Hazard Studies 505 FAI System Failure and Damage Analysis Definition: The occurrence of failures in the aircraft s systems can lead to a degradation of stability and/ or the performance of the aircraft. Although failure cases are taken into account in the design process of the aircraft, it is useful to perform separate and detailed studies of systems failures for the analysis and prevention of aircraft accidents and incidents. Bird strike or collision with other objects is a frequently occurring example. Sufficiently accurate models of system failures and their effect on aerodynamics and system dynamics have to be generated. Sub-domains: 1. Analysis of engine failure 2. Design of fault-tolerant/ adaptive control systems (redundancy, fault detection and reconfiguration) 3. Analysis of FCS hardware failure (sensors, hydraulic systems, control surfaces) 4. Damage to the aircraft structure, resulting in altered aerodynamic properties 506 ENV Environmental Hazard Analysis Definition: Environmental hazards, which mostly occur during the critical take-off and landing phases, can lead to potentially dangerous situations. Analytical and experimental techniques (simulation and flight tests) are used to identify the effects of these hazards. For analysis and prevention of accidents and incidents, it is investigated if the aircraft remains controllable (stability) and/or has sufficient performance for a go-around or evasive manoeuvre. For each hazard, the stability, control and performance sub domain activities are undertaken as described in 501 until 504, using sufficiently accurate models of the hazards their interference with the aircraft s dynamics. Links with 'MET - Meteorological' Sub-domains: 1. Take-off and landing in severe crosswind. 2. Windshear and microbursts (usually in combination with turbulence). 3. Turbulence/ gusts. 4. Terrain and airport conditions (terrain profile effects on radar altimeter, wind interference from buildings). 5. Wake vortex effects from other aircraft. 6. Icing conditions / heavy precipitation.

55 Taxonomy Area 6: Integrated Design & Validation (methods & tools) 6 IDV INTEGRATED DESIGN AND VALIDATION (methods & tools) - General 601 ITC Methods and IT tools for Collaborative Product & Process Engineering Definition: Enhanced Aeronautical Concurrent Engineering: provide a generic development lifecycle to increase understanding between collaborating companies to: - Reduce time to bring new product to market - Reduce costs Collaboration between aeronautical sectors, without (immediately) adapting or changing company tools which leads to a secure and reliable exchange of information between geographically distributed companies (e.g. Internet). Therefore collaborative work will be enhanced between distributed sites, by getting rid of geographical and cultural barriers. This will be achieved by using a Common virtual environment in which anyone can communicate and work with anyone else as in face to face meeting. It provides standardised collaborative work methods and organisational rules for meeting, , telephone, reviews, memo exchange., gives organisational constraints on skills and responsibilities required and rules for co-located work and distant work. Sub-domains: 1. Virtual Enterprise 2. Secure IT infrastructure 3. Workflow management systems 4. Virtual environments for collaborative working 5. Product Lifecycle interaction 6. Virtual Conferencing 602 OSE On-board systems engineering Definition: Systems Engineering is an interdisciplinary approach that encompasses the entire technical effort, and evolves into and verifies an integrated and life-cycle balanced set of system people, products and process solutions that satisfy customer needs. [ref. EIA standard IS-632, System Engineering, December 1994]. Onboard Systems Engineering focus on the effort related to the design, manufacturing and validation of onboard systems. Sub-domains: 1. Integration system technologies 2. Modelling and Simulation (including rapid and virtual prototyping) 3. Incremental Certification 4. Interconnecting technology 5. Avionics rig testing 6. Laboratory systems testing 7. Interface Control Specification methods: Mechanical interface, Electronic interface, Data exchange

56 EMC Environmental and EM compliance engineering process Definition: Environmental worthiness is the capability of the (sub)system or component to perform its full array of intended functions in the intended use environments. Environmental and Electromagnetic compliance engineering deals with the processes needed to define both the environments and the derived equipment requirements, as well as with the design, implementation and verification of these requirements. Sub-domains: 1. Performance base specifications to define the real use environments 2. Sources 3. Advanced Environmental and EMI protection design and verification measures 4. EMI/EMC/HIRF 5. Lightning 6. Hardening 7. Shock testing 604 FGT Flight/ Ground Tests Definition: The testing in flight of an aircraft or item(s) of aircraft equipment. The aims of that testing can be very diverse: they may be to investigate new concepts, to provide empirical data to substantiate design assumptions, or to demonstrate that an aircraft and/or its equipment achieve specified levels of performance, etc. Thus flight testing covers a broad spectrum of topics, the common feature of which is that there is a degree of novelty in the aircraft, its equipment or its intended usage, which requires assessment in flight. (Flight-testing is of course, usually preceded by appropriate Ground testing). (Ref.: AGARDograph Flight Test Techniques Series 300 Vol. 14: Introduction to Flight Test Engineering, NATO, Paris, ISBN ) Sub-domains: 1. Test planning: Test plan, Flight plan, Test schedule 2. Test specification: Test cards, Performance, Flight Control, Runway performance, Weapon (integration), Reliability & Maintainability, Interior Noise, Exterior noise, Logistics, Navigation and Communication, Air Data, Flight envelope, Propulsion, Environmental extremes, Avionics, Antenna patterns, Handling qualities, Aero-elasticity/Flutter, Human factors, Ground-Vibration, Pre-flight, Airframe systems, Simulator data gathering 3. Hazard analysis/safety: Safety of flight, Recovery, Minimum crew, Risk assessment, On board safety provisions, Engine failure, Deep stall, Flight test safety monitoring, EMI-EMC, Crew safety training, Safety procedures 4. Test conduct: Test cards / Responsibility distribution / Procedures / Briefing and Debriefing / Test report 5. Instrumentation system: Measurement, Data Acquisition and Recording equipment, Calibration 6. Data processing and analysis: Data archiving, Data reduction, Engineering units, Data retrieval, Flight Test Data Base, Telemetry, Ground monitoring 7. Logistics support: Spares, Repair, Maintenance, Training 8. Certification & Qualification: Certification reports, Airworthiness authorities, Certificate of Airworthiness

57 LCI Life-cycle Integration 606 SYC System Certification Definition: Life cycle integration is achieved through integrated development - that is, concurrent consideration of all life cycle needs during the development process. Sub-domains: 1. Technology management : Product improvement strategies through technology refresh and insertion methods 2. Obsolescence Management1. Reliability Engineering methods 3. COTS management, COTS reliability prediction and assessment methods 4. Design for Maintainability 5. Testability: built-in Test 6. Integrated modular avionics, 7 Open systems architectures, 8 Training: embedded training 9. Whole-life Cost Analysis / Life-cycle cost analysis, Total ownership costs: Re-design costs, Cost matrix Definition: Certification means the legal recognition by the certification authority that a product, service, organisation or person complies with the applicable requirements. Such certification comprises the activity of technically checking the product, service, organisation or person and the formal recognition of compliance with the applicable requirements by issue of a certificate, license, approval or other documents as required by national laws and procedures. In particular, certification of a product involves: (a) The process of assessing the design of a product to ensure that it complies with a set of standards applicable to that type of product so as to demonstrate an acceptable level of safety. (b) The process of assessing an individual product to ensure that it conforms with the certified type design. (c) The issue of any certificate required by national laws to declare that compliance or conformity has been found with standards in accordance with items (a) or (b) above. (Ref. ARP4754) Sub-domains: 1. Certification of new technologies and operations 2. Certification of air-worthiness, certification requirements for airborne and non-airborne systems. 3. Incremental certification 4. System safety assessment 5. HW / SW certification 6. Improvement of existing rules and regulations (e.g. Cross-wind criteria, contaminated runway criteria), in the future particularly relevant to ATM in view of complete lack of certification of ATM systems)

58 FTS Fault Tolerant Systems 608 HAZ Hazard Analysis Definition: The built-in capability of a system to provide continued correct execution in the presence of a limited number of hardware or software faults. The goal of fault tolerance is to include safety features in the software design or source code to ensure that the system will respond correctly to input data errors and prevent output and control errors. The need for fault tolerance in a system is determined by the system requirements and the system safety assessment process. Sub-domains: 1. Fault tolerant mechanisms: Redundancy, Backup (hot, cold,..), Voting mechanism, Fault detection 2. Parallel processing / Synchronisation mechanisms 3. Fault propagation, Isolation of fault effects Definition: Generally, and formal or informal study, evaluation, or analysis to identify hazards using generic and speciality techniques. Specifically, qualitative and quantitative assessments of risk in support of design, decision making (validation, evaluation), and risk based regulation. Sub-domains: Risk and Safety management: analysis (internal/external) and policy: 1. Safety / Risk management: Operational safety assessment, Risk determination 1.1. Review of proposed operation 1.2. Hazard identification and clustering 1.3. Identification of conflict scenarios 1.4. Expert judgement to evaluate frequency and severity of hazards 1.5. Mitigating measures 2. Safety requirements (rules and regulations): 2.1. Requirement based testing 2.2. Requirement evaluation 2.3. Requirement development

59 SAM Safety modelling 610 ASD Air Safety Data analysis Definition: Development of static or dynamic models to evaluate safety or unsafety of a new or existing organisation, operation, procedure, technical system, or hazard mitigating measure. Several tools and techniques are used to develop safety models, such as mathematical models, analytical tools, formal techniques, causal safety models, model languages, bias and uncertainty models, safety criteria models, safety requirements models, Monte Carlo simulations, expert elicitationmethods. Sub-domains: 1. Safety perception modelling 2. Third party risk modelling 3. Wake vortex induced risk modelling 4. Collision risk modelling 5. Dependability modelling 6. Controlled Flight Into Terrain modelling 7. Flight security modelling 8. Bird strike risk modelling 9. Safety management modelling Etc. Definition: Systematic analysis of aviation accident / incident data with or without flight exposure data Sub-domains: 1. Trend identification 2. Datamining 3. Analysis of flight data from day-to-day operations, risk analysis 4. Compilation of a sample of Air Traffic Management related accidents 5. Compilation of exposure data (i.e. number of conducted flights) 6. Estimation of accident rates. 7. Accident Sample Inclusion Criteria 8. Accident taxonomy 9. Accident data breakdown: Flight phase, Event types, Fatalities, World regions

60 REL System reliability 612 SYA Security / Risk analysis 613 MMO Maintenance modelling Definition: Reliability: A system performs as it is intended. System reliability is a measure of the degree to which a system performs as it was designed to do, as opposed to doing something else (like producing a wrong answer or providing no answer). Definitions of reliability will therefore vary according to the definition of what the system is supposed to do. In general, if a system is in an unreliable state then it is unavailable for its intended work tasks. Scale: Mean time for a defined system to experience defined failure type under defined conditions. Sub-domains: 1. Means of compliance: Fault tolerance 2. Reliability: Analysis, Requirements 3. Deterministic: Functionality, Resources bound, Time bound 4. Maturity 5. Recoverability Definition: In order to be able to respond appropriately to a wide range of different incidents, detailed security-related risk analyses need to be undertaken. These will need to include all systems and personnel involved in the security system as a whole. The objective will be to achieve a set of multi-layer, fault-tolerant, aviation security measures, which can be implemented within the essential parameters of operating aircraft and airports. Complexities include the different responsibilities of airports, airlines and government agencies. Sub-domains: 1. Vulnerability assessment methodologies 2. Security metrics (e.g. US Total Architecture for Aviation Security) to "score" various security systems 3. Security audits (of airlines, airports) 4. Threat assessments Definition: The cost of maintaining aircraft and other capital assets is significant. Options for conducting maintenance include retaining responsibility within the organisation, or contracting it out to a third-party provider. Innovative options for maintaining assets may be possible. Modelling and analysis of the maintenance system can bring insights that will optimise effectiveness while minimising costs. Sub-domains: 1. Asset management modelling methodology development 2. Aircraft maintenance modelling (exploring impact of changes in maintenance regime on aircraft availability, utilisation, engineering costs, and staff requirements) 3. Airport systems maintenance modelling (exploring impact of changes in maintenance regime on system availability, utilisation, engineering costs, and staff requirements) 4. Decision-support tool development

61 SIG Infra-red and Radar Signature Control Definition: The knowledge of physical phenomena which contribute to the infrared radiation emitted by an aircraft in flight. Different parts of the aircraft radiate: the airframe, the exhaust jet and the motor for few aspect angles (rear part of the engine and air intake). The first aim is to have an understanding of the physical process which emits radiation in order to reduce it, if it is technologically possible. The airframe signature depends on its temperature and the radiative properties of the material. The temperature itself varies with the flight profile (altitude and speed), the material thermodynamic properties and the internal heat dissipation of electronic systems. The jet infrared signature presents a spectral emission which is characteristic of the chemical species that can be found, mainly water vapour and carbon dioxide. The radiation level is also function of the hot gases temperatures. The motor radiation can be observed for rear angle of aspect, the emission of the nozzle hot parts being partly absorbed by the hot gases in the jet exhaust. Its emission can also be perceived for very specific angle of aspect, when the first stage of the compressor is in direct view from the air intake, or through its propagation along the airduct. The control/reduction of the RCS (Radar Cross Section) of an aircraft is obtained by two main approaches: optimisation of the global or local shape and use of Radar Absorbing Materials (RAM). Modelling the RCS, by numerically solving Maxwell equations, is now a necessary way to define efficient shape modifications and materials. The chosen solutions have to be assessed by ground or in-flight measurements. Radar materials development is an important topic, as any material has to fulfil several functions, needing, for example, thermal or mechanical properties. Sub-domains: 1. Material thermodynamic and optical properties. 2. Skin temperatures 3. Internal heat dissipation 4. Jet aerodynamic description, temperature, pressure and species concentration 5. Spectroscopic data base of emitting species 6. Radiative transfer computation in hot gases media 7. Multi-reflection in cavities 8. Radar Cross Section computation 9. Radar Absorbing Materials 10. Ground RCS measurements 11. In-flight RCS measurements

62 -62-6 IDV INTEGRATED DESIGN AND VALIDATION (methods & tools) - AERONAUTICAL IT 615 AIP Advanced information processing Definition: Collection of computing methods, techniques and tools, for processing of large quantities of raw data into information, which is essential to the function to be supported and for presentation of this information in a clear and convenient way. Sub-domains: 1. Radar data processing 2. Multi sensor data fusion 3. Real-time systems 4. Command, Control, Communications & Intelligence (C3I) 5. Situation monitoring 6. Alarm management 616 CDM Collaborative Decision Making Definition: The operational philosophy and associated technologies and procedures that enable the aviation industry to collaboratively manage strategic responses to aviation components operational constraints in a manner that balances operational efficiency with aviation safety. Sub-domains: 1. Multi-agent systems 2. Task modelling 3. Negotiation strategies 4. Agent-based distributed architecture 5. Information distribution 617 SEV Simulator environments & Virtual reality Definition: Virtual Reality is the experience of being in a synthetic environment and the perceiving and interacting through sensors and effectors, actively and passively, with it and the objects in it, as if they were real. Virtual Reality technology allows the user to perceive and experience sensory contact and interact dynamically with such contact in any or all modalities. Sub-domains: 1. Training Environment: real-time geographically distributed flight-simulations 2. Mission preparation, rehearsal & evaluation 3. Concept development 4. Materiel design 5. Materiel testing 6. Personnel selection. 7. Task analysis 8. Man-in-the-loop simulation

63 DSS Decision Support Systems Definition: Decision support focuses on the area of supporting the user in making complex decisions. Decision support facilities consists of mechanisms to sense the outside world and present this in an understandable format to the user and of mechanisms to support the user in performing complex tasks. Improved sensor technology and Multi-sensor data fusion techniques have led to better information availability and an increased situation awareness of pilots, air traffic controllers, and other users of aerospace systems. On-board decision support functions for pilots, decision support systems for air traffic controllers, and so on, are becoming of crucial importance for the completion of their missions. Links with 'ATM automated support'. Sub-domains: 1. User task modelling 2. (Intelligent) user interface 3. Situation assessment 4. Planning & monitoring (Sequencing, Time scheduling, Mission planning support, Flow planning, Resource allocation, Feedback control, Guidance) 5. Crew assistant 6. Traffic flow optimisation 619 IKM Information management & Knowledge management (Methods & tools) Definition: Management of organisational information and knowledge helps creating business value and generating a competitive advantage. It therefore helps to create and retain greater value from core business competencies. As such knowledge management is the discipline dedicated to more deliberate means of people creating and sharing knowledge to make the right decisions and take the right actions. It combines the processes of capturing, distributing, and effectively using knowledge. (Ref. Davenport 1994). Making and storing static representations of a dynamic environment is done in information management. Sub-domains: 1. Knowledge gathering 2. Knowledge representation 3. Knowledge retrieval 4. Product data management systems 5. Ontology 6. Competence management 7. Web technology 8. Semantic web 9. Data mining

64 AOP Autonomous operation 621 ASE Aeronautical Software Engineering Definition: A system (operation) that is capable of performing a task in full autonomy showing autonomous behaviour. This means that the system should be able to act without the direct intervention of humans (or other agents) and should have control over its own actions and internal state. Sub-domains: 1. Characteristics of an autonomous system: 1.1. Autonomous behaviour: The system should be able to act without the direct intervention of humans (or other agents) and should have control over its own actions and internal state Reactive behaviour: The system should perceive their environment and respond in a timely fashion to changes that occur in it Pro-active behaviour / Goal oriented behaviour: The system should not simply act in response to their environment, they should be able to exhibit opportunistic, goal-directed behaviour and take the initiative where appropriate Social behaviour: The system should be able to interact, when they deem appropriate Further characteristics: 2. Mission planning 3. Sensor data processing: processing step before data fusion. 4. Autonomous decision making 5. Expert systems 6. Threat avoidance / Conflict resolution Definition: Software engineering is an engineering discipline, which is concerned with all aspects of software production. It covers theories, methods and tools for professional software development. Software engineers should adopt a systematic and organised approach to their work and use appropriate tools and techniques depending on the problem to be solved, the development constraints and the resources available. Software engineering is therefore concerned with the practicalities of developing and delivering useful software. Sub-domains: 1. Requirements capture 2. Object-oriented analysis & design 3. Software implementation 4. Software testing: Integration testing, White/Black box test, Code coverage 5. Software verification & validation 6. Software certification: software safety, redundancy, built-in test 7. Software maintenance

65 -65-6 IDV INTEGRATED DESIGN AND VALIDATION (methods & tools) - OPERATIONAL 622 ORM Development of operational research methods & tools Definition: Research to aid the evaluation and analysis of OR techniques for application to aviation issues. The use of operational research (OR) methods and tools to optimise the performance of a system has been well-proven. By systematic investigation of the characteristics of a system (such as the aviation transport system) and the modelling of its salient aspects, insights can be gained into the performance of the system under different circumstances. The power of "what if?" modelling enables exploration of different strategies in a controlled environment. Sub-domains: 1. Stakeholder analysis 2. Development of OR methods 3. Development of OR tools 4. Validation of OR tools 623 DSV Development of synthetic environment & virtual reality tools Definition: The development of tools to produce virtual reality (VR) and/or synthetic environments (SE). Research to evaluate and analyse the use of VR/SE systems as tools for design, development, selection and training. The use of these tools is dealt with in separate domains. Sub-domains: 1. General systems engineering aspects of VR/SE development 2. Development methodologies for virtual reality (VR)/synthetic environment (SE) tools 3. Development of VR/SE tools in aircraft context - for cockpit/aircrew 4. Development of VR/SE tools in aircraft context - for passenger cabin/aircrew 5. Development of VR/SE tools in aircraft context - for cargo area 6. Development of VR/SE tools in airport context - for passenger handling area 7. Development of VR/SE tools in airport context - for cargo/baggage area 8. Development of VR/SE tools in airport context - for aircraft movement area 9. Development of VR/SE tools in ATM context - for controllers 10. Understand the physiological and psychological interactions between humans and VR/SE

66 ACP Aircraft Performance Assessment Definition: The analysis of aircraft performance enables optimum decisions to be reached about the use of the aircraft, in terms of the loading (passengers and baggage/cargo), utilisation, and maintenance. Sub-domains: 1. Development of aircraft modelling and analysis methods and tools 2. Modelling and analysis of aircraft capacity 3. Modelling and analysis of passenger handling 4. Modelling and analysis of cargo handling 625 APA Airport performance assessment Definition: The analysis of airport operations enables optimum decisions to be reached about the design, layout and operation of all aspects of the airport - including aircraft movement, passenger handling, and baggage/cargo handling. This should enable the passenger experience to be improved. Sub-domains: 1. Development of airport operations modelling and analysis methods and tools 2. Modelling and analysis of aircraft handling/capacity 3. Modelling and analysis of passenger handling processes and procedures (e.g. checking-in, immigration, boarding etc) 4. Modelling and analysis of cargo handling 626 BSM Business modelling Definition: The analysis of aviation business matters enables optimum decisions to be reached about the charging policy, route planning, frequency of flying and capacity offered on different routes. It enables cost-effective decisions to be taken in the context of the appropriate regulatory environment. Sub-domains: 1. Development of business modelling methods and tools 2. Use of business modelling methods and tools (e.g. yield/revenue management) 3. Analysis of regulatory aspects of aviation 6 IDV INTEGRATED DESIGN AND VALIDATION (methods & tools) - R&D INFRASTRUCTURE 627 NUM Numerical Models (including Fast Time Simulation) Definition: Numerical models and fast time simulators used in R&D. Includes common software modules and software libraries Sub-domains: 1. Numerical models 2. Mathematical models 3. System dynamics model 4. Faster-than-real-time time simulators 5. Software issues - common software modules, software libraries.

67 RTS Real Time Simulators Definition: Architecture of overall integration simulators, including user requirements and specifications. Also includes simulators that are used for R&D purposes, and common software libraries Sub-domains: 1. Real-time simulator 2. Experimental simulator 3. Software issues - common software modules, software libraries 629 GPE General Purpose Equipment Definition: General purpose and miscellaneous equipment that forms part of the R&D technical infrastructure. Includes flying laboratories & experimental aircraft Sub-domains: 1. R&D equipment 2. Test equipment 3. Measurement equipment 4. Development platforms - flying laboratory, experimental aircraft 5. Laboratory equipment, calibration equipment 630 REF Reference Data for R&D Use and live/rt data Use Definition: The capture and analysis of background information and reference data that is likely to be used on a range of projects - an R&D information resource. Sub-domains: 1. Reference Data (bibliographies, abstracts service, statistical information) 2. Development of libraries of statistics, reference data, bibliographies etc 3. Ground systems information (library, airport database, aircraft database, live data distribution and recording from ATM system - radar, RDPS, FDPS, CFMU, network exchange messages...). 4. Airborne systems information ( ACARS messages) and AOC systems, aircraft performance statistics, traffic samples and air movement data.

68 -68-6 IDV INTEGRATED DESIGN AND VALIDATION (methods & tools) - VALIDATION 631 MTH Methodology Definition: Provision of verification and validation methodologies that contribute to system flexibility in a cost-effective way. This leads to reductions in the validation element of RDT&E cycle Sub-domains: 1. Validation methods, methodologies, procedures, metrics, tools. Includes studies of validation issues for new technologies and systems. 2. Hierarchical methodologies 3. Studies of certification issues for new technologies and systems 4. system validation through modelling and simulation 5. integration and validation of technologies 6. Concept validation 7. Collection, analysis and validation of test results 8. Meta-models 9. Coverage-based, fault-based, error-based testing and validation 10. Requirement specification 11. Test plans - acceptance, system and sub-system integration, module-level 632 LSX Large scale validation Experiments Definition: Experiments and trials conducted for the purpose of validation. Validation is a risk-reduction activity, especially for complex high-consequence systems. Certification may largely, but not exclusively, be based upon digital techniques based on simulated and validation techniques Sub-domains: 1. Validation experiments, trials 2. Pre-operational trials 3. Trials - air/ground, ground/air, air/air 4. Pilot installations to ease the large-scale validation of proposed solutions 5. Validation of measurement tools and models 6. Functional mock-ups 7. Validation at component, sub-system and system levels 8. Operational validation by flight testing

69 LSP Large scale validation Platforms Definition: Large-scale validation rigs necessary to establish and validate the integration of technologies and performance parameters. Links with 'Flight / Ground Tests'. Validation platforms may conduct validation at component, sub-system and system levels Sub-domains: 1. Ground validation benches 2. Aircraft equipped for test and validation in an operational context 3. Technology demonstrators, technology integration platforms (TIPs) 4. Integrated platforms for system development, safety analysis and certification 5. Wind tunnels 6. Prototyping tools 7. Digital mock-ups 8. Validation vehicles for powerplants, avionics, aircraft structure, aircraft systems, flight software 9. Combined validation platforms for multiple technology programmes 10. Advanced experimental testbeds

70 Taxonomy Aera 7: Air Traffic Management 7 ATM AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (Source ARDEP) 701 OVA Overall ATM Definition: Contains all sub-domains relating to system-wide and gate-to-gate issues. Sub-domains: 1. Concepts and Scenarios: Operational concept, Operational philosophy, Mission, Objective, Context scenario, Operational objective, User requirement. Comments: concept options and evaluations; concept definition; operational concepts (ATFM, ASM, ATC); standard scenarios; institutional issues; ATM Objectives, User requirements; definition of operational contexts. 2. ATM Architecture and Overall System Engineering: System-wide issues, system engineering, transition strategy, transition planning, implementation planning, implementation roadmap, functional architecture, logical architecture, physical architecture, infrastructure, operational requirements. Comments: Overall ATM system architecture including the ground, airborne and satellite functions and system elements, system standards, system engineering, specifications, operational requirements, configuration management, implementation planning issues, transition design issues, system safety. Addresses system-wide issues, including transition. 3. Information Management in Operational ATM: Information Requirements, Information Architecture, Communication requirements for controllers and pilots, Data Warehousing, Information Sharing, Information Resource, Information Pool. Acquisition, storage, processing, distribution of information. System-wide information. Information Quality, SWIM, System-Wide Information Management, security-confidentialityownership of the data, European AIS Database. Comments: system-wide studies of information needs and information systems, including information requirements, usage, sharing, acquisition, processing, storage, dissemination, deletion. Includes information sharing, particularly in the CDM context, also encompassing information exchange and sharing with external stakeholders in ATM. Information quality issues are covered. Includes information requirements for controllers and pilots (e.g. flight plan and surveillance data, air derived data, met data, airspace structure data, ASM data); communications requirements for controllers and pilots. Links with CDM - 'Collaborative Decision Making', IKM 'Information management & Knowledge management'. 4. Radio Frequency Studies: Frequency Allocation, Frequency Coverage, Interference, Modulation Class, Spectrum Utilisation, Propagation, ITU. Comments: studies of the allocation and usage of radio frequencies. Covers the entire useful RF spectrum, allocation to different services, geographical allocation, geographical coverage, changes of use, current and future usage, interference problems etc. ITU issues. Propagation studies, modulation techniques, spectrum utilisation efficiency, path reliability and related studies. RF Licensing and charges issues. 5. Capacity, Safety and Economic Appraisal Studies: Performance indicators, Cost-benefit analysis, CBA, System capacity, Service capacity, Airspace capacity, Capacity utilisation, Safety, Internal efficiency, System effectiveness, Service Levels, QoS, Delays, TLS, Resilience, Security, Charges, Simulations, Business Case, Basic traffic forecast. Comments: identification of capacity, safety and efficiency measures, cost-benefit analyses, performance indicators. Includes studies of capacity and delay, ATM efficiency, safety, resilience, security. Includes application of fast-time and real-time simulations to assess capacity, safety etc., also cost-benefit assessments in the preparation of business cases.

71 AMG Airspace Management 703 FCM Flow and Capacity Management Definition: Contains all sub-domains relating to the structure and organisation of the airspace and relevant procedures for flight and traffic control. Sub-domains: 1. Airspace Organisation and Procedures: Airspace Management, ASM, Airspace Design, Airspace Organisation, Airspace Structure, Routes, Flexible Use of Airspace, FUA, Airspace Regimes, ASM Procedures, ATC Procedures. Comments: working rules, methods, routes network; airspace structures; airspace management; civil/military co-operation; ASM procedures, procedures for use of the airspace and for air traffic control. 2. Separation Minima: Separation Minima, Separation Standards, Procedural Control, Radar Minima, Radar Separations, ADS Separations, HMU, Height Monitoring, Collision Risk. Comments: Separation standards and minima for procedural environment and for different surveillance environments (SSR, ADS, multi radar coverage), also free flight, height monitoring. Definition: Contains all sub-domains concerned with ATFM, Demand Management and Capacity Management topics. Sub-domains: 1. Air Traffic Flow Management: Air Traffic Flow Management, ATFM, CFMU, Initial Flight Plan Processing, IFPS, Demand-Capacity Balancing, DCB, Demand Management, Slot Allocation, Capacity Prediction, Demand Forecasting, Traffic Load Prediction, FMP. Comments: Flow Management, Capacity Management and Demand Management concepts, working rules, information requirements, co-ordination requirements, data processing, operational data bases.

72 CST Communications and Systems Technology Definition: Contains all sub-domains relating to communications technology and systems. Sub-domains: 1. ATN & Communication Architecture: Aeronautical Communications Network, ATN, Network Architecture, Communications Architecture, ISO OSI Communications, Network Management. Comments: overall design, interfaces, system standards, specifications, network management, validation and safety of subsystems. 2. Satellite Communication Sub-network: Satellite Communications, Satellite Datalink, Satellite sub-network, Satellite Communications Security, Satellite Communications Integrity. Comments: overall design, interfaces, system standards, specifications, validation and safety of subsystems. 3. VHF Data Link and Voice Sub-network: VHF Datalink, VDL, VHF Voice, 8.33 khz, VHF Digitised Voice Communications, VHF communications integrity, VHF Sub-network, VHF communications security, VHF Frequencies, VDL Mode 1, VDL Mode 2, VDL Mode 3, VDL Mode 4, STDMA. Comments: VHF data link and voice sub-networks and technologies for all modes of VHF communications. Includes overall design, interfaces, specifications, validation and safety of subsystems. 4. Mode-S Datalink Sub-network: Mode-S Datalink, Mode-S Sub-network, Mode-S SARPS, Mode-S Communications Integrity, Air-Air datalink, Broadcast Datalink. Comments: overall design, interfaces, system standards, specifications, validation and safety of subsystems. Includes Mode-S technology for air-air (ACAS) datalink and broadcast (ADS-B). 5. Ground Network: Ground Networks, Ground Sub-networks, Network Management, Communications Routers, WANs, Gateways, Internet, ARTAS, Voice networks, AHMS. Comments: overall design, WAN interfaces, system standards, specifications, validation and safety of subsystems. Includes ground communications networks for: voice, data and radar data distribution, (e.g. ARTAS), and ATN ground sub-networks and ATN internet/backbone. 705 NAS Navigation Systems Definition: Contains all sub-domains relating to navigation techniques and systems. Sub-domains: 1. Satellite Navigation Systems: GPS, GPS Integrity, Differential GPS, GNSS, GLONASS, GNSS-2, WGS 84, Geodetic References, GNSS Augmentation, GPS Augmentation systems, Pseudolites, EGNOS, GPS Overlay. Comments: navigation data base and grid co-ordinate systems, specifications, interfaces, validation and safety of subsystems, augmentation and overlay systems. 2. Operational Navigation System: RVSM, PRNAV, RHSM, RNP, Navigation System, Altimetry, terrestrial nav-aids, LORAN, DME, beacons, VOR, NDB. Comments: all means necessary for aircraft to determine its own position, height and other dynamic characteristics; guidance of the aircraft; validation and safety of subsystems. Includes Reduced Vertical and Horizontal Separation, Precision RNAV, RNP Standards, multi-mode integrated navigation systems. Include altimetry techniques; terrestrial navigation aids.

73 SSS Surveillance Sensor Systems Definition: Contains all sub-domains concerned with surveillance technology and systems. Links with NAV - 'Navigation/Flight Management/Autoland'. Sub-domains: 1. Surveillance Analysis & Calibration Tools: Radar measurement, Radar calibration, Surveillance accuracy, Data fusion accuracy, Surveillance coverage, Height measurement, HMU, ADS accuracy, Surveillance integrity. Comments: development of facilities and methods for the analysis and evaluation of surveillance systems and their processing systems. Include height measurement where it is a surveillance measurement/calibration issue. 2. Radar Surveillance and other independent sensors: Primary Radar, Secondary Surveillance Radar, Radar Antennas, E-Scan, Millimetre Wave Radar, Tracking Radars, Doppler Radars, Electronically Steered Radars, Wind Shear Detection (by radar), Wake Vortex Detection (by radar), Weather Radar, Mode-S Enhanced Surveillance, Specific sensors for SMGCS : microphones, laser, optical, proximity sensors etc Comments: studies of radar-based surveillance systems. Primary and secondary ground-based radars, antennas, sensors, technologies. Includes specialised radars for wind-shear and wake vortex detection applications, tracking radars, Mode-S for enhanced surveillance. 3. ADS & Data Link Surveillance: ADS SARPS, Automatic Dependent Surveillance, ADS, ADS-Broadcast, ADS-B, Aircraft derived data. Comments: standards, specifications, validation and safety of subsystems, means to derive position, identity and state vector information. Include ADS-B and ADS applications using any datalink technology. 4. Surveillance Sensor Data Processing: Sensor Data fusion, ARTAS application. Comments: validation methods, prototyping, sources of surveillance data, standards and procedures.

74 AAS ATM Automated Support Definition: Contains all sub-domains relating to ATC Planning, Controller Tools and Automation. Links with domain 'Decision Support Systems' Sub-domains: 1. ATC Automation & Controlling Tools : ATC automation, controller tools, simulations with tools, level of automation, MTCD, planning tools, sequencing and metering tools, conflict resolution tools, conflict probe, conformance monitoring tools, SMGC tools, STCA, MSAW. Comments: ground based data processing to support automation for the controller, simulations with tools, level of automation. Include STCA, MSAW, MTCD, Planning support tools, Conflict resolution tools, Conformance monitoring tools, sequencing and metering tools. 2. Controller Work Station and Situation Display: Controller workstation, Display systems, Controller preferences, Electronic Strips. Comments: work station architecture (software and hardware), display systems, HMI design. 3. Flight Data Processing Systems: FDPS, Flight Data Processing, Flight Plans, Flight Progress Monitoring, Aircraft Derived Data. Comments: Flight data processing systems: flight data database requirements and design, exploitation of aircraft-derived data. 4. Traffic Management and Trajectory Planning: Traffic Management, Trajectory Planning, Multi-sector Planning, Planning Horizon, Trajectory Planning Systems, Ground movement planning, Slot swapping / shifting, Airspace Allocation, Conflict Free Trajectory Clearances, Traffic Management - ATFM interworking, Traffic Management-Sector Interworking. Advanced Planning, Extended Planning, Start up and pushback planning, Trajectory Synchronisation, Traffic Sequencing, Traffic Metering, Queues, Holds, Buffers, Choke Points, AMAN (Arrival manager), DMAN (Departure Manager). Comments: Traffic Management and Trajectory Planning processes and systems. Multi-sector planning. Extension of the trajectory planning horizon. 3D and 4D Planning of conflict-free trajectories and clearances/airspace allocations. Traffic sequencing, metering and trajectory synchronisation. Advanced trajectory-based planning systems. Processes that sit between ATFM and Tactical Control. Interfaces and interworking between TMTP processes and systems and those associated with ATFM and CFMU also those associated with tactical sector control. Includes co-ordination between choke points, management of queues and buffers. 5. Air Ground Integration Studies: Air-ground integration, Air-ground interworking, Pilot-Controller Cooperation, Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications, CPDLC, AOC, AAC, AIS, FIS, ASAS (not procedures). Comments: Air/Ground Integrated studies focusing on the application and use of datalinks. Includes ATS and (where they utilise the same datalink) the impact of AOC applications. The main focus is on air-ground interworking, pilot-controller co-operation, integration of the aircraft into the ATM system. 6. Monitoring & Support Systems including Reliability & Integrity Studies: ATM system monitoring, system reliability, system resilience, incident monitoring, separation infringement, recording and replay.

75 APT Airport Traffic Management Definition: Contains all sub-domains relating to airport ATC, traffic management and ATM-related airport systems and operations. Sub-domains: 1. Airport Capacity and Runway Utilisation: Airport Capacity, Runway Capacity, Runway Utilisation, Taxiway Capacity, Airport Throughput, Airport Capacity Optimisation, Mixed-mode Operations, Parallel Runway Operations, Runway incursion, Wildlife hazards, Birds, Low Visibility. Comments: Airport capacity and runway utilisation related R&D, including capacity studies, airport capacity modelling and measurement, runway incursion monitoring, management of wildlife hazards, airport capacity in low visibility conditions 2. Approach Aids and Procedures: ILS, Microwave Landing Systems, MLS, Controlled Flight Into Terrain, CFIT, GPS Approaches, WADGPS, LADGPS, GNSS Approaches, Pseudolite, CAT 1, CAT 2, CAT 3a,b,c, Precision Approach, AWOP, Autoland, Enhanced Vision Systems, SIDs, STARs, low visibility approach and landing. Comments: Approach, Landing and Departure aids and procedures : safety and validation of subsystems, monitoring. Includes the application of GNSS and augmentation systems to approach and landing, also approach and landing and departure in low visibility conditions. 3. Airport ATC and Information Systems: Integrated Airport Information Systems, ATIS, Wireless airport communications system, Airport LAN, Gatelink. Comments: Application interface between Airports and Wide Area Networks (WANS) for gate-to-gate ATM. Information services provided by the airport, e.g. ATIS. 4. Surface Movement Guidance and Control: Taxiing, Manoeuvring Area, Taxiway, Pre-departure Clearance, Push-back, Ground Trajectory, Tower Control, Airport Surveillance, SMGC, A-SMCGS. Comments: ground movement surveillance, Airport ATC systems. Covers issues of aircraft identification during taxiing. Low visibility issues for surface movements, separation of aircraft and ground mobiles and obstacles.

76 APO Airport Operations 710 ALO Airline Operations Definition: Contains all sub-domains concerned with airports operators, their flight operations and their interactions with ATM, their processes to handle the traffic, passengers and baggage. Sub-domains: 1. Airport Operations: Airport Operations Studies: studies of aspects of airport operations relevant to ATM, and improvements to Airport-ATM interworking, including interworking among, En-route/TMA ATC, Tower ATC, Ground Movement Control, Apron Management, Terminal Operations, hub operations, hub feeding. Comments: Airport Operations, Terminal Operations, ATC-Airport planning & co-ordination, Handling Agents, Apron Management, Stand Management, Terminal Operations. 2. Vertical Take-off and landing traffic handling. 3. Airport Architecture, design and new concepts: Airport organisation and design, Cluster of airports, holistic design, terminal organisation 4. Airport Passenger and baggage handling Processes: Movement of passengers inside the building, role of the passenger, information of the passenger. Baggage handling processes. 5. Inter-modality: Interface with other modes of transport: train, hub feeder, road, etc Definition: Contains all sub-domains concerned with airlines/aircraft operators, their flight operations and their interactions with ATM. Sub-domains: 1. Airline Operations: Airline Operations, Despatch, Fleet Scheduling, Crew Roistering and Scheduling, Aircraft Operations, Timetables, Flight Planning Process, AAC, AOC, Flight Efficiency, Flight Economics, Flight Time, Flight Duration, Fuel Burn, CDM (airlines part), Collaborative Flight Planning, Flight Schedules, Block Time. Comments: Studies of the relevant ground operations and flight operations of commercial airlines and other aircraft operators, where relevant to ATM. Includes all forms of ATM-Airline interworking and collaborative decision-making as well as co-ordination of planning, operational policies, fleet scheduling, timetabling, route/service planning and flight planning processes, operational constraints, despatch, airline-aircraft (AOC) communications, airline commercial issues. In connection with flight operations, this sub-domain includes studies of flight economics and the impact of trajectory profiles and delays on fuel burn, flight time, flight efficiency etc 2. Freight Operations.

77 MET Meteorological 712 RDM R&D Management and Co-ordination Definition: Contains all sub-domains relating to meteorological phenomena and detection and forecasting systems. Sub-domains: 1. Meteorological Modelling: Climatic Models, Weather Models, Weather Forecasting, Weather Measurement, Nowcasting, Meteorological data fusion. Comments: forecasting and nowcasting. Includes the aircraft as a flying meteorological station. Includes the compilation, distribution and exploitation of meteorological information from the application perspective. 2. Wake-vortex Tracking and Approach Control : Wake Vortex, Vortex Measurement, Wake Vortex Categories. Comments: Wake vortex related studies, detection systems. Include wind vortices measurement and aircraft wake vortex categories. 3. Other Atmospheric Phenomena: Wind Shear, Wind Phenomena, Atmospheric Phenomena, Mountain Wave Events, Precipitation, Turbulence, CAT. Comments: Wind, Turbulence, Precipitation and other atmospheric phenomena, including wind shear, wind measurement and prediction, wind modelling, volcanic ash and mountain wave events forecasting. Definition: Contains all sub-domains concerned with the management of R&D resources. Sub-domains: 1. R&D Management and Co-ordination: Overhead, Management, Administration, R&D Co-ordination, Working Panels, Steering groups, review Bodies. Comments: includes overhead activities, also international working and liaison activities, meetings etc.

78 Taxonomy Area 8: Airports 8 APT AIRPORTS 801 SEQ Security Equipment 802 CMG Crisis management 803 AES Airport External Safety Definition: Systems for the detection and neutralisation of threats posed by weapons and explosives. Includes the use of advanced technology to eliminate the ability of terrorists to conceal improvised explosive devices, weapons, and flammable gas or liquid explosives on aircraft. Achieved by processing passengers, crew, baggage and cargo through weapons and explosives detection machines: portals for people to walk through, portable machines for screeners to use, and bulk screening for cargo and baggage. Sub-domains: 1. Secure communications links between key parts in the aviation security system 2. Containerised/Palletised Inspection Systems 3. Trace and Bulk Explosive Detection (e.g. thermal neutron analysis (TNA), CTX machines, canine searches) 4. Weapon Detection (e.g. metal detectors, passive millimetre wave imaging, invasive ionising radiation (X-rays) ) Definition: It is necessary for the aviation security system to be able to respond appropriately to a wide range of different incidents. The effective management of such crises will require the integration of the efforts of all security systems and personnel involved. Sub-domains: 1. Operational planning tools (including decision-support systems) 2. Interactive computer-based systems to model the effects of major incidents, to allow staff the opportunity to practise and develop their responsibilities, to stress networks, and to establish weak points in the chain of aviation security in a "safe" environment Definition: Quantitative probabilistic assessment of risk to the population in the vicinity of an airport. The risk is composed of the following three submodels: accident probability per movement, the accident location and the resulting lethality. The risk can be expressed in terms of individual risk and / or societal risk, meaning risk imposed to a group of a certain size. Sub-domains: 1. Development of methods, (sub)models and software tools to assess risk to the population in the vicinity of airports 2. Risk assessments using these tools 3. Support to development of appropriate risk tolerability criteria 4. Validation and evaluation of risk models and data 5. Collection of input data: population, aircraft movements, aircraft routes, historical accident data, terrain data

79 ARS Airport Security Definition: Airport security measures are the physical protection measures required in order to protect aircraft, airport staff, passengers and crew when on the ground. This includes blocking terrorist access to the aircraft when on the ground. Specific technologies are addressed in the "Security Equipment" area. Links also with SSS Surveillance Sensor Systems. Sub-domains: 1. Surveillance systems - sensors (e.g. CCTV, radar/rf, IR, visual) 2. Surveillance systems - processing (e.g. image motion stabilisation, automatic recognition of faces/number plates, video tracking) 3. Passenger profiling, co-ordinated with law enforcement and intelligence databases, to detect possible terrorists and other security risks. Passengers flagged as high-risk should be diverted to a screening process with more intensive human interaction and sophisticated detection equipment. Possible establishment of pool of pre-screened passengers who can be processed through airport security more quickly. 4. Passenger identification and verification (e.g. biometrics - voice recognition, face recognition, hand geometry, fingerprints, iris recognition) 5. Development of systems for strict accountability for luggage loaded on aircraft (e.g. Positive Passenger Bag Matching - PPBM) 6. Tracking of cargo and baggage within the airport (e.g. RFID tags) 7. Physical protection measures to prevent unauthorised entry into secure areas

80 Taxonomy Area 9: Human Factors 9 HFA HUMAN FACTORS 901 HFI Human Factors Integration, Man-machine Interface Definition: The integration of separate strands of human factors (HF), and the interfaces between humans and technologies, to provide a holistic picture of the role, effectiveness and improvement of human personnel in the aviation systems. Sub-domains: 1. Human-machine/computer interface (HMI, HCI, MMI) - design and evaluation 2. Displays - Colour, 3D display, Virtual reality, Information presentation 3. HF integration 4. Development of methods, tools and processes to support the integration of people with complex systems 5. Vision modelling and auditory communication studies 6. Anthropometric studies 902 HIP Human Information Processing Definition: Research into the ways in which humans gather and process information, converting "data" into "knowledge", studies of human sensory, perceptual and cognitive processes. Sub-domains: 1. Knowledge engineering 2. Information gathering 3. Information processing (aircrew, ATM, ground staff) 4. Cognitive aspects of operator performance 5. Human error and reliability studies 903 HPM Human Performance Modelling & Enhancement Definition: Measuring and modelling the effectiveness of people in the aviation system, both on the ground and in the air. Includes the ATM and aircrew (pilot, navigator, flight engineer) requirements for the role of the human in the systems (i.e. display, ergonomics) including airborne, cockpit and ground control systems Sub-domains: 1. Crew workload optimisation, error-tolerant systems 2. Measurement and modelling of controller and pilot performance in the ATM system 3. Measurement and modelling of aircrew performance 4. Evaluation of human factors procedures 5. Team working 6. Self separation 7. The human as a supervisor (both the pilot and/or the controller) 8. Tasks sharing, task delegation 9. Pilot less a/c 10. Research and techniques to sense and monitor human performance, including physiological sensing and monitoring 11. Studies of interventions (excluding training) that enhance individual physical and mental performance

81 SEL Selection & Training Definition: Covers the requirements for recruitment, selection, training, licensing, working practices and staff management of all personnel in the aviation system, both in the air and on the ground. Addresses aptitude, personal qualities, physical characteristics, manpower modelling and system complementing. Sub-domains: 1. Recruitment and selection of aircrew (methods, facilities, evaluation) 2. Recruitment and selection of ATM personnel (methods, facilities, evaluation) 3. Recruitment and selection of ground crew (methods, facilities, evaluation) 4. Training of aircrew (methods, facilities, evaluation) 5. Training of ATM personnel (methods, facilities, evaluation) 6. Training of ground crew (methods, facilities, evaluation) 7. Staff management and working practices (shift work, roistering etc) 8. Certification and licensing aspects 9. Training needs analysis 10. Management of skill acquisition and skill fade 905 HSP Human Survivability, Protection and Stress Effects Definition: Studies relating to the impact of stressors on human performance, behaviours and well-being. Includes impact of irregular duty cycles, sleep loss, physical and mental strain, prevention of musculo-skeletal injuries. Research to understand issues covering the physical and mental health (including stress) aspects of personnel, both in the air and on the ground. Sub-domains: 1. Health and safety/occupational health aspects for aircrew (methods, facilities, evaluation) 2. Health and safety/occupational health aspects for ATM personnel (methods, facilities, evaluation) 3. Health and safety/occupational health aspects for ground crew (methods, facilities, evaluation) 4. Health and safety/occupational health aspects for passengers (methods, facilities, evaluation) 5. Personnel response to blast and fire (injuries sustained, casualty rates etc) 6. Personnel protective systems - aircrew 7. Personnel protective systems - passengers 8. Personnel protective systems - ground crew

82 HES Human Element in Security Definition: Optimisation of human performance and contributions through better operator selection, training, and performance monitoring. Relates especially to the various detection technologies, but all personnel in the aviation transport system should be addressed. Sub-domains: 1. Pilot training for response to hijack incidents (computer- and simulator-based) 2. Baggage and cargo screener selection 3. Baggage and cargo screener training (e.g. Threat Image Projection, performance management) 4. Baggage and cargo screener management (shift and duty time rosters, team leadership) 5. Background security checks for personnel having access to secure areas

83 Taxonomy Area 10: Innovative Concepts & Scenarios 10 ICS INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS & SCENARIOS 1001 SCE Scenarios analysis Definition: Scenarios provide a means for raising the awareness of decision-makers towards the implications of plausible possible futures, Scenario-based planning tells a series of consistent stories about the future outcome of existing paradigms and trends. Sub-domains: 1. Identification of drivers of change (technological, demographic, cultural, political) 2. Elaboration of basic trends (societal, cultural) 3. Key uncertainties - derivation, analysis 4. Scenario generation 5. Scenario analysis 6. Drivers for future research - agenda setting and evaluation 1002 UCC Unconventional configurations and new aircraft concepts Definition: Radically new concepts in aircraft design could provide step changes - in flexibility of cabin layout (allowing for more specific tailoring of cabin space for business or leisure purposes) and reductions in operating costs resulting from highly integrated airframes, avionics and engines. Sub-domains: 1. Blended wing/body airliners 2. Supersonic or hypersonic airliners 3. Lighter-than-air (LTA) vehicles/airships - cargo transport, surveillance, communications, remote imaging 4. Very large payload capacity aircraft - cargo transports, airliners, utilisation of Wing In Ground effect (WIG) 5. Fully automated aircraft - 24 hour a day operation 6. Tilt-rotor and other vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) configurations 7. Hybrid configurations 8. Dedicated freight aircraft operations using separate infrastructures from passenger airliners - inter-modality issues 9. Interface with airport ground systems 1003 BTT Breakthrough technologies Definition: New air transport paradigms may evolve from speculative, exploratory research and concept studies Sub-domains: 1. New materials 2. Advanced design technologies 3. Alternative fuels 4. Safety enabling technologies - remote control of aircraft, fully automated approach and landing 5. Unmanned aircraft 6. Free flight control regime 7. Technology watching 8. Nanotechnology

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85 -85-3 Conclusions & Recommendations In a short timeframe, a Working Group consisting of NLR, QinetiQ and ONERA constructed the ACARE taxonomy for aeronautical R&T. This is a hierarchical taxonomy that builds upon existing European structuring efforts, such as the GARTEUR taxonomy and EUROCONTROL s ARDEP taxonomy. The ACARE taxonomy has been defined, reviewed and agreed upon by a considerable group of experts from different fields within the European aeronautics community. This has given the taxonomy a strong foundation. Given the timeframe and budget available, the ACARE taxonomy is believed to be as representative and functional as can be achieved in such a short period of time. A pragmatic approach was adopted, in which progress with the development and population of the taxonomy continued even when the time available for meetings with stakeholders was limited. This prevented long discussions about details concerning a specific location in the taxonomy or the mapping of certain topics from slowing down progress. Using previous material and current expertise also ensured the development of a taxonomy that can be accepted by a large and diverse group of representatives in the European aeronautical field. The meetings with the Steering Group provided valuable discussions for the Working Group to work with. Their expertise was brought in from different perspectives and putting them together provided valuable discussions, which led to this pragmatic taxonomy using already existing topics and domains. Also, experience from members directed the taxonomy away from previous experienced problems and towards an agreed approach. The taxonomy presented in this document should be regarded as the first baseline. It is expected that the taxonomy will go through a number of evolutions as European co-operation evolves. Therefore, regular updates are considered necessary. A taxonomy is never completely finished, especially when attempts are made to cover such a wide area as European aeronautics R & T. Therefore, the taxonomy should be reviewed on a regular (at least yearly) basis, thereby also maintaining and possibly extending the support from the stakeholders involved. The issue of what perspectives on the taxonomy are useful for various types of users remains highly relevant. Discussing this further will surely bring considerable benefit to users of the taxonomy. However, in order to remain productive one should always follow the basic idea with what the taxonomy was meant for in the first place. Keeping our targeted audience in mind surely helped focussing for the direction taken. Further, in order to let the taxonomy be widely used within the aeronautical community, it should be well known and easily accessible by its targeted audience. This means publishing

86 -86- through media available to all. The easiest way for this would be publishing the taxonomy on a web page. Through the web the taxonomy is visible to all and can be updated by those responsible in more than one location across the European countries. Also the web makes it possible to navigate through the taxonomy in a fast and easy way. For example, it would enable easy searching through the taxonomy by keywords specified by the user. It is therefore recommended as continuation of this first step in defining the ACARE taxonomy, to take the taxonomy and to publish and maintain it by using the web and pertaining tools. Secondly, with the first phase of defining and specifying the ACARE taxonomy being completed, it is recommended that a procedure is formulated, which will ensure realisation of Vision This procedure should encompass further assessment and modification of the stakeholders internal definitions, and support mutual alignment with the ACARE taxonomy. In short, to ensure a successful implementation the following steps are strongly recommended: - Internet availability of the complete latest version of the taxonomy - Provision of an on-line feedback mechanism - Further alignment with stakeholders internal definitions - Regular assessment of the taxonomy with stakeholders - Appointment of taxonomy representatives to maintain the taxonomy. These steps will keep the taxonomy in the foreground of ACARE activities. Active use of the ACARE taxonomy will help to achieve the European aeronautical community s goal to make Europe the world leader in aeronautics through strengthened collaboration and guided by a single shared vision.

87 -87-4 References 1. 6 th Framework programme: Thematic Priority Aeronautics and Space WORK PROGRAMME ACARE: Strategic Research Agenda volume 1 & 2, October EUROCONTROL, ATM R&D Strategy in support of EATCHIP, issue 3.2., March EUROCONTROL, ATM Strategy for EUROCONTROL, ARDEP 2000: Analysis of the Data 6. European Communities, A vision for 2020 Meeting society s needs and winning global leadership, January GARTEUR view on future aeronautics research & technology, Taxonomy published in GARTEUR Annual Report 2001, Document X/C 32, May Hannessen D.P., Donker, J.C.: ASTERA project management document, NLR-CR NASA, The NASA Aeronautics Blueprint A Technology Vision for Aviation 10. NASA, NASA Thesaurus volume 1 & 2, NASA/SP , SCITEC WEAG Science and Technology Strategy, March 1998