CONDITIONAL SENTENCES in TURKISH

Transcription

1 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES in TURKISH YÜKSEL GÖKNEL 2013

2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES in TURKISH There are two parts in a conditional sentence: if clause and the main clause. In an if clause, the supposition is either real or unreal. These real and unreal suppositions in Turkish are also classified according to their times: 1 (a): present real supposition. 1(b): present unreal supposition. 2 (a): past real supposition. 2 (b): past unreal supposition. 1 (a): If the supposition is real at present, V - [ir, ır, ür, ur, er, ar]- [se, sa]-[pers] verb composition is used in the condition part, and The Simple Present (Geniş Zaman) is used in the result part of a conditional sentence. 1 (b): If the supposition is unreal at present, V- [se,sa]-[pers] verb structure is used in the condition part, and used to (Geniş Zaman ın Hikâyesi) is used in the result part of a conditional sentence. 2 (a): If the supposition is real in the past, V- [di/y/, dı/y/, dü/y/, du/y/, ti/y/, tı/y/, tü/y/, tu/y/]- [se, sa]-[pers] is used in the condition part, and V - [miş, mış, müş, muş]- [tir, tır, tür, tur] verb composition is used in the result part of a conditional sentence. 2 (b): If the supposition is unreal in the past, V - [se/y/, sa/y/]-[di, dı]- [pers] verb structure is used in the condition part, and used to (Şimdiki Zaman ın Hikâyesi) is used in the result part of a conditional sentence. 1 (a): PRESENT REAL SUPPOSITION In the if parts, and in the result parts of conditional sentences in Turkish, there may be two personal concepts. One of them is in the beginning as a pronoun, and the other one in the end as a personal allomorph such as: Sen çalış-ır-sa-an, and sen başar-ır-sın In the example above, there are two pronouns sen and sen, and two possessor personal allomorphs [an] and [sın], all of which mean sen. (Sen) çalış-ır-sa-an / (sen) başar-ır-sın. This conditional sentence is like the English sentence If you work, you succeed. In the first part, sen means you, the [sa] allomorph means if. The [ir] allomorph is The Simple Present allomorph, and the [an] allomorph also means sen. In the result part of this conditional sentence, as in the condition part, there are two you concepts: you and [sın], which mean the same thing. Therefore, the personal pronouns in the beginnings of the two 2

3 parts of a conditional sentence may be ignored unless they are intentionally stressed. (Sen) çalış-ır-sa-an (sen) başar-ır-sın. (ça*lı*şır*san / ba*şa*rır*sın ) If you work, you succeed. The same rule is applied to all conditional sentences in Turkish. Clauses like English clauses are used only in conditional sentences in Turkish. Consider the following: Ben çalış-ır-sa-am ben başar-ır-ım. (ça*lı*şır*sam / ba*şa*rı*rım ) Sen çalış-ır-sa-an sen başar-ır-sın. (ça*lı*şır*san / ba*şa*rır*sın ) O çalış-ır-sa o başar-ır. (ça*lı*şır*sa / ba*şa*rır ) Ahmet çalış-ır-sa Ahmet başar-ır. (ah*met / ça*lı*şır*sa / ba*şa*rır ) Biz çalış-ır-sa-ak biz başar-ır-ız. (ça*lı*şır*sak / ba*şa*rı*rız ) Siz çalış-ır-sa-an.ız siz başar-ır-sın.ız. (ça*lı*şır*sa*nız / ba*şa*rır*sı*nız ) Onlar çalış-ır-lar-sa onlar başar-ır-lar. (ça*lı*şır*lar*sa / ba*şa*rır*lar ) However, the English equivalents of the conditional sentences above are as follows: I will succeed if I work, You will succeed if you work. He will succeed if he works, etc. Follow the examplas: (biz) yağmur yağ-ar-sa ev-de otur-ur-uz. adverb clause of cond adverbial V NP VP (yağ*mur / ya*ğar*sa ~ / ev*de / o*tu*ru*ruz ) If it rains, we will stay at home. We will stay at home if it rains. (Sen) çalış-ır-sa-an (sen) sınav-ı geç-er-/s/in. (ça*lı*şır*san ~ / sı*na*vı / ge*çer*sin ) If you study, you will pass the exam. (Sen) çok çalış-ır-sa-an (sen) başar-a-bil-ir-sin. (çok / ça*lı*şır*san ~ / ba*şa*ra*bi*lir*sin ) If you work hard, you can succeed. (Sen) onu düşür-ür-se-en (o) kır-ıl-ır. (o*nu / dü*şü*rür*sen ~ / kı*rı*lır ) If you drop it, it will break. 3

4 (Sen) onu tekrar yap-ar-sa-an (sen) tokat-ı yer-sin. (o*nu / tek*rar / ya*par*san ~ / to*ka*dı / yer*sin ) If you do that again, you'll be slapped. (Sen) bulaşık-lar-ı yıka-ar-sa-an (ben) sana ev ödev-i/n/-de yardım et-er-im. (bu*la*şık*la*rı / yı*kar*san ~/ sa*na / ev / ö*de*vin*de / yar*dım / e*de*rim ) If you wash the dishes, I will help you with your homework. (Sen) dikkat-li sür-er-se-en (sen) kaza yap-maz-sın. (dik*kat*li / sü*rer*sen~ / ka*za: / yap*maz*sın ) If you drive carefully, you won t have an accident. (Sen) hazır-sa-an (biz) dışarı çık-a-bil-ir-iz. (ha*zır*san~ / dı*şa*rı / çı*ka*bi*li*riz ) We can go out if you are ready. (Sen) seyret-me-i.yor-sa-an (sen) televizyon-u kapat. (sey*ret*mi*yor*san ~/ te*le*viz*yo*nu / ka*pat ) Turn it off if you are not watching television. (Onlar) gel-ir-ler-se (biz) memnun ol-ur-uz. (on*lar / ge*lir*ler*se ~/ mem*nun / o*lu*ruz ) We will be happy if they come. (In the third person plural [se] and [ler] allomorphs change places.) (Sen) bu düğme-/y/e bas-ar-sa-an asansör aşağı gel-ir. (bu / düğ*me*ye / ba*sar*san ~ / a*san*sör / a*şa*ğı / ge*lir ) If you press this button, the elevator will come down. Öğretmen bana bak-ar-sa onun bana bir soru sor-a.cak-ı-/n/ı tahmin et-er-im. (öğ*ret*men / ba*na / ba*kar*sa~ / o*nun / ba*na / bir / so*ru / so*ra*ca*- ğı*nı / tah*min / e*de*rim ) If the teacher looks at me, I can guess that he is going to ask me a question. Sokak-lar ıslak-sa dün gece yağmur yağ-mış-tır. (so*kak*lar / ıs*lak*sa ~/ dün / ge*ce / yağ*mur / yağ*mış*tır ) If the streets are wet, it must have rained last night. (I m sure it rained last night because the streets are wet.) (Sen) (kendin-i) yorgun hisset-i.yor-sa-an, (sen) dün gece geç yat-mış-sındır. (yor*gun / his*se*di*yor*san~ / dün / ge*ce / geç / yat*mış*sın*dır ) If you feel tired, you must have gone to bed late last night. (I am sure you went to bed late, that is why you are tired now.) 4

5 (Sen) biraz İngilizce bil-i.yor-sa-an, (sen) bu cümle-ler-i anla-mış-sın-dır. (bi*raz / in*gi*liz*ce / bi*li*yor*san ~/ bu / cüm*le*le*ri / an*la*mış*sın*dır ) If you know some English, you must have understood these sentences. In English, there are some conditional sentences whose both parts are simple Present Tense. These sentences are formed in Turkish as follows: (Sen) buz-u ısıt-ır-sa-an (o) su-/y/a dönüş-ür. (bu*zu / ı*sı*tır*san ~ / su*ya / dö*nü*şür ) If you heat ice, it turns to water. (Biz) aç-sa-ak (biz) birsey yer-iz. (aç*sak~ / bir*sey / ye*riz ) If we are hungry, we eat something. (Biz) yourul-ur-sa-ak (biz) dinlen-ir-iz. (yo*ru*lur*sak ~ / din*le*ni*riz ) If we get tired, we rest. 1 (b): PRESENT UNREAL (CONTRARY TO FACT) SUPPOSITION In the present unreal supposition, the V - [se, sa] - [pers] verb chain is used in the condition part, and "used to" (şimdiki zaman'ın hikâyesi) is used in the second part of a conditional sentence: (O) kapı-/y/ı (O) ev-de ol-sa aç-ar-dı. NP adv clause of cond V NP VP (o / ka*pı*yı / ev*de / ol*sa ~ / a*çar*dı ) If he were at home, he would open the door. (He is not at home now.) (Ben) cevap-ı bil-se-em (ben) sana söyle-er-di-im. (ce*va:*bı / bil*sem ~/sa*na / söy*ler*dim ) If I knew the answer, I would tell you. (I don't know the answer.) (Ben) sen-in yer-in-de ol-sa-am (ben) böyle davran-maz-dı-ım. (se*nin / ye*rin*de / ol*sam ~ / böy*le / dav*ran*maz*dım ) If I were you, I wouldn t behave like that. (advice) (Ben) (benim) yap-a.cak bir sürü iş-im ol-ma-sa (ben) sen-in-le dışarıya çıkar-dı-ım. (ya*pa*cak / bir*sü*rü / i*şim / ol*ma*sa ~/ se*nin*le / dı*şa*rı*ya / çı*kar*dım ) If I didn t have a lot of things to do, I would go out with you. (Sorry, I have a lot of things to do.) 5

6 (Ben) (sen-in) baba-an-ın yer-i/n/-de ol-sa-am, (ben) (sen-in) araba kullanma-an-a izin ver-mez-di-im. (ba*ba*nın / ye*rin*de / ol*sam ~ / a*ra*ba / kul*lan*ma*na / i*zin / ver*mez*dim ) If I were your father, I wouldn t let you drive ) The present unreal suppositions can also be used to express future disappointment: Yarın tatil ol-sa piknik-e git-er-di-ik. (ya*rın / ta:*til / ol*sa ~/ pik*ni*ğe / gi*der*dik ) If tomorrow were a holiday, we would go for a picnic. 2 (a): PAST REAL SUPPOSITION In the past real supposition, the if clause is supposed to be true and the main clause is based on this true supposition. The structure of this type if clause is V- [di/y/, dı/y/, dü/y/, du/y/, ti/y/, tı/y/, tü/y/, tu/y/]- [se, sa]- [pers]. The main clause is in The Simple Past form: Paris e git-ti-/y/se (o) Eyfel Kulesi /n/i gör-dü. adverb clause of cond NP NP (object) V If we want to add certainty to the result part of the conditional sentence above, we use verb-[miş, mış, müş, muş]- [tir, tır, tür, tur] verb composition: Paris e git-ti/y/-se, Eyfel Kulesi /n/i gör-müş-tür. (pa*ri*se / git*tiy*se ~ / ey*fel / ku*le*si*ni / gör*müş*tür ) If he went to Paris, he must have seen the Eiffel Tower. (I think he went to Paris, and certainly he saw The Eiffel Tower.) Yeter-in.ce çok çalış-tı/y/-sa, başar-mış-tır. (ye*te*rin*ce / ça*lış*tıy*sa / ba*şar*mış*tır ) If he worked hard enough, he must have succeeded. (I believe he worked hard enough, and consequently he succeeded.) Söyle-dik-ler-i doğru idi/y/-se, cezalandır-ıl-mış ol.a.maz. (söy*le*dik*le*ri / doğ*ru / i*diy*se ~ / ce*za:*lan*dı*rıl*mış / o*la*maz ) If what he said was true, he can t have been punished. Kafes-i açık bırak-tı/y/-sa-an, kuş uç-up git-miş-tir. (ka*fe*si / a*çık / bı*rak*tıy*san ~ / kuş / u*çup / git*miş*tir ) If you left the cage open, the bird must have flown away. 6

7 İş-i-/n/i bitir-di/y/-se ev-e git-miş-tir. (i*şi*ni / bi*tir*diy*se / e*ve / git*miş*tir ) If he finished his work, he must have gone home. O-/n/un araba-/s/ı var-sa Bodrum-a git-miş-tir. (a*ra*ba*sı / var*sa / bod*du*ma / git*miş*tir ) If he had a car, he must have gone to Bodrum. 2 (b): PAST UNREAL (CONTRARY TO FACT) SUPPOSITION To form an unreal past supposition, V-[se/y/-di, sa/y/-dı]-[pers] verb chain is used in the if part of a conditional sentence, and the (Şimdiki Zaman'ın Hikâyesi) used to is used in the second part of it. Compare the following: (Sen) kapı-/y/ı çaldık-ın-da (o) ev-de ol-sa/y/-dı (o) (kapı-/y/ı) aç-ar-dı. adverbial clause of condition NP (obj) NP V (ka*pı*yı / çal*dı*ğın*da / ev*de / ol*say*dı ~ / a*çar*dı ) If he had been at home when you knocked at the door, he would have opened it. (He was not at home, so he didn t open the door.) Yarın tatil ol-sa sinema-/y/a git-er-di-ik. (ya*rın / ta:*til / ol*sa ~/ si*ne*ma*ya / gi*der*dik ) If tomorrow were a holiday, we would go to the cinema. (unreal) Bugün tatil ol-sa sinema-/y/a git-er-di-ik. (bu*gün / ta:*til /ol*sa ~/ si*ne*ma*ya / gi*der*dik ) If today were a holiday, we would go to the cinema. (unreal) Dün tatil ol-sa/y/-dı sinema-/y/a git-er-di-ik. (dün / ta:*til / ol*say*dı~ / si*ne*ma*ya / gi*der*dik ) (unreal) If yesterday had been a holiday, we would have gone to the cinema. (Yesterday was not a holiday, so we didn t go.) Dün onu gör-se/y/-di-im, onunla konuş-ur-du-um. (dün / o*nu / gör*sey*dim / o*nun*la / ko*nu*şur*dum ) If I had seen him yesterday, I would have talked to him. (I didn t see him, so I didn t talk to him.) Kafes-i açık bırak-ma-sa/y/-dı-ın, kuş uç-up git-mez-di. (ka*fe*si / a*çık / bı*rak*ma*say*dın ~ / kuş / u*çup / git*mez*di ) If you hadn t left the cage open, the bird wouldn t have flown away. (You left the cage open, so the bird flew away.) 7

8 Birkaç tane daha problem çöz-se/y/-di-im, daha iyi bir not al-ır-dı-ım. (bir*kaç / ta:*ne / da*ha / prob*lem / çöz*sey*dim~/ da*ha / i*yi / bir / not / a*lır*dım ) If I had solved a few more problems, I would have got a better grade. (I couldn t solve some more problems, and so I couldn t get a better grade.) Çabucak dur-ma-sa/y/-dı-ım, adam fena halde yara-lan-a.bil-ir-di. (ça*bu*cak / dur*ma*say*dım~ / a*dam / fe*na: / hal*de / ya*ra*la- *na*bi*lir*di ) If I hadn t stopped suddenly, the man might have been badly injured. Biz-im kaleci daha dikkat-li oyna-sa/y-/dı, maç-ı kaybet-mez-di-ik. (bi*zim / ka*le*ci ~/ da*ha / dik*kat*li / oy*na*say*dı ~ / ma*çı / kay*bet*mez*dik ) If our goalkeeper had played more carefully, we wouldn t have lost the match. (I regret to say that we lost it.) O araba o kadar pahalı ol-ma-sa/y/-dı, onu (satın) al-ır-dı-ım. (o / a*ra*ba / o / ka*dar / pa*ha*lı / ol*ma*say*dı ~/ o*nu / a*lır*dım ) If that car hadn t been so expensive, I would have bought it. İsviçre de o kadar çok sağanak-a yakalan-ma-sa/y/-dı-ık, muhteşem manzara-/n/ın zevkı-/n/e var-ır-dı-ık. (is*viç*re*de / o / ka*dar / çok / sa*ğa*na*ğa / ya*ka*lan*ma*say*dık ~/ muh*te*şem / man*za*ra*nın / zev*kı*ne / va*rır*dık ) If we hadn t had so many thunderstorms in Switzerland, we would have enjoyed the wonderful scenery. İste-se/y/-di gel-ir-di. (is*te*sey*di / ge*lir*di ) If he had wanted, he would have come. Sometimes the if part of a conditional sentence may begin with an unreal past supposition, but the main clause ends with an unreal present tense: Dün bitir-se/y/-di-in, bugün onlar-ı postala-/y/a-bil-ir/di-ik. (dün / bi*tir*sey*din~ / bu*gün / on*la*rı / pos*ta*la*ya*bi*lir*dik ) If you had finished yesterday, we could post them today. Note: This document is a section of my book titled "TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION YUKSEL GOKNEL May 2013". If you wish to download and read this book free, you could find it on the internet. Yüksel Göknel 8