How To Fix A Cracked Road Surface
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1 Mitigating Top-Down Cracking in Asphalt Pavements Christos A. Drakos, PhD Florida DOT -
2 Outline Introduction Scope of Study Volumetric Properties Material Properties Energy Ratio Summary & Conclusions Focus on the Energy Ratio Concept, Development & Results
3 Introduction Top-down cracking is recognized as a major form of distress in HMA. 90% of pavements scheduled for rehab: Deficient crack rating Top-down cracking FDOT - UF embarked on a multi-year study to identify causes and solutions.
4 Scope of Study 25 field test sections to-date Continuing study w/ 12 additional planned Comprehensive evaluation: Volumetric properties Material properties Effect of traffic loads and tires Pavement structure (pavement design)
5 Air Voids WP cores showed lower AV% than BWP US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U WP BWP Cracked Uncracked Air Void Content (%) Section
6 Theoretical Film Thickness Proposed minimum 9-10 µm [Kandhal] US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U Cracked Uncracked Film Thickness (µm) Section
7 Binder Viscosity Age hardening US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U Cracked Uncracked Viscosity (Poises) Section
8 Mixture Properties Superpave indirect tensile test: 1. Resilient modulus (Cyclic loading) 2. Creep (Constant load with time) 3. Strength (Increase load until fracture) δ V Apply vertical load Measure vertical & horizontal deformations δ H
9 Resilient Modulus Measure of elastic stiffness US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U Cracked Uncracked Resilient Modulus (GPa) Section
10 Creep Compliance Ability of the mixture to relax stresses US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U Cracked Uncracked Creep Compliance (1/GPa) Section
11 m-value Measurement of creep rate (rate of damage) US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U Cracked Uncracked m-value Section
12 Tensile Strength Maximum tensile stress before failure US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U Cracked Uncracked Indirect Tensile Strength (Mpa) Section
13 Dissipated Creep Strain Energy Based on the M R and Strength tests Superpave Pill S t, failure S t (Strength) Stress, σ Fracture DCSE Energy M R x failure Strain, ε ε f (Fracture)
14 Fracture Energy (FE) US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U Cracked Uncracked Fracture Energy (KJ/m 3 ) Section
15 DCSE US301 BS-C SR80-1C I10 DE-C I10 DW-C SR16-4C I10 MW-2C SR16-6C NW39-1C TPK-2C I75-3C I75-1C SR375-2C US301 BN-C I95 SJN-C I10 MW-1U I75-1U I75-2U TPK-1U SR80-2U NW39-2U SR375-1U I95 DN-U Cracked Uncracked Dissipated Creep Strain Energy (KJ/m 3 ) Section
16 What is missing? Energy by itself did not accurately predict the performance of all sections Need to introduce a model that predicts cracking performance based on material properties (from IDT creep test) and pavement structure characteristics (predicted tensile stress)
17 HMA Fracture Model Calculates the crack growth for a given level of applied stress Using: Material properties m, D 1 & DCSE f Structural properties σ AVE
18 HMA Fracture Model DCSE, m & D 1 are interrelated 1 Decreasing m,d 1 2 DCSE 1 DCSE 2A DCSE fnc(m,d 1,σ ave ) N f2b N f1 N f2a Decreasing DCSE HMA ESALs DCSE 2B Main Idea: Can not improve performance by changing a single property. Have to consider the entire system. Can go either way
19 Cycles to Failure Used the HMA Fracture Model to calculate N f for crack to propagate 2 in Nf to Propagate 2 in ` 0 SR80-1C SR 16-4C SR 16-6C NW 39-1C TPK 2C Cracked I75-3C I75-1C SR 375-2C Section I75-1U I75-2U TPK 1U NW 39-2U Uncracked Mixtures with N f <6000 performed poorly SR80-2U SR 375-1U
20 Minimum Energy DCSE min is the minimum energy required to produce N f =6000 Express the DCSE min, D 1 & m-value relation in a single function: 2.98 m D1 DCSEmin = A.36 St A = σ ( 6 ) 8 t S t = Tensile Strength σ t = Tensile Stress
21 Energy Ratio Concept The DCSE HMA has to be greater than the DCSE min for good cracking performance: Stress, σ DCSE HMA DCSE M R x Log D(t) DCSE min m D 1 Strain, ε DCSE HMA = AREA ENERGY RATIO = 2.98 m D1 DCSEmin = A DCSEHMA > 1 DCSE min 1 Log t
22 Energy Ratio Results Examined all sections Performance criteria: ER>1 ; DCSE HMA > DCSE HMA <0.75 DCSE HMA >2.5 Energy Ratio US301-BS SR80-1C I10-DE I10-DW SR 16-4C I10-MW2 SR 16-6C NW 39-1C TPK 2C I75-3C I75-1C SR 375-2C US301-BN I95-SJN I10-MW1 I75-1U I75-2U TPK 1U SR80-2U NW 39-2U SR 375-1U I95-DN Section Cracked Uncracked
23 Summary & Conclusions Volumetric properties are not a good predictor for cracking performance Verified the importance of mixture properties and pavement structure in predicting cracking performance HMA fracture mechanics properly accounts for effects of mixture properties. The relative cracking performance predicted agrees with field observations
24 Summary & Conclusions Identified and defined a set of criteria that can predict mixture cracking performance: ER>1 DCSE HMA >0.75 Verified the requirements with previous test sections No single property can be an accurate performance predictor; properties are interrelated and we need to consider them as a system
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