WATER SUPPLY. Drinking water Process water Fully desalinated water Circulation water Water distribution. A company of Bayer and LANXESS
|
|
- Derrick Anthony
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 WATER SUPPLY Drinking water Process water Fully desalinated water Circulation water Water distribution A company of Bayer and LANXESS
2 HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY 1893 First water supply in Leverkusen 1909 Start of production of desalinated water in Leverkusen 1912 First process water supply at Uerdingen site and also construction of first cooling tower to conserve cooling water 1917 Construction of the first drinking water supply and a softening plant in Dormagen 1925 Construction of the first river water plant in Uerdingen 1925 Start of centralized, combined heat and power generation in Leverkusen 1934 Separation of process and drinking water at the Leverkusen site 1939 Construction of the first desalination plant at the Uerdingen site 1950 Completion of the river water plant in Leverkusen begun during the war 1957 Construction of the Hitdorf water plant and the long-distance pipeline to Leverkusen 1958 Maximum process water production of 10,000 m³/h achieved in Uerdingen 1960 Construction of the Monheim water plant and connection to the Leverkusen water network through a long-distance pipeline to Hitdorf 1961 Construction of the first cooling tower in Dormagen 1962 Production of 400 m³ of fully desalinated water per hour in Leverkusen 1969 Reconstruction of the Leverkusen river water plant 1973 Introduction of the fluidized bed process in fully desalinated water production for reducing consumption of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide 1975 Construction of a partial stream filter in Uerdingen to reduce the contaminant content in circulation water 1983 Use of waste heat in the Uerdingen fully desalinated water plant for more efficient degassing 1987 Conversion of a Dormagen fully desalinated water plant to the fluidized bed process 1994 Modernization of the Hitdorf drinking water plant 1997 Reconstruction of the central control center in Leverkusen 2002 Commissioning of the first GRP cooling tower in Uerdingen 2005 Commissioning of the pilot plant for treating additional cooling tower water by membrane technology in Uerdingen 2006 Construction of the Monheim Dormagen Rhine culvert for supplying process water 2008 Reorganization and streamlining of the water supply 2011 Renovation of the control system for the Uerdingen river water plant 2013 Construction of a new cooling tower in Dormagen 2014 Completion of the renewal of the complete control system in Leverkusen 1
3 WATER SUPPLY Introduction INTRODUCTION CURRENTA consumes approximately 400 million cubic meters of water every year for cooling, generating steam and rinsing, and for use as a solvent and drinking water. An overview of our water: Drinking water Water just like what comes out of the faucet in private households. Quality in line with the German Drinking Water Ordinance. Process water Clean water that is not monitored in line with the German Drinking Water Ordinance, for cooling, cleaning, etc. Circulation water Conditioned process water that is cooled in cooling towers and used multiple times. Surface water Bank infiltrate Groundwater Drinking water Process water Circulation water Fully desalinated water Boiler water Fully desalinated water High-purity water, basis for steam generation and raw material for production. Boiler water Similar to fully desalinated water, but conditioned and pre-heated.
4 WATER SUPPLY Introduction Water is our most valuable foodstuff. It is essential for agricultural operations and thus also for the production of the majority of foodstuffs. We use water every day for personal care, for hygiene and in our households. And last but not least, clean water is also crucial for most industrial processes. It is therefore understandable that the first reason for passing the European Water Framework Directive (EU-WFD) reads: Water must be managed and protected. It is not merely a consumer product, but a precious natural resource, vital to future generations as well as our own. Despite its vital importance, we take it for granted that the required amount of clean water will come out of the faucet as soon as we turn it on. To ensure that this is the case at CHEMPARK and the surrounding communities, CURRENTA s water supply staff are faced with a large number of technical challenges each and every day. And since the natural water supply be it surface water or groundwater is constantly replenishing itself, but not to the extent that we would like, we conserve this valuable resource. The water that we treat is a balanced mixture of surface water (from the Rhine, to be precise), bank infiltrate (also from the Rhine) and a small amount of groundwater. This variable water sourcing also ensures exceptional security of supply. As a competence center for pure water for the chemical industry, CURRENTA Water Supply reliably provides the three CHEMPARK sites in Leverkusen, Dormagen and Krefeld-Uerdingen with the volume of water they require, in whatever quality they desire a total of 400 million cubic meters per year, which is more than the capacity of the Tegernsee lake. Quality ranges from process water to drinking water that complies with the German Drinking Water Ordinance and high-purity fully desalinated water. Through our own long-term water rights, reliable production facilities and highly qualified staff, we safeguard security of supply for our customers at CHEMPARK and also in the neighboring communities. The Water Supply segment provides more than just water, however. It also provides support in all issues relating to water legislation, keeps you informed of current issues and represents you in dealings with the authorities and institutions. 02
5 03
6 WATER SUPPLY Prudent water management PRUDENT WATER MANAGEMENT When it comes to extracting, using and treating water, CURRENTA Water Supply undertakes wide-ranging activities to protect waterways and the environment. Protecting waterways together To ensure it remains possible to supply clean water in the long term using treatment methods that are in harmony with nature, CURRENTA Water Supply has joined forces with trade associations (for example the IAWR International Association of Waterworks in the Rhine Catchment Area) to protect waterways, because Protecting the water situation [...] will have economic benefits [...] (EU-WFD). Precise knowledge of these correlations are necessary before a well can be drilled, for example. At the same time, we are in close contact with the relevant authorities, because the legal situation governing water always demands collaboration with the local authorities responsible. Monitoring groundwater flows is also mandatory. CURRENTA also maintains its own partnerships with agricultural firms to prevent any impairment of water quality before it occurs. Thanks to a closely linked groundwater measuring network and using hydrogeological models, we monitor groundwater flows around CHEMPARK and safeguard a reliable water supply while also protecting the groundwater. CURRENTA water managers also investigate the conditions in the ground and create detailed maps showing the interaction and behavior of groundwater flows in relation to the level of the Rhine and layers of soil. Monitoring inside the cooling tower 04
7 Avoiding environmental impact When taking water from wells, we are generally extracting Rhine bank infiltrate that quickly replenishes itself. This comes from the river through the sand and gravel near the bank. Adsorption and biological decomposition processes mean that it is naturally cleansed of many unwanted ingredients. In this way, we are also able to conserve groundwater resources. We monitor the water quality of the Rhine. After all, this has a direct impact on the quality of drinking and process water at CHEMPARK and the treatment it requires. The used and cleaned cooling and process water that we feed back into the Rhine is noticeably different to river water. It is considerably clearer. However, it is also somewhat warmer. To minimize the warming of the Rhine, we also use closed circuits with cooling towers. We replace the water lost through evaporation. However, since this is only a negligible amount, this also enables us to reduce the amount of fresh water we extract. Using energy efficiently We and our staff systematically use every opportunity to save energy. In the last few years, Water Supply has achieved an annual increase in efficiency of approximately one to two percent. Employees make their own suggestions for improvements, which is a great help to us in continuously improving our technology and reducing energy consumption. Our industrial cooling systems apply the compression principle and operate many times more efficiently than refrigerators or air-conditioning systems. While a typical household refrigerator generates four kilowatts of cooling capacity from one kilowatt hour of energy, our plants achieve a cooling capacity of 150 kilowatts from the same energy. 05
8 WATER SUPPLY Water extraction plants WATER EXTRACTION PLANTS CURRENTA Water Supply extracts cooling and process water primarily from river water plants on the Rhine, while wells form the basis for the production of drinking and fully desalinated water. 06
9 Since we have such a wide range of very variable sources for our water, we have to transport it to the treatment plants using different extraction units. We extract surface water from the Rhine using intake structures, while bank infiltrate and groundwater are taken from wells. We use both horizontal and vertical filter wells. Humus Meadow loam At-rest water level Intake structures in the river water plant Surface water is taken from the Rhine using intake structures. Depending on the composition of the riverbed, these can be constructed on the bed of the Rhine, at the edge of the riverbank or in a kind of quay wall. Intake structures in the riverbed have the advantage that they can still take in water even when the river level is low. However, they also take in a large amount of bed load with the river water, which means they are generally not in operation when the river level is medium or high. Intake structures on the bank, on the other hand, require a minimum water level and have to be closed off at breaker level if there are any floating pollutants (oil films on the river water, for example). Quaternary (sandy rough gravel, aquifer) Tertiary (fine sand) Operating water level Collection shaft Holding pipe Horizontal filter wells Horizontal filter wells make use of the approximately 20-meter-thick gravel and sand in the low terrace and lower mid-terrace of the Rhine. The shaft diameter is generally around five meters. At a depth of just under 20 meters, 30- to 60-meter-long filter sections extend outward in a star formation. Some of the wells have been in operation for over 50 years. Some are located in the Rhine s natural flood plain and still contribute to CHEMPARK s supply even when the river is in spate. Vertical filter wells Wells of this kind are far smaller than horizontal filter wells. The filter pipes through which the groundwater flows into the vertical filter wells stand vertically and are part of the significantly narrower well shaft. Often, an unassuming access cover is the only manifestation of this kind of well above ground. Schematic of a horizontal filter well Humus Meadow loam Sand Quaternary (sandy rough gravel, aquifer) Outer observation pipe Inner observation pipe Siphon system Counter filter Extension pipes DN 400 Stoneware rib filter DN 400 Tertiary (fine sand) Filter gravel Intake manifold DN 200 Sump pipe DN 400 Borehole diameter 1.00 m Schematic of a vertical filter well 07
10 WATER SUPPLY Treatment processes TREATMENT PROCESSES Process water, cooling water, fully desalinated water and drinking water CURRENTA Water Supply employs a wide variety of treatment processes. 08
11 Raw water intake Well Gravel/ sand fill River Passage of the river water through the ground Clean water outlet Structure of a filtration plant Schematic of bank filtration process To produce process water, cooling water, fully desalinated and degassed water and drinking water, we employ a balanced mixture of tried-and-tested and future-focused technologies. We also regularly look into the use of alternative treatment processes. Depending on the quality of the raw water and the type of water produced, we employ different processes that our plants combine in different ways. Coarse cleaning Coarse cleaning is primarily employed as the first treatment step for surface water (i.e. Rhine water) that CURRENTA only uses for process water production. This removes coarse pollutants from the raw water (such as pieces of wood or plastic). To this end, we pass the water through rakes and screens. There are usually several of these in succession with decreasing mesh sizes. Filtration During filtration, water is passed from top to bottom through gravel or sand filters (depending on the purity required). While the water is flowing through the cavities in the gravel fill, the dirt particles come into contact with the grains of the filter material, where they are deposited and thus removed. Having been freed of pollutants in this way, the clear water leaving the filter is already of sufficient quality for process water. Bank filtration Bank filtration involves taking water from a waterway in our case the Rhine by drilling wells close to the river bank. Due to the proximity of river and well, such wells provide virtually pure river water and only very limited amounts of groundwater. On its way from the Rhine to the shaft, the water passes through the layers of soil of the bank, which act as a large gravel filter. Alongside the mechanical removal of suspended particles, biological decomposition processes also take place here that further improve the purity of the water. The bank infiltrate can therefore be used as process water without any further treatment. To achieve drinking water quality, further treatment steps are required. 09
12 WATER SUPPLY Treatment processes Aerating and deacidifying Ion exchange To remove carbon dioxide from the water and at the same time enrich it with oxygen, we send it down a cascade of pipe grids. It flows down the cascade as a thin film of liquid, thus bringing it into close contact with air that is fed through the plant in a counterflow from bottom to top. The large surface area of contact between water and air ensures there is an effective exchange of carbon dioxide (from water to air) and oxygen (from air to water). Adsorption The water is freed of trace materials and organic compounds in adsorption filters. In a similar way to gravel filters, the water flows through a fill from top to bottom. In this case, the fill consists of activated carbon or special resins. The pollutants attach themselves to the surface of the filter material and remain there. We use this process to remove organic compounds, for example, that can affect the smell or taste of drinking water. In the first desalination step, we remove the positively charged cations such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. To this end, the water flows through a fine-grained resin fill. The ions bond with the artificial resin beads and displace H+ ions (protons) from their surfaces, which pass into the water. In the downstream anion exchanger, the same principle is used to remove negatively charged anions (for example sulfate or chloride ions) from the water and replace them with OH ions from the surface of the resin. This is how salt ions are removed from the water. The H+ and OH- ions released into the water by the resins in the two exchange stages react with each other and form H 2 O water. Moist waste air Warm water intake Water intake Air outlet Trickling filters Dry air intake Cold water outlet Air intake Water outlet Schematic of a cooling tower Material transfer using a pipe grid cascade 10
13 Degassing Cooling As well as the salt ions, we also have to remove the gases that are dissolved in the water so that it can be used for generating steam. These gases are primarily carbon dioxide and oxygen. As described in the Deacidifying section above, carbon dioxide can be removed using trickling filters. To remove the dissolved oxygen, we first add hydrogen to the water in Leverkusen and Krefeld- Uerdingen. It is then fed through a contact container filled with a catalyst in which the two dissolved gases react with each other to form water. In addition, or alternatively (as in Dormagen), we can remove dissolved gases using a vacuum. This involves sucking them out of the water, so to speak. Stabilization Depending on the purpose of the water, we also add various substances that prevent the growth of bacteria, corrosion or barnacle growth. We use hydrogen peroxide or chlorine to prevent biological growth and protect the equipment in the water cycle, such as pipelines and heat exchangers, from loss of efficiency and blockages. Sodium hydroxide solution or ammonia, for example, are used as corrosion inhibitors in water destined for steam generation in power stations. Circulation water used for cooling purposes in customer plants is cooled in central cooling towers. In these towers, the water is atomized into fine droplets, trickles through filters on the inside of the tower and is collected in the cold water basin. At the bottom of the cooling tower, ambient air comes in from the side and comes into contact with the water in a counterflow. A small amount of the circulation water evaporates in the process. The evaporative heat loss ensures the remaining water is cooled efficiently. The now moist air is then extracted through the top of the cooling tower by a fan. Evaporation alone can cool the water to as much as 15 C below the ambient (air) temperature (depending on the relative humidity). We replace the water lost through evaporation. Pre-heating In some cases, the fully desalinated water that we supply for steam production in plants is already pre-heated. This enables us to simultaneously use the existing waste heat, which avoids the outlay involved in releasing it into the surroundings and increases the efficiency level of the plants supplied. Process Drinking water Process water Fully desalinated water Circulation water Boiler water An overview of the processes and their areas of application CURRENTA Water Supply boasts comprehensive know-how and many years of experience in applying the processes described above, as well as detailed knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses. Combined with CURRENTA s skills in the field of automation, this enables us to select the best combination of processes available to match the relevant boundary conditions, which ensures a highly efficient water supply. Coarse cleaning Bank filtration Gravel filtration Aerating, deacidifying Adsorption Ion exchange Degassing Stabilization Cooling Pre-heating 11
14 WATER SUPPLY Plant types River water plant Inlet structure Pumping station Gravel filtration Raw water Rhine Feed pumps Pit Rinse water H 2 O 2 /Ag Process water Process water network Inland waterway Sedimentation basin Backwash water Direct transfer Sediments Circulation water cooling T 1 Partial flow filter P Analytical cooling water monitoring Water added Settling basin Air Air Sewer P 1 T 1 Biocide Inhibitor Heat exchanger Dispensing and monitoring Purging Overflow 12
15 WATER SUPPLY Plant types Drinking water treatment Activated carbon double-layered filter Deacidifying Network pumps Preventive chlorination Drinking water protection zone Rhine Network Raw water pumping Deacidifying / aerating Filtration and adsorption of organic water ingredients Disinfection Full desalination plant Regeneration 6% HCl Regeneration 3% NaOH Conductivity < 20 µs/cm Regeneration 3% NaOH H + CO 2 OH - H 2 Storage Na + Mg ++ Ca ++ Cationic exchanger Trickling filter SiO 3 - CO 3 - Cl - SO Anionic exchanger Catalytic O 2 reduction Mixed bed Plants Air Power plant Process water Conductivity approx. 700 µs/cm Regeneration 6% HCl Y Fully desalinated water Conductivity < 0.2 µs/cm Slightly acidic cationic exchanger Na+ form Neutral filter Slightly acidic cationic exchanger H+ form Sewer 13
16 Published by Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG Leverkusen Germany Last revised: May 2014
Wastewater Reuse. Typical treated wastewater is:
Wastewater Reuse Most metal finishing industries have in-house wastewater treatment to economically dispose of the acids, alkali, oils, and dissolved metals in the rinse water and occasional tank solution
More informationBASIC WATER TREATMENT OF STEAM BOILERS
BASIC WATER TREATMENT OF STEAM BOILERS Steve Kenny and Dave Pope Chemco Water Technology Vancouver, WA This is a brief discussion on low-pressure steam boiler chemistry. It provides dry kiln boiler operators
More informationION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES. An introduction
ION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES An introduction Water Water is a liquid. Water is made of water molecules (formula H 2 O). All natural waters contain some foreign substances, usually in small amounts. The water
More informationTreatment options for hydrogen sulfide. Testing for hydrogen sulfide
Sometimes hot water will have a sour smell, similar to that of an old damp rag. This smell often develops when the thermostat has been lowered to save energy or reduce the potential for scalding. Odor-causing
More informationIon Exchange Softening
Ion Exchange Softening Ion-exchange is used extensively in small water systems and individual homes. Ion-exchange resin, (zeolite) exchanges one ion from the water being treated for another ion that is
More informationInnovation and Progress in Water Treatment Technology
Innovation and Progress in Water Treatment Technology Degree of separation of ultrafiltration Summary of the various processes The water will be pressed through the between the raw water side and the filtrate
More informationPure Water. Isn t Hard to Find
COOL TALK Pure Water BY WILLIAM SLUHAN Isn t Hard to Find Hard water badly degrades coolant performance. To maximize the efficiency and longevity of coolant, pure water is essential - and not as hard to
More informationWater Water Treatment Plant Tour
Water Water Treatment Plant Tour Don Rankin, Superintendent Topeka, KS 66606 785-368-3111 Tel 785-368-3825 FAX For a complete list of contacts with phone numbers, FAX numbers and email addresses, click
More informationWASTEWATER TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
WASTEWATER TREATMENT OBJECTIVES The student will do the following: 1. Define wastewater and list components of wastewater. 2. Describe the function of a wastewater treatment plant. 3. Create a wastewater
More informationChemistry at Work. How Chemistry is used in the Water Service
Chemistry at Work How Chemistry is used in the Water Service WATER TREATMENT Everyday, more than 100 water treatment works in Northern Ireland put approximately 680 million litres of water into the supply
More informationDEIONIZATION IN A "NUT SHELL"
Deionized Water (DI) DEIONIZATION IN A "NUT SHELL" City water is passed through dark amber colored, caviar sized plastic beads called cation ion exchange resin. The cation resin is in the hydrogen form
More informationGUIDELINES FOR LEACHATE CONTROL
GUIDELINES FOR LEACHATE CONTROL The term leachate refers to liquids that migrate from the waste carrying dissolved or suspended contaminants. Leachate results from precipitation entering the landfill and
More informationIon Exchange Design Hand calculation. Brian Windsor (Purolite International Ltd)
Ion Exchange Design Hand calculation Brian Windsor (Purolite International Ltd) Introduction Before design programmes were introduced, every engineer had to calculate the design by hand using resin manufacturers
More informationChapter 5 Student Reading
Chapter 5 Student Reading THE POLARITY OF THE WATER MOLECULE Wonderful water Water is an amazing substance. We drink it, cook and wash with it, swim and play in it, and use it for lots of other purposes.
More informationTHE ROWA Anti-limescale Unit MANUAL No chemicals No electricity Maintenance-free Catalytic granulate for limescale stabilising
THE ROWA Anti-limescale Unit MANUAL No chemicals No electricity Maintenance-free Catalytic granulate for limescale stabilising Things worth knowing about the ROWA anti-limescale unit Why do we even need
More informationSTOCKMEIER water chemicals Strong bonds for clear water
STOCKMEIER water chemicals Strong bonds for clear water Water a strong compound for life Why H O is so unique Water, the source of all life. Without water, life would never have developed on our planet
More informationDESCRIPTION OF STORMWATER STRUCTURAL CONTROLS IN MS4 PERMITS
DESCRIPTION OF STORMWATER STRUCTURAL CONTROLS IN MS4 PERMITS Phase I MS4 permits require continuous updating of the stormwater system inventory owned and operated by the MS4. They also include inspection
More informationHardness ions also interfere with many chemical processes such as chemical compounding and aqueous cleaners.
Water Softeners Industrial Water Purification (800) CAL-WATER By Dave Peairs, Cal Water, Technical Director Rev: 06/08/2004 Before any discussion of water softeners, we must first define what hard water
More informationSECOND GRADE 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
SECOND GRADE 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WATER CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE WATER WEEK 1. PRE: Exploring the properties of water. LAB: Experimenting with different soap mixtures. POST: Analyzing
More informationIron and manganese are two similar elements
L-5451 2-04 Drinking Water Problems: Iron and Manganese Mark L. McFarland, Associate Professor and Extension Soil Fertility Specialist Monty C. Dozier, Assistant Professor and Extension Water Resources
More informationFeasibility study of crystallization process for water softening in a pellet reactor
International A. H. Mahvi, Journal et al. of Environmental Science & Technology Feasibility study of crystallization... Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 1-4, Winter 5 Feasibility study of crystallization process for
More informationCHAPTER 7: REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER
CHAPTER 7: REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER There are a number of technologies that are being use to remediate contaminated groundwater. The choice of a certain remediation technology
More information2 MATTER. 2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
2 MATTER Matter is the material of which the universe is composed. It has two characteristics: It has mass; and It occupies space (i.e., it has a volume). Matter can be found in three generic states: Solid;
More informationION EXCHANGE RESINS INTRODUCTION
ION EXANGE RESINS Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various
More informationChapter 16: Tests for ions and gases
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series Hydrogen, although not a metal, is included in the reactivity series because it, like metals, can be displaced from aqueous solution, only this time the
More informationA Guide to Trouble-Free Cooling Towers
A Guide to Trouble-Free Cooling Towers A basic understanding of cooling tower operation and maintenance will help keep a cooling water system running in top condition, year after year By David M. Suptic
More informationINCINERATION PLANTS. Hazardous waste incineration Wastewater incineration Sewage sludge incineration. A Bayer and LANXESS company
INCINERATION PLANTS Hazardous waste incineration Wastewater incineration Sewage sludge incineration A Bayer and LANXESS company HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION Introduction INTRODUCTION The thermal treatment
More informationIron and Manganese BACTERIA AND IRON AND MANGANESE
Iron and Manganese Iron and manganese control is the most common type of municipal water treatment in Minnesota. Iron and manganese occur naturally in groundwater. Neither element causes adverse heath
More informationCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS Purpose: It is important for chemists to be able to determine the composition of unknown chemicals. This can often be done by way of chemical tests.
More informationWater Treatment & Purification Chemicals
Lime-Out Extra Water Treatment Cleaning Chemicals Dissolves tough lime, calcium & rust stains Non-abrasive thick jelly like liquid clings to vertical surfaces Cleans tubs, sinks, shower doors, dishwashers
More informationReuse of Alternative Water Sources for Cooling Tower Systems Two Case Studies Using Non-Traditional Water Sources
Reuse of Alternative Water Sources for Cooling Tower Systems Two Case Studies Using Non-Traditional Water Sources Matthew L. Haikalis Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies April 24, 2013 Operational Priorities
More information(1) e.g. H hydrogen that has lost 1 electron c. anion - negatively charged atoms that gain electrons 16-2. (1) e.g. HCO 3 bicarbonate anion
GS106 Chemical Bonds and Chemistry of Water c:wou:gs106:sp2002:chem.wpd I. Introduction A. Hierarchy of chemical substances 1. atoms of elements - smallest particles of matter with unique physical and
More informationTHE NWF WATER PURIFICATION PROCESS FRESH WATER IN A NATURAL WAY. Esko Meloni Ferroplan Oy
THE NWF WATER PURIFICATION PROCESS FRESH WATER IN A NATURAL WAY Esko Meloni Ferroplan Oy 1 The NWF Water Purification Process: list of contents 1. NWF biological purification of groundwater Iron and manganese
More information1. Inspection and monitoring... 3
1 Index 1. Inspection and monitoring... 3 1.1 Handling of new elements... 3 1.1.1 Storage of original packaged RO elements... 3 1.1.2 Packing... 3 1.2 Initial start- up checks of a plant... 3 1.2.1 Preparation
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More informationTRIAL CHEMICAL CLEANING OF FOULED APH BASKETS
TRIAL CHEMICAL CLEANING OF FOULED APH BASKETS Dr. Abhay Kumar Sahay, AGM(CC OS) Bijay Manjul, AGM( Operation) Kahalgaon Boiler has three inputs Steam generator 1. WATER 2. COAL 3. AIR Burner Air preheater
More informationUsing composting beds to treat acidity in saline drain water
Government of Western Australia Department of Water Using composting beds to treat acidity in saline drain water Introduction Acidic saline water is common in drains used to manage shallow saline watertables
More informationHow To Use A Water Source Heat Pump
Geothermal Energy Using Water-Source Heat Pumps By VIRSTAR Corporation Geothermal Expertise Since 1978 All information contained herein is the exclusive property of VIRSTAR Corporation, all rights reserved.
More informationChapter 6. Solution, Acids and Bases
Chapter 6 Solution, Acids and Bases Mixtures Two or more substances Heterogeneous- different from place to place Types of heterogeneous mixtures Suspensions- Large particles that eventually settle out
More informationETC -SV. Class 0 oil-free compressed air through catalysis
Innovation QUALITy Reliability Worldwide ETC -SV Class 0 oil-free compressed air through catalysis The way to oil-free compressed air The ETC operating principle Through the process of catalytic oxidation,
More informationWater Softening for Hardness Removal. Hardness in Water. Methods of Removing Hardness 5/1/15. WTRG18 Water Softening and Hardness
Water Softening for Removal 1 in Water High concentration of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions in water cause hardness Generally, water containing more than 100 mg/l of hardness expressed as calcium
More informationProperties of Acids and Bases
Lab 22 Properties of Acids and Bases TN Standard 4.2: The student will investigate the characteristics of acids and bases. Have you ever brushed your teeth and then drank a glass of orange juice? What
More informationHUBER Vacuum Rotation Membrane VRM Bioreactor
HUBER Vacuum Rotation Membrane VRM Bioreactor VRM The rotating plate membrane for clean water applications. The future-oriented solution designed for the ever increasing requirements in wastewater treatment
More informationBest Practice in Boiler Water Treatment
Best Practice in Boiler Water Treatment Boiler Water Treatment Part 2 Internal Treatment Objectives of Internal Water Treatment 1 To control the level of total dissolved solids (TDS) within the boiler
More informationECOAZUR BLUEWATER WATER PURIFICATION PLANTS
ECOAZUR BLUEWATER WATER PURIFICATION PLANTS CONTACT EcoAzur Calle 11a #492 x 60 y 62 Tel: +52-999-920-1972 Col. Residencial Pensiones Email: info@eco-azur.com C.P. 97217 Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Website:
More informationOverview. Introduction Cooling Tower Basics Principles of Operation Types of Cooling Towers Common Applications Design Considerations
Stephen Lowe ASHRAE Hampton Roads Chapter Past President AECOM Design Mechanical Engineering Discipline Manager, Virginia Beach Division Professional Engineer Commonwealth of Virginia, NCEES BSME University
More informationA discussion of condensate removal systems for clarifier and thickener drives for water and wastewater facilities.
A discussion of condensate removal systems for clarifier and thickener drives for water and wastewater facilities. Richard L. Dornfeld, BSME, P.E. Staff Engineer September 25, 2014 Moisture can be a problem
More informationIndustrial Water Reuse and Wastewater Minimization
Technical Paper Industrial Water Reuse and Wastewater Minimization Author: James P. McIntyre, P.E. Abstract Many industrial users of fresh water are under increasing pressure to reuse water within their
More informationCorrosivity of Water Supplies
WD-DWGB-3-4 2009 Corrosivity of Water Supplies What is meant by Corrosivity? Corrosive water can be defined as a condition of water quality which will dissolve metals from metallic plumbing at an excessive
More informationTHEORY AND APPLICATION OF CONDUCTIVITY
Application Data Sheet ADS 43-018/rev.D January 2010 Theory THEORY AND APPLICATION OF CONDUCTIVITY BACKGROUND Conductivity is a measure of how well a solution conducts electricity. To carry a a solution
More informationHow To Remove Iron From Water
ISR IRON REMOVAL MEDIA Description INDION ISR is a special media designed to provide excellent catalytic properties to remove dissolved iron from ground water. INDION ISR is an insoluble media which oxidizes
More informationWASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM (OPERATING MANUALS )
Page 1 of 76 1.0 PURPOSE The purpose of the Wastewater Treatment System is to remove contaminates from plant wastewater so that it may be sent to the Final Plant Effluent Tank and eventually discharged
More informationLesson Plan: How Do We Clean Polluted Water?
Lesson Plan: How Do We Clean Polluted Water? Oil Spill Cleanup / Phosphate Cleanup / Groundwater Contamination / Water Treatment Simulation Estimated Time: 2-4 days State Standards taught and addressed
More informationwww.klmtechgroup.com TABLE OF CONTENT
Page : 1 of 38 Project Engineering Standard www.klmtechgroup.com KLM Technology #03-12 Block Aronia, Jalan Sri Perkasa 2 Taman Tampoi Utama 81200 Johor Bahru Malaysia CAUSTIC AND CHEMICAL TABLE OF CONTENT
More informationAMMONIA AND UREA PRODUCTION
AMMONIA AND UREA PRODUCTION Urea (NH 2 CONH 2 ) is of great importance to the agriculture industry as a nitrogen-rich fertiliser. In Kapuni, Petrochem manufacture ammonia and then convert the majority
More informationSeparation by Solvent Extraction
Experiment 3 Separation by Solvent Extraction Objectives To separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid and a neutral compound by using solvent extraction techniques. Introduction Frequently, organic
More informationThe Water Purification Plant of Karlskrona
The Water Purification Plant of Karlskrona Jan Andersson, Ljungsjömåla Text, Bild & Form HB, 2001 TEKNISKA FÖRVALTNINGEN The Water Purification Plant of Karlskrona Lyckebyån Lyckebyån Cleansing Fingaller
More informationdryon Processing Technology Drying / cooling in outstanding quality we process the future
dryon Drying / cooling in outstanding quality we process the future Processing Technology task The basic process of drying is a necessary step in all sectors of industry. Drying has to be performed for
More informationExperiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions
Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions A double displacement reaction involves two ionic compounds that are dissolved in water. In a double displacement reaction, it appears as though the ions are
More informationThe Relationship between ph and Deionized Water
The Relationship between ph and Deionized Water The basics of ph The topic of ph and water has been well documented over the years; however, there is still much confusion about its significance in high
More informationEvaluation of Alternatives to Domestic Ion Exchange Water Softeners. Mara Wiest Dr. Peter Fox Dr. Lee Wontae, HDR Tim Thomure, HDR
Evaluation of Alternatives to Domestic Ion Exchange Water Softeners Mara Wiest Dr. Peter Fox Dr. Lee Wontae, HDR Tim Thomure, HDR April 26, 2011 OUTLINE Water Quality and reuse in the Southwest US Ion
More informationCooling Towers: Understanding Key Components of Cooling Towers and How to Improve Water Efficiency
FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Cooling Towers: Understanding Key Components of Cooling Towers and How to Improve Water Efficiency Source: Paul Johnston-Knight Introduction Federal laws and regulations
More information6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Water is by far the most common medium in which chemical reactions occur naturally. It is not hard to see this: 70% of our body mass is water and about 70% of the surface
More informationUse of Nano-scale materials in Water Purification
Use of Nano-scale materials in Water Purification Robert Meservy Dept. Physics I chose this subject because I m a reefkeeper and as such have to use distilled water in order to not poison the corals and
More informationATOMS AND BONDS. Bonds
ATOMS AND BONDS Atoms of elements are the simplest units of organization in the natural world. Atoms consist of protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral charge) and electrons (negative charge). The
More informationSIX REASONS TO DRY BIOGAS To A LOW DEWPOINT BEFORE COMBUSTION IN A CHP ENGINE STEVEN SCOTT MARKET DEVELOPMENT MANAGER ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES
SIX REASONS TO DRY BIOGAS To A LOW DEWPOINT BEFORE COMBUSTION IN A CHP ENGINE STEVEN SCOTT MARKET DEVELOPMENT MANAGER ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES Filippo Turra Product Manager Cooling Technology INTRODUCTION
More informationCoagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation and Flocculation Groundwater and surface water contain both dissolved and suspended particles. Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the water.
More informationSubject: Technical Letter 22 April 1977 Removal of Water Supply Contaminants -- Copper and Zinc
STATE OF ILLINOIS Department of Registration and Education JOAN G. ANDERSON DIRECTOR. SPRINGFIELD BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION JOAN G. ANDERSON CHAIRMAN BIOLOGY THOMAS PARK CHEMISTRY H.
More informationLetter to the Student... 5 Test-Taking Checklist... 6 Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Correlation Chart... 7
Table of Contents Letter to the Student..................................... 5 Test-Taking Checklist.................................... 6 Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Correlation Chart...
More informationACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Acids are those chemical substances which have a sour taste. Bases are those chemical substances which have a bitter taste. A salt is an ionic compound which dissociates to yield a positive ion other than
More informationWater Management in Helsinki. Water supply. Mikael Sillfors
Water Management in Helsinki Mikael Sillfors Helsinki is located on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland. The main water systems in the area are the Gulf of Finland and River Vantaa, which runs through
More informationdrinking water medication short guide
drinking water medication short guide Dr. Klaas van Aken DVM Optimal use of antibiotics through correct administration 2 This brochure presents a step-by-step approach to responsibly and successfully administering
More informationDescription of the Water Conserv II Facility
Description of the Water Conserv II Facility Introduction The Water Conserv II (WCII) Water Reclamation Facility provides service to a majority of the southwest section of Orlando. The WCII facility has
More informationTHE USE OF OZONE IN COOLING TOWERS
THE USE OF OZONE IN COOLING TOWERS Paul D. McNicholas Ozonia Ltd Duebendorf, Switzerland Abstract Ozone has been successfully applied to industrial cooling water systems with the resultant improvement
More informationWhich substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s)
BONDING MIDTERM REVIEW 7546-1 - Page 1 1) Which substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s) 2) The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in
More informationWASHING PROCESS OF CARGO TANKS ON TANKERS FOR TRANSPORTATION OF CRUDE OIL
WASHING PROCESS OF CARGO TANKS ON TANKERS FOR TRANSPORTATION OF CRUDE OIL Siniša Stojan, Ph.D. student Damir Dražić, Ph.D. student Brodotrogir, HR - 21220 Trogir, Croatia sinisa.stojan@brodotrogir.hr,
More informationSyllabus OC18 Use litmus or a universal indicator to test a variety of solutions, and classify these as acidic, basic or neutral
Chemistry: 9. Acids and Bases Please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going A3 A4 and using back to back on the photocopier Syllabus OC18 Use litmus or a universal indicator to test a variety
More informationHEAT PUMP FOR DISTRICT COOLING AND HEATING AT OSLO AIRPORT, GARDERMOEN
HEAT PUMP FOR DISTRICT COOLING AND HEATING AT OSLO AIRPORT, GARDERMOEN Geir Eggen 1 and Geir Vangsnes² 1) COWI AS. PB 254 Sentrum, N-7414 Trondheim. 2) Oslo Lufthavn AS, Edvard Munchsvei, 2 Gardermoen.
More informationA Practical Guide to Free Energy Devices
A Practical Guide to Free Energy Devices Electrolysis Patents No 14: Last updated: 28th January 2006 Author: Patrick J. Kelly Please note that this is a re-worded excerpt from this patent. If the content
More informationChapter 1: Moles and equations. Learning outcomes. you should be able to:
Chapter 1: Moles and equations 1 Learning outcomes you should be able to: define and use the terms: relative atomic mass, isotopic mass and formula mass based on the 12 C scale perform calculations, including
More informationThe National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors 1055 Crupper Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43229 614.888.8320
TheNationalBoardofBoilerandPressureVesselInspectors 1055CrupperAvenue Columbus,Ohio43229 614.888.8320 NB-410, Revision 3 Sept, 2015 1 1.0 GENERAL The purpose of this document is to provide basic guidelines
More informationQ1. A student studied the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and an excess of calcium carbonate.
Q. A student studied the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and an excess of calcium carbonate. calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide The student measured
More informationBioremediation of Petroleum Contamination. Augustine Ifelebuegu GE413
Bioremediation of Petroleum Contamination Augustine Ifelebuegu GE413 Bioremediation Bioremediation is the use of living microorganisms to degrade environmental contaminants in the soil and groundwater
More informationSanta Monica College Chemistry 11
Types of Reactions Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are as follows: To perform and observe the results of a variety of chemical reactions. To become familiar with the observable signs of chemical
More informationEnvironmental Benefits of Pervious Concrete
Environmental Benefits of Pervious Concrete Concrete Can Be Recycled When the time comes to demolish a concrete structure or pavement, the material need not be wasted. It can be crushed and used as aggregate,
More informationWRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA For ionic compounds, the chemical formula must be worked out. You will no longer have the list of ions in the exam (like at GCSE). Instead you must learn some and work out others.
More informationCoimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission
2015. M33 Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2015 CHEMISTRY ORDINARY LEVEL TUESDAY, 16 JUNE AFTERNOON 2.00 TO 5.00 400 MARKS Answer eight questions
More informationApril 30, 2013 E M. Environmental Management. www.em.doe.gov. safety performance cleanup closure
April 30, 2013 1 Facility Stabilization and Deactivation C.1.3 - (Period 3) After facilities are turned over by USEC and accepted by DOE: Perform minimal stabilization and deactivation activities for facilities
More informationRemoving Heavy Metals from Wastewater
Removing Heavy Metals from Wastewater Engineering Research Center Report David M. Ayres Allen P. Davis Paul M. Gietka August 1994 1 2 Removing Heavy Metals From Wastewater Introduction This manual provides
More informationATOMS. Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water? (i) 2 moles of H 2 0 (ii) 20 moles of water (iii) 6.022 10 23 molecules of water (iv)
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0123456789* CHEMISTRY 0620/03 Paper 3 Theory (Core) For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN PAPER 1 hour
More informationSECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS
SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to explain the purpose of the condenser in a refrigeration system. describe differences
More informationDEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION. Technical Document DETERMINING REPRESENTATIVE GROUND WATER SAMPLES, FILTERED OR UNFILTERED
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION Technical Document DETERMINING REPRESENTATIVE GROUND WATER SAMPLES, FILTERED OR UNFILTERED JANUARY 1994 BUREAU OF DRINKING WATER AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES 2600 BLAIR
More informationWATER TREATMENT IN AUCKLAND
WATER TREATMENT IN AUCKLAND Auckland's water (like water throughout New Zealand) is a combination of water from dams and water from underground springs. Depending on the source of the water, it has different
More informationTALLINN WATER TREATMENT AND SEWERAGE Tuuli Myllymaa
TALLINN WATER TREATMENT AND SEWERAGE Tuuli Myllymaa Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. It has approximately 450,000 inhabitants and the town area is about 150 km 2. Tallinn Water Ltd., owned by the City
More informationLecture 28. Potash Fertilizers - Potassium Sulphate
Lecture 28 Potash Fertilizers - Potassium Sulphate Potassium Sulfate Potassium sulfate is the second largest tonnage potassium compound and it is also used primarily as a fertilizer. The sulfate or other
More informationSYNERGISTIC APPLICATION OF ADVANCED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
SYNERGISTIC APPLICATION OF ADVANCED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Published in Water and Waste Digest membrane issue, November 2008 Miroslav Colic; Chief Scientist, Clean Water Technology
More informationhij GCSE Science / Chemistry Higher Tier Unit 1 Chemistry SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME Version 1.0
hij GCSE Science / Chemistry Higher Tier Unit Chemistry SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME Version.0 Copyright 20 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company
More informationChapter Test A. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures MULTIPLE CHOICE. chemically combined? MIXs2 a. element b. compound c. mixture d.
Assessment Chapter Test A Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided. 1. What is a pure substance made of two or more elements that are
More informationWater Recycles poster
Water Recycles poster The "Water ReCycles" poster is designed for students of all ages. It shows the natural water cycle and humans influence on water resources. Raincloud illustration The raincloud in
More information