Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

Transcription

1 Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal Volume : 1 Issue : /2016 A.D. Editor-in-Chief Prof.Dr. Shreedhar Gautam (English) Editorial Board Prof. Lok Narayan Jha (Physics) Prof. Rashindra Prasad Yadav (Maths./Stat.) Prof.Dr. Govinda Narayan Jha (History) Prof.Dr. Rajan Prasad Pokharel (English) Prof. Parasmani Acharya (Zoology) Prof. Arabinda Keshari (Zoology) Prof. Dr. Gopal Pokharel (Culture) Prof. Dr. Govind Nepal (Economics) Prof.Dr. Vishwonath Bhandari (Nepali) Asso. Prof.Dr. Gyanu Chhetri (Socio. & Anthropology) Asso.Prof. Dr. Madhab Prasad Dahal (For Population) Asso.Prof. Rabindranath Bhattarai (Population) Asso.Prof. Dr. Tulasilal Singh (Nepali Bhasha) Prof. Kunjilal Yadav (Chemistry) Executive Editor Lec. Manoj Kumar Karna Publisher Patan Multiple Campus Academic Intellectual & Research Integrity Centre & Research [PARC] Journal / 1

2 Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal Publisher Patan Multiple Campus Academic & Research Centre [PARC] Layout Basanta Raj Agyat (Mo ) 2 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal Printed at Heidel Press Pvt. Ltd. Dillibazar, Kathmandu

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7 Editorial It gives us immense pleasure to write that Patan Multiple Campus Academic & Research Centre (PARC) has been conducting various programmes ever since its foundation in Shravan, of 2072, with a view to galvanizing intellectuals at one place and sharing their views on different issues and principles related to life and universe as a whole. Our aim is to arouse a deep curiosity among the intellectuals in regard to riddles and mysteries of life and universe, which inspired even the ancient thinkers and philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Buddha, and Mahabir, representing the West and East respectively. Renaissance in Europe produced a plethora of thinkers who raised their voice against the powers of evils and spoke the voice of their conscience even risking their lives while opposing dogmatic concepts prevailing in the societies of their time. In the modern age too, the spirit of research for truth and justice continued, and the thinkers like Swami Vivekanand and Osho Rajaneesh in the East and Frederic Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell in the West always raised the dignity of human conscience by putting themselves against the trend of time. They were never worried about their personal security and comfort rather they were dedicated to reestablish the supremacy of human values and principles that can save the world from total collapse and degeneration. We do not claim that we have had that capacity of all these great seers and visionaries to perpetuate their legacy, but we do believe that we have a sense of responsibility to uphold the values of all the enlightened people and our efforts are humble steps in this direction. Accordingly, PARC has organized talk and interaction on philosophic issues to revive the ancient spirit and enhance the dignity of human beings. We have organized talks also on the academic subjects taught in school and college rooms. We are happy to say that this journal is the outcome of efforts to exhort intellectuals to come out of their classroom duties and share the responsibility of expanding human knowledge and awareness. All the articles included in this journal Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 7

8 deal with different pertinent issues related to the domain of human knowledge. Most of the contributors come from teaching background, so some of the articles shed light on practical problem in teaching learning field. We are confident that the journal will further propel intellectuals whether in teaching or other field to uplift the quality of human life in general and the environment of learning and teaching in colleges and universities in particular. Intellectuals of all time have considered knowledge as the greatest power and education as an art of changing human beings. When we talk of change, it is in the sense of bringing positive, creative and constructive result in society. The greatest weapons that can save human beings are not the atomic or hydrogen bombs, but the vastness of knowledge and awareness. Today, what we lack is the absence of wisdom, and the required change can be brought about only after it becomes the motto of human community. Because of several constraints, publishing a journal is always a herculean task. The most among them is the finance. So, we extend our sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Madhab Prasad Gautam, the Campus Chief, for generously providing us the financial help. We are equally grateful to all contributors for supporting us with their valuable write-ups on time. This is our first issue and it may contain several lapses, but we assure our esteemed readers and well-wishers that we will make timely improvement in the coming days. We will welcome all constructive suggestion and feedback because we believe that nothing is perfect. Moreover, we realize what we know is very little, and what we do not know is very vast. It is this humbleness which will guide us always to move forward with an unflinching faith in human capacity. We all have certain potentials and we have to bring them out by acting and performing. Our goal is the same. We have embarked on a journey, not knowing the final destination. We believe once we move on with strong will and faith in ourselves, many of uncharted and unexplored roads will become open to us. PARC values the openness of mind because we understand that bigoted views will lead us towards the suicidal dark direction, endangering even the human existence. Prof.Dr. Shreedhar Gautam (Editor-in-Chief) 8 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

9 Contents Patan Multiple Campus: Today and Tomorrow pvfgsf] df}hl d;nf / zab ;+ljwfg === k f=8f= s[i0fk ;fb bfxfn!^ du/sf] hgd d[to' ;+:sf/ 8f= u+uf + { g]kfnsf] ;jf{ª\ul0f ljsf;df ;x/ls/0f M ;+lifkt l;+xfjnf]sg 8f= hutk ;fb k/fh'nl #! clen]vo\ n'ofjmu' k zl:t ;xk fwofks Hjfnf :yflkt $@ ult / sljtfsf] cgt/ 8f= 9'l08/fh kxf8l $& g]kfnl sljtfdf ls/ftl lada 8f= wgk ;fb ;'j]bl %$ hk t' -afx jif] Ogf/_ M Ps kl/ro lgd{nf >]i7 ^& ah]6 ptkfbgd'vl ls ljt/0fd'vl 8f= nidl kgt -jfun]_ &@ afft/ hfltsf] ljjfx ;+:sf/ nf]s/fh kf08] &( pq/cfw'lgstfjfb / g]kfnl ;flxtodf o;sf] k of]u zf]ef 9'ª\ufgf *# gf/ljfb / gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf zf]ef a/fn -rfkfufo{ +_ (@ P]ltxfl;s e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j 8f= ;Ltf e08f/l -kf}8]n_ (* Effects of N-Benzyl -9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)... Dr. Belai Meeta Singh 105 Variation of Interplanetary Magnetic Field... Binod Adhikari 110 Dr. Narayan P. Chapagain Population Status of Hornbills... Chandra N. Chaudhary 118 Study of Pesticide Residues Status... Deepak Dhakal 128 Knowledge of Male Sexual and Reproductive Health... Govinda Prasad Adhikari 142 Biodiversity and Protected Areas in Nepal Dr. Ila Shrestha 149 Practice of Oyster Mushroom Cultivation... Indu Bania 155 Historical Anatomy of Timal... Kesher Bahadur Tamang 161 Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 9

10 The Study of Water Quality Status... Khuma Sharma Dhital 166 Ganga Ram Upadhayay Continuity at the Farthest Points Krishna Dev Bhagat 173 Preparation and Characterization... Krishna Badan Nakarmi 177 Amar Prasad Yadav International Migration... Dr. Laxman Singh Kunwar 185 Indigenous Farmers Manage Irrigation System... Menuka Katuwal KC 195 Energy Saving Bulbs... Neera Shrestha Vaidya 202 Sustenaible Use of Chemistry: As Green Chemistry Neeta Singh 207 Sociological Perspective on Mass Media Dr. Pradip Parajuli 213 Local Perception towards Tern... Prava Pandey 219 Reeta Singh Social Exclusion of Dalits in Eastern Nepal Raju Kumar Rai 224 Participation of Grass root Citizens... Ram Bahadur K.C. 235 Myth Making about Women... Reeta Rana 244 Hybridized Consciousness in Anita Desai s... Dr. Sanjay Kumar Mishra 248 Population Study of Marsh Crocodile... Sunil Lal Rajbhandari 253 Paras Mani Acharya Ecological Studies on Zooplankton... Dr. Sunil Ram Vaidya 264 He 2+ impact single ionization of Fe Suresh Prasad Gupta 271 Role of Muslim Women in Household Decision... Tulasa Dulal 277 The Kernel of the Joint of Two Operators Yogendra Shah 287 Book Review Constitutional Law of Nepal... Asso.Prof. Rabindranath Bhattarai 291 A Short Communication About Applied Research Tika Ram Bhusal / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

11 Patan Multiple Campus: Today and Tomorrow A blue print on behalf of PMC Academic & Research Centre (PARC) Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka under Tribhuvan University (PMC-TU) is a constituent campus of Tribhuvan University where there are Humanity & Social Sciences, Science and Management streams. The students can achieve the Master s degree in English, Nepali, Economics, Sociology, Rural Development, Nepal Bhasha, Population, Management and Physics subjects. It has around 344 teaching staffs and 110 non teaching staffs. There run three shift classes. The total number of students at Bachelors and Masters levels are 3,380 and 2,374 respectively (B.Sc/CSIT 590, BBS 900, BA 1890, M.Sc. 262, MBS 262, MA all 1,850) making altogether 5,754. But this number may vary because the programme like BSW has been newly launched. The campus has various subjects for choices in aforetold three streams. The campus has its own tutorial buildings but the Great Earthquake of Gorkha on 12 th Baisakha 2072 BS (April 25, 2015 AD, Saturday) has cracked its many buildings. The Taiwani Buddhist Tzu-Chi Foundation has assisted erecting some prefab taharas for running tutorial classes temporarily. It has proposed to make the permanent buildings also but the international bilateral relation is a factor. The instant credit goes to the present campus chief, Prof. Dr. Madhab Prasad Gautam and his team of administration. According to Patan Multiple Campus Bulletin-2073 BS, firstly it was established and inaugurated (inaugurated, Bhadra 31 of the year 2011 BS) by the then king Mahendra in the name of Patan Inter College already established a few days earlier on 17 th Bhadra 2011 BS. During establishment, the Nepalese Government, the land donor Queen Jagdamba, the Great Human B.P. Koirala, Prof. Asharam Shakya, Sri Kamalmani Dixit, Prof. Dr. Mangalraj Joshi, Sri Lokman Singh and so on have played a key role from their parts. The campus and PARC body in the campus salute all those noble people. The campus has witnessed Sri Lokman Singh, Sri Dhupratna Bajracharya, Sri Bhairav Bahadur Pradhan, Prof. Dr. Mangalraj Joshi, Sri Kajimananda Bajracharya, Sri Bijaya Prasanna Pradhan, Sri Sundar Krishna Joshi, Prof. Daiwagyaraj Neupane, Dr. Bhagwanratna Tuladhar, Sri Shambhu Prasad Acharya, Srimati Jayashree Amatya, Sri Dr. Chandralal Shreshtha, Sri Hemlal Shrestha, Sri Raviratna Shakya, Sri Maheshworman Shrestha, Prof. Khagendra Prasad Bhattarai, Sri Siddhi Bahadur Shakya, Dr. Mukund Bahadur Shrestha, Sri Murarimohan Joshi, Srimati Krishna Badan Nakarmi, Prof. Aman Shrestha and Prof. Dr. Madhab Prasad Gautam as the Campus Chiefs. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 11

12 The campus has a Campus Chief, namely, Prof. Dr. Madhab Prasad Gautam and six assistant Campus Chiefs with an extra Chief of the Student Relief Fund. The apex body of the campus is the Campus Management Committee which formulates the policies and guidelines. The day-to-day affairs of academy, administration and infrastructure are under the Campus Working Committee. Since 1998 AD, the campus has been operated under Decentralization Act. It is seeking to go in autonomy. We are also looking forward to the parliamentary procedure for passing an act to make this campus as a Deemed University in future. 2. The great earthquakes of April 25, 2015 (Baishakh 12, 2072 BS Saturday) stroke the campus to its infrastructure very nastily. Except this cause, the campus lacks rooms for classes, examination conduction and administrative work also. We commit the student to provide the quality education in a comfort but we lack the means. We are seeking a selfless donor at grand level for upliftment of the campus. We are at such point where we have not only to assess our infrastructure, academic performance and working style of the administration but also to give a surety to the guardians and the stakeholders that by sending your student here you have not done any mistakes. It is our main challenge today. 3. The donors are eager to know some tentative actions from PMC side in the future. We must have to promise the sincerity towards duty by heart. They want to know: Where does PMC envision being in 5 years, 10 years, and 30 years? The degree programme teaches student give the knowledge, but what about efforts to provide a more holistic education, including moral, selflessness, and other spiritual enrichment? How will you educate students of the 22 nd century? If possible, we want to see a farther vision for PMC, how in the world of many problems can be resolved by PMC s help, how all the programmes that you propose, going to help you transform the generation of tomorrow. Keeping requirements of quality education, well facility, the terms and conditions of TU, demand of the market, and present situation of teacher, staff and student, this visionary paper welcomes you all to consider on following points and expects your noble suggestions only in favour of the campus. 3. Academic side changes To sharpen this side, the campus will pay attention on these heads: * Courses of study/syllabi will be according to the need of the market, nation as well as demand of the student. It should focus the practicality. The course of study will focus Participatory/Student-centred approach. Other samples can be Behaviouristic or Nativist or Functional or Communicative or Developmental or Trial-and-Error approaches and so on. Cognitive Approach (which gives focus on rule formation instead of habit) is not to be applied today in every field. We may prefer Affective Humanistic Approach which needs the Desuggestopedia Method of teaching where we respect the feelings of the student and we try to finish the iteration/blockade in their throat for a better performance. * Teaching Methodology: Currently, the campus has lecture method in the most of the theory classes for annual examination but the Science and some typical other subjects, by chance, have practical and experimental methods too. TU itself is not satisfied with single 12 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

13 lecture method in theory classes. So, we are eager to follow with whole body of TU some other methods, for example, the semester system as a suitable according to the nature of course of study. They may be Problem Solving Method/Problem Based Learning (giving focus an issue in one semester), Project Method, Discussion Method, Observation Method, Field-Trip Method, Assignment Method, Discovery Method, Laboratory Method, Microteaching Method, Inductive method, Deductive Method, Direct method, Experimental Method and so on. Actually, a university has a visionary effective teaching strategy in the curriculum in the world. * Which learning process should the students adopt? For this answer, they must select either Learning Strategy Training for accuracy and they must be willing to learn something or Cooperative Learning, that is, learn with teacher in social way with effective skills or Multiple Intelligences for using any intelligences (like logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, body/kinesthetic, musical/rhythmic, interpersonal/intrapersonal and verbal/linguistic) to learn the matter. * Teaching media- The 22 nd century will seek power point classes. We have to train the teachers about new technologies which appear in the market. Right now, we have to supply laptop, projector, and electricity in every classroom. * The campus may launch post graduate programmes in new subjects. * E-library will be advanced with internet/computer. Laboratory for science student will be well equipped. * Quality and accreditation may be performed by another international university. TU s certificate is evaluated today by University Grants Commission of Nepal. * Holistic Education- A student needs many topics to study in a single textbook for whole development of the knowledge. That is why, the textbook must be interdisciplinary. First there was interdisciplinary then came specialized course. Now, the focus is again on multi or interdisciplinary. A same text must satisfy many requirements of the students. For example, Flax-Golden Tales, a compulsory English is taught in Science, Management and Humanity & Social Sciences or; a common textbook for many Science subjects or; a common textbook for, say, Rural Development, Sociology, Population and Economics. * Moral Education and Selflessness- Today s education should be on the theme of global education and non-violence, that is, no killing for religion or caste or region. Humanitarian education should be focused and the crime as well as war should be hated. Therefore, the campus is thematically dedicated to give focus on moral and spiritual education to the students through mutual learning with interdisciplinary text in a heterogeneous classroom. * The student will be given the opportunity of sports and educational tours. 4. Research side Research is equally important for teacher, non-teaching staff and student but the way or mode of research may vary for them. Please, notice below: * Faculty Development- The campus must have a goal for Ph. D. encouragement to its teaching staffs like how many to send for Ph. D. abroad or in foreign lands in 5, 10, 15 or Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 13

14 20 years? The teacher will be provided the opportunity of seminar and workshop. The student will be attending the seminar for book writing or a topic at their own level. * Exchange programme of teacher and student- The campus will manage to link other campuses or other universities inside and outside the country for exchanging and experiencing the differences. The guest lectures from a senior university teacher from same or from other university or from government body for a week or as the need will be provided to the students. 5. Physical Infrastructure Patan Multiple Campus does lack well equipped building, academic cozy classes, administrative building, and hostels for boys and girls, quarter for teachers and so on. The size of class for small and big tutorial classes is to be considered. The examination hall for smooth running other theoretical classes at the same time is a must. The nasty earthquake of 25 th April 2015 has damaged only the single meeting hall (TT Hall). Our boundary wall is impatiently waiting for replacement or modern repair. We cannot imagine running of the classes without clean drinking water and toilet facilities. We have to make plan years in the package for making these things. Alas! Our most of the buildings, library, and laboratories are cracked and useless. We are looking forward to any national or international donors so that this locality will be lifted again in academic side and PMC will be a model campus in the nation. 6. Others * Reformed Examination- PMC along with whole TU must overlook the system of current examination. We may think implementing semester system and the mid-term exam instead of a single/final exam once a year. Likewise, scientific question to measure the student at maximum level (subjective/objective questions, tick mark, short-answer question, long/descriptive/essay type question, short notes etc.). The academic calendar has to be followed strictly. The loops in the examination administration like same person getting multiple chances for question setting, scrutiny, moderation of question paper, examining the answer paper and so on have to be filled up, i.e., a merciless rectification is necessary. The examinee must get chance to see the exam paper after exam to avoid any carelessness done by any side. * The campus can manage the equal opportunity for training and academic activities to all teachers in/outside the campus. * The campus can set the international relations with other university or institution (like Tzu-Chi Buddhist Foundation or any other) as per the rule of the TU and the government of Nepal. * We must have a vision which Faculty is to be focused in the future? * Is overall number of student in the campus satisfactory today? Or, should it be reduced in the class for effective teaching? How to manage more students in a single subject in the same session? * We do not have even the facility of the First-aid! So, what about dispensary service? 14 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

15 * To make any promise we must think the SAARC level salary or at least an increased salary of any staff to meet the expensiveness. We are equally worried about the roles and today s tendency of average teachers, staffs and students. We are less serious towards performance of duty. Sorry to say but has to confess this! PMC-TU seeks appropriate help from professional fronts: teachers, staffs, students, TU and other stake holders. We sincerely thank you all with special thanks to Former V.C. of Pokhara University and Professor of our English Department, Khagendra Prasad Bhattarai for careful guidance to prepare this paper. (This concept paper has been prepared by the Secretary-Member of the PARC, Manoj Kumar Karna to be presented for internal use on 23 rd Mansir 2072 BS by Asso. Prof. and member of PARC, Reeta Rana with collective effort of PARC coordinator Prof. Dr. Krishna Prasad Dahal, sub-coordinators Prof. Dr. Vishwonath Bhandari and Asso. Prof. Keshar Bahadur Tamang, and members of PARC-Prof. Dr. Shova Pokharel, Asso. Prof. Jwala Tuladhar, Lec. Dr. Dhan Prasad Subedi and Lec. Shova Dhungana. PARC pays special due thanks to Prof. Khagendra Prasad Bhattarai, the former Vicechancellor of Pokhara University and the faculty member of English Department of Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka, Lalitpur.) Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 15

16 pvfgsf] df}hl d;nf / zab ;+ljwfg b'o{ s[ltleqsf u'0fftds pknlaw k f=8f= s[i0fk ;fb bfxfn ]!= ;f/ ;flxtosf/ s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]n g]kfnl ;flxtosf Ps lr/kl/lrt JolQmTjsf] gfd xf]. ;fn ;fndf k sfzg u/]sf pvfgsf df}hl d;nfú / zab ;+ljwfgú s[ltsf af/]df o; cfn]vdf cwoog ul/psf] 5. pvfgs] df}hl d;nfú df g]kfnl pvfg / 6'Ssfsf] ;ª\sng ul/psf] 5. g]kfnl hglha f]af6 6f9f x'g nfu]sf dxœjk"0f{ pvfg / 6'Ssfx?sf] uxg lsl;dn] vf]hl ug] { sfo{ oxff ul/psf] 5. ;fy} Jojxf/f]kof]uL glltsf s'/fnfo{ klg oxff ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5. zab ;+ljwfgú s[ltleq kfl0fgln] k ltkfbg u/]sf zabsf cy{ lbopsf] 5. d"ntm ;+:s[t Jofs/0f k9\g ghfgg]x?nfo{ of] s[ltn] ;lhnf] kfl/lbpsf] 5. g]kfnl efiffdf k rlnt tt;d zab a' g / ltgnfo{ k of]u ug{ of] s[lt ;xfos l;4 epsf] kl/ro s]xl agf} F eg]/ xf]og s]xl u/f} F eg]/ st{jokydf nflu/xg] JolQmTjsf] gfd s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]n xf]. pgsf] hgd lj=;+=!(().!.!( ut] vf]6fªdf epsf] lyof]. cfwofltds ljrf/ / Jojxf/af6 cfknfljt l;ub]n ;j{hg lxtfoú / ;j{hg ;'vfoú sf lgldt nflu kl//xg5g\. cfk"mn] k9]sf / cg'ej u/]sf s'/f kf7sx sf alr k:sfb} hfg' pgsf] ljz]iftf xf]. ljgd :jefj / prr ljrf/ l;ub]nsf] jf:tljs klxrfg xf]. sljtfaf6 cfˆgf] lghtj :yflkt ul/;s]sf l;ub]nsf k sflzt s[ltx o; k sf/ 5g\ M cf;fddf g]kfnl -sljtf ;ª\u cjnfsf] b]zk ]d ck{0f ;femf af6f] -sljtf ;ª\u dgsf] t/ë s[k0flsf] dd{ tly{ gfd ;ª\u x s[i0f;f/ ;+u pvfgsf] df}hl d;nf -@)&)_, zab ;+ljwfg -@)&@_. lkt[t'no eo;s]sf >L s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]nk lt ;j{k yd d o; 38L gdg ub{5'. jof]j[4 dfq} xf]og, 1fgj[4 ;d]t eo;s]sf o:tf ;fwssf r/0fsdndf ;fb/agbgf ug{ kfpsf]df d cfk"mnfo{ efuodfgl 7fGb5'. o;cl3 tly{ gfd ;ª\u xsf] e"ldsf n]vg] ;'cj;/ dnfo{ k fkt epsf] lyof]. d]/f] ] k fwofks, -g]kfnl ljefu_ kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ 16 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

17 cnk 1fgn] lgb] {zg u/]sf s'/f d}n] ToxfF lnlka4 u/]sf] 5'. ;Dk"0f{ tly{sf] bz{g ug{ gkfpsfx nfo{ ;f] s[ltn] wfld{s /fxt k bfg u/]sf] 5. 3/df g} a;l a;l g]kfn / ef/tsf tly{:ynx sf] gfdsf]z k bfg ug] { sfd pqm s[ltn] u/]sf] 5. o:tf] pnn]vo s[ltsf] /rgf u/]/ l;ub]n cfk"m / cfk"m nufot ;a}nfo{ tfg{ ;dy{ epsf ;fn sflt{s dlxgfdf s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]nn] csf] { dxœjk"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf 5g\. pvfgsf] df}hl d;nf pvfg ;ª\u xsf] k sfzg u/]/ pvfg, 6'Ssf ;flxtosf uxgf x'g\. ;flxtonfo{ cfsif{s, dgdf]xs / ;+j]b agfpg] sfo{ pvfg / 6'Ssfn] u/]sf x'g5g\. yf]/}df w]/} egg ;Sg] zlqm pvfg / 6'Ssfdf x'g] ub{5. syf, sljtf, pkgof;, gf6s / lgagw pvfg / 6'Ssfsf] plrt k of]un] hljgt ag]sf x'g5g\. pvfg / 6'Ssf clewf, nif0ff / Jo~hgf zlqmsf x'g] ub{5g\. kbfjnl / jfsoftds b'j} lsl;dsf] z}nln] pvfg / 6'Ssf lgld{t x'g5. of] >'lt k/dk/faf6 ljsl;t ljwf xf]. o;sf] /rgfsf/ x' Fb}g. nf]s;flxtos} ljwfleq o;nfo{ klg /fvg] ul/psf] 5. dfgj hljgsf x/]s kifnfo{ pvfg / 6'Ssfn] ;d]6]sf x'g5g\. tlj tf / ultdotf o;sf ljz]iftf x'g\. ljifodf uxgtf / efiffdf nrstf Pjd\ k :t'ltdf snftdstf o;sf] lghtj xf]. ;"qftdstfdf Jofkstf pvfg / 6'Ssfdf x'g] ub{5g\. g]kfnl jfª\dosf] ljsf;df s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]nn] Pp6f sl7g sfo{ u/]sf 5g\. o;sf] bf]; f] c;f]h dlxgfdf eo;s]sf] 5. g]kfnl hglha f]af6 6f9f x'g nflu;s]sf pvfg / 6'Ssfsf] a8f] ldlxg]tsf ;fy ;ª\sng ug] { sfo{ oxff ul/psf] 5. oxff ;ª\sng ul/psf sltko pvfg / 6'Ssfx cfhsf] ;flxtoaf6 klg cf]e]mndf k/]sf] b]lvg5. hglha f]df dfq} ;'/lift /x]sf o; lsl;dsf pvfg / 6'Ssfx sf] ;ª\sng u/]/ k':tsfsf/sf] k lbp/ ;flxtosf/ l;ub]nn] g]kfnl jfª\dosf If]qdf pnn]vo sfo{ u/]sf 5g\. t;y{ pgl ;fw'jfbsf kfq dfq} ag]sf 5}gg\, cg's/0flo JolQmTj klg ag]sf 5g\. #= pvfgsf] df}hl d;nfúsf u'0fftds pknlaw pvfgs] df}hl d;nfú k~rdv08df lgld{t s[lt xf]. k yd v08 k f/de ug' { egbf cufl8 n]vs l;ub]nn] b]z agbgfú sljtf k :t't u/]sf 5g\ M æemg8fdf /lj rgb clít ;kmf /ftf] / glnf] /ª. hgd}b]lv e'ms]g cfhts of] s}no} s;}sf ;Fu uf]vf{nl ha lgl:sp, y/x/l ;+;f/ x'gyof] ta. xfd f] jl/ e"ld g]kfn hgglnfo{ gd:sf/ 5.. M!). o; s[ltsf] k yd v08df k Zgf]Q/ /flvpsf] 5. k To]s k Zgsf] oxff pq/lbg] sfo{ ul/psf] 5. h:t} M s]xl pbfx/0f ufnl s;sf] /fd f] x'g5 <Æ dftf, lktf / u'?sf].ú s'g bfg pqd xf] <Ú ljbf.ú kf}/v s;sf] dl7f] x'g5 <Ú ;Gtfgsf] #_. låtlo v08df k"hf ;f/ d~h/l lbopsf] 5. k~rfd[t, k~rujo, k~r/tg, k~rdknnj, s~rsiffo, k~rf]krf/, kf~rfog, k~rfog kf7, k~rtœj, rt'j{u, rf/ cf>d, rf/ j0f{ h:tf ljljw ljifodfly k sfz kfl/psf] 5. t[tlo v08 oxff ;+jt;/, dg'sf gfd, k'/f0fsf gfd, o'u, k f0flsf] cfo'sf ;DaGwdf vf]hd"ns lsl;daf6 ;fdu Lx k:sg] sfo{ epsf] 5. rf}yf] v08df Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 17

18 pvfg / 6'Ssfx lbopsf] 5.!##$ cf]6f pvfg / 6'Ssfn] of] v08 ul/psf] 5. k~rd v08sf] gfd l6kg6fkg lbopsf] 5 M æafn zf]if0f ug{ glbpmf lj/f]w u/f} + ;a} eljiosf s0f{wf/ lalu Pnfg\ nx}. 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg] afa' cfdf 1fgL b]zdf 7"nf a'l4hljl x'g5g\ cfˆg} gfgl. M!)^_. /fi6«, /fli6«otf / b]zelqmsf] efjgfn] of] sljtf cf]tk f]t ag]sf] 5. d"ntm dft[e"ldk lt agbgf u/]/ slj l;ub]n g]kfnl pvfg / 6'Ssfx sf] vf]h cgj]if0f ub{5g\. zfb" {nlaqmll8t 5Gbsf] dl7f] k :t'lt lbg slj l;ub]n o; sljtfdf ;kmn epsf 5g\. o; s[ltleq pvfg / 6'Ssf dfq} 5}gg, Jojxf/f]kof]uL sljtfx klg 5g\. g}lts pkb]zftds jf0flx klg 5g\. dflg;n] hljgdf s] ug' { x'g] / s] ug' { gx'g] egg] s'/f klg oxff ;hfopsf] 5. ;fgf 5f]6f n3' syfsf dfwodaf6 g}lts b[i6fgt k :t't ug] { sfo{ l;ub]nn] u/]sf 5g\. oxff ;fdfgo 1fgsf s'/f klg ;hfopsf 5g\. g]kfnl em\ofp/] 5GbnfO{ wfld{s / cfwofltds efjåf/f lx+8fpg slj l;ub]n ;kmn epsf 5g\ M æu08slsf] lznf lng' u+ufhlsf] kfgl, t'n;lsf] lj?jf g} /f]kf} F 3/df xfdl.. hk ug' { ufoqlsf] kf7 ug' { ultf. w]/} affrg] OR5f ep yf]/} vfg' l;tf.. M (@_. slt dl7f] sljtf 5 of]. oxff efj, efiff / nosf] lqj]0fl au]sf] 5. nf]sultsf u]8fx nfo{ klg dfnfsf kdf pgg] sfo{ cg';gwfgstf{ l;ub]nn] u/]sf 5g\ M æ3fdkfgl 3fdkfgL :ofnsf] lax], s's'/ hgtl la/fnf] afx'g, la/fnf]n] 5f]Psf] s;}n] gvfpmg\.æ l;ub]nsf] of] s[lt ljljw dl7f dl7f ;fdu Lx n] ;lhpsf] df}hl d;nf xf]. h'g;'s} pd]/ / ju{sf dflg;nfo{ o;n] ;xh} cfslif{t kfg{ ;S5. o;leqsf ;fdu Lx n] Psflt/ dgf]/~hg k bfg ub{5g\ eg] csf{lt/ 1fg, a'l4 / ljj]ssf] :t/nfo{ pggt agfpf5g\. sljtftds r'6\lsnfsf dfwodaf6 af6f] la/fpsfx nfo{ slj l;ub]nn] Joª\Uo klg a;f{psf 5g\ M æcfdfn] lbpsf] ctl{ -ufnl_ slno'usf] tly{ ;;'/fnl. kf]nl vfg] cfgb f 5}g, ;f/ëlnfo{ tfgf. ;efdf uo{ ;'gfpf5 a}/f]nfo{ ufgf.. æpd]/ ldng] k];]bf/ cfof] s]6f] ldnfpm aft. 5f]/Lsf] afp gnfpm wfs vfg]5 p;n] Ps} 5fs.. M *^_. k hftflgqs cfgbf]ngsf ;lqmo JolQmTj s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]nsf] hljgufyfsf] cwoog ug] { xf] eg] pgnfo{ Ps} a;fodf s;}n] klg lz/k'r5/ ;d]6]/ JoSTofpg ;Sb}g. cfk"mn] ;a} If]q / ljwfdf lqmofzln t'nofpfb} pgn] *$ cf} F a;gt klg kf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\. r/]j}tl r/]j}tlúsf] l;4fgt pgdf k"0f{ nfu" epsf] kfog5. clj>fgt ultdf of] /fi6«sf] df6f] d' Ldf lnp/ /fli6«otfsf] cg'i7fg ug] { sd} x'g5g\. d'vdf /fli6«otf t/ xftdf c/fli6«otfsf] rfa's rnfp/ lx+8\g]x sf] le8df s[i0fk ;fb 18 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

19 l;ub]nh;tf rflxf /fi6«sf] df6f] d' Ldf lnp/ 9'Ëfsf] sfk kmf]/]/ klg pd G5 lkknú agg kl5 kb} {gg\ klg. 5f]6s/Ldf d}n] hfg]sf] a'em]sf] s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]n eg]sf] oxl g} xf]. lgi7fsf] v]tl ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g. lgi7faf6 lgi0fft\ agg] ;f}efuo sd}n] k fkt ub{5g\. s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]nn] lgi7fsf] /fhgllt u/]. vntl e/]gg\ a? vntl l/tofp. lgi7fk"j{s ;dfh;]jf u/] / ul//x]sf 5g\. pgn] rf/bfdsf] ;dfh;]jfaf6 afx bfdsf] nf]slk otfsf] 3f]8f s'bfpsf 5}gg\. lgi7fsf] wfld{s w/fwfd agfp/ j;'w}j s'6'dasd\sf] alh pdfl//x]sf 5g\. ClifsNk alg;s]sf l;ub]n :jod\df Pp6f tly{ x'g\ egg] nfu5 dnfo{. ha ha pgsf af/]df s]xl s'/f n]vg a:5' jfub]jln] dfu{ k z:t ul/lblg5g\. pgsf af/]df n]vbf leq}af6 >4f pdn]/ cfpfb5. To;}n] pgnfo{ n]vg nfubf hlxn] klg lz/ e'msfp/ agbgf ub{5'. of] d]/f] pglk ltsf] lgi7f g} xf]. ;flxtodf klg pgsf] lgi7f TolQs} k z+;glo 5. vf]hl ub{5g\. /f]hf n]vb5g\. snkgfdf x/fpf5g\. kfonf rflxf w/tldf g} rnfo/xg5g\. cwoognfo{ cg'ejlo ;Lkdf 9fNg ;Sg] Ifdtf 5 pglleq. ;flxto ;dfhsf] nflu xf] egg] dfgotf pgsf s[ltx sf] cwoog ubf{ yfxf x'g5. jfª\dosf ljljw ljwfx df snd rnfo/xg5g\ / To;sf] d"n Wo]o eg] ;dfhdf g} s]lgb t u/fo/xg5g\. of] g} pgsf] n]vgsf] d'vo j}lzi6\o xf]. cwoog / cg'ejåf/f vfl/psf] 1fg ljt/0f ub} { hfg] j mddf pgl uwfkrrl;l h:t} nfu5g\. To;}n] t jif} {lkr5] h:tf] pgsf s[ltx k sflzt eo/x]sf 5g\. o;af6 goff k':tfn] w]/} s'/f l;sg ;S5g\. $= zab ;+ljwfgú s[ltleqsf u'0fftds pknlaw gllt, lgod / sfg'gnfo{ a'emfpg] zabsf] gfd g} ;+ljwfg xf]. ;+ljwfgn] x/]s s'/fsf] k agw ldnfpf5. gldn]sf lrhx sf] ;xl Joj:yfkg ub{5. o;n] s]jn /fhosf] d"n sfg'gsf] dfq} bflotj jxg ub} {g ;dfhdf ljbdfg ;a} vfn] ljifonfo{ cg'zfl;t, dof{lbt / ;';ª\36g u/l j}1flgs, kf/blz{tfsf] HjnGt e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//fv]sf] x'g5. efiff, Jofs/0f / ;flxto ;a} g} sfg'gsf] h:t} t/ wf/f, pkwf/f /lxt ;+j}wflgs lgoddf cfwfl/t x'g] ub{5g\. Tolt dfq xf]og ljwfgú sf] cy{ /fvg' xf]. oxl ljwfg zabdf ;d\ú pk;u{ nfu]kl5 ;+ljwfgú zab agg] ub{5. t;y{ ;+ljwfgsf] cy{ s'g} klg s'/fnfo{ /fd /L ldnfp/ /fvg' klg xf]. ;dfhf]kof]ul, Jojxf/f]kof]uL p2]zo /fv]/ ljljw ljifo / zabx sf] ;d'lrt ljgof; ul/psf] x'gfn] n]vs l;ub]nsf] of] s[ltsf] cwoog u/]kl5 d}n] zab ;+ljwfgú gfd 7x/ u/]sf] x' F. oxff efiff, Jofs/0fsf ;fy} glltsf Znf]sx klg /x]sf 5g\. ctm ol ;a}nfo{ ;d]6\g] zab ;+ljwfgú gfd g} dnfo{ pko'qm nfuof]. oxff d}n] csf] { s'/f klg hf]8\g rfx]sf] 5' Tof] s] eg] clxn] /fhosf] d"n sfg'g ;+ljwfg n]vgn] k"0f{tf kfpsf] 5. n]vs l;ub]nn] k ToIf ck ToIf ;+ljwfg ;efåf/f ax'k ltlift ;+ljwfgsf nflu cfˆg} lsl;daf6 k ToIf ck ToIf w]/} kl;gf aufpsf] oyfy{ s;};fd' l5k]sf] 5}g. ;+ljwfg n]vg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df Pp6f P]ltxfl;s kl/36gf xf]. oxl 36gfl;t ldnbf]h'nbf] x'g] u/l n]vsn] of] s[ltsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] d}n] b]v] F. Pp6fn] /fhosf] lgod, sfg'g af]n]sf] 5 eg] csf] {n] efiff, Jofs/0f / ;flxtosf dfwodaf6 ;dfhnfo{ ljlw;ddt lsl;dn] dfu{lgb] {zg u/]sf] 5. efiff dflg;n] kfpsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] pknlaw xf]. efiff, Jofs/0f / zabsf dxœj Pjd\ To;sf lgodsf af/]df hfgg] k otg ul/pg eg] dfgjlo ultljlw ;a} 7Kk x'g] ub{5g\. clxn] sfof{gjoglt/ hfg nfu]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg g]kfnl efiff, Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 19

20 Jofs/0f / zabx sf] ;'Gb/ clen]v klg xf]. oxffsf zab zabdf 7"nf 7"nf ax; epsf 5g\. kb / kbfjnl af/] dfq} xf]og cy{ut ;+/rgfdf ;d]t af}l4s s;/t epsf 5g\. ;+ljwfgdf n]lvg] lgod / sfg'gnfo{ Jofs/0fsf zab zabn] cg'zfl;t / lgodsf] kl/lwdf NofP/ affw]sf] x'g5. To;}n] efiff, Jofs/0f / zab ;+ljwfgsf] klg ;+ljwfg xf]. n]vs s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]nn] zab ;+ljwfgú s[ltleq zabsf h/f vf]tn]sf 5g\. To;sf xffuf, kft / kmn k"mnsf dxœj b;f{psf 5g\. g]kfnlsf k rlnt zabx sf] kof{ojfrl zab vf]h]sf 5g\. h;n] ubf{ of] s[lt kof{ojfrl zabsf]z klg agg k'u]sf] 5. kfl0fglo Jofs/0fl;t g]kfnl efiffsf] ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] tyonfo{ vf]tn]sf 5g\. ;+:s[tlgi7 lsni6 zabx sf] cy{ lbpsf 5g\. zabsf] Jo'TklQ / zab kfogsf] j}1flgs cfwf/ b]vfpsf 5g\. ;du df egg'kbf{ n]vs zabsf v]nf8l ag]sf 5g\. jfw{sodf cfp/ klg efiff Jofs/0f h:tf] lg/; ljifonfo{ ;d]t pgn] /l;nf] u/fpsf 5g\. Jofjxfl/s hljgdf zabsf cy{ gnfu]/ cndnn x'g'kl//x]sf] l:yltnfo{ pgn] o; s[lt dfkm{t\ w]/} g} ;/n / ;xh u/folbpsf 5g\. zab ;+ljwfgú s[ltnfo{ n]vs l;ub]nn] kffr v08df ;d]6]sf 5g\. k To]s ljifonfo{ cnu cnu v08df ljefhg u/]/ 5l/tf] / af]wudo u/fopsf] 5. v08ut kdf ljifoj:t' k:sg' egbf cufl8 n]vsn] u'? / b]zk lt efjk"0f{ lsl;daf6 agbgf u/]sf 5g\. u' k ltsf] s[t1tf efjnfo{ pgl o;/l k :t't ub{5g\ M >L >L >L u'?b]jsf r/0fdf u5' { ;w} F agbgf. h:sf cfzlifn] dnfo{ clxn] lbfb}5 of] k ]/0ff.. 1fgL >L z'sb]j Jof;;l/sf if6\zf:qsf 1fgjfg\. ljåb\>l hob]j b]j u'? zt+ ;x; + gdg\ +.. M!_ cfˆgf u'?sf >L r/0fdf lz/ e'msfp/ n]vsn] u'?elqmsf] k/dk/fnfo{ cufl8 a9fpsf 5g\. u'?sf] dlxdfn] dl08t JolQmTjdfly k sfz kf/]sf sf]t;k k]b] j/t'gt' lzioú sf] gd'gf n]vsn] hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\ M b]z agbgf sljtfleq /fli6«otf k :t't ul/psf] 5 M æemg8fdf /lj, rgb c+lst ;kmf /ftf] / glnf] /ª. hgd}b]lv e'ms]g cfhts of] s}no} s;}sf;fu.. uf]vf{nl ha lgl:sp y/x/l ;+;f/ x'gyof] ta. xfd f] jl/e"ld g]kfn hgglnfo{ gd:sf/ 5.. M!_. u'? / b]zsf] agbgf ul/;s]kl5 n]vs s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]n v08ut kdf ljifosf] k :t'ltlt/ nfub5g\. v08 Psdf afx cf]6f dlxgf / 5 cf]6f Ct'x sf] gfd lbopsf] 5. w]/}h;f] dflg;x nfo{ ;f7l cf]6f ;+jt;/ x'g5g\ egg] klg yfxf 5}g. n]vsn] k ej, ljej, z'sn nufot ;a} ;+jt;/sf gfd lbpsf 5g\. z'sn oh'j] {b cgtu{t dfwolgbgl zfvfleqsf dgq ;+Vofsf ;"rl lbopsf] 5. rt'j{u{, tlg clug, tlg tfk, tlg sd{ / rf/j]b, rf/ pkj]b cgtu{t s] s] kb{5g\ < tl ;a}sf] hfgsf/l k bfg ul/psf] 5. c7f/ cf]6f k'/f0fsf gfd lbp/ ltgsf] Znf]s ;+Vofsf] ;d]t oxff :ki6 pnn]v ul/psf] kfog5. ;f}/jt;/, ;fjg jt;/, ;TojT;/, s'df/jt;/ / afx{:kto jt;/sf gfd 20 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

21 klg pnn]v ul/psf] 5. rf}wcf]6f dg'sf gfd / rf/ o'usf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t k sfz kfl/psf] 5. v08 b'o{df b]jju{ cgtu{tsf zabsf cy{ lbopsf] 5. To:t} dg'io ju{, z/l/ ju{, :yfgju{, pk:s/ju{, efjju{, ljz]if0f ju{sf zabsf cy{x k bfg ul/psf] 5. o;} v08 cgtu{t ;sf/ zabsf dxœj / ljz]iftfdfly klg :ki6 kfl/psf] 5. x :j / bl3{sf] km/sn] zabsf] cy{df x'g] leggtfnfo{ b]vfopsf] 5. >'lt;d leggfy{s zabsf pbfx/0f klg lbopsf] 5. v08 tlgdf Ejflbu0f, cbflbu0f, h'xf]toflbu0f, lbjflbu0f,?wflbu0f, qmoflbu0f cgtu{tsf zabsf cy{ ljgof; ug{ n]vs ;kmn epsf] kfog5. j0f{, kb / jfsosf] kl/rosf ;fy} pbfx/0f lbp/ x :j / bl3{sf] :j knfo{ ;d]t oxff lrgfopsf] 5. b]jju{, sfnju{, k f0flju{, hnju{, jgju{ cflbsf ;DaGwdf cy{;lxt :ki6 kfl/psf] 5. csf/fgt k'lnë /fd zab, Osf/fGt :qllnë dltzab / P]sf/fGt :qllnë, lkt[zab, /}zabsf k k bfg ul/psf] 5. v08 rf/df dxœjk"0f{ glltsf Znf]sx nfo{ cy{;lxt k sfz kfl/psf] 5 M æbfgd\ cftdlo x:t]g, dft[x:t]g ef]hgd. ltnsd\ ljk x:t]g, k/x:t]g db{gd\.. cfˆgf xftn] bfg ug' { /fd f], cfdfsf] xftn] lbpsf] ef]hg /fd f] x'g5. a fxd0fsf xftaf6 6Lsf nufpg' /fd f] x'g5. t/ xftaf6 k fkt epsf] dfln;\ Tolts} /fd f] x'g5. ædft[jt\ k/bf/]if', k/b Jo]if' nf]i6jt\. cftdjt\ ;j{e"t]if', om kzolt ; kl08tm.. s'g} klg k/:qlnfo{ cfdfsf b[li6n] x]g' { kb{5. csf{sf] wgnfo{ sfuhsf] vf]:6f] ;Demg' kb{5'. ;+;f/sf ;a} k f0flnfo{ cfˆg} cftdf ;/x ;Dem]/ sfo{ ug] { dflg; ljåfg\ kl08t ;dfg x'g] ub{5. n]vs l;ub]nn] uxg ldlxg]t / vf]hl u/]/ jt{dfg k':tfnfo{ xfd f] ;gftg ;+:s[ltsf] lbubz{g u/fpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\. xfd f] ;f+:s[lts k/dk/f uf}/jzfnl 5. o;} af/] k sfz kfg{ n]vsn] o:tf] glltsf] Znf]s k :t't u/]sf 5g\ M æbfg]g kfl0fg{ t' sí0f]g, :gfg]g z'l4g{ t' rgbg]g. dfg]g t[lktg{ t' ef]hg]g, 1fg]g, d'lqmg{ t' d08g]g.. ;'gsf] r'/f nufpsf] xft egbf bfg -k/f]ksf/_ ug] { xft ;'Gb/ x'g5. rgbgflb cgt/ nufp/ xf]og :gfg ugf{n] z/l/ z'4 / kljq x'g5. dl7f] ef]hg VjfP/ dfq xf]og dflg; ;Ddfgn] v';l x'g5. ;'Gb/ e]ife"iff nufp/ xf]og dflg;sf] d'lqm 1fgn] x'g5. ;a}egbf pqd uxgf s]nfo{ dfgg ;lsg5 < egg] ;Gbe{df klg oxff dl7f] k :t'lt lbopsf] 5 M æx:t:o e"if0f+ bfg+ ;To+ s07:o e"if0ffd\. >f]q:o e"if0f+ zf:q+, e"if0f}m ls+ k of]hggd\.æ xftsf] uxgf bfg, 3fF6Lsf] uxgf ;To af]ng', sfgsf] uxgf zf:qsf] >j0f ug' {, olt ug{ ;lsof] eg] cgo uxgfx sf] s] g} cfjzostf k5{ / < æn'awfgf+ ofrs M zq' d"vf{0ff+ af]wsf] l/k' M. hf/:ql0ff+ klt, zq', rf}/f0ff+ rgb df l/k' M..Æ Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 21

22 nf]el dflg;sf nflu dfug] -ofrs_ zq' ;dfg x'g] ub{5. d"v{x sf nflu 1fg lbg] dflg; z'q 7xl/g] ub{5. k/k'?ifdf ;lnspsl gf/lsf nflu cfˆgf] nf]ug] zq' x'g5. rf]/x sf nflu eg] rgb df -phofnf]_ zq'do x'g] ub{5. æk/f]ksf/fo kmnlgt j[iffm k/f]ksf/fo jxlgt gb M. k/f]ksf/fo b'xlgt ufjm k/f]ksf/fo{ldb+ z/l/d\..æ af]6 lj?jfx n] k/f]ksf/s} nflu kmnk"mn lbo/x]sf x'g5g\. gblgfnfx k/f]ksf/s} nflu alu/x]sf x'g5g\. ufo{n] k/f]ksf/s} lgldt cfˆgf] cd[tdo b'w lbg] ub{l5g\. To;f] epsf] x'gfn] of] xfd f] z/l/ klg k/f]ksf/sf nflu g} xf] egg] ;Demg' kb{5. lxhf] cfhsf ljbfyl{x gllt jrgaf6 ljd'v eo/x]sf 5g\. ;/sf/n] kf7\ok':tsdf glltsf ;fdu L ;dfj]z ug{ lgb] {zg lbg 5f]8]sf] 5. ;+:s[t jfª\do leqsf cggt 1fg/flzaf6 lziff bliff lboof] eg] ljbfyl{sf] k9\g] wd{ g} gi6 x'g5 egg] dfgotf :jgfdwgo gfd rn]sf bnsf g]tfx sf] 7x/ /x]sf] 5. cfh ljbfno :t/df g}lts lziffsf] v8]/l g} k/]sf] 5. log} s'/fnfo{ dwo gh/df /fv]/ jof]j[4 1fgj[4 s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]nn] eljiosf s0f{wf/ ljbfyl{ efo alxglx nfo{ s]xl /fxt k fkt xf];\ egg] p2]zo /fv]/ o; k':tsleq glltsf Znf]sx sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf x'g\. o;af6 ljbfyl{ ju{ dfq} xf]og ;dfhsf k To]s ;b:o nfeflgjt x'g ;St5g\. g}lts lziffsf] anaf6 g} dflg; sd{7 / of]uo agg ;Sb5. ;dfhdf eo/x]sf ljs[lt / lj;ëltsf] cgto ug{ g}lts lziff g} ;xfos l;4 x'g] u/]sf] 5. ufgwlhln] g}lt / s'6gllts rt'/tfsf cfwf/af6 g} cª\u ]hsf] nufdaf6 ef/t :jtgq ug{ ;kmn epsf x'g\. a'4n] g}lts d"no / dfgotfs} cfwf/af6 zflgtsf] ;Gb]znfO{ ljzjjofkl u/fpsf x'g\. of] s'/f xfdln] slxno} la;{g' x' Fb}g. ctm n]vs l;ub]nn] glltsf Znf]sx ;dfj]z u/]/ o; s[ltsf] ul/df cem a9fpsf 5g\. o; s[ltsf] v08 kffrdf jgf}iflwsf gfd / cy{ lbopsf] 5. b'n{e jg:kltsf gfdx sf] oxff vf]hl ul/psf] 5. k To]s ntf, j[if cflbsf] gfd, ltgsf] cy{ lbg] sfd epsf] 5. jgf}iflwsf] gfdnfo{ g]kfnl / lxgbldf ;d]t lbopsf] 5 M g]kfnl lxgbl g]kfnl lxgbl g]kfnl lxgbl g]kfnl lxgbl x/f]{ x/8 x/{ sfkmn sfokmn xn]xf] xnbl s/jl/ sg]/ hfokql hflaql ;'7f] ;f] +7 cb'jf cb/v sfp5f] sf}5 df]y] df]yf a/f]{ ax]8f cdnf cfdnf la/]g'g la8g'g cfo'j] {bsf dxœjk"0f{ cf}ifwlx sf] lgdf{0f s;/l x'g5, ltgsf af/]df klg oxff k sfz kfl/psf] 5. k To]s cf}ifwln] s] s] sfd ub{5g\, To;af/] klg n]vsn] k fdfl0fs lsl;daf6 :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\. lqkmnflb r"0f{, l;tf]knflb r"0f{, czjugwflb r"0f{, lkt g, lxëfi6 r"0f{ cflbsf ljz]iftfsf ;DaGwdf n]vsn] uxg lsl;dn] vf]hl u/]sf 5g\. Jofjxfl/s hljgdf ;j{;'ne lsl;dn] k fkt x'g] cf}ifwlsf af/]df hfgsf/l lbp/ pnn]vglo sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvg5. ;k{n] 6f]Sbf s] ug' {k5{ To;sf af/]df oxff plrt lsl;dn] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] b]vfopsf] 5. g]kfnldf k rlnt k"mn / kmnsf gfdx lbopsf] 5. ;+:s[t kmn k"mnaf6 g]kfnldf s] elgg5 < To;af/] oxff :ki6 kfl/psf] 5 M 22 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

23 h:t} M k"mnsf gfdx ;+:s[t g]kfnl ;+:s[t g]kfnl ;+:s[t g]kfnl ;+:s[t g]kfnl dlnnsf a]nl snnf/ /ftf]snd hogtl ck/flht dgbf/ asfog' dfntl rd]nl cjoyf OGb sdn bdgs bdgf kf6nf u'nfkm sl0f{sf/ sf7]rffkf] bdea sbd w':t'/ w';' {n rdfl/s sf]o/fnf] o'lysf h'xl afngtl kx] Fnf] u'nfkm zfnoln l;dn gofjt{ ;okql h:t} M kmnsf gfd ;+:s[t g]kfnl ;+:s[t g]kfnl ;+:s[t g]kfnl ;+:s[t g]kfnl df}zln xn'jfj]t lgda's lgj'jf /ftd'vl e'ofs6x/ kg; vs6x/ ljelts a;]{ uf]:tgl cª\u'/ bfl8d bfl/d kgf; ef]u6] dfv dvgf >Lkl0f{sf sfkmn wfql cdnf nr's a8x/ h+a" hfd'g\ h+jl/ Hofld/ kltg cdf/f] s'idf08 s'le08f] ;Ljfkmn ;lnkmf goë ;'Gtnf gfb]ol sdnf dfn'/ a]n %= lgisif{ ljåfg\, l;ub]nsf] pvfgsf] df}hl d;nf of] s[lt cg'ej / cwoogsf] dglrgt] sf];]nl xf]. pgn] oxff ljljw :jfb kl:spsf 5g\. æc;f/sf] kgw bxl, lr/fp vfg' c sfd 5f]8]/ v]t}df hfg'.æ æcfodfo{ lagfsf] 3/, pv'sf] 6'Kkf] sffqmf]sf] km]b et'jf kfnl 3/sf] 5]b.Æ æs]6fs]6lnfo{ /f]p e}lbof], kfx'gfnfo{ cfp e}lbof].æ ækfglsf] aql anb}g e'm7f] /fhgllt rnb}g.æ æwglsf wfs} 7"nf.Æ æg/d rfgf, e'tn] ;fu.æ o; lsl;dsf ;'Gb/ pvfg / 6'Ssfx sf] ;ª\sng ug] { sfo{ l;ub]nn] u/]sf 5g\. 7"nf] ldlxg]t / kl/>dn] dfq} o;lsl;dsf s[ltx sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg5. g]kfnl ;dfhdf k rlnt / ;dfh ;'xfpfbf pvfg / 6'Ssfx sf] cg';gwfgftds tl/sfaf6 o;sf] afgsl tof/ ul/psf] x'gfn] o;nfo{ cg';gwfgftds ljwf leq} /fvg ;lsg5. n]vs s[i0fk ;fb l;ub]n zab ;+ljwfgú s[ltleq zabx l;t v]n]sf 5g\. zabsf ;fu/df uf]tf nufpsf 5g\. dfly pnn]lvt wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;flxto, Hof]ltif, cf}ifwl lj1fg / jg:klt hut\sf dxœjk"0f{ zabx sf] 9's'6L eg] { sfd o; vf]hd"ns cg';gwfgftds s[ltleq u/]sf 5g\. lzv/gfy ;'j]blsf] k/dk/f nueu 7Kk eo/x]sf] cj:yfdf n]vs l;ub]nn] To;nfO{ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\. ;fdflhs Jofjxfl/s hljgdf yfxf kfpg' kg] { jf hfgg'kg] { zabx sf] Jofks vf]hllgtl ug] { sfd u/]sf 5g\. o:tf] sfo{ efiffzf:ql / Jofs/0fljbx n] dfq} ug{ ;Sb5g\. t;y{ n]vs l;ub]nsf] of] s[lt uxg cwoog, cg'ej / kl/ksj bl3{ ;fwgfsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf]. o; lsl;dsf] s[ltsf] g]kfnldf Psbd} cefj v6\ls/x]sf] lyof]. To;sf] k"lt{ u/]/ n]vsn] g]kfnl jfª\dosf If]qdf 7"nf] u'g nufpsf 5g\. o:tf] uxg / dxglo s[ltsf] cfljisf/ ug{ ;kmn epsf]df n]vsk lt xflb{s ;fw'jfb k s6 ub} { o; s[ltsf] ;d'lrt ;Ddfghgs d"nofª\sgsf nflu ;DalGwt ljåfg\ Pjd\ lgsfo ;dif ljgd cg'/f]w klg ub{5'. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 23

24 du/sf] hgd d[to' ;+:sf/ 8f= u+uf s]=;l= ] kl/ro g]kfn Ps ax'hftlo, ax'eflifs Pj+ ax';f+:s[lts /fi6«xf]. ;fgf] e"uf]n ep tfklg g]kfn hfthflt, efiffefifl / ;+:s[ltsf If]qdf ljljwtf / wgl d'n's xf]. x]ug -;g\!(&!_ n] g]kfn hghftlo cwoogsf nflu Pl;ofsf] 3'Dg] d]r xf] egl pnn]v u/]sf 5g\. ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ ljlegg hfthflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[ltdf klg ljljwtf kfog5 cflbjf;l hghflt ptyfg /fli6«o k lti7fgn] %( j6f hghfltsf] ljljwtf b]vfpsf] 5. oldwo] du/ Ps hghflt xf]. g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t hghflt ptyfg k lti7fg n] cfˆg} df}lns dft[efiff / k/dk/fut /Lltl/jfh epsf t/ lxgb" j0ff{>d Joj:yfleq gkg] {, cfˆgf] 5' } ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, efiff, wd{ / /Lltl/jfh, lnlvt jf clnlvt -df}lvs_ Oltxf; epsf], k/dk/fut ;fdflhs ;+:yfdf cfwfl/t g]kfnsf] cflbjf;l jf d"njf;l epsf / xfdl egg] efjgf epsf, /fho ;~rfngdf e"ldsf gepsf / cfk"mnfo{ hghflt egl bfal ug] { ;d'bfo g} cflbjf;l hghflt x'g\ egl kl/efiff u/] klg clxn] cg';gwfg epdf sltko hghfltx of] kl/efiffleq gkg{ klg ;fnsf] hgu0fgfnfo{ x]g] { xf] eg] g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\vofdwo] du/ hflt t]; f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5. hghfltdwo]df du/sf] hg;ª\vof klxnf] :yfgdf cfpf5 -l;lap;, t/ klg cwoog cg';gwfgdf sdl g} /x]sf] 5. o; hfltsf] cwoog ug] { k d'v dfgjzf:qlx df cu:6 df]ngf/ -;g\!(*!_, k mflg;; XofldN6g -;g\!*!(_, hf]g lxrs -;g\!(^^_ cflb k d'v 5g\. To:t} g]kfnl ljåfg\x df hgsnfn zdf{ 8f]/axfb'/ lji6 s]z/h+u a/fn du/ 8f= xs{axfb'/ a'9f du/ sf] du/;dagwl cwoog klg lgs} dxœjk"0f{ 5g\. t/ jt{dfg cj:yfdf du/sf] hgd d[to' ;+:sf/af/] cwoogdf sd Wofg uo/x]sf] cj:yf 5, h'g klxrfgsf] clegg kif xf]. /fho k'glg{df{0fdf ;f+:s[lts kifnfo{ lgs} k fl1s ax; -bfxfn, nfjtl, yfkf, u'?ª, sf kdf :yflkt ul/p tfklg dfgjzf:qlo kdf ;f+:s[lts kifsf] cwoog ljz]iftm hgd d[to' ;+:sf/af/]sf cwoog ;g\!(%) ^) kl5 sdl g} eo/x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] ljlegg ef}uf]lns If]qx df du/ hflt a;f]af; u/]sf] kfog5. a;fof ;/]sf ] ;xk fwofks -dfgjzf:q_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ 24 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

25 du/x sf] ;+:s[lt;dagwl cg';gwfg dfgjzf:qdf ;fgble{s eo/x]sf] 5. dln6:6]h OGYgf]u fkml gu/l s'g} klg hft hghfltsf] cwoog k"0f{ xf 'b}g egg] ;Gbe{df /f]nkf,?s'd lhnnfaf6 a;fof;/fo u/l bfª lhnnfsf] ;]jf/, aff:af]6df a:g] du/sf] cwoog cfjzos b]lvg5. o; n]vdf klxnf] cg';gwfglo k Zg du/x sf] hgd d[to' ;+:sf/x s] s] x'g\ / s;/l ;DkGg ul/g5 < egg] xf] / bf]; f] cg';gwfglo k Zg hgd d[to' ;+:sf/df cfpsf] kl/jt{g / sf/s dxœjx s] s] x'g\ egg] xf]. klxnf] k Zgsf] pq/ bfª lhnnf aff:af]6nfo{ cwoog If]qsf kdf 5gf]6 u/l p2]zod"ns kn] krrl; 3/sf 3/d"nL;Fu cgtjf{tf{ ;"rl k of]u u/l hgdd[to' ;+:sf/af/] ;f]wl k fkt ul/psf] 5. aff:af]6nfo{ cwoog If]q 5fGg'sf] sf/0f eg] o; :yfgdf /f]nkf,?s'd d"nynf] 5f8L a;fof ;/L cfpsf du/sf] a;f]af; x'g' xf]. hgd d[to' ;+:sf/sf s]xl c+z cjnf]sg klg ul/psf] 5. bf]; f] k Zgsf pq/sf nflu d'vo hfgsf/ JolQmsf kdf rf/ hgf j[4fj[4;fu cgtjf{tf{ u/l kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kqf nufopsf] 5. ;a} tyox u'0fftds epsfn] JofVof / cfzoo'qm ljzn]if0f ul/psf] 5. du/ hghflt du/ hfltsf] ptklqdf ;DaGwdf a/fn du/ sf cg';f/ lt/ lkm/gt] hfltsf] kdf g]kfn k;]sf lyp. zdf{ sf cg';f/ dwo Pl;ofaf6 cfpsf x'ktfn x'g\ / O;fsf] c7f/f} F ztfabllt/ lxgb"df bllift epsf x'ktfn du/ Iflqo ep klg hflt e i6 epsf 7s'/L g} du/ x'g\. yfkfdu/ sf cg';f/ dx/ú zabaf6 cke +z ep/ du/ epsf] xf]. klzrdl kxf8l e]u / b]zsf cgo kxf8l tyf leql dw]; / t/fo{ e" efu du/sf] jf;:yfg xf]. du/x sf] dft[efiff du/ftl xf], h;nfo{ b'o{ ;d"xdf affl8psf] 5, afx du/ftl / c7f/ du/ftl efiff. c7f/ du/ftl efiff cgtu{t vfd efiff / sfos] efiff kb{5g\. du/ efiff h:t} du/ hflt klg b'o{ efudf ljeflht 5g\ c7f/kgyl / afx kgyl. eflifs ljljwtf ep tfklg loglx sf] clwsf+z k/dk/f, /Lltl/jfh, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt Ps cfk;df ldn5 -lji6, ;g\!((&_. du/sf] hgd;+:sf/ -s_ ue{wf/0f / hgd dfgj hljgsf] klxnf] / dxœjk"0f{ ;+:sf/ hgd;+:sf/ xf]. du/ hfltsf] k/fk"j{sfnb]lvs} k rlnt hgd;+:sf/ 5. du/ hfltsf dlxnf ue{jtl epb]lv g} hgd ;+:sf/nfo{ dxœjk"0f{ kdf x]l/g5. ue{wf/0f;dagwl ljzjf; / d"noaf/] ;a} pq/bftfsf] hafkm ue{jtl dlxnfsf] >Ldfg\n] k"hf cfhf ug{ / b]jtfsf] dlgb/ hfg x' Fb}g / s'g} kz'k+ifl sf6df/ ug' { x' Fb}g egg] lyof]. o;sf] cfzo eg]sf] sf6df/ ug' { lx+;f x'g], kfk nfug] / b]jtfyfg k j]z ubf{ b]jtf l/;fpg] egg] atfp. a;fof ;/]/ cfpsf du/ ep klg of] ;+:sf/df vf;} kl/jt{g epsf] 5}g. arrf hlgdg] Joyf epkl5 ue{jtl dlxnfnfo{ uf]7df cyjf 3/sf] 5'6\6} sf]7fdf /flvg5. ;'l9glx åf/f ;'Ts]/L u/fog5. ;xof]ulsf kdf 3/ jf gftfsf cg'ejl dlxnf klg x'g5g\. k'?ifsf] e"ldsf eg] x' Fb}g. arrf hlgd;s]kl5 ;'l9gl cyjf ;xof]uln] arrfsf] gfle sf6\g] sfd ub{5g\. gfle sf6]sf] pqm xltof/ ;'/lift /flvg5. s;}s;}n] pqm xltof/ gjhft lzz'sf] lz/fgd'lg ;'/Iffsf] nflu /fvg] ub{5g\. o;/l /fvg'sf] sf/0faf/] d'vo hfgsf/ JolQmn] cb[zo zlqmaf6 lzz' Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 25

26 / cfdfnfo{ ;'/Iff k bfg ug' { xf] egl atfp. k foh;f]n] pqm xltof/ jf cgo ;fgf] kmnfdsf] xltof/ -xfl;of jf v'kf{_ arrf ;fgf] 5pGh]n ;Fu;Fu} af]s]/ lxf8\g] u/]sf] kfog5. arrfsf] gfle sfl6;s]kl5 arrfnfo{ g'xfolbg5g\. arrfsf] ;fngfn 6k/Ldf /fv]/ 3/aflx/ af/llt/ ufl8g5. To;kl5 ;'l9gl cyjf ;xof]uln] g'xfo{ w'jfo{ u/l z'4 x'g5g\. t/ cfhef]ln du/ dlxnfx ;'Ts]/L x'g glhs}sf] c:ktfndf hfg yfn]sf 5g\. ;'Ts]/LnfO{ Gofgf] tftf] agfpgsf nflu cu]gfsf] 5]pdf /flvg5 gep ;'Ts]/L ;'Tg] 7fpFdf cfuf] aflng5. ldn];dd ;'Ts]/L / gjhft lzz'nfo{ lbgsf] b'o{ k6s ;ffemlaxfg cyjf lbgdf Ps k6s ep klg Gjf/fg gul/gh]n;dd t]n 3;L dfln; ug] { ul/g5. arrf hlgdpsf] ;do / ltlyldlt n]v]/ /flvg5 lsgeg] oxl ;docg';f/ Hof]ltifLn] arrfsf] gfd h'/folbg5g\. du/x n] af]nrfnsf] efiffdf afx'gnfo{ h};l egg] ub{5g\. d'vo hfgsf/sf cg';f/ ;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfo{ kf]l;nf] vfg]s'/f lbog5. ;F 'u'/ jf s'v'/fsf] df;'sf] emf]n, 3/d} agfpsf] hff8 cflb lbog5. cgo lxgb"x n] h:t} du/x n] klg arrf hgd]sf] ^ lbgdf 5}7L ub{5g\. o;} lbg efjln] arrfsf] efuo n]lvlbg5g\ egg] ljzjf; du/ ;d'bfodf 5. 5} +7Lsf] lbg arrfsf] l;/fgdf yfndf rfdn /fvl To;dfly lbof] /fvl /ftel/ aql afng], goff sfkl / /ftf] d;l epsf] snd /flvlbg] k/dk/f 5. s;} s;}n] l5d]sl / cfkmgtx hddf kf/l 5}7L hf]ufpg] egb} gfrufg / vfglkg u/l v';l dgfpf5g\. lgdtfn'x nfo{ s'v'/f, ;' Fu'/ jf /ffufsf] dff;', eft, /S;L hff8 v'jfog5. o; cj;/df gjhft lzz'sf] cfdfafa'nfo{ cflzifsf kdf awfo{ lbog5. du/ hfltdf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf ;a}egbf cz'4 dflgg5. pgnfo{ Gjf/g gx'gh]n s;}n] klg 5'g' x' Fb}g. olb 5f]of] eg] g'xfp/ z'4 x'g'k5{. arrf hlgdpkl5 pglx sf] s'n ;a} cz'4 dflgg5g\ cyjf du/x df ;"ts afg] { rng 5. arrfsf] Gjf/fg gx'gh]n k"hfcfhf jf lkt[sfo{ s]xl klg ug{ ldnb}g. -v_ Gjf/fg arrfsf] gfle eml/;s]kl5 Gjf/fg ul/g5. Gjf/fgsf nflu 3/ cffug ;kmf ul/g5. 3/sf] e'of ufo{sf] uf]a/ / df6f]n] lnk]/ z'4 agfog5. ;'Ts]/L / arrfnfo{ g'xfp/ ;kmf sk8f nfpg lbog5. ;'Ts]/L ;'t]sf] k/fn hnfog5 eg] cgo sk8fx wf]p/ 3fddf ;'sfo{ rf]vf] kfl/g5. s;} s;}n] lxgb" k efjn] P3f/ lbgdf Gjf/fg ug] { / a fxd0f k'/f]lxt k of]u ub{5g\. Gjf/fg ubf{ 3/df ufo{sf] ux' Ft 5s] {/ rf]vofpg] rng 5. k'/f]lxt ep k'/f]lxt gep a'9fkfsf dlxnfn] arrfsf] gfd /flvlbg5g\ t/ /flzsf] gfd eg] Hof]ltifLn] g} h'/folbg] rng 5. arrfsf] gfd /fvbf k foh;f] hgdsf] 36gfdf cyjf af/ cyjf ;donfo{ cfwf/ agfpg] df}lns k/dk/f ep klg clxn] cfw'lgstfsf] k efj / cg's/0f u/l cfw'lgs gfd /fvg] rng 5. Gjf/fgdf cfˆgf Oi6ldq, gft]bf/, 5/l5d]ssf dlxnfx nfo{ af]nfog5. cfdlgqt kfx'gfnfo{ s'v'/f, /fuf], jf ;' Fu'/sf] df;', eft, hff8, /S;L cflb Vjfpg] rng 5. Gjf/fgkl5 ;'Ts]/LnfO{ dfotl v'jfpgsf nflu ;'Ts]/L lbgdf dfotln] lnp/ hfg5g\ / Ps 8]9 dlxgf /fvl 3/df lkmtf{ k7fpg] rng 5. ;'Ts]/L dlxnfsf] dfotldf ljz]if x]/rfx ul/g5. kf}li6s vfgf b"w, l3p, df;', Hjfgf]sf] emf]n cflb lbg] ul/g5. -u_ eftv'jfo -kf:gl_ eftvjfo dxœjk"0f{ ;+:sf/ xf]. 5f]/f ep ^ dlxgf / 5f]/L ep % dlxgfdf eftvjfo ug] { rng 5. Hof]ltifLnfO{ kf:glsf] z'e;fot lgsfng nufog5. lzz'nfo{ goff sk8f / ur5] cg';f/sf] uxgf 26 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

27 nufolbg] rng 5. d'vo hfgsf/sf cg';f/ arrfsf] kl/jf/n] sdfpg] afnl3/] bdfo{ +n] g} n'uf l;nfpg'k5{. ToxL n'uf klx ofpkl5 bdfo{ +n] g} eft VjfOlbG5g\. To;kl5 qmdzm kl/jf/sf] ;b:o, cfdfafa', Oi6ldqx n] eft VjfOlbG5g\. of] cj;/df arrfnfo{ cflzif, blif0ff / pkxf/ lbog5. pkl:yt kfx'gfx nfo{ bfneft, t/sf/l, crf/, /ffuf, s'v'/f, ;Fu'/sf] df;' / hff8/s;l vfg lbog5. s]xln] eftvjfodf a fxd0f af]nfo{ k'/f]lxts} cg';f/ u/fpg] / lgdtfn'nfo{ vfgsf] nflu Jofj;flos Sof6l/ª rnfpg] ub{5g\. df}lns vfgfsf] 7fpFdf cfw'lgs k'nfp, df;' cflbn] :yfg lnpsf] 5. -3_ 5]j/ du/ k/dk/f cg';f/ 5f]/f ep tlg, kffr jf ;ft lahf]8 jif{df 5]j/ ug] { / 5f]/L ep u'go'rf]nf] lbg] rng 5. 5]j/ ubf{ ;'kf]df ljlegg vfg]s'/f, kl/sf/ / ;u'g /fvl dfdfn] 5]j/ ug] { afnssf] 3fF6Ldf affw5g\ / ;a}egbf klxn] afnssf] skfnsf] 6'Kkf] 5'6\6ØfP/ To;nfO{ ;'gsf] cf} F7Lleq /flvlbg5g\. To;kl5 ;aegbf klxn] dfdfn] kmnfdsf] 5'/fn] skfn vf}l/lbg5g\ clg 6'KkLdf /fv]sf] cf} F7L lgsflng5. sf6]sf] skfn xl/of] 6k/Ldf /fvl vf]nf jf kfw]/fdf ;]nfolbg5g\. skfn sfl6;s]kl5 arrfnfo{ goff n'uf / 6f]kL nufolbg5g\. 5]j/df klg 5/l5d]sL r]nla]6l / cfkmgtx nfo{ af]nfo{ ef]h Vjfpg] rng 5. lgdtfn'x n] afnsnfo{ 6Lsf nfolbp/ blif0ff, cflzif\ / pkxf/ lbg5g\. 5f]/fsf] 5]j/ h:t} 5f]/LnfO{ klg lahf]8l jif{df ;ft, gf}, P3f/ jf t]x jif{df z'e ;fot lgsfnl u'go'rf]nf] lbg] rng 5. o; ;+:sf/df cfdfafa'n] 5f]/LnfO{ u'go'rf]nl k6'sf / u/uxgf klx ofpg] rng 5. o; cj;/df 5f]/LnfO{ l;fuf/k6f/ u/l lrl6ss kfl/g5. To;kl5 cleefjs / cfkmgtx n] 6LsfblIf0ff ub{5g\. 5]j/df h:t} lgdtfn'x nfo{ ef]h v'jfog5. d[to' ;+:sf/ dflg;sf] d[to' epdf cf cfˆgf] hftlo ;+:sf/ / k/dk/f cg';f/ d[to' ;+:sf/ ul/g5. du/sf] klg cfˆg} lsl;dsf] d[to' ;+:sf/ 5. cwoog If]qsf du/x n] s'g} JolQm hljgsf] clgtd cj:yfdf 5 eg] a}t/gl ug] { rng 5. a}t/gl ubf{ a fxd0fnfo{ ufo{ bfg ul/g5. o;f] u/]df ;lhn} :ju{ k'lug5 egg] dfgotf du/x df kfog5 egl ;a} pq/bftfx n] atfp. JolQm clgtd cj:yfdf k'u]sf] a]nfdf a}t/gl ubf{ ;lhn} k f0f hfg5 egg] ljzjf; klg du/ ;d'bfodf 5. a}t/gl ul/;s]kl5 5f]/f ep 5f]/f / gep xsjfnf bfh'efox n] d[tssf] d'vdf bxl / ;'gsf] 6'qmf /flvlbg5g\ h;nfo{ lx/0f elgg5. k f0f uo;s]kl5 d[tssf] d'v 5f]lklbP/ aff;sf] v6dfly /fvl sfqf] cf]9fp/ aff;sf] rf]ofn] afflwg5. d[tsnfo{ s'g} klg hgfj/ / cgo hfltsf dflg;nfo{ 5'g lbofb}g. cfkmgt / l5d]sl hddf eo{ zª\v ahfog5. cffugdf ufo{sf] xl/of] uf]a/n] lnk]/ d[tsnfo{ ToxLdfly /flvg5. al; krrl; ld6/ ;]tf] sk8f nfdf] u/l af6f]df cf]5\ofp/ larlardf sf7 /flvg5. d[tsnfo{ km"nkftl r9fog5. d[ts olb gfrg] JolQm epdf Ps hgf JolQm t/af/ lnp/ gfrb5, h;nfo{ km/fp6]ú elgg5. To;kl5 nfz afflwpsf] v6nfo{ 5f]/f ep 5f]/f / gep cfˆgf] s'nsf bfh'efox n] af]s5g\, h;nfo{ sffw lbg] elgg5. nfz p7fpg'egbf cl3 bdfo{ +x n] afhf ahfpf5g\. ;ft k6s;dd afhf lbpkl5 nf; p7fpg] ;do dflgg5. cwoog If]qsf du/x sf] Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 27

28 df}lns rng cg';f/ nf;egbf cufl8 af6f] b]vfpg] dflg;x ;]tf] sk8f ;dftl lxf8\5g\. pglx egbf k5fl8 bdfo{x afhf ahfpfb} / km/fp6]ú gffrb} cufl8 a9\5g\. ;aegbf k5fl8 cfkmgt, gftfs'6'da, 5/l5d]sL nufotsf dnfdlx s'6f]sf]bfnf] af]sl lxf8\5g\. Ps hgf j[4 JolQmn] hf}, ltn / df; af6f]el/ 5b} { lxf8\g'k5{. nf; 3f6df k' ofo;s]kl5 clgtd ;+:sf/ ;'? x'g5. o; cwoog If]qsf du/x n] cfˆg} k/dk/fut tl/sfn] d[to' ;+:sf/ ub{5g\. du/ k/dk/f cg';f/ nf;nfo{ vfn6f] vg]/ ufl8g5. d[tssf] gfk cg';f/sf] vfn6f] vlg;s]kl5 d[tsnfo{ pqfgf] kf/]/ ;fdn;lxt vfn6f]leq /flvg5 / df6f]n] 5f]lkG5. uf8\g] sfd ;s]kl5 5f]/fx n] skfn, cffvlef} F, h'ëf, bfx L vf}l/g5g\. To;kl5 ;]tf] sk8fsf] s5f8 nufp/ dnfdl;lxt 3/ kms{g5g\. cfdfsf] d[to'df sfg5f] 5f]/f / afa'sf] d[to' epdf h]7f] 5f]/fn] lj mofsd{ ub{5g\. cwoog If]qsf du/x n] tlg lbgdf h'7f] rf]vofpf5g\. d'vo ;"rgfbftfsf cg';f/ h'7f] rf]lvfbf r]nla]6l, gftfuf]tf, bfh'efo, 5/l5d]sL ;a} hgf d[tssf] 3/df hddf x'g5g\. Pp6} s'nleqsf bfh'efon] uff; -rfdn_ p7fpg'k5{ / d[tssf] efghfn] lk08 lk:g'k5{. k"hf ;fdu L, lk08, Pp6f s'v'/f, cyjf e]8f lnp/ lqmofk'ql;lxt s]xl k'?ifx kfw]/f hfg5g\. ToxfF ;a} bfh'efo e]nf eo{ lk08, s'v'/f / e]8fnfo{ vjfog5. h'7f] rf]lvg] k"hf klg ToxLF ul/g5 / efghfn] lqmofk'qlnfo{ uxt lbg5g\. dfotltk{msf jf ;;'/fntk{msf dflg;n] s[ofk'qlnfo{ 3'D6f] cyf{t\ ;]tf] sk8f lbg5g\ / k'gm 6fpsf]df 5'/f nufo{ goff 6f]kL nufolbg] k/dk/f clxn] klg 5. h'7f] af/]sf dlxnfnfo{ eg]?dfn lbog5. o;/l 6f]kL /?dfn lbg] dfotlsf nflu pglx sf] ;Ddfg :j k 5' } s'v'/f jf /ffuf] sfl6lbg' -df/ sfl6lbg]_ k5{. dfotl kifsf] labfo ubf{ sf/f]ú xflnlbg] k/dk/f 5. du/x h'7f] rf]lvfbf df;' x'g} k5{ To;}n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ s'v'/f, ;' Fu'/ /ffuf cflb sf6]/ ef]h v'jfpg] rng 5. rf]lvfbf r]nla]6lx nfo{ 6Lsf nufo{ lbp/ blif0ff lbog5. o;/l du/x sf] d[to' ;+:sf/ ;DkGg x'g5. o;kl5 du/x n] jif{sf] Ps k6s lkt[k"hf ug] { ub{5g\. hgd d[to' ;+:sf/df kl/jt{g / o;sf sf/s d'vo ;"rgfbftfsf cg';f/ uef{wf/0fsf a]nf klxn] wfdlnfo{ hf]vgf x]/fo ue{sf] /]vb]v ul/g]df clxn] o; If]qsf w]/}n] :jf:yo rf}sl tyf c:ktfndf hffr ug{ upsf] b]lvg5. arrf hlgdg] Joyf nfu]kl5 uf]7sf] ;6\6f 3/sf] 5'6\6} sf]7fdf /flvg] ul/g5. g;{ tyf c:ktfndf sf]xlsf]xln] ;'Ts]/L u/fpg klg upsf 5g\. gjhft lzz'nfo{ clxn] ;fa'gn] /fd /L g'xfo ahf/sf] Gofgf] sdandf /flvg5. 5}7Lsf] lbg dfos ahfo{ gfrufg ug] { rng klg ljsf; x' Fb} upsf] Ps hfgsf/ atfpf5g\. of] ;x/ls/0f, k ljlwsf] sf/0fn] epsf] egl Ps pq/bftfn] atfp. s;} s;}n] lxgb" k efjn] P3f/ lbgdf Gjf/fg ug] { / a fxd0f k'/f]lxt k of]u ug{ yfn]sf klg 5g\. a'9fkfsf dlxnfn] arrfsf] gfd /flvlbg] rngdf s]xl sdl eo} Hof]ltifL jf afx'gn] g} gfd h'/folbg] rng 5. arrfsf] df}lns gfd /fvg] k/dk/f eg] 36\b} upsf] 5. clxn] cfw'lgstfsf] k efj / cg's/0f u/l cfw'lgs gfd /fvg] rng 5. ;'Ts]/LnfO{ dfot /fvg nfg] rng sfod} 5 t/ vfgkfgdf eg] h]/l, u' Fbkfs, ld7fo{ vfg] rng klg rntl cfpg yfn]sf] 5. eftvjfodf arrfsf nflu afnl3/] bdfo{ +n] g} n'uf l;nfpg] rng sd x' Fb} upsf] 5. /]l8d]8 ahf/sf] n'ufsf] k rng / pkxf/x klg sk8f, arrfsf] v]nf}gf Nofpg] rng la:tf/} cfpsf] / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

29 o;sf] sf/0f af/] ;f]wbf ;x/ls/0fsf] k efj / d"n ynf]af6 a;fof ;/L cfpsfn] xf] egl :jlsfb{5g\. clxn] afx'g, If]qL / cgo ;dfhsf] ;Dks{n] ubf{ pglx sf] ;+:sf/ / k/dk/fsf] cg's/0f ub} { / lxgb" wd{sf] k efjn] ubf{ eftvjfodf a fxd0f af]nfo{ k'/f]lxts} cg';f/ u/fpg] / lgdtfn'nfo{ vfgsf] nflu Jofj;flos Sof6l/ª rnfpg] ul/g5. df}lns vfgfsf] 7fpFdf cfw'lgs k'nfp, df;' cflbn] :yfg lnpsf] 5. Ps pq/bftfsf cg';f/ 5]j/ ubf{ dfdfn] skfn sf6\g] rngdf sdl cfo/x]sf] 5. clxn] dfdfn] sf6]h:tf] u/l xhfd af]nfo{ s6fpg] klg ul/g5. o;sf] sf/0f klg xhfd glhs} kfpg] epsfn] xf] egl Ps d'vo hfgsf/ JolQmn] atfp. d[to' ;+:sf/df klg s]xl kl/jt{g cfo/x]sf] kfog5. nf; p7fpfbf bdfo{n] afhf ahfpg] rng qmlds kdf x/fpfb} upsf] kfog5. km/fp6]sf] e"ldsf klg kl/jt{g x' Fb} upsf] kfog5. sf]xlsf]xln] afx'gs} l;sf] u/l afx lbgdf klg rf]lvg5g\ eg] df}lns k/dk/fdf eg] tlg lbgdf rf]lvg5g\. o;df cfpsf kl/jt{sf sf/s dxœj klg ;x/ls/0f, a;ffo;/fo, afx'g hflt;fusf] ;Dks{ xf] egl pq/bftfx atfpf5g\. lgisif{ g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljlegg hghfltx ljlegg ef}uf]lns If]qdf 5l/P/ a;]sf 5g\. To:t} du/hfltx klg ljlegg, e"uf]ndf a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\. du/hfltsf] vf; u/l klzrdf~rn / dwoklzrdf~rn If]qsf kxf8l e]udf a9l cfafbl lyof] eg] clxn] ljlegg sf/0f / cj;/sf] vf]hldf cfk"mnfo{ kfos kg] { 7fpFdf a;fof;/fo+ u/]sf] kfo{g5. o; cwoog If]qsf du/x klg /f]nkfsf] yjfª, lnjfª /?s'dsf ljlegg ufpfx af6 nufot cgo ufpfx af6 a;fof ;/]/ cfpsf x'g\. a;fof;/fosf] qmddf pglx n] cfˆgf] df}lns hftlo ;+:s[lt klg cfk"m;fu} lnp/ cfp h'g pglx sf] cfˆgf] klxrfg xf]. ;]jf/, aff:af]6df a;fof ;/]/ cfpkl5 ToxfFsf :yfglo 5/l5d]sL;Fu 3'nldn x'gsf] nflu yf]/} dfqfdf ep klg :yfglo k/dk/f, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] k efjdf k/]sf 5g\ t/ klg cfˆgf] df}lns ;+:s[lt klg hf]ufo/fv]sf 5g\. jt{dfg ;dodf cfp/ cwoog If]qsf du/ ;d'bfosf] s]xl ;+:sf/ / k/dk/fdf eg] ljlegg sf/0fn] kl/jt{g epsf] kfog5. t;y{ lxhf]sf] h:tf] hftlo cwoogn] s'g} klg hfthfltsf] cwoog ug{ ;lsfb}g To;sf dln6:6]h hfthftlo cwoog cfjzos 5. hghftlo kl/efiff klg ;do;fu} ablnfb} hfg5 egg] ts{ ug{ ;lsg5. ;Gbe{ ;fdu L g]kfnl u'?ª, g]kfndf hghflt ;d:of / :jfoq zf;gsf] k Zg. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fhosf] k'gm;+/rgf. ;Ltf/fd tfdfª, ;+=, k[=#$& #%*. sf7df8f}f M ;fdgf k sfzg. yfkf, ;dfj]zl nf]stgq / ax';f+:s[lts klxrfgx sf] dfgotf. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fhosf] k'gm;+/rgf. ;Ltf/fd tfdfª, ;+=, k[=!)(!@&. sf7df8f}f M ;fdgf k sfzg. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 29

30 yfkf du/, du/ hfltm Ps P]ltxfl;s k/]vf. nfª\3fnl, jif{!, c+s!. bfxfn, /fi6«k'gm lgdf{0f M ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kl/b[zo. g]kfndf ;+3Lo zf;g k 0ffnL r'gf}tl / cj;/x /fli6«o zflgt cleofg, ;++= k[= ((!#*. a/fn du/, tgx' F / :ofª\hfsf du/x sf] ;+:s[lt. sf7df8f} F M g]kfn /fhslo k 1fk lti7fg. a'9f du/, du/ / duof/ M k'vof}{nlsf] vf]hl. sf7df8f}f M ;lxb nvg yfkf du/ >4f~hnL ;ldlt. nfjtl, pgd'v g]kfn ax';f+:s[lts ;dfhsf nflu ;dfj]zl /fhgllts ;+:yfx. nlntk'/ M cflbjf;l hghflt /fli6«o ptyfg k lti7fg. lji6, ;a} hftsf] k"mnaf/l. sf7df8f}f M ;femf k sfzg. zdf{, xfd f] ;dfh Ps cwoog. sf7df8f}f M ;femf k sfzg. English Bista, Dor Bahadur (1967). People of Nepal. Kathmandu : Ratna Pustak Bhandar. Hagen, Tony Nepal: the Kingdom of the Himalaya. New Delhi : Oxford Publication. Hamilton, F.B An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and of the Teritories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha Reprinted in Bibliotheca Himalayas. Series I, Vol. 10, 1971 and Entroduction by Marc Gaborieau, New Delhi : Manjushree Publishing House. Hitchcock, J.T The Magars of The Banyan Hill. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston. CBS Population Census 2011.Kathmandu: Gon. National Planning Commission,Central Bureau of Statistics. Molnar, A Economic Strategies and Ecological Constraints : Case of the Kham Magar of North West of Nepal. In Anthropological Perspective. Von Furer Haimendorf, ed.,pp New Delhi : Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 30 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

31 g]kfnsf] ;jf{ª\ul0f ljsf;df ;x/ls/0f M ;+lifkt l;+xfjnf]sg 8f= hutk ;fb k/fh'nl ] ;f/ g]kfn kxf8} kxf8sf] b]z xf] clg ufpf g} ufpf ldn]/ ag]sf] d'n's xf] eg]/ Ps kifaf6 ljzn]if0f ubf{ uj{ ug{ ;lspnf t/ cfly{s ;d[l4 lagfsf] xif{ l:y/ / pknlawd"ns x'g ;Sb}g. ljsf;sf ofjt r/0fx k"/f u/]/ v';l, ;'v, ;ljwf Pj+ ;d[l4 k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. To;sf nflu ufpfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f ug' { lgtfgt h?/l x'g hfg5. ufpfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f ug' { eg]sf] ufpfsf] ;x/ls/0f ug' { xf]. lsgls ufpfsf] eljio lgdf{0f To;sf] pgglt / k ultdf lge{/ /xg5. olb ufpfnfo{ k ultkydf cu ;/ u/fpfb} nluof] eg] To;n] ljsf;sf] nflu ult ;dft5 / ;d[l4 xfl;n ug] { dfu{tk{m pgd'v x'g5. oxl ljsf;sf] dfu{af6 g} u fld0f ;Eotfn] ;x/lo ;Eotfdf k j]z kfpf5. cgttm d'n'ssf] ;du ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;x/ls/0f k lqmofn] ;a}egbf k efjsf/l e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5. oxl j:t'lgi6 tyonfo{ o; n]våf/f :ki6 kfg] { hdsf] { ul/psf] 5. ljifo k j]z ufpfsf] ljsf; ahf/ls/0fdf cgt/lglxt x'g5. u fld0f If]qnfO{ ahf/:yn agfpg ;lsof] eg] To;n] ahf/ls/0fsf] :j k k fkt ub{5. To;sf nflu ptkfbg, ptkfbgzlntf / ptkfbstj a9fpg' k5{. ptkfbgn] ahf/sf] vf]hl u5{ M #! %@_ / ahf/ lj:tf/n] ;x/ls/0fsf] dfu{ k z:t ub{5. o;sf] cy{ ufpfsf] ljsf; ahf/df / ahf/sf] ljsf; ;x/df kl/0ft x'g5.to;}n] g]kfnsf] ljsf; ug' { eg]sf] g} ufpfsf] ;x/ls/0f ug' { xf]. To;/L ;x/sf] ljsf; cyf{t\ ;x/ls/0f ubf{ s]gb Ls[t, cjojl:yt tyf clgof]lht lsl;dn] ul/g' x'gg. To;nfO{ ljs]lgb t, Jojl:yt / lgof]lht #!%_ lsl;dn] ljsl;t u/fpg /fhon] of]hgfa4 9ª\uaf6 cxd\ e"ldsf v]ng' kb{5. ljsf;sf k ofkt ;Defjgfx nfo{ b[li6ut u/]/ Odfgbfl/tfsf ;fy ltglx sf] sfof{gjog ubf{ g} d'n'ssf] ;jf{lë0f pgglt ;Dej 5 egg] oyfy{tfnfo{ x[boª\ud u/]/ sfo{qmd th' {df ug' {kb{5. ;x/ls/0f ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ;du df ;x/nfo{ ljsf;sf] clejolqm 7flgG5. ToxfFsf] ptkfbg k 0ffnL, ptkfbgsf] ;fdflhs ] ;xk fwofks, ljefulo k d'v, Oltxf; tyf af}4 cwoog ljefu, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 31

32 ;DaGw, /fhg}lts r]tgf, ;]jf kl/rfng, ljqlo lqmofsnfk, s[lifaf6 u}/s[lif If]qdf /f]huf/lsf] ;+/rgftds kl/jt{g M && **_ h:tf uxg ljifoj:t'x n] ;x/sf] ljsf; k lqmofnfo{ ;3fO/x]sf x'g5g\. To;}u/L k ljlwdf cfwfl/t cf}bf]lus ptkfbg, ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] >d ljefhg, j:t' / ;]jfsf] Jofkf/, ljlgdo k 0ffnL, prr hg3gtj nufot cg]sg ljljwtfx -l;dfo,!((& M #!@_ ;x/sf k d'v ljz]iftfx x'g\. ol ljz]iftfx s} cfwf/df ;x/sf] ;Eotfsf] kl/ro v'n5 -hf]zl, / ;x/lof ;Eotfsf] dfkb08 klg ltg} ljlzi6 kif;fu cgt/;dalgwt x'g5g\ cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s ljsf;sf cfofdx -/fdrgbg,!(*( g} ;x/ls/0fsf] dfkb08 agg k'ub5g\. g]kfndf ;x/ls/0fsf] ljsf;qmd g]kfndf;x/x sf] ceo'bo cyf{t\ ljsf; lnr5ljsfnb]lv ;'? epsf] dflgg5. ls/ftsfnsf] af/]df olsg u/]/ pnn]v ug{ ; f]t tyf ;fdu Lx sf] lgtfgt cefj v8\lsg5. lnr5ljsfndf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ pq/ / blif0ftk{msf -/]UdL,!(&* b'j} b]zx ;Fu /fd /L ;~rfng epsf] lyof]. ltaatl If]qdf g]kfnl Jofkf/Lx sf] Ps5q /fh g} lyof]. To;}n] pqm ;dob]lv g} sf7df8f} F pktosfleq ;x/x sf] ljsf; eo;s]sf] lyof]. dwosfndf pktosf b'j} b]zsf] Jofkfl/s dfu{ / s]gb agg upsf]n] To;sf] cf;kf;sf dxœjk"0f{ If]qx df Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkx Jofks kdf x'g] u/]sf] lyof]. sllt{k'/, g'jfsf]6, bf]nvf, ag]kf, w'lnv]n h:tf Jofkfl/s s]gb x ;x/f]gd'v ahf/:yn agg k'u]sf lyp. dwo]sfnsf] pq/f4{lt/ afo;] rf}la;] /fhosf b +ux, /fhwfgl tyf u9 jf lsnnfx (Fort) ahf/ tyf ;x/sf] -zfx,!((& M!$!!^$_ kdf ljsl;t eo/x]sf lyp. tl If]qx ;fdl/s dxœj / Jofkfl/s s]gb b'j} p2]zosf nflu k o'qm x'g] u/]sf lyp. kxf8tk{msf tl lsnnfx sf] ;DaGw lgs6jtl{ ef/tlo ;LdfGt If]qsf Jofkfl/s s]gb x ;Fu klg sfod lyof]. cnu cnu /fhosf Jofkfl/s gfsfx df ;d]t Jofkfl/s ultljlwdf ttsfnlg Joj;foLx M ^@ ^%_ ;+nug epsf b[i6fgtx kfog5g\. Pp6f /fhosf sfnlu9x csf] { /fhodf up/ l;k / s'zntfsf] lj:tf/ ug] {, l;k cfbfg k bfg ug] { / ;Dej x' Fbf afxo d'n'sdf klg l;k tyf snfsfl/tfsf] lj:tf/ ug] { sfo{df ceo:t/t lyp. jf:tjdf dwosfnlg ;dodf pktosf ;d[4 / zlqmzfnl ;x/ alg;s]sf] lyof]. pktofsfdf ag]sf x:tsnfsf ;fdu Lx, wft'sfnsf cg]sf} F pks/0fx, j:qsnfsf pts[i6 gd"gfx ef/tsf Jofkfl/s s]gb / ltaat, Nxf;fsf Jofkfl/s If]qdf /fd f] dfusf ;fy laqml x'gy]. h;af6 pktosfleqsf ;x/x n] 7"nf] nfe sdfpsf lyp / ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;kmn epsf lyp. ;d[l4n] ToxfFsf] ;+:s[ltnfo{ hu]gf{ u/]sf] lyof]. ToxfFsf] nlntsnfsf k To]s ljwfdf pgglt eo/x]sf] lyof]. eld;]g yfkfn] pktosfleqsf ;x/x nfo{ Jojl:yt t'nofpg Wofg -emf, lbpsf lyp. pktosfleqsf] ef}lts ;d[l4n] g} k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxnfo{ cfslif{t u/]sf] lyof]. uf]/vfsf] ul/al / sf7df8f} F pktosfsf] cfly{s j}ejsf] t'ngf u/]/ g} pgn] uf]/vfsf] g]t[tjdf /fholj:tf/ cleofg cufl8 a9fpsf lyp. h'g kl5 up/ g]kfn PsLs/0f -kf]v/]n, sf] kdf kl/0ft eof]. pqm cleofg k f/de ubf{ Jofkfl/s gfsfx nfo{ g} nlift u/]/ cfqmd0f ug{ nufpsf lyp. pgsf] o'4 /0fgLltdf cfly{s gfsfagblsf] gllt Hofb} k efjsf/l ;fljt epsf] lyof]. 32 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

33 cfk"m cfly{s kdf ;jn agg], zq' kifnfo{ sdfhf]/ agfpfb} hfg] / cgtdf ef}uf]lns Pj+ cfly{s 3]/faGbLdf kf/]/ lgogq0fdf lng] k lqmof ;kmn klg epsf] lyof]. k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxn] /fholj:tf/ cleofg ;~rfng u/]/ pktosfleqsf tlgj6} /fhodf clwsf/ sfod u/]. pktosfsf] blif0fl dfu{df kg] { dsjfgk'/ klg PsLs[t eof]. k"j{tk{msf rf}b08l Pj+ ljhok'/ /fho;d]t PsLs[t ep. sflgtk'/ /fho ljho ug] { ljlqs} g'jfsf]6af6 /fhwfgl ToxfF :yfgfgt/0f u/]. o; a]nf;dddf pktosfleqsf ;x/x cem zlqmzfnl agg k'u]sf lyp. o;n] ubf{ pktosfleqsf ;x/x df afxo If]qaf6 dflg;x a;fo{ ;/fo{ u/]/ cfpg] qmd lgs} a9]/ uof]. a;fof;/fo cfk}mdf ;d:of xf]og, -jh $(_ a? ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf] k of; xf]. of] k lqmofn] pktosfleqsf ;x/x df hg;ª\vof a9\of] eg] ljlegg If]qsf k ltefjfg dflg;x sf] cfudgn] ubf{ ;]jfsf If]qdf ljljwls/0fsf] dfxf}n ;[hgf eof].;x/n] u'0fftdstf tk{m k lji6 -zdf{,!(*( M!($_ x'g] df}sf kfof]. o;n] /f]huf/lsf] If]q, Jofkf/, Joj;fo, pbf]u wgbf, snf sf}zn, efiff ;flxto, wd{ ;+:s[lt h:tf ;a} If]qdf ;sf/ftds k efj kf of]. /f0ffsfndf pktosfn] cfw'lgsls/0ftk{m k j]z kfof]. /f0ff zf;gsf ;"qwf/ hª\uaxfb'/ / f0ffn] Ps jif{egbf a9l ;do a]nfot nufot o'/f]k]nl d'n'sx sf] e d0f ubf{ klzrd]nl b]zx n] u/]sf] t/sslsf af/]df /fd /L dgg\ ug] { df}sf kfp. pgn] :jb]z kms{g] lalqs} d'n'ssf] ;d;fdlos kifdfly ;'wf/ Nofpg] cg]sg k otg klg u/]. ;f]xl qmddf pktosfleqsf ;x/, ;x/f]gd'v Onfsf Pj+ ahf/ :ynx nfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ / ltglx sf] ljsf;, lgdf{0f tyf k'/:sf/ uig{ -bllift, M!@(_ of]hgf agfp. ejg lgdf{0f / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf qmddf sfo{ljlw agfp. af6f]3f6f], ;8s, k'nk'n];f, sfof{no, ;fj{hlgs :yn, kf6lkf}jf, wd{zfnf, vfg]kfgl, /fhs'nf] -P]hg,!#@_, cflb agfpg Wofg lbp. pgl kl5sf /f0ff k wfgdgqlx n] cf cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf s]xl g s]xl ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x u/]/ cfˆgf] sllt{ Pj+ oz k}mnfpg sf]l;; u/]. 7"nf 7"nf b/af/x ag], af6f]3f6f] agof], sfof{no ejg, ljbfno lgdf{0f ep. vfg]kfglsf] k agw eof]. 306f3/, jl/ c:ktfn, b/af/ :s'n, lqrgb sn]h nufotsf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf ;]jfd"ns -k ;fb,!(&% cyf{t\ ;]jfk bfos ;+3 ;+:yf tyf lgsfox :yfkgf ep. kmlk{ª Pj+ ;'Gb/Lhnaf6 lah'nl ptkfbg eo{ ;x/leq dflg;x n] phofnf] k sfzsf] gjlg cg'ej ug{ kfp. /f0ffsfndf j}b]lzs ;fdu Lx sf] pkof]u oy]i6 dfqfdf a9]sf] lyof]. ef/tlo ahf/df o'/f]lkog ;fdfg k r'/ dfqfdf kfogyof]. tl dwo] sltko ;fdu Ln] g]kfndf klg cfˆgf] ahf/ kfof]. /f0ffkl/jf/, pglx sf gftfuf]tf, prr k zf;s, ;De fgt JolQmx / ef/tdf cwoog cg'zlngdf upsf g]kfnl ljbfyl{x n] klg To:tf ljb]zl ;fdfgsf] pkof]u ub{y]. of] k j[lqn] ubf{ g]kfnsf ttsfnlg :yfglo 3/]n' pbf]ux w/f;fol x'g k'u]. /f0ffsfnsf] pq/f4{df g]kfnsf kxf8l If]qsf k zf;lgs s]gb, ahf/:yn tyf ;fdl/s dxœj epsf ;}lgs uf} F8f jf ;]gfsf] u'nd -Post_ epsf 7fpFdf ;x/sf] ljsf; epsf] lyof]. To:tf 7fpFx Jofkfl/s dfu{ (trading post enrout) sf] kdf ljz]if k l;4 lyp. ltglx df d'vo u/]/ kfnkf -tfg;]g_, kf]v/f, algbk'/, ag]kf, w'lnv]n, wgs'6f, r}gk'/, bf]nvf, l;nu9l, 8f]6L cflb lyp. ol ;x/x /f0ffsfnlg k zf;lgs Joj:yfsf k d'v c+usf] -j}b / kdf klg lyp. tl dwo] sltko 7fpF uf} F8f uf]zjf/fsf] kdf ;ª\ul7t lyp. tyflk ;f] Onfsfx kxf8lif]q Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 33

34 / t/fo{tk{ms} Jofkfl/s dfu{;fu hf]l8psf lyp / Jofkfl/s ;~hfndf cfa4 klg epsf lyp. g]kfndf ;x/ls/0fsf d'vo cfwf/x g]kfndf ;x/ls/0fsf] h'g cjl:ylt 5 To;nfO{ d'vo u/]/ % lsl;ddf jul{s[t ug{ ;lsg5. -s_ /fhg}lts, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts s]gb sf] kdf pktosf leqsf ;x/x. -v_ ef/tlo ;LdfjtL{ lgs6:y e"jgb/ufx / Jofkfl/s cf}bf]lus s]gb sf] kdf lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, jl/u~h, e}/xjf, g]kfnu~h, wgu9l cflb. -u_ kxf8lif]q k j]z gfsfdf cjl:yt t/fo{ / leqldw];sf ;x/x h:t} w/fg, x]6f} F8f, e/tk'/, a'6jn, 3f]/fxL, t'n;lk'/ cflb. -3_ k"j{ klzrd tyf pq/ blif0f /fhdfu{n] :kz{ u/]sf ahf/:ynx qmlds kdf ;x/ls/0fsf] :j kdf plbodfg 5g\. ltglx df bds, d]rlgu/, O6x/L, Og?jf, nfxfg, dx]gb gu/, jflnë, :ofªhf, Jof;gu/ cflb kb{5g\. o:tf ahf/:ynx ;of} Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf 5g\. -ª_ kxf8sf k fb]lzs k zf;slo Onfsf / ljsf;sf s]gb x h:t} kf]v/f, wgs'6f, kfnkf, jl/]gb gu/, lbkfon cflb o; sf]6ldf kg] { ;x/x x'g\. kf]v/f ol dwo] /fd /L ljsl;t x'g k'u]sf] s'/f k fb]lzs ;]jf s]gb agg ;kmn epsf] sf/0fn] g} xf]. k"j{df lj/f6gu/ w/fg, dwodf jl/u~h x]6f}f8f e/tk'/ sf7df8f}f, klzrddf l;4fy{gu/ a'6jn kf]v/f g]kfnsf] ;x/ls/0fsf k fb]lzs d]?b08sf -e08f/l,!((^ M $#_ kdf b]lvg5g\. dwoklzrd / ;'b'/klzrddf o:tf] lsl;dsf] ;x/ls/0fsf] ljsf; k lqmof ljsl;t x'g affsl g} /x]sf] b]lvg5. o;/l ;x/sf] ljsf;df ;8sdfu{n] d"n kdf k efj kf/]sf] b]lvg5. ljqlo n]gb]g, ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ;3gtf / ljlzi6tfsf] b[li6n] sf7df8f} F ;x/sf] ;jf] {kl/ :yfg M %^_ x'g' :jfefljs} xf]. o;n] k fb]lzs ljsf;sf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ lgs} c;/ k' ofpsf] k :6 x'g5. g]kfnsf 7"nf / ;fk]lift b[li6n] k'/fgf ;x/x sf] d'vo cfly{s cfwf/ Jofkf/, ljqlo sf/f]jf/, Joj;flostf / JolQmut Pj+ ;fd'bflos ;]jf -x]/n8,!(&( g} xf]. o:tf!$ j6f ;x/x df sf7df8f}f, lj/f6gu/, nlntk'/, g]kfnu~h, l;4fy{gu/, jl/u~h, a'6jn, kf]v/f, w/fg, x]6f}f8f / hgsk'/ kb{5g\. ol ;x/x df %) k ltzt egbf a9l ;lqmo hgzlqm Jofkf/ / ;]jfdf ;+nug epsf] b]lvg5. cfbz{ ;x/ lgdf{0fsf dfkb08x g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfbz{ ;x/ agg ;a} hft, hflt, wd{, efiffefifl tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ax'ntf epsf] / ldl>t lsl;dsf] a;f]af; epsf] 7fpF hxff!%,))) ;Dd hg;ª\vof /x]sf] xf];, To;nfO{ cfbz{ ;x/sf] sf]6ldf /fvg ;lsg5. To:t} cjl:yltsf lx;fjn] pj{/ k efj If]q, kxf8l pktosf, ko{6slo dxœj, jftfj/0flo cg's"ntf, d'vo /fhdfu{sf] ;~hfn, -k6gfs/,!(*! M!^&_ ljb't, ;~rf/, 9n lgsf;, kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg ;lxt cgo ctofjzos k"jf{wf/ epsf] / lglb{i6 e"pkof]u of]hgfdf cfwfl/t a:tl klg cfbz{ ;x/sf lgldq pko'qm 7flgG5. To;sf ;fy} cfly{s tyf Joj;flos cfwf/x df t'ngftds kdf kmfobf k' ofpg] ;fgf tyf demf}nf pbf]u, s[lifhgo k zf]wg pbf]u, ko{6g pbf]u / ;]jfx, ljqlo sf/f]af/ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfx, :s'n, 34 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

35 sn]h, dxfljbfno h:tf ;+:yfx cflbsf] ljlzi6 pkl:yltn] klg cfbz{ ;x/ agg -l;hfklt, ;xof]u pknaw x'g5. o;sf cltl/qm ;j{;'ne clgjfo{ k fylds 1fg, ;d'bfodf s]lgb t ;'ne k fylds :jf:yo ;]jf / c:ktfnx, ljs]gb Ls/0f, ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; of]hgf cfof]hgf, -pk ]tl, ef}lts lgdf{0fsf dfkb08 :yfkgf, cfly{s ; f]tx sf] kl/rfng, ax';+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{tk{m pgd'v :yfgnfo{ cfbz{ ;x/sf] kdf -lu/l, ljsl;t ug{ ;lsg5. t/ /f0ffsfnlg ;dodf cfbz{ ;x/ lgdf{0fsf d"ne"t zt{ tyf cfwf/x nfo{ Wofg lbp/ ;x/ls/0f ul/psf] lypg. ljgf of]hgf, gllt / sfo{qmd tl ;x/x ag]sf lyp. csf] {lt/ ;x/leqsf] zflgt, ;'/Iff, k b"if0f, c/fhstf, uugr'dal dxnx sf] lgdf{0f -uf}td, b'jo{;g h:tf -->]i7, v/fa kifn] ;x/sf] ;'Gb/ kifnfo{ Jojwfg k' ofo/x]sf] klg b]lvg5. g]kfnsf] t/fo{if]q ;x/ls/0fsf] ;a}egbf pko'qm :yfg xf]. k"jf{wf/x ljsf; u/]/ of]hgfa4 9ª\uaf6 ;x/x sf] ljsf; k lqmof cufl8 a9fpfbf o;n] d'n'ssf] ;d;fdlos ;a} If]qdf ;sf/ftds kl/jt{g -vgfn, Nofpg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 t/ /f0ffsfndf of]hgfa4, Jojl:yt, ;ª\ul7t, lgof]lht lsl;dn] ;x/x sf] ljsf; epsf] lypg. /]n oftfoft ;]jf lj=;+=!($& sf] bzs / lj=;+=!(^& sf] bzsdf ef/tsf] pq/ k b]z tyf ljxf/ k b]zdf Oª\lUn; O:6 OlG8of sdkglsf] ;+of]hgdf la 6]gsf] cfly{s nufgldf /]n oftfoft ;]jfsf] clwstd lj:tf/ eof]. ;Dk"0f{ ef/t jif{df pqm /]n oftfoft M ^*_ ;]jfsf] ;~hfn ljsl;t eof]. cª\u ]hx sf] of] sbd ttsfnlg ;dosf] ;a}egbf b"/ufdl, pknlawk"0f{, kl/0ffd'vl / :yfol k s[ltsf] uxg sbd lyof]. o;n] g]kfnsf] t/fo{if]qdf ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf cf} FNofOlbof]. /f0ffzf;gsf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} cª\u ]hx ;Fu /f0ffk zf;sx sf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod epsf] lyof]. of] ;DaGw ef/t :jtgq gep;dd lg/gt/ rln/xof]. ;'uf}nl ;lgwsf] zt{n] cª\u ]h k ltlglwnfo{ g]kfnsf] b/af/df lelqg] cj;/ k fkt eo;s]sf] lyof] eg] /f0ffzf;gsfndf pglx n] g]kfnsf] /fhglltdf k ToIf k efj kfg] { df}sf kfp. /f0ff prr k zf;sx n] cª\u ]h /fhb"t tyf k ltlglwx nfo{ ljgf /f]s6f]s :jtgq kdf g]kfnsf] cfgtl/s dfdnfdf x:tif]k ug{ ;Sg] kl/j]z pknaw u/fp. ef/tdf /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f ubf{ g]kfnsf] t/fo{sf] hª\unaf6 czn hftsf sf7x cª\u ]hx n] Go"g d"nodf k fkt u/]. /f0ff k wfgdgqlx n] cª\u ]hnfo{ v';l kfg{ s'g} s;/ affsl /fv]gg\. t/fo{sf] h+un g/fd /L km8fgl eof]. ef/tsf ljlegg k b]zx sf /]ndfu{sf lnux df -k6/l_ g]kfnsf] t/fo{af6 nlupsf ;v'jfsf caan sf7x -l:snh,!(&& M!(!_ k of]u ep. tl c;n hftsf sf7x ef/t n}hfbf sdkgln] g]kfn ef/t ;Ldf gfsf;dd dfnjfxs /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f u of] / pqm dfu{af6 sf7kftx ef/t leœofof]. o;/l g]kfnsf] ;Ldf;Dd /]ndfu{n] :kz{ u/]sf] ljifon] /f0ff k wfgdgql rgb zdz]/nfo{ g]kfndf klg /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f ug] { ;f]r ljsl;t eof]. pgn] jl/ughsf] /S;f}nb]lv cdn]vugh;dd /]n oftfoft ;]jf k f/de u/]. o;n] jl/u~hsf] ;x/ls/0fdf k efjsf/l of]ubfg lbof].to;}u/l h'4zdz]/sf] k wfgdgqltjsfndf hgsk'/ hogu/ /]n;]jf k f/de u/]/ hgsk'/sf] ljsf; k lqmofnfo{ ;3fP. To;}u/L cª\u ]hx n] ef/tsf] kmf/la;ugh;dd dfq /]n;]jf Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 35

36 ;~rfng u/]sf]df lj/f6gu/sf k+= s[i0fk ;fb sf]o/fnfsf] cu'jfodf xg'dfgbf; >]i7, u'ghdfg dnn nufotsf ljsf;k ]dl JolQmx sf] kxnaf6 pqm /]ndfu{nfo{ kmf/lj;ughaf6 hf]ujgl gfsf;dd hf]8\g] s'/fdf cª\u ]hx nfo{ ;xdt u/fp. kmn:j k g]kfnugh PS:6]G;gsf] gfdaf6 lj/f6gu/sf] ;LdfjtL{ gfsf hf]ujgl;dd M ^%_ ef/tlo /]n;]jf ;'rf? eof]. To;a]nf lj/f6gu/nfo{ g]kfnu~h egg] ul/psf] lyof]. pqm /]ndfu{n] lj/f6gu/sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;3fof] / ;x/ls/0fsf] lgldq kmnbfol e"ldsf v]nof]. o;/l ;dliff ubf{ s] b]lvg5 eg] g]kfnsf] t/fo{if]qdf ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/psf] x'gfn] pqm ;8s ;~hfn;fu hf]l8psf ;LdfjtL{ gfsfsf u fld0f If]qx ahf/sf] kdf ljsl;t ep. ltg} ahf/if]qx qmlds kdf ;x/f]gd'v eo{ ;xl/o ;Deotfdf plbodfg x'g k'u]. o;/l g]kfnsf] t/fo{if]qsf dxœjk"0f{ :yfgx lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, jl/u~h tyf g]kfnughsf] ljsf; k lqmofdf ef/t Pj+ g]kfnsf] /]ndfu{ lj:tf/ sfo{n] tl If]qx cem u'nhf/ x'g ;Dej eof] h;n] tl If]qx df ;x/ls/0f ug{ yk d2t k' ofof]. cfly{s kifdf ljljwls/0f g]kfn tyf ef/tlo ;LdfGt gfsfx /]ndfu{ tyf ;8sdfu{sf] ;~hfndf hf]l8pkl5 t/fo{sf ;fgfltgf ahf/ If]qx df cfly{s ultljlw tyf lqmofsnfk tlj kdf a9\g uof]. ;'?df s[lif pkh;fu ;DalGwt Jofkfl/s ;fdu Lx sf] j;f/ k;f/ a9\of] eg] /f0ffsfnsf] pq/f4{lt/ cf}bf]lus ptkfbgsf ;fdfgx cf];f/ k;f/ x'g yfn]. ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x ;8saf6} lxf8\5g\ egg] plqm rl/tfy{ eof]. ;x/ls/0fnfo{ ;3fpg] w]/} sf/0fx dwo] ;8s ;~hfn klg Pp6f ;xfos sf/0f ag]sf] s'/f k :6 x'g5. o;n] cf}bf]lus k lti7fg hgdfof] eg] pbf]uaf6 ptkflbt j:t'x sf] ahf/ tnf; ub} { Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ tlj tfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fof]. kmn:j k lj/f6gu/ g]kfnsf] k d'v cf}bf]lus ;x/ agg k'uof] eg] hgsk'/ dxœjk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] ljlzi6 ;x/ -s0f{,!(*$ M &(_ agg'sf ;fy} Jofkfl/s k lti7fgsf If]qdf o;sf] :yfg dfly psfl;of]. To;}u/L jl/u~h Jofkfl/s b[li6n] ;a} egbf pts[i6 :yfg ;fljt eof] eg] cf}bf]lus pggltdf ;d]t o;n] ;'/lift :yfg sfod u of]. cfly{s ljljwls/0faf6 hljg k4ltnfo{ ;an t'nofpg o;n] of]ubfg lbof]. ljlegg kifaf6 ;x/x sf] ljsf; x' Fb} ubf{ tl ;x/x df ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; eg] -bfxfn, ck]iff u/]cg' k k ult x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvfb}g. lj=;+=!(*) -O=!(@#_ sf] g]kfn a]nfot d}ql ;lgw g]kfnsf] ljlegg If]qsf ;x/f]gd'v ahf/ Onfsfx nfo{ ;x/sf] kdf ljsl;t ug{ / ;x/ls/0fsf] kdf klxrfg a9fo;s]sf 7fpFx nfo{ cem ;'b[9, Jojl:yt, ;ª\ul7t ug{ / cfly{s lqmofsnfkx cem lj:t[t u/fpg lj=;+=!(*) df g]kfn / a]nfotsf lardf epsf] æd}ql ;lgwæ n] ;sf/ftds of]ubfg lbpsf] lyof]. o; ;lgwn] g]kfn ef/tsf] Jofkf/ k 0ffnLnfO{ ;xh, ;/n / lj:t[t agfpg d2t k' ofof]. a]nfot nufot o'/f]ksf ljlegg b]zdf ag]sf pkef]uo ;fdfgx ef/tsf] Jofkfl/s s]gb x df Jofks dfqfdf lylu g] ub{yof]. tl ;fdu Lx nfo{ g]kfnsf Jofkfl/s s]gb x df ;xh} cfoft u/]/ a]rlavg ug{ yflnof]. s]xl cª\u ]h, ef/tlo tyf g]kfnl Jofkf/Lx n] g]kfnsf] af6f] ep/ ltaattk{msf] dwo:y Jofkf/;d]t a9fpsf lyp. o; lsl;dsf] Jofkfl/s 36 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

37 lqmofsnfkn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ultljlwdf -9sfn,!((% M (&_ tlj tf NofPsf] lyof]. o;/l Jofkfl/s, cf}bf]lus ljsf; nufot ;x/ls/0fsf k"jf{wf/x sf] pgglt u/fpg ljqlo sf/f]jf/sf ofjt\ ljifox n] ;3fPsf] ;Gbe{ k :6};Fu emlnsp klg d'n'ssf] k/lge{/tf a9fpsf] lyof]. :yfglo n3' pbf]u, s'l6/ pbf]u, x:tsnfsf tyf wft'snfsf] If]qnfO{ o;n] g/fd /L Jojwfg v8f ul/lbpsf] lyof]. /f0ffsfnsf] k"jf{4{df g]kfn ef/t j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 k z:t nfe p7fpsf] d'n'snfo{ pq/f4{df cfok'ubf 7"nf] gf]s;fg Joxf]g' { k/]sf] lyof]. oxl sf/0fn] h'4zdz]/ /f0ffn] :jb]zl pbf]uwgbfsf] ljsf; k lqmofnfo{ k >o lbpsf lyp. # j6f s[lif tyf cf}bf]lus k bz{gldf :jb]zl ptkfbgsf ;fdu Lx k bz{gdf /fvg k ]/0ff lbg' / cfk}m klg :jb]zl ptkfbgsf ;fdu L pkof]udf ljzj:t epsf] cledt k s6 ul/g'n] pgsf] /fli6«o cf}bf]lus glltk ltsf] b[li6sf]0f k i6 x'g5. ljzjsf x/]s /fi6«df cfbz{ ;x/ lgdf{0f ug{ cfjzos Go"gtd k"jf{wf/x sf] :t/ cyf{t\ ;x/dfkg ug] { k"jf{wf/sf zt{x lgwf{/0f ul/psf x'g5g\. tl b]zx df ;x/ ljsf;sf cfjzos k lqmof, zt{, of]hgf, sfo{qmd k"/f u/]/dfq gu/lgdf{0f ug] { ul/psf] kfog5. l5d]sl b]z ef/tdf klg hg;ª\vof, hg;ª\vofsf] 3gTj, hf]l8psf] a:tl, -hf]zl, ;+/rgf cflbnfo{ ;x/ lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ dfgg] u/]sf] kfog5. ljzjdf ;d]t ol cfwf/x k"j{zt{sf] kdf :jlsfl/psf] b]lvg5. t/ /f0ffsfnlg g]kfndf hlt klg ;x/x gfdf+lst ep To;df ol dflysf cfwf/x s'g}nfo{ klg b[li6ut u/]/ ;x/ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] kfofb}g.pqm ;dodf cyf{t\ /f0ffsfndf $ k6s;dd hgu0fgf ;DkGg epsf] lyof].lj=;+=!(^*,!(&&,!(*& /!((* df epsf hgu0fgfx df hg;ª\vofsf] s'nof]udfq kqf nufpg vf]h] h:t} u/l hgu0fgf u/]sf] b]lvg5. lj=;+=!(^* df pnn]v epsf] hg;ª\vofdf lj=;+=!(&& df )=!# k ltztn] ;ª\Vof 36]sf] tyofª\s b]vfopsf] kfog5 eg] lj=;+=!(*& hgu0fgfdf )=)& k ltztn] ;ª\Vof 36]sf] ljj/0f pnn]v epsf] kfog5. lj=;+=!((* sf] hgu0fgfdf!=!^ k ltztn] hg;ª\vof a9]sf] b]lvg5 O= df b'o{ r/0fdf ;DkGg epsf] hgu0fgfdf g]kfnsf] k ltztn] a9]sf] cffs8f sf] hgu0fgf ubf{ s]xl xb;dd j}1flgs k4lt ckgfp/ pqm sfo{ ;DkGg epsf] lyof]. pqm hgu0fgfdf g]kfndf hddfhddl!) j6f ;x/x sf] ;ª\Vof pnn]v ul/psf] lyof]. tl dwo] lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/ / jl/ugh klg ;x/x sf] ;"rldf k/]sf lyp. sf] ;x/ lgdf{0f sfo{ljlw df ;x/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjzos k lqmof / sfo{ljlw th' {df ul/of]. %))) hg;ª\vof epsf] ;x/l jftfj/0f h:t} xfo{ :s'n, sn]h, cbfnt, k zf;lgs lgsfo, ahf/ :yn, ;~rf/ ;'ljwf, ldn, sf/vfgf cflbsf] cfjzostf gu/ ljsf;sf] lgldq Go"gtd k"jf{wf/sf] ->]i7,!(*! M!^$_ kdf tf]lspsf] lyof]. kl5 %))) hg;ª\vofnfo{ a9fp/!),))) agfoof]. t/ sf] hgu0fgf x' Fbf Onfd, eb k'/, /fhlj/fh / tfg;]g ;x/df hg;ª\vof!),))) gepsf] x'gfn] df lgod ;+zf]wg u/l ())) hg;ª\vof ep klg ;x/ agg ;Sg] Joj:yf eof]. ;fndf sfg'gl k lqmofx th' {df ep. kxf8tk{m!),))) hg;ª\vof / % nfvsf] jflif{s cfo x'g' kg] {, hg;ª\vof / %) nfvsf] jflif{s cfo x'g' kg] {, pkdxfgu/kflnsf x'g! nfv hg;ª\vof /!) s/f]8 jflif{s cfo x'g' kg] { / dxfgu/kflnsf x'g # nfv hg;ª\vof / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 37

38 F $) s/f]8 jflif{s cfo x'g' kg] { lgod agfoof]. jf:tjdf kl5nnf] ;dodf ag]sf sfg'g, of]hgf / sfo{ljlwx klg cfk}mdf k ofkt 5}gg\. dxfgu/kflnsf agg tf]lspsf] hg;ª\vofegbf w]/} u'0ff a9l hg;ª\vof sf7df8f} Fdf a;f]af; u/]sf] kfog5 eg] jflif{s cfo klg $) s/f]8egbf w]/} u'0ff a9l cfdbfgl dxfgu/kflnsfn] ub} { cfpsf] b]lvg5. s[lif ptkfbg sd x'g] cyf{t\ ;Lldt s[lif ptkfbg Ifdtf, u}/s[lif cfly{s cj;/sf] sdl, b'?x oftfoft ;'ljwf, ;8s ;~hfnsf] cefj, ;]jfsf If]qx sf] ck ofkttf tyf :t/xlgtf, of]hgfljxlg a:tl lj:tf/, cjojl:yt ejg lgdf{0f, -uf}td, jftfj/0flo k b"if0f, e"ldsf] clgof]lht bf]xg / cltqmd0f, Joj:yfkgsf] csd{0otf / bl3{sfnlg ;f]rsf] k"0f{tof cefj h:tf sdl sdhf]/ln] ;x/x sf] ljsf; k lqmofnfo{ cj?4 ul//x]sf] / k lts"n c;/ -lwtfn, k' ofo/x]sf] b]lvg5. ol dflysf ;d:ofx /f0ffsfnb]lv g} y'lk Fb} cfpsf 5g\. To;a]nf hg;ª\vofsf] sdl, k ljlwsf] pkof]usf] sdln] ubf{ ;d:of ljs/fn ag]sf lypgg\ \ t/ kl5nnf lbgx df ;d:ofn] ljs/fn k lnpsf] kfog5. kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg gx' Fbf ;x/af;ln] k b"if0fsf] df/ t'?gt} v]kg' k5{. of] sl7gfo xktf lbg nldag] xf] eg] ;x/ dxfdf/lsf] k sf]ksf] rk]6fdf kg] { x'g ;S5. t/fo{sf k d'v tlg ;x/x /f0ffsfndf ;x/sf] gfdaf6 lje"lift lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/ / jl/u~h ;x/x sf7df8f} pktosfegbf 6f9f /x]sf t/fo{ k b]zsf dxœjk"0f{ ;x/x x'g\. ol tlgj6} ;x/x n] P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} /fhg}lts cl:y/tf, ljjfb, o'4 km;fb, cfgtl/s / afxo cfqmd0fsf] l;sf/ x'g'k of]. gfdf+lst gx' Fb} / To;kl5sf lbgx df klg ;d:ofx e]mn]/ ttsfnlg :yfglo dflg;x n] ol If]qx sf] :yflotjsf nflu 86]/ d'sfljnf u/]. ljlegg j+zsf zf;s, /fhf, /hf}6fx n] -emf,!(&* M!&!_ ;do ;dodf cf/f]x cj/f]x, cfqmd0f, cl:y/tf tyf ;ª\qmd0fsf] kl/j]znfo{ ;fx;sf ;fy :jlsf/ u/]. hgs j+z, z'ª j+z, cf]ogj/ j+z, u'kt, 7fs'/, ;]g, dnn, zfx cflb j+zsf] zf;g ;Qf sfod epsf] a]nf ol Onfsfx n] lgdf{0f, ljgf; / k'gm lgdf{0fsf] kl/l:yltaf6 u'lh g' k of]. To;df klg uof;'l2g t'unssf] elif0f cfqmd0fdf k/l sltko If]qx n] k/flwgtf :jlsf/ ug{ afwo x'g' k of]. k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxsf] /fho lj:tf/ cleofgn] k"j{tk{msf ljhok'/ /fhosf ;]g j+zl /fhf k/flht epkl5 ljhok'/n] rr]{sf ;a} If]qx PsLs[t ep. df]/ªsf k d'v Onfsf -uf]u fxf cf;kf;sf 7fpFx _ x pqm cleofg cgtu{t ljzfn g]kfnsf] 5ftfd'lg ;dflji6 ep. ptf dsjfgk'/ /fho cgtu{t sfod /x]sf hgsk'/, ldlynf cf;kf;sf If]qx tyf l;d f}gu9n] rr] {sf jf/f k;f{ lhnnf cgtu{tsf uxjf cf;kf;sf Onfsfx h;nfo{ dsjfgk'/sf ;]g /fhfsf] clwg:y lyp, ltglx nfo{ klg k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxn] pqm ljho cleofg cgtu{t ljlht t'nofo{ l;ª\uf] g]kfndf tl Onfsfx ;dflxt ep. ljzfn g]kfndf uflepkl5 ol If]qx sf] ljsf; k lqmof tlj kdf cufl8 a9\of]. /fhg}lts b[li6n] PsLs[t eo;s]kl5sf lemgf dl;gf ljjfbx M $@!_ kf/:kl/s lxt cg's"n ;dfwfg x' Fb} up. /f0ffsfnsf] k f/ldes ljgb'b]lv g} t/fo{sf ol k d'v :yfgx df pglx sf] Wofg lvlrpsf] lyof]. h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] hgsk'/sf] ax';f+:s[lts klxrfgnfo{ hu]gf{ ug{, kf/:kl/s lxt / ;dgjosf nflu ;fdflhs cfrf/;+lxtf g} lgdf{0f u/]sf lyp. pgsf /fgl tyf 5f]/fn] hgsk'/sf d7 38 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

39 dlgb/x df wfld{s ;fdu Lx M &$_ r9fpsf lyp. To;}u/L jl/zdz]/ /f0ffn] a]nfotaf6 k fkt lje"if0fnfo{ :d/0flo agfo{ /fvg uxjf cf;kf;sf If]qx nfo{ ;d]6]/ jl/u~h;x/sf] gfds/0f g} ul/lbpsf lyp. pgn] df]/ªsf] k zf;g ;~rfngfy{ ;'Aaf sfnlbf; sf]o/fnfnfo{ a8fxflsd agfp/ k7fpsf lyp. pgsf] g]t[tjdf df]/ªsf] >Lj[l4 epsf] lyof]. jl/zdz]/n] df]/ªdf kljl/ c:ktfn -k[yjl±jl/_ :yfkgf u/fpsf lyp. kl5 o; If]qdf s]z/zdz]/ /f0ffsf] bf}8fxf x' Fbf :yfglo hgtfn] o;nfo{ lj/f6gu/ gfds/0f ug{ cfu x u/]sf x'gfn] rgb zdz]/ /f0ffsf] :jls[ltsf] pbl{ k'hl{ -P]hg, $#@_ lnp/ ttsfnlg a8fxflsd lhtaxfb'/ vql If]qLsf] ;dodf uf]u fx cf;kf;sf a:tlx nfo{ ;d]6]/ lj/f6gu/ gfdf+lst eof]. rgb zdz]/nfo{ lj/f6gu/ gfds/0f ug{ :yfglo a'h 's tyf o'jfx sf] lgs} 7"nf] cfu x lyof]. o;/l lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/ / jl/u~hn] cfˆgf] gfdsf] klxrfg kfpb]lv ol :yfgx sf] ljsf; k lqmof ultzln /k\mtf/df -e M!!&_ cufl8 a9\of]. /f0ffsfnlg o'usf] pq/f4{df ol ltg} ;x/x cf cfˆgf] ljlzi6tfdf caan b]lvp, pts[i6 7xl/P. lj/f6gu/ pbf]u k wfg ;x/ eof]. jl/ugh Jofkf/ k wfg ;x/sf] kdf kl/lrt eof]. hgsk'/ ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] Vofltk fkt ;x/sf] kdf M!)*_ k l;4 eof]. h'4zdz]/ /f0ff g]kfnsf] cf}bf]lus ljsf;df ;a}egbf cu 0fL e"ldsf v]ng] /f0ff k wfgdgql lyp. pgn] pbf]u kl/ifb\ u7g u/]/ sdkgl sfg'g;d]t th' {df u/l lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, jl/u~h cflb ;x/x df h'6ldn, 6]S;6fon pbf]u, Dofr ˆofS6«L, ;'u/ldn, s]ldsn OG8:6«L, ;fa'g pbf]u, /fo;ldn h:tf dxœjk"0f{ pbf]ux -k ;fb,!(&% :yfkgf ug{ k f]t;flxt u/]. ef/tlo gful/s, g]kfnl gful/s / /f0ffx s} kl/jf/sf JolQmx lx:;f]bf/ ep/ tl k lti7fgx vf]lnpsf lyp. hgsk'/df klg lszf]/l /fo; ldn nufotsf s'6fgl, lk;fgl / k]nfglsf s[lifpkh k zf]wgd'vl ;fgfltgf snsf/vfgfx vf]lnpsf lyp. o;/l ol tlgj6} ;x/x df :yflkt pbf]u wgbfaf6 ptkflbt j:t'x /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o If]qsf Jofkfl/s s]gb x df laqml ljt/0f x'g yfnof]. o;/l lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/ / jl/u~hnfo{ cf}bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s ;x/sf] kdf ljsl;t u/fo{ cfw'lgsls/0f ug] { sfo{df M %^$_ dxœjk"0f{ of]ubfg k' ofopsf] lyof]. lgisif{ g]kfnsf] ;du ljsf;sf nflu ;x/ls/0f ckl/xfo{ 5. ;x/ls/0fn] d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;nfo{ cffsng u5{. cy{tgqsf cfwf/e"t dxœjx sf] ;d'lrt pgglt u/fo{ Joj;flos ljljwls/0fdf k of{kt Wofg k' ofpg ;Sbf o;n] kmnbfol k efj kfb{5. o;sf ;fy} ;x/ lgdf{0f k lqmof s]gb Ls[t, clgolgqt, cjojl:yt, clgof]lht / c;ª\ul7t lsl;dn] cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g. o;nfo{ ljs]lgb t, lgolgqt, Jojl:yt, lgof]lht / ;ª\ul7t tf}/tl/sfaf6 ljsf;sf] dfu{df s]lgb t ul/g' kb{5. zf;slo b[li6n] ;'zf;g sfod ul/g' s'g} klg ;x/sf] :yfglo k zf;gsf] csf] { k fylds kf6f] xf]. /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] :t/af6 klg ;x/sf hgtfsf] :t/, l:ylt / klxrfg sfod x'g5. k zf;lgs k 0ffnL ;d]tnfo{ /fhgllts ;+:sf/sf] txaf6 d"nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg5. g]kfnsf] ;x/ ljsf;sf] Oltxf;df :yfglo hgtfsf] hg;xeflutf ckl/xfo{ cfwf/ dflgg5. s'g} klg ;x/sf] klxrfg ToxfFsf] hgtfsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zn] klg k ltljldjt ub{5.ax'hftlo, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'wfld{s, ax'eflifs hgtfsf] /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, cfe"if0f, vfglkg, ;+:sf/ut k j[lq, Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 39

40 rf8kj{, ofqf hfqf, pt;j h:tf df}lns k/dkl/t ax'cfoflds ljifox n] ToxfFsf] df}h'bf kl/l:yltnfo{ cf}nofpf5. ;dfhsf afl;gbfx sf] ;fdflhsls/0fsf] klxrfgaf6 To; 7fpFsf] u'0fjqf, cfsif{0f, nf]slk otf / k l;l4 a9f]q/l x'g5. ;x/sf] pts[i6tf dfkg ug] { csf] { clgjfo{ ljifo lziff klg xf]. ;j{;'ne z}ifl0fs kl/j]z, ljbfno, dxfljbfno, ljzjljbfnosf] :yfkgf, z}lifs ljljwls/0f, k ljlwsf] k fyldsls/0f / ljsf;, k ljlwo'qm 1fgsf] lj:tf/ h:tf z}lifs cleofgn] ;x/sf] cfsif{0f a9fo/x]sf] x'g5. ;dli6ut kdf pnn]v ug' {kbf{ ;x/sf] u'0fjqf dfkgdf ;d;fdlos kifx sf] ;dfgfgt/ ljsf; k lqmof clgjfo{ zt{ x'g5. ;d;fdlos kif eggfn] /fhg}lts, P]ltxfl;s, k zf;lgs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, z}lifs cflb ;a} kifx sf] ;dfg lsl;dsf] ljsf; k lqmof a'lemg5. ;x/ls/0fnfo{ k efjzfnl / k efjsf/l t'nofpg loglx sf] ;d'lrt ljsf; cfjzos x'g5. ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, hg;ª\vof, ax';+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{, ljljwtfo'qm ;fdflhs kl/j]z, ljqlo Joj;flos cfwf/, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ;j{;'ne z}lifs pgglt, ;]jfd"ns ;+:yfx sf] oyf]lrt lqmofzlntf, kof{j/0flo ;Gt'ngsf ;fy} ko{6slo cfsif{0f Pj+ ;fj{hlgs dgf]ljgf]bftds lgsfosf] :yfkgf h:tf ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df ;x/x sf] :t/f]gglt ub} { ljsf;sf] dfu{ klxnofpg ;lsg5. ;Gbe{;fdu L cgtjf{tf{ pk ]tl, r'8/fh, cgtjf{tf{ k f=8f pk ]tl, lq=lj= ;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ cwoif x'g'x'gyof]. pxff of] sfo{kqsf ljz]if1 x'g'x'g5. lu/l, s]zjfggb, cgtjf{tf{ k f= lu/l, lq=lj=sf cjsfz k fkt k fwoks x'g'x'g5, pxffn] ljlegg cfof]udf ;+nug /x]/ dxœjk"0f{ sfo{ ug'{epsf] 5. pxff of] sfo{kqsf ljz]if1 x'g'x'g5. uf}td, dfwjk ;fb, cgtjf{tf{ k f=8f= uf}td, xfn kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;sf SofDk; k d'vsf] kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'g5. hf]zl, >L/fh, cgtjf{tf{ ;xk f= hf]zl,kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, e"uf]n ljefudf sfo{/t x'g'xg5. pxff xfn k fwofks ;+3, SofDk; OsfO ;ldltsf ;efkltsf kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'g5. emf, uf]ljgbgf/fo0f, cgtjf{tf{ k f=8f= emf, lq=lj= kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;df k fwofkg/t x'g'x'g5. pxff of] sfo{kqsf l6kk0flsf/sf] kdf /xg'epsf] 5. bfxfn, s[i0fk ;fb, cgtjf{tf{ k f=8f= bfxfn, lq=lj= kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;sf] g]kfnl ljefudf k fwofkg/t x'g'x'g5. pxff xfn kf6g Ps]8]lds l/;r{ ;]G6/sf ;+of]hs ;d]t x'g'x'g5. lwtfn, v'df, cgtjf{tf{ ;xk f= lwtfn, lq=lj= kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;df k fwofkg/t x'g'x'g5. pxff xfn k fwofks ;+3 s]gb Lo ;ldltdf ;b:osf] kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'g5. kgt, nidl, cgtjf{tf{ ;xk f= 8f kgt, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;sf] cy{zf:q ljefudf k fwofkg/t x'g'x'g5. kf]v/]n, zf]ef, cgtjf{tf{ k f=8f= kf]v/]n, lq=lj=sf cjsfz k fkt k fwofks x'g'xg5. pxff of] sfo{kqsf l6kk0flsf/sf] kdf /xg' epsf] 5. >]i7, cdg, cgtjf{tf{ k f= >]i7, lq=lj=sf cjsfz k fkt k fwofks x'g'xg5 / kf6g SofDk;sf lgjt{dfg SofDk; k d'v x'g'x'g5. l;+x, ;'lgn/~hg, cgtjf{tf{ jlsn, ;b:o, :yfglo lgsfo /fho k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u. pxff of] sfo{kqsf ljz]if1 x'g'x'g5. 40 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

41 k':ts n]v/rgfx clwsf/l, huggfy= æl;luglkms]g;\ ckm 6fpG;\ Og?/n l8enkd]g6\æ= :66L Og g]kfnl lx:6«l PG8 l8enkd]g6=!) cfrfo{, afa'/fd= g]kfnsf] ;+lift j[qfgt= v08!= sf7df8f}f M k df]bzdz]/ / gl/ljqmd Kof;L. s0f{, Pg=Pn= -;g\!(*$_= ædfou ];g Og hgsk'/ 6fpg k+rfotæ= :gftsf]q/ zf]wkq= lq=lj= e"uf]n= s]gb Lo ljefu. emf, Pd\= -;g\!(&*_= b ;]q]m6 sdkn]s; ckm hgsk'/= cnfxfjfb M o'gfo6]8 klan;;\{. 9sfn, lh=p;\=kl= -;g\!((%_= æo:o" cg cj{g l8enkd]g6 Og g]kfnæ= ljbfjfl/lw zf]wk agw= lbnnl ljzjljbfno /fhgllt zf:q ljefu. ltjf/l, ;'bz{g/fh= b Pgl;oG6 ;]6n\d}G6 ckm b sf7df8f} F EofnL= sf7df8ff } M ;]G6/ km/ g]kfn PG8 Plzog :6l6h\. bllift, sdn -;+_= hª\uaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqf= rf}yf] ;+:s/0f= sf7df8f}f M ;femf k sfzg. k6gfs/, lk=s]= -;g\!(*!_= ca{gfoh];g kf]ln;l PG8 6«fG;kf]6{ ];g l;:6d= lbnnl M ef/ue uf]kfn;\. k/fh'nl, hutk ;fb= -@)&#_= æ/f0ffsfnlg g]kfndf ;x/x sf] ljsf; -lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/ / jl/u~h_æ= ljbfjfl/lw zf]wk agw= dfgljsl tyf ;fdflhs zf:q cwoog ;ª\sfo= lq=lj= sllt{k'/. k ;fb, O{Zj/L= -;g\!(&%_= b nfokm PG8 6fOD; ckm dxf/fh h'4zd;]/ h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff ckm g]kfn= lbnnl M cflzif klanl;ª xfp;. jh frfo{, la=la= æk df]l6ª :dn 6fpG; km/?/n l8enkd}g6 M c Eo' k md g]kfnæ= Pl;og k]l;lkms kk'n];g hg{n=!) -@_. a:ofn, uf]lks[i0f= æca{gfoh];g Og g]kfnæ= :gftsf]q/ zf]wkq= lq=lj= e"uf]n s]gb Lo ljefu. e, z/b= æc :68L ckm ODKofS6 ckm la l6; cg b ca{g ;]G6;{ ckm o'=kl= 8\o'l/ª b gfolg6gy ;]GRo'/LÆ= -ljy :k];n l/km/]g; 6' jf/f0f;l, cnfxfjfb, nvgpm, cfu f PG8 b sfgk'/ 6fpg_= ljbfjfl/lw zf]wk agw= Oltxf; ljefu= jgf/; lxgb" o'lgel;{6l. e /fo{, 3gZofd= -@)%&_= jl/u~hsf] P]ltxfl;s k/]vf= jl/u~h M n]vs :jod\. e08f/l, bfdf]b/= -;g\!((^_= æca{gfoh];g Og g]kfnæ= :gftsf]q/ zf]wkq= lq=lj= e"uf]n s]gb Lo ljefu. /fdrgbg, cf/= -;g\!(*(_= ca{gfoh];g PG8 ca{g l;:6d Og OlG8of= Go'lbNnL M cs:kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6l k ];. l/dfn, dbgs'df/= -@)%#_= æhgsk'/sf k'/ftfltjs :yn tyf j:t'x M Ps cwoogæ= :gftsf]q/ zf]wkq= lq=lj= ;+:s[lt s]gb Lo ljefu. /]UdL, dx]z ;L= -;g\!(*&_= c :66L ckm g]kfnl Osf]gf]lds lx:6«l= Go"lbNnL M d~h'>l. j}b, t'n;l/fd / lq/tg dfggw/= -@)%#_= cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] k zf;lgs Oltxf;= sf7df8f}f M g]kfn tyf PlzofnL cg';gwfg s]gb. zdf{, lktfda/= æca{gfoh];g PG8 l8enkd}g6 Og g]kfnæ= hf]u fkml PG8 hf]u fkm;{ js{ Og g]kfn= sf7df8f} F M ;]G6«n l8kf6{d]g6 ckm hf]u fkml. zfx, Clifs]z= -;g\!((&_= Pgl;oG6 PG8 d]l8oen g]kfn= lbnnl M dgf]x/. >]i7, rgb axfb'/= -;g\!(*!_= snr/n hf]u fkml ckm g]kfn= eqmk'/ M s]=s]= >]i7, s]=pn= hf]zl. l;dfo, Pd= -;g\!((&_= l;l6h\ lkm6 km/ lkkn= Go"of]s{ M o'gfo6]8 g];g;\. ;'j]bl, blw/fh= -@)%$_= lj/f6gu/sf] ;+lifkt Oltxf;= lj/f6gu/ M k ltef k'/:sf/ k lti7fg. l:snh, P/fg= -;g\!(&&_= æ6«fg;kf]6{ PG8 l8enkd}g6 Og g]kfnæ= ljbfjfl/lw zf]wk agw= jsn] { o'lgel;{6l ckm Soflnkmf]lg{of. x]/fn8, la h= -;g\!(&(_= ca{gfoh];g Og Go"nL l8enlkë sg6«l= y8{ Ol8;g= lbnnl M lk l6ë xn k f=ln=. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 41

42 clen]vo\ n'ofjmu' k zl:t Hjfnf :yflkt ] k zl:t zabof cy{ k z+;f vm. ;' + JolQmof zln, :jefj, k, ;'sfo{ cflbof nflu+ ofou' k z+;f cyjf :t'ltoft g+ k zl:t wfo. clen]v RjoftMu'nL ylyl plts0f{kq j lnvtkqo\ h'h'of j+z, sllt{, k z+;f, h'h' + sfmu' lje'if0f cflbof vf tofm k z+;f;"rs jfsooft k zl:t wsf wfo. Yj k zl:tjfso Rjo]w' +sfm ltgl h'h'of gf+ RjOu' vm. yy] k zl:t Rjo]u' rng lnr5ljsfnof clen]vlg;] + vg]b'. lnr5ljsfn, dnnsfn, zfxsfno\ RjoftMu' k zl:t km/s km/s sy+ b'. lnr5ljsfnlg clen]vo\ n'ofjmu' k zl:t ;du k+ yy] b'!= eujt kz'klt e f/s kfbfg' u[lxtf]. -eujfg kz'kltof s[kfb[li6 jkkkfbfg'woft. -ca'of kfnlo -t'lto_ cflzjf{b k fkt h"dx_ #= >L dxf;fdgt >L lnr5lj s'ns]t' -s'nfggbs/+_ lnr5ljs'nfggbs/. -lnr5lj s'nof wgbf sof Rj+Dx lnr5ljs'nof WjfFo\ h'of Rj+Dx -s'noft cfggb aldx $= e f/s dxf/fhflw/fh. -u2lg;lg h'h' ljlwk"j{s h'h' h'dx]l;t pano\ e f/s dxf/fhf wfo._ c+z'jdf{ 5Dxl;of k zl:t Sjo\ laof vfuj g+ :jfgftmu' b'.!= ;d:s[t hutlj;fl/sllt{. -k'mss huto\ sllt{ cgltj[tfo\o{dwof{bf;]t'. -cfo{ do\of{bfoft xfrf+ duf;] RjgfRj+u' k'n cfo{ lgodof kfngf ofgf :jfk' tofrj+dx._ #= ckl/ldtu'0f ;Dkb\. -Nofvfo dkmo]s u'0f b'dx._ $= >L dxf;fdfgtfz'jddf{. ->L dxf;fdgtfz'jddf{ tmw+dx :yfglo h'h' ;fdgt c+z'jdf{._ b;' -lnr5ljsfnsf clen]v wgjh jh kf}!!) j;gtb]j. :jl:t g}kfn]eom k/db}jt >L aik e f/s kfbfg'woft e f/s dxf/fh >L j;gt b]j, -g]kfdlto\ snof0f h'odf. k/db}jt -tmw+dx BMof :j k h'ofrj+dx u2lgzlg h'h' >L ca'h'of cg'u x b"u' ufyo\ cf/fd b'dx u2lgzlg dxf/fh >L j;gtb]j_ ] ;xk fwofks -g]kfn efiff_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ 42 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

43 @_ kf} lzjb]j :jl:t dfgu[xfb kl/ldqu'0f ;d'bof]befl;t ozfjkkkfbfg'woftf] lnr5ljs'ns]t' e f/sdxf/fh >L lzjb]j -snof0f h'odf dfgu[x -nfo\s"_kfv] osj u'0f+ phhnsllt{ GogfRj+u', ca'h'of kflnof cg'u x b'dx lnr5ljs'nof WjfFo\y] + h"dx, ufyo\ cf/fd h"dx, e f/s -u2lgzlg_ dxf/fh >L lzjb]j_ kf} %!$ lzjb]j nug6f]n >L dts}nf;s"6 ejgfnnidltfndjgsnkkfbfkf] eujtkz'klt e f/skfbfg'u[xltf] akkkfbft'woftm k/de f/s dxf/fhlw/fh >L lzjb]j ->L s}nf;s"6 ejgkfv] + nidl kl nx/fof lnwf;f sfou' snkj[if y] + h"dx eujfg kz'kltgfyof kfnlof cg'u x b'dx ca'h'of kfnlof cg'u x b'dx ufyo\ cf/fd b'dx k/d e f/s dxf/fhflw/fh >L lzjb]j_ #_ c+z'jdf{ -lznfkq a' +udtl_ :jl:t s}nfzs"6 eugfb\eujtkz'klt e f/s kfbfg'u[lxtf] akkfbfg'woftm >L dxf;fdgtf+z'jdf{ -s}nfzs'6 ejg -nfo\s"_kfv] + eujfg kz'kltof kfnlof cg'u x b'dx jkk-ca'h'_of kfnlof cg'u x b'dx, ufyo\ cf/fd h"dx >L ;fdgt c+z'jdf{_ $_ kf} #!) -l6i6"ªsf] c+z'jdf{sf] lznfkq_ :jl:t g}kfn]eom ;sn hul4;fl/sllq{/gltj[qfo\o{ do\of{bf;]t'e{ujtkz'klt e f/skfbfg'u[xltf] akkkfbfg'woftm >L dxf;fdgtf+z'jdf{ -g]kfldto\t snof0f h'odf ;f/f ;+;f/of sllt{ GogfRj+Dx, cfo{dof{bf -j0ff{>djoj:yf_of jgb]hoft xfrf+ dufmdx, eujfg kz'kltgfyof kfnlof cg'u x b'dx jkk -ca'h'_of kfnlof cg'u x b'dx ufyo\ cf/fd h"dx >L dxf;fdgt c+z'jdf{_ kf} $^# g/]gb b]j nug6f]n oªufn lx6lsf] clen]v s}nfzs"6 ejgfr5/bfkofgzzfídn do'v lgs/fj ef:odfg lxdjb'q'ë lzv/fjbfto zf]efnfjt+ l;tfz]iflb8d08nf] o Pif zf}o{gglltu'0f} u'0f}/slnt} /ftdfg d'b\efl;le M zsgof afx'jn] dlt+ :d[ltdtl+ zf:qfud}e' {l/lggm dof{bf l:ylt lelb{zf]lk oz;f /fhofl>of d]lbglhltof lnr5lj/fh j+gdgx+ of] në/f]to'rrs}m.. eujtkz'klt e f/s kfbfg'u[xltf] jkkkfbg'woftf] e f/sdxf/fhflw/fh >L g/]gb b]j -s}nf;s"6 ejg -nfo\s"_kfv] + z/b Ct'of k"0f{ ltldnfof or'u' hn+ NjMu' Rjfk'u' Fof tmhfu' Rjsfy] + or';]rj+u' sllt{kfv] Kov]/+ emmemm wfo\s"dx jo\sm glltkfv] + z'gotfoft ;dfmofgf bl. cfkfn+ phjn u'0fkfv] + ymt ;dfm ofgfbl. zlqmkfv] + afx'jnoft ;dfmofgf bl. :d/0fzlqm b'dx a'l4oft cg]s zf:q cfudkfv] ;dfmofgf bl. l:ylt jgw]hkfv] + dof{bfoft ;dfm ofgf bl. sllt{kfv] + Kov]/+ ;dfm ofgf bl, /fhonidlkfv] + k[yjloft ;dfm ofgf bl. hfltkfv] + kljq tmw+u' lnr5lj /fhj+zoft ;dfm ofgf bl. y'hjmdx eujfg kz'kltgfyof kfnlof cg'u x b'dx jkkof kfnlof cg'u x b'dx ufyo\ cf/fd h"dx e f/s -u2lgl;g_ dxf/fhflw/fh g/]gb b]j._ -kz'kltsf] ;f+:s[lts cwoog uf]ljgb 608g, kf} #). jh w/sf] g/]gb b]jsf] clen]vkfv] +_ Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 43

44 eb fjf; ejgfb k ltxtzf;gf] ejjtkz'klt e f/s kfbfg'u[lxtf] akkkfbfg'woftf] lnr5ljs'ns]t' k/ddfx]zj/ k/de f/s dxf/fhflw/fh >L g/]gb b]j. -eb lgjf; ejg -nfo\s"_kfv] + 5'ls+g+ dk+s zf;s -x's'd_ rn]h"dx eujfg kz'kltgfyof kfnlof cg'u x b'dx jkk -ca'h'_of cg'u x b'dx lnr5ljs"nof WjfFo\ :j k h"dx ufyo\ cf/fd b'dx k/ddfx]zj/ k/de f/s dxf/fhflw/fh >L g/]gb b]j._ dnnsfn dnnsfno\ k zl:t RjOano\ ;du k+ 5u" x] sy+ k zl:t RjoftMu' vg]b'. ug+ ug+ ljz]if h'h'lklg ljz]if ljz]if0f tof g+ k zl:t RjoftMu' n'ofjmu' b'. dnnsfno\ d'vo ofgf yy] RjoftMu' b' >L dtkz'klt r/0f sdn w"lnw" ;l/t lz/f] x, >L dgdfg]zj/li6 b]jtf/naw k ;fb b]blkodfg dfgfggt >L /3'j+zfjtf/ /ljs'n ltns xg'dwjh, g]kfn]zj/, dxf/fh /fhlw/fh /fh /fh]gb ;sn /fh rqmfwl:j/ >L >L ho e'kfn]gb dnn k/d e f/s b]jfgf ;bf ;d/ ljholgf. cy{!_ >Ldt kz'kt r/0fsdn w"lnw";l/t lz/f] x >Ldfg\ kz'kltof kfnlof w'n+ ;Fo Dxo a'of k'm; f]dx ->L kz'klt gfysf] r/0fsdnsf] w'nf]n] skfn k'm; f] >Ldgdfg]Zj/Li6 b]jtf j/naw k ;fb Oi6b]jL dfg]zj/lof j/bfg k fkt h"dx. ->L dfg]zj/ Oi6b]jtfaf6 j/k ;fb k fkt h"dx_ #_ b]blkodfg dfgf]ggt Ö dfg ;Gdfg ckjof emmemmwfdx pggth'of b]blkodfg h'dx -phofnf] 7"nf] OHht epsf_ $_ >L /3'j+zfjtf/ Ö /3'j+zof s'no -/fdj+zo_ hgd h'dx. %_ /ljs'n ltns Ö-;"o{j+zsf 6Lsf h:tf_ ;"o{s'nof l;gxm h'of Rj+Dx. ^_ xg'db\wjh Ö n8fono\ ToflsDx. xg'dfg lr+ b'u' em08f Hjgfh'Dx -Wjhfdf xg'dfg epsf_. &_ g]kfn]zj/ Ö g]kfmof h'h' -/fhclifzj/ l;l4g/l;+x_. *_ dxf/fhflw/fh /fh]gb Ö tw+dx h'h'ofg+ h'h'. (_ ;sn /fhrqmflwzj/ Ö h'h'lklg k'rno\ bsno tmw+dx!)_ lgh]i6 b]jb]j]zj/l s[kfs6fifjlnt ljqmdf]kflht jf/0ffs/ ;d'be' uh]gb klt Ö ym Oi6 b]j b]jlof s[kf ofgftmdx. 58\s] ldvf+ :joftmdx. zlqmk fkt h"u'ln+ lsl; Hjg];MDx lsl;of h'h'ofg+ dflns.!!_ k/d e f/s Ö u2lgzlg h'h'.!@_ ;bf;d/ ljholgf+ Ö n8fono\ GXofan] + ToflsDx -/fhclifzj/ Ö h'h' h'ofg+ Clify] + Rj+Dx_ dnn h'h'lklg k zl:t ;du k+ 5u" gd"gf b';f+ u'ln h'h'lklg ymu' sy+g+ k zl:to ljz]if0f zab tof Rjof to uy]!_ sljgb k tfkdnn e"ks]z/l k tfkdnn -&&@_. #_ z:qzf:q;+ultf;s/ljwfkf/+u k tfkdnn -&*%_. $_ g]kfne"kfn r'8fdl0f k tfkdnn -&^(_. %_ g]kfnd08nfwl:j/ e'ktlgb dnn -*@@_, of]ug/]gb dnn -*@@_. ^_ g]kfn]zj/ ef:s/ dnn -*@#_. &_ dxf/fhflw/fh -k/de f/s_ nidlg/l;+x -&%#_, k tfkdnn -&^(_, ef:s/dnn -*@#_, e'kltgb dnn -*@@_, of]ug/]gb dnn -*@@_. *_ b]blkodfg dfgf]ggt nidlg/l;+x -&%#_, e'ktlgb 44 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

45 of]ug/]gb ef:s/ (_ /3'j+zfjtf/ e'ktlgb ef:s/ /ljs'nltns k tfkdnn -&!(_, of]ug/]gb dnn ef:s/.!!_ >L >L /fh/fh]gb k tfkdnn - &&$_ ef:s/.!@_ /fh/fh]zj/li6 b]jtf >L>L>L tn]h'; k ;fbg k tfkdnn.!#_ ljljw lj bfjnl lj/fhdfg nidlg/l;+x -&%#_.!$_ >L dtkz'kltr/0f sdntoflb w"lnw";l/t l;/f] x nidlg/l;+x -&%#_, e'ktlgb dnn -*@@_, of]ug/]gb -*@@_ ef:s/ -*@#_.!%_ >L db\/fh/fh]zj/.!^_ >L dgdfg]zj/li6 b]jtfj/naw k ;flbt e'ktlgb of]ug/]gb. ef:s.!&_ ;sn /fhrqmflwzj/ ef:s/.!*_ ;+ªuLtf0f{jkf/+u of]ug/]gb ckf{j Ö ;d'b. k tfkdnnofu' xg'dfgwjfvfof 5u" gd"gf z:q zf:q ;+uftflb ;snljbfkf/ut dxf/fhflw/fh g]kfn]zj/ j]buw r"8fdl0f ;sn /fhrqmwlzj/ >L >L /fh/fh]gb sjlgb ho k tfk dnn bj]g. e"ld ;DaGwL td;"s tf8kq z+s/dfg /fhj+zl, efu #, /fli6«o kf}! ;flif >L dflgunflwklt ;+ultf0f{j kf/u >L>LjL/ ho of]ug/]gb dnn. yy] h'h'oft k zl:t+ hfo]sf tmu'oft k zl:t wfo. Yj k zl:t h'h'of gf+ sfo\ GXof] sfou', RjOu' vm. Yj k zl:to h'h'of u'0fufg g+ ofgftmu' bo. Yj k zl:t Ajg]jno\ 5Dx h'h'of gf+ sfo\gxof] u'ln k zl:t b' w}u' l;ob'. lnr5ljsfno\ kz'klte f/sofkfbfg', akkkfbfg' cflb vf b';f dnnsfno\ kz'kltof r/0fsdn /3'j+z /ljs'n b'. cyx] lnr5ljsfno\ dfgu[x s}nfzs"6 ejg cflb b/jf/ wofu' vf b'. dnnsfno\ dfg]zj/l Oi6b]j b]blkodfg cflb b'. cy] x] zfxsfno\ g/gf/fo0ftoflb b'. lul//fh b'. dnnsfno\ ;bf;d/ljhlogfd hs b'. zfxsfno\ jof axfb'/ ;+;]/ h+u b]jfgfd ;bf;d/ ljho wsf RjoftMu' b'. 5u" b;' o] F nu+ axfm b'g] Nj+yf+of -lznf:tde_ clen]v. ç gdm jh f;gfo.. :jl:t.. >L dtkz'klt r/0f sdn w'lnw"zl/t lz/f] x >L dgdfg]zj/l Oi6 b]jtf j/njw k ;fb b]blkodfg dfg dfgf]ggt/ /ljs'n ltns xg'd4\h g]kfn]zj/ dxf/fhflw/fh /fh/fh]gb ;sn rqmfwl:j/ ho kfyl{j]gb dnn k/d e f/s b]jfgf+ ;bf ;d/ ljho /fho] bfgklt sfi7d08k dxfgu/ /ug tf]/s sllt{k'0o dxfljxf/ jgtfu[x ;+1s.. zfxsfn zfx h'h'lklg k zl:to wffrf Sjo\ laofy] + b' :jl:t >L lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]toflb ljljw lj bjnl lj/fhdfg dfgf]ggt >L>L>Ldxf/fh uljf{0f o'4 ljqmd zfx jxfb'/ ;D;]/ h+u b]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/ ljhlogfd. cy{!_ lul//fhrqmr"8fdl0f Ö kj{tof h'h'lk+ dwo g/gf/fo0f]toflb Ö dg"to\ by'o gf/fo0fy] + ofdx. #_ ljljw lj bfjnl Ö yl yl lje'if0fof dfnf toftmdx. $_ dx]gb dfnf ====cf]h:jl. %_ lj/fhdfg dfgf]ggt Ö dfgofgfg+ bsl;a] ckj dfg] ofgftmdx. ^_ k/dflwklt clt/yl k/d;]gflwklt Ö ;]gfof gfof]. &_ jxfb'/ Ö jl/dx z'/dx. *_ ;D;]/ h+u b]jfgfd Ö v8\u tnaf/ HjgfRj+Dx, o'4 jgldx. (_ ;bf ;d/ ljhlogfd Ö GXofan] + n8fono\ ToflsDx b;'of nflu g];+ *(% of g]kfm j ;Fb]of ;lgwkqo\ pu' O{of nfdf j h'h'oft RjoftMu' k zl:to yy] b' Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 45

46 >L lglvn d'lgu0fflwli7t lxdfrnflb lgem{/ b'l/s[t b'l/t]if' lgl/jn lblujnfl;;g s00f{ k"/ls[t lsltntf knnj]if' ;d:tfzf:t+ j]/ds0f{tfnf/kmfng jxn kjgglq{t k tfk]if' >L >L >L Uofn5fkl/jf]5] nfdf. cy{ d'lguglklg Rjg]u' yfo h'ofrj+u' lxdfn kj{tof SjAjfMnv+ kfk lvlt r'osf l;nfto] w' +s'lk+ bsj lbzf lbzf klts+ -Rofu" lbzf_ sllt{ GogfRj+lk+ bsj lbzflbzf -;Dk"0f{ lbzf_ klt+ k tfk GogfRj+Dx t:;t+ annfu' kmo\y] + x'lndx >L # Uofn5fkl/jf]5] nfdf. :jl:t >L lul//fh rqm r"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]toflb ljljw lj bfjnl lj/fhdfg dfgf]ggt >L dgdxf/fhflw/fh >L >L >L dxf/fh k tfkl;+x ;fx jxfb'/ zdz]/ hëb]j]g cy{ kj{tof h'h'of k'rno\ >]i7 h'of dg"t dwo] gf/f+by] + Rj+Dx d]d]u' yl yl lje'if0f+of osj dfnf toftdx dfg ofgfg+ bsl;j] ckj dfg]ofgftdx -tw+u' OHht b'dx_ t:;t+ tw+dx h'h' :js xg]axdx z'/jl/ v8\u tnaf/ Hjgf Rj+Dx o'4o\ jgldx GXofjn]o' n8fono\ ToflsDx >L # k tfkl;+x ;fx. n'ldagl b"u' dx]gb :tdeo\ Rj+u' clen]v :jl:t >L lul//fhrqmr"8fdl0fg/gf/fo0f] Toflb ljljw lj?bfjnllj/fhdfg dfgf]ggt dx]gb dfnf cf]hl:j /fhgo cltt]hl:j lqe'jg k hftgq >Lkb cltsllt{do g]kfn >Lkb k f]hhjn g]kfntf/f ç/fdk ct'nhof]lt d{o lqzlqmk cltk jn uf]/vfblif0fjfx' dxflwklt clt/yl k/d;]gflwklt >L>L >L>L>L dgdxf/fhflw/fh dx]gb jl/ljqmd zfxb]j b]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/ljhlogfd\.. lnwf;f /]UdL, lbg]zrgb. k'/fn]vg kl/ro g]kfn. sf7df8f}f M ;'lznf /]UdL. jh frfo{, wgjh. lnr5ljsfnsf clen]v. sf7df8f}f M g]kfn PlzofnL cwoog s]gb. zfso, x]d/fh. g]kfnlnlk k sfz. sf7df8f}f M g]kfn /fhslo k 1f k lti7fg. 46 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

47 ult / sljtfsf] cgt/ 8f= 9'l08/fh kxf8l ] ;f/ k :t't cwoogdf g]kfnl ;flxtodf k rlnt cg'e"ltd"ns cfw'lgs ultnfo{ km'6s/ g]kfnl sljtf;fu t'ngf ub{ }{ ol b'o{ lardf b]lvg] cgt;{dagwsf] lg k0f ul/psf] 5. g]kfnl ;flxtodf ultnfo{ sljtfs} pkljwf dflgg5. sljtfs} n3' k;fu o;sf] s] s:tf] lgs6tf / leggtf 5 egg] d"n lh1f;f;fu of] cwoog s]lgb t /x]sf] 5. g]kfnldf ufog / k ;f/0fdf cfo/x]sf sfjo ultx sf] syo, ;+/rgf, u]oftdstf, cfnª\sfl/stf, efiff cflbsf cfwf/df sljtf;fu b]lvg] ;fdo j}ifdosf] cg'zlng k :t't n]vdf ul/psf] 5. efjk wfg ;ª\uLtn] sljtfsf] hgd u/fpf5 / ;ª\uLtk wfg sljtjn] ultsf] ;[li6 x'g5 egg] o; ljzn]if0fftds cwoogsf] d"n ;f/ /x]sf] 5. z}nl / :j kdf b]lvg] :yfol / cgt/f;lxtsf] j[qftds 9fFrf, tlj dgf]j]uo'st clejolst, k an u]oftdstf / j}olststf h:tf ljz]iftfn] ultnfo{ sljtfegbf ;/n, ;/; / ljlzi6 agfpsf] lgsof} {n ;d]t o; cwoogaf6 k fkt epsf] 5.!= kl/ro ult / sljtf b'j} efiffsf dfwodn] k s6 x'g] snf x'g\.;flxtosf>jo / b[zo e]bdwo] ult / sljtf >Jo e]bcgtu{t kb{5g\. sljtf s'g} efj jf ljrf/sf] noftds k :t'ltsf kdf lrlgg5. ult klg efjgfsf] tlj cfj]usf ;fy k :t't x'g] cfvofg/lxt ;'Gb/ / u]o clejolstsf kdf ;flxtodf lrlgpsf] 5. sfjo tœjsf s;ldf ult / sljtf ldnbfh'nbf ;flxltos /rgf dflgg5g\. ;flxto ;dlifsx n] ultnfo{ sljtfs} pkljwfsf kdf lrgfpsf] kfog5. efiff, efj / nosf] ;Gt'ngn] ult / sljtf b'j}nfo{ pts[i6 agfpf5. ult / sljtf b'j}sf] d'xfg sljx[bo g} xf]. ;flxtofg'/ful kf7sx cfˆgf k ZgzLn lh1f;f /fvt} ult / sljtfsf] cgt/sf ljifodf 5nkmn ul//x]sf b]lvg5g\. o;} ljifodf s]lgb t x' Fb} ult / sljtfsf] ldlxg cgt/ ku] {Ng' o; ;dlifftds n]vsf] d"n ;Gbe{ ljwftœjsf cfwf/df b]lvg] ult / sljtfsf] cgt/ sljtf, gf6s, cfvofg / lgagw g]kfnl ;flxtosf d"n ljwfx x'g\. ol ljwfleq ljlegg ] pkk fwofks -g]kfnl ljefu_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 47

48 pkljwfx ljsl;t x' Fb} upsf 5g\. sljtf ljwfleq klg k'm6s/ sljtf, d'sts, v08sfjo, dxfsfjo h:tf pkljwfx sf] ljsf; epsf] kfog5.g]kfnl ;flxtosf k rlnt ultx k'm6s/ sljtf jf n3'sljtfs} k ltlglwtj ug] { vfnsf /rgf x'g\ -lqkf7l, Gof}kfg] / k[= $*_. k'm6s/ sljtfsf d"n tœjx efj, ;ª\uLt, ladak tls tyf efiff cflbsf s;ldf ult / sljtfsf] cgt/ lgdgfg';f/ k :t't ul/psf] 5 efjsf b[li6n] ult / sljtf ult / sljtf b'j}df efj jf ljrf/sf] k :t'lt x'g5. sljtfn] ljifoj:t'sf] ef/ a9l af]sg ;S5 t/ ultdf ljifoj:t' jf efjsf] af]lemnf] k /xfb}g. ultnfo{ ;/n ;flxto egg'sf] sf/0f klg ;/n / ;+k ]io ljifoj:t'sf] k of]u g} xf]. ultdf efj jf ljrf/sf] Psntf x'g5. ToxL Psntfn] g} ultnfo{ tlj / cfj]uo'st agfpf5. efjfj]unfo{ ;';+a4 agfpfbf ultsf] ;+/rgf klg ;ª\lIfKt ag5 k[=!*@_. ultdf efjsf] lj:tf/ x'g kfpfb}g. efjlj:tf/ epsf] ultdf cg'e"lt / cfj]u b'j} ba]/ /xg5g\. To;n] ultsf] k efj / ;f}gbo{df Iflt k'u5. sljtfdf hl6n ljifosf] k of]u klg x'g ;S5. sljtfn] ljrf/sf] ef/l af]sg ;S5 t/ ultdf efjsf] tlj pr5ng x'g] epsfn] 5f]6f] ;dodf of] dgf]j]usf ;fy k :t't x'g5. sljtfsf] cfofd lj:tf/ ep/ v08sfjo, dxfsfjosf] cj:yf;dd k'ug ;S5 t/ ultsf] efj JolStsf] cfsl:ds ;+j]bgfsf Hjf/;Fu} ;NanfP/ dgf]j]usf ;fy k s6 x'g5. ; i6fsf]?jfo, xf;fo, 56k6fO / kl8f;fu} x' F8lnPsf dgf]efjgfn] ultsf] cfsf/ lno{ ;ª\lIfKt / tlj clejolstsf] l;h{gf x'g5. ult cg'e"ltsf] lah'nl rdsfo dfq xf] 3g3f]/ jiff{ xf]og k[= cftdk/stf / j:t'k/stfsf b[li6n] ult / sljtf ult ; i6fsf] ef]ufo / ljrf/sf] ;+j]uftds k :t'lt xf]. ultdf ultsf/sf] JolStTj t6:y /xg ;St}g. ;flxtosf ;a} ljwfegbf ; i6fsf] JolStTjsf] 3'nldn x'g] ljwf ult / lgagw g} x'g\. ubsf If]qdf n]vssf] JolStTj kf]v/ldf k'mn]sf] sdnh:t} x'g5, sljtfdf sljsf] JolStTj gfph:t} efjgfsf] gbldf cfwf 8'a]sf] / cfwf aflx/ x'g5 eg] ultdf ultsf/sf] JolStTj kfgldf atf;f - lrglaf6 agg] Ps k sf/sf] ld7fo{_ ldn]h:t} ldn]sf] x'g5 k[i7 # df p4[t_. lxgbl ;flxtosf uf]kfnbf; lg/hsf] pst /f]rs ljrf/n] ultsf/sf] JolStTjsf] 5fk ultdf ctolws dfqfdf x'g5 egg] cfzo k s6 u/]sf] 5 eg] sljtfdf cfwf dfq sljsf] JolStTj ldl;g ;Sg] ljrf/ kf]lvpsf] 5. sljtfdf j}olststf dfq xf]og ;fdflhstfsf] ;dfj]z klg x'g ;S5. sljtfn] ljrf/ / bz{gsf] :kz{nfo{ ;d]t ;xg ;S5 / To;df :jtm j:t'k/stfn] k j]z kfpg] b]lvg5. ultdf ultsf/n] k"0f{tm cfˆg} dgf]efjgf kf]v5. ultdf j:t'k/stfsf] ;dfj]z eof] eg] ultsf] ;flxltos / snftds d"nosf] Iflt x'g5. ultsf] k an cg'e"ltnfo{ j:t'k/stfn] lg/; j0f{gdf kfgt/ ul/lbg5. ultsf] /fuftds / /;ftds zlst cftdk/s clejolstdf dfq kfog5. o:t} clejolstn] >f]tfnfo{ h'?sh'?s p7fpg] / w'?w'??jfpg] l:yltdf k' ofpf5. ullt/rgf nfdf] eof] eg] efjsf] tlj k If]kdf Jojwfg k}bf x'g5 / j:t'k/stfsf] l;h{gf eolbg5 k[= &_. :k'm/0fsf If0fdf ultsf/sf] x[bosf] emª\sf/ 48 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

49 { x'gf;fy p;df ;fª\ullts / ;+j]uftds efjhjf/;fu} rndnfpg yfn5. ult hlt cftdk/stfsf] k an dfqfsf ;fy clejost x'g5 Tolt efjjo~hs agb5 -lqkf7l, Gof}kfg] / o;/l cftdk/stf / j:t'k/stfsf] ;dfj]zsf b[li6n] sljtfdf egbf ultdf cftdk/stf / j}olststfsf] kif Hofbf k an b]lvg5. efjsf] ;xh pr5ng;fu} ultsf/sf :jfg'e"ltn] ullt/rgfdf v]ng] l:yltsf] ;[li6 ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] b]lvg] ult / sljtfsf] cgt/ jf:tjdf ;+/rgf eg]sf] lgdf{0f jf agf]6 xf]. ultsf] cfofd jf lj:tf/n] o;sf] ;+/rgfnfo{ k efj kf/]sf] x'g5. ultsf/sf] efjsf] cfj]u k :k'm6g x'gf;fy ultsf] cflb efu k f/de x'g5. efjsf] cfj]u r/d x'gf;fy ultsf] dwo efusf] lgdf{0f eo;s5. efjfj]u dty/ x' Fb} upkl5 ult ;dfkgsf] l:yltlt/ hfg5. To;y{ efjj]uk"0f{ /rgf epsfn] ultsf] ;+/rgf ;ª\lIfKt x'g5. ult d"n efjsf] jl/kl/ 3'D5.o;sf] ;+/rgfdf :yfol / cgt/fsf] e"ldsf x'g5. ultsf] d"n efj JoSt ug{ k6sk6s bf]xf]l/p/ cfpg] kª\lstnfo{ :yfol elgg5. ultsf] :yfolnfo{ w 'jkª\lst klg elgpsf] kfog5. ultsf] d"n efj jf s]gb Lo syo clejost ug] { k d'v efu eg]sf] oxl :yfol g} xf]. :yfold} JoSt epsf] d"n ljifo jf ;Gbe{nfO{ k'li6 ug{ cfpg] c kª\lstx nfo{ cgt/f elgg5. :yfol afx]ssf c kª\lstx 3'Db} :yfoldf 7f]lsg cfpf5g\ / Pp6f j[q h:t} ;+/rgf ag5. ;fdfgotof ultdf oxl :yfol / cgt/fsf] j[qftds ;+/rgf kfog5. efjaf]w / efjk sfzgsf] z}nlut leggtfn] ubf{ ult / sljtfsf] :j k / ;+/rgfd} cgt/ kg{ hfg5. ultdf d'vo efj :yfold} k s6 x'g5 / cgt/fx n] To;sf] k':6\ofof ub} { hfg5g\. sljtf lj:tf/} r"8fgtdf k'u5 eg] ultn] klxn] g} r"8fgtnfo{ ;dft5 k[=!%#_. k l;4 g]kfnl ultsf/ dfwjk ;fb l3ld/]n] kf]v/l, kg5l, k"mn / vla?jfsf] /f]rs pbfx/0f lbp/ o;nfo{ :ki6 kfg] { k of; u/]sf 5g\. sljtfdf kg5lh:t} sfjf vffb} j[qdf k}mlnfb} hfg5 eg] ult kf]v/ldf kfglsf] e'nsfe} Fm j[q agb} k}mnfb} hfg5. sljtf vla?jf xf] b'o{ kft] emf/ dfq klg x'g ;S5 / ljzfn j6j[if klg x'g ;S5. ult rflxf k"mn xf] Tof] Ps 8fnLdf b'o{ tlg y' Fuf klg x'g ;S5 / Pp6} slnsf] k"mn klg x'g ;S5 k[=!%#_. dflysf] b[i6fgt k :t't u/]/ ultsf/ l3ld/] -@)%*_ n] ultn] ;ª\lIfKt ;+/rgfdf k"0f{tf kfpf5 egb} sljtfnfo{ ;ª\lIfKt ;+/rgfb]lv lj:tfl/t cfofd;dd k}mlng ;Sg] /rgfsf kdf lrgfpg vf]h]sf 5g\. pgn] ult / sljtfsf] ljwfut cgt/sf] af/]df :ki6 kfb} { ultnfo{ k"mnk"mndf rfxfg] k'tnl h:t} / sljtfnfo{ n]sfnl jgdf p8\g] 8fFk]m;Fu t'ngf u/]sf 5g\. pgn] k'tnl / 8fFk]m b'j}sf KjfFvdf ;ª\uLt x'g5 egg] /f]rs b[i6fgt lbpsf 5g\. pgn] ultnfo{ ;'Gb/L hnsf] nx/ / sljtfnfo{ rt/fsf] d'xfgaf6 s'n{g] jiff{sf] sf];l;fu t'ngf u/]sf 5g\ k[=!*_. l3ld/]n] rff8} x[bonfo{ 5'g] ;/; / ;/n /rgfsf kdf ultnfo{ lrgfpg vf]h]sf 5g\ eg] sljtfnfo{ a'l4 nufp/ a' g ;lsg] / ck]iffs[t hl6n klg dfgg ;lsg] dt k s6 u/]sf 5g\. pgn] dgb d':sfg ult xf] eg] ub\ub jf0fl sljtf xf] egg] csf]{ b[i6fgt klg JoSt u/]sf 5g\. d':s'/fpdfq k'ug] a]nfdf af]ng' a9l x'g5 egb} ultn] dfq k'ug] efjnfo{ lj:tfl/t ug'{df snf x'gg egg] ljrf/ l3ld/]sf] 5 k[=!(_. o; b[i6fgtsf] d"n cfzo klg sljtfsf] cfofd d"ntm lj:tfl/t g} x'g5 Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 49

50 egg] /x]sf] 5. o;/l d':sfg / af]nl, emgf{ / gbl, k'tnl / 8fFk]m, la?jf / j6j[if h:tf /f]rs b[i6fgtn] ultsf] ;+/rgf ;ª\lIfKt / ;'ul7t x'g] / sljtfsf] ;+/rgf ck]iffs[t lj:t[t x'g ;Sg] tyo cf} FNofOPsf] kfog5. sljtf ljwfaf6 ultnfo{ 5'6\ofpg] :ki6 cfwf/ ;+/rgf xf]. ufogsf] cg's"ntfsf b[li6n] klg ultsf] ;+/rgf 5f]6f] x'g' cfjzos dflgg5. lxhf]cfh g]kfnldf k rlnt u]o ultx ^ b]lv * kª\lst;ddsf Hofbf b]lvpsf 5g\ k[= &_. lu ;]nlx n] nfo/ú gfds afhf;fu ufpg] /rgfnfo{ lnl/sú elgpsf] kfog5 -s8g,!((*, k[= $*!_. g]kfnl ultsf/x n] /r]sf ;flxltos ultx klg ufogs} ;'lawfsf b[li6n] :yfol / cgt/fo'st 9fFrfdf n]lvpsf] kfog5. tl ultx df j[qftds :j k / ;ª\lIfKt ;+/rgf b]lvg5. :yfoldf JoSt epsf] ;f/k"0f{ efjnfo{ cgt/fn] :ki6 kfb} { cufl8 a9\g] ;+/rgftds k4ltn] sljtfaf6 ultnfo{ cnu cl:ttj k bfg u/]sf] b]lvg5. oxl 9fFrfn] ultsf] df}lns lrgf/l lbpsf] kfog5. kf7\o ultx sf] :j k / ;+/rgf legg k sf/sf] b]lvp klg u]o ultx :yfol / cgt/fs} ;+/rgfdf /lrpsf] u]oftdstfsf b[li6n] ult / sljtf ult / sljtf b'j} efiffnfo{ dfwod agfp/ k s6 x'g] noftds /rgf x'g\. ol b'j} y/l /rgfnfo{ >'lt;'vb agfpg no jf ;ª\uLt tœjsf] h?/l kb{5. ub ljwfaf6 k[ys\ ug] { d"n tœj klg no jf ;ª\uLt g} xf]. ol b'j} ljwfdf >'lt/d0flotfsf] zlst l;h{gf ug{ efiffdf k o'st :j/ tyf Jo~hg j0f{x sf] ;xl 5gf]6 / k of]u ctofjzos dflgg5. ult tyf sljtf b'j}df ctolws u]otf l;h{gf ug{ 5Gb / nosf] k of]udf ;hu /xg' cfjzos 7flgG5. sljtf ;flxtosf] Ps ljwf xf] h;nfo{ 5Gbdf ufpg ;lsg5 ult / sljtfsf] :k'm/0f x'g' eg]sf] no jf 5Gbsf] klg :k'm/0f x'g' xf]. efjnfo{ dgf]x/ kfg] { o'lst no jf 5Gb g} xf]. sljtfdf no / ;'/ b'j} ep dfq Tof] k"0f{ x'g5. efjnfo{ prfn]/ Nofpg] ;fwg g} 5Gb xf] egg] /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] wf/0ff 5 k[ no jf 5Gb ult / sljtfsf] k f0f g} dflgg5. 5Gb jf no dfq ult jf sljtf xf]og t/ efjnfo{ k ]if0flo, >j0flo / lk o agfpg o;sf] e"ldsf k an epsf] b]lvg5. /rgfnfo{ u]oftds / noftds agfpg' eg]sf] snftds agfpg' xf]. hlthlt sljtf / ult noftds / u]oftds ag5g\ ToltTolt kf7s jf >f]tfsf x[bodf :yfol ep/ /xg5g\. ultsf] d"n klxrfg g} u]o x'g' xf]. ultsf/n] ultsf zabx df u]otfsf lgldt afws x'g] j0f{ tyf zabf+z g} x6folbg klg ;S5. ultdf no l;h{gfs} lgldt ljlzi6 eflifs ljgof; ul/psf] x'g5. efjk wfg / Go"gtd nosf] pkl:ylt ep klg Tof] /rgf sljtf agg ;S5 t/ ult agg ;St}g. ult u]o x'g} k5{. u]otf ;ª\uLtfTdstfsf] ;"rs xf]. ultdf u]otfsf] l;h{gf afxo ;ª\uLtsf o'lstegbf eflifs PsfO -Wjlg, zab, cy{_ sf ;dfgfgt/tfaf6 ul/g5 k[=!&%_. ult ufog] /rgf epsfn] /rgfsf/n] ;Dk"0f{ eflifs PsfOnfO{ noftds agfpg cg]s k otg u/]sf] kfog5. ultsf] k yd dxœjsf] ;fwo eflifs ;ª\uLt ;[li6 dflgg5 -lqkf7l, Gof}kfg] / sljtf jf ult kf7ssf lgldtegbf >f]tfsf lgldt xf]. ultn] ;flxto / ;ª\uLt 50 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

51 { b'j}lt/ ;DaGw uff;] klg ;ª\uLt;Fusf] ;fogf]nfo{ o;n] ;jf{lws dxœj lbpsf] b]lvg5. efiffsf syo>jo / n]vokf7\o b'o{ kdwo] d"n k syo>jo g} epsfn] ultdf df}lvs Wjlgs} e"ldsf k an ep/ b]vf kb{5. sljtfdf no / efjsf] ;dfg pkl:ylt /x] klg efjkifsf] k fwfgodf sljtfsf] l;h{gf x'g k'u5 eg] nosf] k fwfgon] efjk"0f{ /rgf ult ag5. ultsf] k"0f{ cf:jfbgsf lgldt jfb;ª\ult / ;'l/nf] unfsf] ;'dw'/ ufogsf] ;xof]u x'g' klg cfjzos dflgg5. afxo ;ª\uLtsf kdf ;+of]hg ul/g] jfb / s07:j/ eflifs ;ª\uLts} kf]if0fsf nflu ul/psf] xf]. ultleqs} /fuftds, noftds zlst / eflifs :j kn] ultnfo{ u]o agfpsf] x'g5. nosf] cfof]hgfdf cg'k f;, cgt/cg'k f;, sf]dn j0f{x sf] k of]u, zabx sf] k'g/fj[lq nufotsf u]oftds o'lstn] ult ;'Gb/ ag]sf] x'g5. sljtfdf noftdstfsf] ;fdfgo lgjf{x ul/p klg ultsf] lghtj nosf] dl7f] u'~hgd} lge{/ b]lvg5. Pp6} 5Gbdf Pp6} ultsf/n] /r]sf sljtf / ultdf klg z}nlut leggtf b]lvg5. ultsf] efiffsf cª\ucª\udf ctolws >'lt;'vbtfsf] ;dfj]z ug' {kb{5 eg] sljtfdf rflxf efjladasf] rf;f] a9l ul/g5. ult >'lt;+j]b agfpg eflifs ljsnkx dwo] efj;fu noftds kdf gfrg ;Sg] zabx sf] 5gf]6 >i6fn] ug} { cfnª\sfl/stfsf b[li6n] ult / sljtfsf] cgt/ ;fdfgo / Jofjxfl/s clejolstnfo{ ljlzi6 / ;'Gb/ agfpg cnª\sf/sf] k of]u ul/g5. k"jl{o ;flxtodf k of]u ul/psf pkdf, ks nufot ljlegg cnª\sf/x / kfzrfto ;flxtodf k o'st eo{ ljsl;t / Jofks agb} cfpsf lada, k tls h:tf cfnª\sfl/s z}nlx ;a}n] clejolsts} ;f}gbo{ a9fpf5g\. ult / sljtf b'j}df cg]s cfnª\sfl/s z}nl / k ljlwsf] k of]u ul/psf] kfog5. cfnª\sfl/s k ljlw / z}nlsf sf/0f ult / sljtf cg]sfy{s, efjjo~hs / kf/bzl{ ag5g\. ;/n efiffnfo{ nfifl0fs / Jo~hgfd"ns agfo{ /rgfnfo{ :jflbnf] agfpg] o'lst ;a} ; i6fx n] k of]u ug] sf]l;; u/]sf x'g5g\. cnª\sf/n] efjnfo{ lj:tf/ ug{ d2t u5{. cnª\sf/n] :k:6\ofpg} g;lsg] efjnfo{ k :6 agfpg ;xof]u u5{ cnª\sf/s} d2tn] efjsf] JofVof ug{ ;lsg5. To;}n] cnª\sf/nfo{ efjsf] 6Lsf klg dfgg ;lsg] ljrf/ k l;4 ultsf/ dfwj l3ld/]n] k s6 u/]sf 5g\. pgn] kfzrfto ;flxtodf NofOPsf ladajfb h:tf goff elgg] z}nlut jfbx k"j{n] JofVof u/]sf cnª\sf/leq} k5{g\ egg] dt JoSt u/]sf 5g\ cnª\sf/sf lgldt cnª\sf/ xf]og cnª\sf/ efjsf] lgldt ul/g5. s'g efjsf lgldt s:tf] cnª\sf/sf] k of]u plrt x'g5 egg] ;h{sn] 5'6\ofpg ;Sg'k5{. ultdf k of]uul/g] cnª\sf/ / sljtfdf k of]u x'g] cnª\sf/ Ps} k sf/sf x' Fb}gg\. sljtfsf] ljifoj:t'df ;fdflhstf / bfz{lgstf cflb cg]s af}l4s k ;ª\u cfpg ;Sg] epsfn] To;df hl6n lada, k tls, dfgjls/0f, cltzof]lst nufotsf cnª\sf/x k of]u x'g ;S5g\. ult ;/n ;flxto xf]. ultdf k of]u x'g] cnª\sf/x ;/n, ;xh / :jtm cly{g] vfnsf] x'g' cfjzos dflgg5. lada, k tls / cnª\sf/sf] k of]un] cy{ut hl6ntf k}bf u of] eg] ultdf To:tf] k of]u c:jfefljs b]lvg5 ultdf k o'st ladax rf}agbl rf]nldf afflwpsf t'gfsf ;'s{gl h:t} x'g'k5{ h;nfo{ tfggf;fy ;lhn} ;'s{gl vf]lnof];\. o;sf] clek fo s] xf] eg] ultsf/n] efjfj]u jf ;xh efjgftds pr5ngsf qmddf Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 51

52 { :jtm snk]sf ladax ultsf] >j0f;fu} a'lemg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{. afns[i0f ;dn] klg ultx /r]sf 5g\. pgsf ultx df k o'st hl6n cnª\sf/ / ladax n] ubf{ tl ult nf]slk o x'g ;s]gg\. ultsf/n] k of]u u/]sf nlnt kb kbfjnlx, ;/n pkdfx / af]lemnf agwgn] cfsif{s x'g5g\. sljtfdf kfog] Joª\Uof]lSt, cgof]lst / cyf{nª\sf/sf] rdts[ltn] kf7s>f]tfdf clejolstsf] ;flxltos cf:jfbg ;lhn} x'g ;St}g. ss{nfsf] kfgl h:tf] lhgbulú h:t} ;/n nf]s k rlnt ladax n] ultsf] ;+k ]if0fzlst a9fpsf x'g5g\ eg] sljtfdf lgwf/ v'drofp/, 3f]lTnP/ efjaf]w ug] vfnsf cfnª\sfl/s clejolst klg k of]u epsf] efiff k of]usf b[li6n] ult / sljtfsf] cgt/ ;flxto eg]s} eflifs snf xf]. ;flxltos ljwfx efiffnfo{ g} dfwod agfp/ k s6 x'g5g\. s[ltnfo{ d"t{ / ;fsf/ agfpg] ;fwg efiff epsfn] o;nfo{ dfwod 36s elgg5. sljtf / ult b'j}df ;/;, ;'sf]dn efiffsf] k of]u ul/g5 k[=!!_. efiffnfo{ ult / sljtfsf] clgjfo{ tœj dflgg5. ultdf efjsf] clejolst efiffs} dfwodaf6 x'g5 eg] cg'k f;, lada, cnª\sf/, k tls h:tf eflifs ;f}gbo{sf o'lstx klg efiffs} pkh x'g\ k[=!!#_. ultdf yf]/} zabdf w]/} egg' kg]{ epsfn] ;"qftds / ljlzi6 efiffsf] k of]u ul/g5. sljtfdf ;fdfgo nosf] lgjf{x ug]{ kbkbfjnlsf] k of]u ul/g5 eg] ultdf clwsflws u]o kbkbfjnlsf] k of]u ul/g5. ultnfo{ ;ª\uLtfTds agfpg klg efiffs} :j/ tyf Jo~hg j0f{x sf] e"ldsf dxœjk"0f{ dflgg5. efifflagf ultsf j0f{ tyf zabx sf] sfjoftds Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsgg k[= %#_. ultdf kª\lstkª\lst lar j0f{x sf] ;dfg'kflts /vfo ldng'k5{ / j0f{ tyf zabx sf] ;xl Joj:yfkg epg eg] ultsf] no Joj:yf eª\u x'g5. sljtfdf klg nosf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g5 t/ ultdf h:tf] sf]dn j0f{, s7f]/ j0f{ cflbsf] x]/fk]m/ ug] { afwotf ;h{snfo{ x' Fb}g. ult / sljtf b'j}df cy{lj:tf/ ug{ efiffsf] ljrng ul/g5 / sfjo efiffnfo{ ub efiffegbf ljlzi6 agfog5. zabsf] Jofs/l0fs Joj:yfkgeGbf sfjoftds Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbp/ ult / sljtfsf] efiff k of]u ul/g5. ljifoj:t'df ;dfgtf ep klg efiffsf] cfnª\sfl/tfsf sf/0f ult / sljtf b'j}sf] snftds d"nodf sdl a];lsf] l:ylt cfpsf] b]lvg5. ultsf/x hfgfhfg nok an agfpg efiffnfo{ effrs' Fr / tfgt'g kfl/lbg5g\. cfˆgf] clejolstdf ;'Gb/tf Nofpg, no ldnfpg / egfodf k efjsl/tf l;h{gf ug{ pglx eflifs ljrng NofpF5g\. ultsf/n] lnª\u, jrg, kbqmd, cy{ cflbsf] ljrng u/l eflifs ljlzi6tf yk]sf] x'g5. st} zabx sf] k'g/fj[lq ;d]t u/]/ ultdf no l;h{gf ul/psf] x'g5. o;/l sljtfdf egbf a9l efiffsf] effrs' Fr ug] { z}nl ultdf kfog5. o:tf] k of]usf] Pp6} k of]hg ultnfo{ u]o / cfgtl/s kdf no;+j[4 agfpg' xf]. sljtfdf egbf a9l dfqfdf ultsf] efiffnfo{ syo efiff;fu lgs6 agfpg vf]lhpsf] x'g5. nf]sk rlnt kbkbfjnlsf] k of]un] ultsf] df}lnstf a9fpg ultsf/n] o:tf syo;fu lgs6 /x]sf zabx k of]u ug{ ;S5. no ldnfpg / /rgfnfo{ ;+k ]io tyf ;/n agfpg klg sljtfdf egbf ultdf syo efiffsf] k of]u a9l epsf] b]lvg5. 52 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

53 #= lgisif{ ult / sljtf Pp6} sljx[boaf6 hgd]sf ;xf]b/ ;Gtfg ep klg loglx b'o{ lar ;"Id cgt/ b]lvg5. ult ;flxto t xf] t/ o;sf] ;DaGw ;ª\uLt;Fu a9l b]lvg5. sljtfdf klg ;ª\uLt tœj t /xg5 t/ ultsf] h:tf] k wfg l:yltdf /xfb}g. ;ª\uLtk wfg sljtjn] ultsf] hljg lgdf{0f u5{ eg] efjk wfg ;ª\uLtn] sljtf k}bf x'g5. ult / sljtfsf] e]bs /]vf sf]g{ ;lhnf] cfwf/ eg]sf] ;+/rgf klg xf]. ultsf] ;+/rgfdf j[qftds 9fFrf kfog5. :yfols} jl/kl/ kmgsf] dfb} { lgdf{0f x'g] j[qftds 9fFrfn] ultnfo{ k fom sljtfaf6 cnu /fv5. ultsf] ;DaGw / ;fogf] ufog;fu hf]l8g] x'gfn] of] u]o / ;ª\lIfKt klg x'g5. j:t'k/stf / cfvofgftdstfn] sljtfnfo{ 5f]P klg ult lgtfgt j}olsts / lghl cg'e"ltsf] cftdk/s clejolstsf kdf k s6 x'g5. cgtd' {vl clejolstsf kdf JoSt x'g', Psn efj / tlj dgf]j]u;lxt k s6 x'g', k an u]oftdstf kfog' ultsf lghl j}lzi6\o x'g\. ;+/rgfut ;ª\lIfKttf / j[qftds 9fFrf, k an u]oftdstf, j}olststf tyf tlj cfj]u h:tf clenif0fn] sljtf;fu ultnfo{ cnuofpsf] kfog5. ;Gbe{ ;fdu L ;"rl s8g, h]=p= -O{=!(((_=l8S;g/L ckm ln6/]/l 6D;{ PG8 ln6/]/l lyp/l= lbnnl M k]ªu'og a's;. l3ld/], dfwjk ;fb -@)%*_= rf? rrf{= nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. lqkf7l, jf;'b]j, Gof}kfg], b}j1/fh / ;'j]bl, s]zj -;Dkf=_= -@)$^_= g]kfnl sljtf -efu $_= sf7df8f}f M ;femf k sfzg. kf]v/]n, efg'est -@)%%_= ;flxltos ;dliff ;ª\u x= sf7df8f}f M ;femf k sfzg. a/fn, s[i0fxl/ -@)%%_= ;+b[li6= nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. ===, -@)^)_= ult M l;4fgt / Oltxf;= sf7df8f}f M ljbfyl{ k':ts e08f/. ===, -@)&)_= ult s;/l n]vg] <= sf7df8f}f M g]kfn k 1f k lti7fg. n'o6]n, vu]gb k ;fb -@)^&_= g]kfnl ult uhn= nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. zdf{, df]xg/fh -@)%%_= ;dsfnlg ;dfnf]rgf l;4fgt / k of]u= sf7df8f}f M g]kfn /fhslo k 1f k lti7fg. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 53

54 g]kfnl sljtfdf ls/ftl lada 8f= wgk ;fb ;'j]bl ] ;f/ M sljtfdf k'/f0f, Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, k slt, ;dfh cflbsf ladax k of]u x'g] u5{g\. g]kfnl sljtfdf ljz]iftm ;+:s[t ;flxtosf k efjdf /fdfo0f, dxfef/t, k'/f0fx sf ;fy} lxgb" ;+:s[lt, g]kfnl Oltxf; / s]xl dfqfdf ljzj ;flxto, ljzj Oltxf;sf ladax sf] k of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5. g]kfn ax'hftlo, ax';f+:s[lts d'n's ep klg g]kfnl sljtfdf ljljw hfltsf ;f+:s[lts tyf ldyslo ladax sf] k of]u Hofb} ;Lldt dfqfdf x'g] u/]sf] 5. t/ kl5nnf] bzs vf; )^# ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5sf g]kfnl sljtfdf eg] g]kfnsf ljlegg hflt, hghfltsf ;f+:s[lts lada / ldysx sf] k of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5. o; qmddf ls/ftl hfltsf] ;+:s[lt tyf To; hfltdf k rlnt ldysx nfo{ g]kfnl sljtfdf ladasf kdf, k tlssf kdf tyf ldyslo kdf k of]u ug{ yflnpsf] 5. ls/ftl ;dfhsf tf]ofdf, lvofdf, x]t5fs'kkf -vf]lrlnkf_, kf?xfª, ;'ldgdf, uf]ndf/fhf, ltgr'nf], lrg8f], tf]/]dkf, lylaof r/f], d'gb'd, ;fs]nf nufotsf kf}/fl0fs tyf ;f+:s[lts ladax sf] k of]u epsf] kfog5. o:tf ladax sf] k of]uaf6 hftlo, eflifs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ / klxrfgnfo{ :yfkgf ug{ vf]lhpsf] 5. o:tf] k of]uaf6 g]kfnl sljtfdf df}lnstf / cnuu} klxrfg :yfkgf x' Fb} upsf] kfog5. zab s'l~hsf M lada, ldys, tf]ofdf, lvofdf, x]t5fs'kkf -vf]lrlnkf_, kf?xfª, ;'ldgdf, uf]ndf/fhf, lrg8f], lylaof r/f], d'gb'd, ;fs]nf.!= kl/ro sljtf ;flxtosf] no ljwf xf]. sljtfdf noftds kdf s'g} efj jf ljrf/sf] clejolst x'g5. To:tf] ljrf/ ;f]em} geg]/ cy{sf] k ltr5fofsf kdf s'g} csf] { j:t'dfkm{t egg ;Sg' sljtfsf] zlst xf]. o;/l s'g} s'/f egg k of]u ul/g] ;xr/ j:t'sf] cy{nfo{ lada elgg5 -lqkf7l / cgo sljtfdf cfpg] To:tf ladax hljg hutsf ljlegg ; f]taf6 lng] ul/g5. To:tf ladax ;dfh, ;+:s[lt, k s[lt, wd{u Gy, nf]s;flxto, Oltxf; cflbaf6 lng] ul/g5. g]kfnl sljtfdf ljz]iftm ;+:s[t ;flxtosf k efjdf /fdfo0f, dxfef/t, k'/f0fx sf ;fy} lxgb" ;+:s[lt, g]kfnl ] pkk fwofks -g]kfnl ljefu_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ 54 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

55 Oltxf; / s]xl dfqfdf ljzj ;flxto, ljzj Oltxf;sf ladax sf] k of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5. g]kfn ax'hftlo, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs d'n's xf]. o:tf] ljljwtf sljtfsf] lada lgdf{0fdf ctogt pkof]ul x'g] b]lvg5. t/ g]kfnl sljtfdf o;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;lspsf] b]lvfb}g. vf; u/]/ g]kfnsf ljlegg hghfltx sf] ;dfh Joj:yf, ;+:s[lt, efiff / tl hfltsf Oltxf; / tl hfltdf /x]sf nf]sljzjf; / ldyslo ladax nfo{ g]kfnl sljtfdf pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvfb}g. kl5nnf] bzs vf; )^# ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5sf g]kfnl sljtfdf eg] g]kfnsf ljlegg hflt, hghfltsf ;f+:s[lts lada / ldysx sf] k of]u w]/yf]/ dfqdf x'g yfn]sf] 5. o; qmddf ls/ftl hfltsf] ;+:s[lt, Oltxf;, ;dfh Joj:yf tyf To; hfltdf k rlnt ldysx nfo{ g]kfnl sljtfdf ladasf kdf, k tlssf kdf tyf ldyssf kdf k of]u ug{ yflnpsf] 5. ls/ft hflt g]kfnsf] k frlg hflt xf]. Oltxf;sf/x sf cg';f/ dlxifkfn j+zsf e'jgl;+xnfo{ o'4df x/fp/ ls/ft j+zl onda/n] sf7df8f} F pktosfdf ls/ft zf;gsf] ;'?cft u/]sf lyp / ls/ft j+zn] k':tf;dd g]kfnsf] zf;g rnfp M!#!$_. kl5 ls/ft /fhfnfo{ x/fp/ lnr5jl j+zsf zf;sx cfp / ls/ftx pktosfaf6 k"j{lt/ nfu]. clxn] ljz]if u/]/ g]kfnsf] k"jl{ efudf ls/ftx sf] a;f]af; 5. of] hflt k'/fgf] hflt epsfn] o;sf cfkm\g} ;Eotf, Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, efiff / lrgtg k/dk/f /x]sf] 5. ls/ft hfltsf ljzjf;, ;+:sf/, pkrf/ k4lt cflbnfo{ lgb] {z ug] { cfkm\g} zf:q d'gb'd 5. ls/ft hfltleq /fo{, lnda', ofsvf / ;'g'jf/ kb{5g\. logsf cfkm\gf cnuu} efiff 5g\. /fo{cgtu{t egbf a9l efiff 5g\. efiffdf km/s ep;fu} ;+:s[ltdf klg km/s kfog5. o:tf] km/s;fu} sljtfsf nflu rflxg] ladax k z:t dfqdf pknaw x'g] b]lvg5. g]kfnl ;flxtodf ls/ft ;d'bfoaf6 w]/} k ltefx cfpsf 5g\. kl5nnf] ;dodf c w]/} k ltefx cfo/x]sf 5g\. goff k ltefx cfkm\gf] hftlo klxrfg v'ng] u/l gjlg ladax sf] k of]u ub} {5g\. o;} k[i7e"lddf g]kfnl sljtfdf s] s:tf ls/ftl ladax sf] k of]u epsf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] vf]hl ug{ cfjzos b]lvg5. ToxL cfjzostfsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnl sljtfdf /fo{ ls/ftl hflt;fu ;DalGwt s] s:tf ladax sf] k of]u epsf] 5 egg] ljifosf] cg';gwfg oxff ul/psf] cg';gwfg ljlw / cwoogsf] ;Ldf ls/ftl ;d'bfosf y'k } k ltefx sljtf l;h{gfdf ;lqmo 5g\. j}/ful sfofnf, ljqmd ;'Aaf, h;/fh ls/ftl, u0f]z /l;s, dbg /fo{ nfdfv'n]ú, 6ª\saxfb'/ /fo{, jl/ g]dafª, lji0f' /fo{, zflgts'df/l /fo{, ljho ;'Aaf, e"kfn /fo{, >j0f d'sf?ª, gf/bdl0f xft{d5fnl, lji0f' cfe"if0f, u0f]z /fo{, /If /fo{, jl/]gb /fo{, z'e d'sf?ª, ;'ldqf afªb]n r]nl, /fhg d'sf?ª, xfªo'ª c1ft, pk]gb ;'Aaf, afn cfjf/f, ljdnf t'dv]jf, 6Lsf rfldnª, ef]u]g PSn], k ltdf ljjz /fo{, :jlkgn :d[lt, rgb jl/ t'dafkf], b]j]gb vfk'ª ;'s] {nl, k sfz yfd;'xfª, rgb /fgf]xf5f nufotsf ;of} F ls/ftl ;h{sx n] g]kfnl sljtf ;flxto dxœjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbpsf 5g\. To:t} g]kfn aflx/ /x]sf xl/k ;fb uf]vf{ /fo{, c;lt /fo{, u'dfgl;+x rfldnª, bflgon vflnª, dgk ;fb ;'Aaf, jl/]gb ;'Aaf, df]xg b'v'g, lstfkl;+x /fo{, kjg rfldnª ls/0fú, hljg gfdb'ª, ljho afgtjf nufotsf sljx n] g]kfnl sljtf If]qdf lbpsf] of]ubfg clj:d/0flo 5. oldwo] sltko sljsf sljtfdf ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u epsf] 5. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 55

56 { sltko u}/ ls/ftl sljx n] klg ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u u/]sf x'g ;S5g\. To;}n] g]kfnl sljtfdf ls/ftl ladasf] k of]usf] ;du cwoog u/l Pp6} n]vdf To;sf] lj:t[t rrf{ ug{ ;Dej 5}g. o; cwoogdf s]xl s[ltx 5gf]6 u/l ltgdf k of]u epsf ls/ftl ladasf] cwoog ul/psf] 5. o; cwoogdf e"kfn /fo{sf k}nf] x/km lz/agblú -@)%(_ / cfuf]n] hgdf]t;j dgfpfb}gú ls/ftl ef]u]g PSn]sf] lj?4dfú -@)^&_, lji0f' /fo{sf] lvofdfsf] glnf] cfsfzú -@)^*_, OGb gf/y'ª\u]sf] l;ddfsf] gfddf goff lr6\7lú 6Lsf rfldnªsf] d'gb'd / dflnª\uf]ú -@)&!_ / rgb /fgf]xf5fsf] lylaof r/fsf] ultú -@)&!_ s[ltnfo{ k ltlglw 5flgPsf] 5. ol sljtf s[ltdf ls/ftl hflt;fu ;DalGwt ladax sf] s] s:tf 5g\, ls/ftl ;dfhdf ltgsf] cy{ s] xf] / sljtfdf ltglx sf] k of]usf] ;Gbe{ s] s:tf] 5 egg] s'/f o;df j0f{g tyf ljzn]if0f u/l lgisif{df k'lupsf] 5. #= k}nf] x/km lz/agbl / cfuf]n] hgdf]t;j dgfpfb}g ultsf/ tyf slj e"kfn /fo{ -@)!&, afl:td, ef]hk'/_ ;flxltos kqsfl/tf, :tden]vg tyf s'zn jstfsf kdf ;d]t kl/lrt 5g\. ls/ftl ;f}gbo{zf:q;dagwl lrgtgsf] k jt{s ;d]t /x]sf /fo{sf ;'ldgdfsf] tl:a/ -@)%#_, bfh} sljtf ufpfd} 5 -@)%&_, k}nf] x/km lz/agbl -@)%(_, ;LdfGt ;f}gbo{ -@)^&_, cfuf]n] hgdf]t;j dgfpfb}g -@)&@_ h:tf sljtf s[lt k sflzt 5g\. pgsf ;a} s[ltdf s'g} g s'g} kdf ls/ftl hflt;fu ;DalGwt ladax sf] k of]u kfog5. pgsf] klxnf] sljtf ;ª\u xsf] gfd ;'ldgdfú cfkm}df ls/ftl ldysdf cfwfl/t 5. oxff pgsf] k}nf] x/km lz/agbl / cfuf]n] hgdf]t;j dgfpfb}g -qmdzm ult / sljtf_ ;ª\u xdf ;dflji6 ls/ftl ladax sf af/]df rrf{ ul/psf] 5. k}nf] x/km lz/agbl s[ltdf sltgh]n wfpf5f} bfo < h:tf] rlr{t ultx ;lxt hddf (% cf]6f ultx ;dflji6 5g\. b]zk ]d, ;dfh, ;+:s[lt, cf~rlnstf, hljg ef]ufosf oyfy{x, dfofk ]dsf ;Gbe{b]lv ls/ftl hfltsf] ;+:s[lt, Oltxf; / ptkl8gsf ultx o;df ;dfj]z ul/psf 5g\. lz/agbl ls/ftl hfltdf ljz]if dxœjsf ;fy nufog5. o;n] ls/ftl o'jtlsf] lada b]vfpf5. vf]6fª, ef]hk'/, wgs'6flt/sf dflg; -a9l dfqdf ls/ft ;d'bfosf dflg;_ x ef/ldf af]s]/ wgs'6f x' Fb} w/fgdf ;'Gtnf a]rg hfg5g\. To;sf] ;'Gb/ lada w/fg wgs'6fú zlif{s ultdf JoSt ul/psf] 5. h:t} M /x/ affwl sx/sf] vsgdf dg af]s5f} ls 3/ af]s5f} 9fs/df < 3/sf] b'mv 3/}df tlgtnf s}n] xf]nf ;'gsf] efp ;'Gtnf. -k[= #_ kxf8af6 t/fo{ emg] { qmd ls/ftl a:tldf klg a9\bf] 5. cfkm\gf] k'vof} {nl ynf] 5f8]/ t/fo{ emg' kbf{sf] kl8fnfo{ t/fo{ emb} {5'Ú zlif{s ultdf o;/l JoSt ul/psf] 5 M ;fs]jfdf clgtd rf]l6 l;nl eb} {5' 9fF6] h:tf] sf6] gxf];\ t/fo{ emb} {5'. -k[=!#_. o; ;ª\u xdf dfemls/ft If]qsf :yfglo 7fpFx sf] pnn]v epsf] 5. ;ª\u xdf /x]sf] of] ltd } 56 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

57 { F df6f]ú zlif{s ultn] ls/ftlx n] cfkm\gf k'vf{n] 5f8]sf] e"ld yftynf] g5f8\g cfu x ul/psf] 5. o; ultn] ls/ft hfltnfo{ oxffsf] e"ldk'q -cflbjf;l_ elgpsf] 5 M ol lrxfg rf}tf/l lg;fglsf] lrq Oltxf; gdfug] ltdl e"ld k'q ltdl cfjfbl xf} e:d] vf]l/of xf} l;:gf]sf] h/fdf km'ng] ;f/ª\ul xf}. cf], lbnkf /fglú zlif{s ultdf ls/ftl vfgkfg tyf ;+:s[ltsf ljlegg ladax sf] k of]u epsf] 5. Pp6f pbfx/0f M emf]nfel/ sf];]nl 5, ofbsf] w'n] crf/ tlgkfg] s6'jfdf Ps lrg9f] dfof ================== cfu]gfsf] l8naf6 dg kun]sf] xk] bfgfbfgf xf/ ldn]sf] Ps k]/]ª\uf] rfx. -k[= $!_ affr] lhdl e"ldú zlif{s ultdf ls/ftx xhf/f} F jif{b]lv g]kfndf /x]sf 5g\ / pglx oxffsf d"naf;l x'g\ egg] efj o;/l JoSt epsf] 5 M xhf/ jif] { ljtf{ of] lkt[ k'vof} {nl s'k L af]h" s'nb]jl cfdf b]p/fnl oxlf ltd f] ctlt 5 ef]ln laxfg 5 affr] lhdl e"ld 5, d/] lrxfg 5 of] 5f]/f]nfO{ lg;fgl k'vf{sf] ;}of} F k':t] s;d 5 rf]df]n'ª\dfsf]. -k[= &)_. ls/ft ;dfhdf ljjfxdf lxf8]sf hgtl ;a} 9'ª\uf epsf] uf]ndf/fhf / uf]ndf/fglsf] ljjfxsf] ldys k rlnt 5 M %! %#_. ToxL ldysdf cfwfl/t ladanfo{ g]kfnl sljtfdf k of]u ug] { rng lgs} kfog5. k}nf] x/km lz/agbl ult ;ª\u xdf klg uf]ndf/fhf uf]ndf/fglsf] ladasf] k of]u ul/psf] 5 M cf] Û uf]ndf/fgl ltd f] af]em cln xnsf kf/ cfwf km\ofn, cfwf aff8 uf]ndf/fhf cfok'u] F, a/fa/l kf/ -k[= *%_. o;df kf?xfª, ;'ldgdf, PnDa/, tfofdf h:tf ldys tyf P]ltxf;s JolStsf] lada klg k of]u ul/psf] 5 M d, kf?xfª xft km}nfpfb} df6f] d'r5', sf7kft NofpF5' ltdl ;'ldgdf dgn] p7 ============= v}, onda/ wg' sxff 5 < Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 57

58 d of] dgdf /fho u5' { lsnnf uf8\5' ltdl tofdf tfgdf a; -k[= *%_. o; k sf/ k :t't ult ;ª\u xdf ;fs]jf, l;nl, l;ddf, tlgkfg], lrg9f] -lrg8f] <_, s6'jf, xk] {, k]/]ª\uf], PnDa/, lsgfdf, tlg r'nf], aflhdf, rf]df]n'ª\df, lhdl e"ld, v';], uf]ndf/fhf, uf]ndf/fgl, kf?xfª, ;'ldgdf, tfofdf, ofjfrl h:tf ls/ftl ladax k of]u ul/psf 5g\. ol ladax ls/ft ;+:s[lt, ls/ft efiff tyf ls/ft ldysdf cfwfl/t 5g\. ;fs]jf, l;nl, lrg8f], tlg r'nf] ls/ft ;+:s[lt;fu ;DalGwt ladax x'g\. tlgkfg], lsgfdf, aflhdf ls/ft hfltdf nf]slk o vfg]s'/f x'g\. rf]df]n'ª\df ;u/dfyfsf] ls/ftl gfd xf]. lhdl e"ld ls/ft lsk6;fu ;DalGwt 5. v';], l;ddf, ofjfrl gftfaf]ws zab x'g\. uf]ndf/fhf, uf]ndf/fgl, kf?xfª, ;'ldgdf, tfofdf ls/ft ldys;fu ;DalGwt 5g\. PnDa/ klxnf] ls/ftl /fhfsf] gfd xf]. s6'jf, xk] { / k]/]ª\uf] ls/ftl ;d'bfodf a9l k rngdf cfpg] 3/fo;L ;fdu L x'g\. cfuf]n] hgdf]t;j dgfpfb}g slj e"kfn /fo{sf] kl5nnf] sljtf s[lt xf]. o;df #) cf]6f sljtfx ;ª\u[xLt 5g\. o;df ;ª\u[xLt clwsf+z sljtfn] g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 goff ;+ljwfg agg agg nfubfsf] ;dodf b]vfk/]sf] g]kfnsf] kl/l:yltsf] k ltladag u5{g\. o;df ;ª\u[xLt sljtfsf] d"n ljifo klxrfg xf]. oxff klxrfgnfo{ clwsf/sf kdf lnopsf] 5. ;lbof} Fb]lv ptkl8g ef]ub} cfpsf hflt, ;d'bfon] goff ;+ljwfgdf cfkm\gf xs :yflkt ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\, t/ oxffsf] ;Qf tl hgtfnfo{ xs clwsf/ lbg tof/ 5}g. To;}n] hgljb f]xsf] cfuf] anb}5. cfkm\gf clwsf/ :yfkgf gu/];dd Tof] cfuf] lgeb}g egg] sljsf] ljzjf; b]lvg5. o;} ;Gbe{df o; sljtf ;ª\u xsf s]xl sljtfdf ls/ft hflt;fu ;DalGwt s]xl ladax sf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. cfuf]n] hgdf]t;j dgfpfb}g sljtf ;ª\u xdf ;ª\u[xLt If]qL IfÚ zlif{s sljtfdf oxffsf] /fhgllt, ;+:s[lt, efiff, ;flxto cflbdf g]kfnsf hghfltx sf] klxrfgnfo{ a]jf:tf jf c:jlsf/ ug] { k j[lqk lt slj s6fif u5{g\ M g pltv]/ g clxn] s;n] ;f]w]sf] 5 lsg x'g ;s]g ls/ftlsf] sú lsg ufo{h:tf] uú sf] ;6\6fdf x'g ;s]g u'?ª uú lsg x'g ;s]g tfdfª tú yf? yú du/ dú /fp6] /Ú ;]kf{ ;Ú lsg < -k[=!@_. cfuf]n] hgdf]t;j dgfpfb}g sljtf gf}nfv ls/ftsf] lada k of]u ul/psf] 5. ls/ft If]qdf 58 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

59 gf}nfv ls/ftlx lyp egg] Oltxf;sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ l6k]/ o; ;ª\u xsf sljtfdf gf} nfvú lada pnn]v ul/psf] 5, h:t} M gf}nfv h/fsf] s]gb b]lv ;Dk"0f{ d'lstsf] /ftf] efu d]/} /utn] au]sf] s'/f pglx n] rfn kfpsf 5g\ / d]/f] nfdf] b'/lsf] cleofgnfo{ 3fF6L lgdf]7\g ;'gsf]zlsf] d'st cfsfzdfly pglx n] lrnuf8l p8fpsf 5g\ -/fdk k[= *%_ o; sljtf+zdf gf}nfv h/fsf] s]gb eg]sf] dfemls/ftsf] ef]hk'/ xf]. /f0fflj/f]wl cfgbf]ngdf ef]hk'/, ;+v'jf;ef, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'ª\uf, /fd]5fk, rl/sf]6 nufotsf] k"jl{ kxf8l e"efudf sahf u/]sf /fdk ;fb /fo{sf] ;Gbe{ oxff pnn]v epsf] 5. To:t} o;df k[yjlgf/fo0fsf] kmf}h;fu n8fof ug] { jflnªxfª / ls/ft e"ldsf nflu n8\g] c6nl; h:tf kfqsf] lada klg k of]u ul/psf] 5. o;df ;'Kt'n'ª h:tf ls/ft ;+:s[ltsf ladasf] klg k of]u ul/psf] 5. %= lj?4df Ps bzs egbf nfdf] ;do xªsªdf a;]kl5 a? b'mv ef]ug' k/] klg :jb]zd} sfd ug] { egb} g]kfn kmls{p/ Jofj;flos v]tl nufot ljlegg Joj;fodf ;lqmo /x]sf ls/ftl ef]u]g PSn] -@)@(, g]kf{, vf]6fª_ slj tyf ultsf/ klg x'g\. pgsf a]gfd -;+o'st sljtf ;ª\u / lj?4df -@)^&_ s[lt k sflzt 5g\. pgl ;dfh ;]jfdf klg pltts} ;lqmo 5g\. lj?4df sljtf ;ª\u xdf cf]6f sljtf ;ª\u[xLt 5g\. ljb]l;g'sf kl8f, g]kfnsf] cjoj:yf, c:tjo:ttf, k/fo{ e"lddf sfddf hf]ltg' kbf{sf] dgf]lj1fg cflb ljifosf sljtf o;df ;ª\u[xLt 5g\. o; ;ª\u xsf cfu x, d'unfg]nfo{ ufpfsf] lr7l, d]/f] ufpfleqsf 5/k:6 b[zox h:tf sljtfdf ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. hljg ef]ufo, ;fdflhs oyfy{ / b]zl ljb]zl ;Gbe{sf] lrq0fsf nflu klg pgn] ldn];dd ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u u/]sf 5g\. Pp6f pbfx/0f M laemfpf5 s'lkndf / k/fnsf] u'gb L s'kfdf / zf]efdfrl tf5f8 d5f8 ;NanfpF5g\ -d'unfg]nfo{ ufpfsf] lr7l, k[= $&_. slj ef]u]g g]kfnl sljtfdf lxgb" lada, k tls / ldysx sf] dfq k of]u ul/psf]df cfqmf]z JoSt u5{g\ / n]v5g\ M /fdf n]vof} ;Ltf n]vof} zs'gl n]vof} ultf n]vof} Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 59

60 s] kf] n]v]gf} Pp6f l;ª\u} o'u n]vof} -cfu x, k[= #_ casf sljtfdf ls/ftl lada, k tls / ldyssf] k of]u ug' {k5{ egg] slj ef]u]gsf] cfu x 5. pgl n]v5g\ M ca dnfo{ b]pm snd d}n] n]vg' 5 d]/f] d'gb'd d]/f] y'y'/l j]b n]vg' 5 d}n] cf]8f/sf] sfkaf6 n]vf]6 l6kg' 5 jfa', jf;f], tlgr'nxfsf] sfjo n]vg' 5 9f]n, ofd6f / ;fs]nfsf] slx/g n]vg' 5 -k[= #_, o; k sf/ k :t't sljtf ;ª\u xdf y'y'/l j]b, d'gb'd, jfa', jf;f], tlgr'nf, ªfd'/L, ;fs]nf, lggfdf, x}vfdf, x'5' {d, v'?dal, af];]kf7f, x]t5fs'kkf, tfofdf, lvofdf, df]kf, e'ª\lndf, of/l, l;x\off, cf/fvf, rfdf{, jf;'d, 5'kfn'ª, s'lkndf, s'kfdf, ;f]efdfrl, nflktvf, jfs'df{, a'5fn', gfgf, jfdf, xfkkf, sf]s', g5'ª, 5fa'tf] h:tf ljz]iftm rfldnª /fo{;fu ;DalGwt ladasf] k of]u o;df epsf] 5. oldwo] d'gb'd, jfa', tlgr'nf, ;fs]nf, lggfdf, x}vfdf, x]t5fs'kkf, tfofdf, lvofdf cflbn] ls/ft ;+:s[lt tyf ldysnfo{ hgfpf5g\. cgo zabn] ls/ft ;+:s[lt tyf hghljgsf ;Gbe{nfO{ a'emfpf5g\. slj ef]u]gn] ol ladax sf] k of]u dfkm{t ls/ftl hfltsf] hftlo uf}/j tyf hftlo clwsf/sf] kif lnpsf 5g\. ^= lvofdfsf] glnf] cfsfz dfgjzf:qdf lkpr\=8l= u/]sf / k fwofkg k];fdf ;+nug /x]sf lji0f' /fo{ -@)!@, lrlk ª, vf]6fª_ sf ;flxltos tyf ;flxto]t/ s[lt k sflzt 5g\. pgsf dfnf -syf ;ª\u dfg5] -sljtf ;ª\u k/k/ -syf ;ª\u sf/fuf/leqsf] h"g -sljtf ;ª\u ;f]l;of] kf]lnl6sn PGy f]kf]nf]hl Og\ g]kfn b k;{k]ls6e ckm ;f];f]nf]hl PG8 PGy f]kf]nf]hl e]6 -ullt / lvofdfsf] glnf] cfsfz -sljtf tyf ult ;ª\u k sflzt s[lt x'g\. lvofdfsf] glnf] cfsfz s[ltdf ## sljtf ult ;dflji6 5g\. o;df ;dflji6 sljtf 5f]6f, 5l/tf t/ uxg 5g\. ol sljtfdf k ]d, ;dsfnlg g]kfnl /fhglltsf ljs[lt lj;ª\ult, sljsf] cfkm\gf] hgdufpfsf] ;f}gbo{sf ;fy} ToxfFsf cefj / kl8f, sljsf] cfsfª\iff, dfcf]jfbl hgo'4sfnlg cj:yfsf] oyfy{, g]kfnsf cflbjf;l tyf hghfltsf efiff, ;+:s[ltdfly epsf x:tif]k / lje]b, g]kfnsf] ;Ldf cltqmd0f / To;sf] c;/, sf7fdf8f} Fsf] c:tjo:ttf / ljs[lt cflb ljifo /x]sf 5g\. ;h{s lji0f' /fo{ g]kfnsf cflbjf;l hghfltsf] Oltxf;, ;Eotf / klxrfgnfo{ oxffsf] zf;s ju{n] :jlsf/ ug{ g;s]sf]tkm{ o;/l va/bf/l klg u5{g\. pgnfo{ cfkm\gf] ls/ftl ;Eotfsf] k frlgtf / j}1flgstfk lt uf}/j 5 / pgl cfkm\gf sljtf / ultdfkm{t ls/ftl ;Eotfsf] k'ghf{u/0fsf] cfxjfg klg u5{g\. 60 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

61 gfo6 Snasf] efiff d hflgbgf lkmlndsf ;:tf g[to klg a'lem\lbgf a'em\5' kmut tofdfsf] klxnf] lznl hfgb5' x]t5fs'kkfsf] klxnf] ;ª\uLt -gfr_ o;df ;dflji6 sljtfdf dfemls/ft If]qsf] cf~rlns hljg / ls/ft ;Eotf Pjd\ ;+:s[ltsf] lrq0f kfog5. b'wsf];l, af3vf]/, rf]df]n'ªdf -;u/dfyf_, rf}tf/l, 7fF6L cflb :yfgsf gfdx o;df ;dflji6 5g\. o;df kf?xfª, ;'ldgdf, lvofdf, uf]ndf/fhf, uf]ndf/fgl cflb ls/ft nf]scfvofgsf kfq, gf]s5f} F, sr'/ sf6\g] ;Gbe{, ;fs]jf gfr cflb ls/ft ;+:s[ltsf ljifo, lndb], v';], sf]kf cflb ls/ftl gftfaf]ws zab cflbsf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. o:tf] k of]un] ls/ftl ;Eotfk ltsf] cf:yf / uf}/jaf]w ul/psf] 5. lvofdfsf] glnf] cfsfzdf k of]u epsf ls/ftl ladan] sfd / dfdsf] vf]hldf ef}tfl//x]sf g]kfnl o'jfzlqmsf ;d:ofnfo{ ;ª\s]t ul/psf] 5. ;fy} u0ftgq / ;ª\3Lotfsf] dfu{tkm{ nlds/x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ eljiok lt slj cfzfjfbl 5g\. slj cfkm\gf] ls/ftl ;Eotfk lt ulx/f] cf:yf / uf}/jaf]w u5{g\. oxl uf}/jaf]wsf ul/psf] nflu oxff ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u epsf] b]lvg5. &= l;ddfsf] gfddf goff lr6\7l OGb gf/y'ª] -!(&* hgj/l #, OGb ]0fLkf]v/L, vf]6fª_ slj tyf uhnsf/ x'g\. ;fdflhs tyf /fhgllts If]qdf klg pltts} ;lqmo gf/y'ª]sf l;ddfsf] gfddf goff lr6\7l k sflzt 5. cf]6f sljtf ;ª\u[xLt 5g\. ljb]zdf /xfbfsf kl8f, zf]if0f, cgofo, c;dfgtf cflbsf] lj/f]w, hftlo clwsf/, :jtgqtf, :jfledfg cflbsf kifdf n]lvpsf sljtf o;df ;dflji6 5g\. o; ;ª\u xdf /x]sf vf]6fª, l;ddfsf] gfddf goff lr6\7l, km]l/ klg xfg{ d /fhl epfú h:tf sljtfdf ls/ftl ladax sf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. s]xl pbfx/0f o:tf 5g\ M k/f/ avt]ddf ltkkf a;fof em/]yof] kf]xf]/ dfyf afa} lxf8\of] of] ;fn s/tf h]7fsf] kfnf] cfp5 -vf]6fª cfdfn] ;'gfpg] d"n vffaf]sf] syf gs5'ªn] kmnfsg] d'gw'dx lylaof r/ln] af]xf]/lsf]?vdf a;]/ s/fpg] lj/xl :j/ d]/f] zableq kss} x'g] 5}gg\ ljzjf; u/ l;ddf d]/f] ult t'jffnf] x6]sf] lgdfddf h:t} ;fu/ kf]ltpsf] x'g]5 -l;ddfsf] gfddf goff lr7l k :t't s[ltdf jf, xfª, avt]dkf, ltkkf, dfyf, s/tf, afa}, l;ddf, lggfdgf, lnldrªa'ª, jfnfvf, Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 61

62 d'gw'd, tf]ofdf, lvfofdf, ;fs]nf, l;nl, bfon'ª, gs5'ª, ;]x] F, lylaof r/f], x]t5fs'kkf, o] Ftf], lnª\kf, /f]b'ª Onf h:tf /fo{ ls/ftl hflt;fu ;DalGwt ladax sf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. *= d'gb'd / dflnª\uf] 6Lsf rfldnª -@)#) df3 $, g'gynf vf]6fª_ ultsf/ x'g\. pgsf ;kgfsf] /ª -@)%*_, ;dosf] /ª -@)^$_, h"gsf] a:tl -@)^*_ / d'gb'd / dflnª\uf] -@)&!_ ult ;ª\u x k sflzt 5g\. pgsf ultx df k z:t dfqdf ls/ftl ladax sf] k of]u epsf] 5. d'gb'd / dflnª\uf] ult ;ª\u xdf!)* cf]6f ult ;dflji6 5g\. o; ;ª\u xsf ultx df ls/ftl ladax/sf] k of]u k z:t dfqdf epsf] 5. ;ª\u xsf] zlif{s d'gb'd / dflnª\uf]n] ls/ft ladadf cfwfl/t 5. ;ª\u xsf ljlegg ultdf d'gb'd ladasf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. h:t} M d cflbd kxf8 nfo/x]5' lz/df cfsfzsf] l;s'd ufo/x]5' vf]nf h:tf] hljgsf] d'gb'd -cflbd kxf8, k[=!#_ axg5 /] zltn xfjf d'gb'd ufpfb} k s[ltdf kms{g5 /] gf/fjf x'n l;nl gfrb} ;fs]nfdf s:tf] xf]nf ;'ldgdfn] l;fuf/]sf] km"nsf] a:tl snkgfdf of] dg k'ug] s:tf] xf]nf pgsf] a:tl -h"gsf] a:tl, k[= ^(_. 6Lsf rfldnª cfkm\gf ult dfkm{t ls/ft ;+:s[ltk lt uj{ u5{g\ / cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt ;w} F kmng] km'ng] ljzjf; /fv5g\. pgl n]v5g\ M PSnf] PSnf] PsfGtsf] cfjfh ;'g]/ ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf] l/jfh a'g]/ Rff]df]n'ª\df d'gb'd u/l r'lng\ ;'ldgdf l/ttf] l/ttf] w/tlel/ km'lng\ tofdf -cfsfª\iffsf] /ª, k[=!)%_ ;du df x]bf{ k :t't d'gb'd / dflnª\uf] s[ltdf /x]sf ultx df l;s'd, x'r' {d, lb5'd, ;fs]nf, dfª, dflnª\uf], lylaof, gfgf, kf?xf, ;'ldgdf, tofdf, lvofdf, tofr'ª, hfoh'd, l/l;of, xf]jf, l;lnr'ª, rf]df]n'ª, lagfof], l;nl,pfef}nl, v';], pfwf}nl, gfodf, l;d] e'd], cfª\ul, kfªb]g, dfªlvd h:tf ls/ft ladasf] k of]u ul/psf] / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

63 { (= lylaof r/fsf] ult rgb /fgf]xf5f -lgd{nl8ff8f *, vf]6fª_ kl5nnf] k':tfsf ;zst slj x'g\. pgsf dgdf cffwl rn]kl5 efph" n8]sf] el/ -syf ;ª\u / lylaof r/fsf] ult -sljtf ;ª\u k sflzt s[lt x'g\. lylaof r/fsf] ultdf $) cf]6f sljtf ;ª\u[xLt 5g\. o;df ;d]l6psf sljtfdf clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs, /fhgllts, ;f+:s[lts ljifox ;dfj]z 5g\. slj hgtfsf] clwsf/k lt ;r]t b]lvg5g\. kl5nnf] ;dodf rn]sf] klxrfgsf] ljifonfo{ o; ;ª\u xsf sljtfdf dxœjsf ;fy ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5. o; qmddf ls/ftl ladasf] klg k of]u ul/psf] 5. o; ;ª\u xdf /x]sf csf] hgddf, k Zg gblnfo{, gkmls{g]x nfo{, cflbjf;l w'jff, Gx]n', 5fa'nfdf gfglx, cfnf] lrtf, cfkkfsf] ;flns h:tf sljtfdf ls/ftl ladax sf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. 5fa'nfdf gfglx zlif{ssf] sljtfdf pgl n]v5g\ M d]/lsf] kft vlrof ciftf jf, lkt[ k'h]sf] lrª\gfsf] sffrf] v'g laabfo/x]5 /l;ofdf g5'ª hf]vfgfn] tfg]/ 3fOt] ;ftf] kmsf{o/x]5 lhpfbf] sfgaf6 -k[= ^!_ ls/ft ldysdf cfwfl/t uf]ndf/fhf -uf]nkf/fhf_ sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ Gx]n' zlif{s sljtfdf o;/l k :t't ul/psf] 5 M uf]nkf /fhf uf]ndf /fglsf] lax]df d'gb'd k9\bf k9\b} crfgs x'/l rn]/ cfuf] lge]kl5 9'ª\uf b]jtf ep / cfh;dd b]ptfnfo{ km"n r9fo/x]5g\ dflg; cfpm xfdlr} F k ]d r9fcf} F -k[= %^_ o; k sf/ lylaof r/fsf] ultdf tlgkfg], 8asf, d'gb'd, lndb], lndr'ª a'ª, h]s', l;nl, s/ª\ofªs'?ª, lylaof r/f, Gx]n', hgt]9'ª\uf, x'on'ª, uf]nkf /fhf, uf]ndf /fgl, l/l;of, g5'ª,?ª/l, 5fa'nf, vlrof, of/l, ;f]n}ddf, laabfpg', enfof], l;lnr'ª, d'dftf], jf;f], ykgl, cfkkf, ofddf /f] F, rf]df]n'ª\df cflb ls/ftl ladax sf] k of]u epsf] 5.!)= lgisif{ g]kfnl sljtfdf ls/ftl ladax sf] kmf6\6km'6\6 k of]u x' Fb} cfpsf] ep klg kl5nnf] ;dodf Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 63

64 o;sf] ;r]t k of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5. pknaw ;fdu Lsf cfwf/df x]bf{ ;r]t kdf ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u ug] { klxnf] slj e"kfn /fo{ x'g\. ;Dd rn]sf] g]kfnl hgo'4 )^# sf] hgcfgbf]ngkl5 w]/} sljx ;r]t kdf ls/ftl ladax sf] k of]u ug{ cu ;/ epsf] b]lvg5. kl5nnf] ;dodf hftlo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts hfu/0f a9]sf] 5 / g]kfnl ;flxtosf] d"n ljifo g} klxrfg agb} upsf] 5. clxn]sf] k':tfsf ;a} h;f] ls/ftl sljx ls/ftl ladax sf] ;r]t k of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. u}/ ls/ftl sljx n] klg To:tf] k of]u ug] { ;Defjgf b]lvg5. o; cwoogdf 5gf]6 ul/psf sljtf s[ltsf cfwf/df ls/ftl ladax sf] k of]u ug] { k fom ;a} sljx n] kf?xfª, ;'ldgdf, tofdf, lvofdf, x]t5fs'kkf, uf]ndf/fhf, uf]ndf/fgl, lylaof r/f] h:tf ls/ft ldysx nfo{ ladasf kdf k of]u u/]sf 5g\. d'gb'd, ;fs]nf, lrg8f], ltg r'nf] h:tf ls/ft ;+:s[ltsf clegg ljifonfo{ lada agfopsf] kfog5. v';], l;ddf h:tf gftfaf]ws zabsf] k of]udf klg sljx?lr b]lvg5. sljtfdf cfkm\gf efiffsf zabx nfo{ ;s];dd ;dfj]z ug] { pglx sf] rfxgf b]lvg5. ol ladax sf] k of]u dfkm{t ls/ftl hfltsf] hftlo uf}/j tyf hftlo clwsf/sf] kif lnpsf 5g\. g]kfnsf cflbjf;l tyf hghfltsf efiff, ;+:s[ltdfly epsf x:tif]k / lje]bsf lj?4 klg pglx n] ls/ftl ladax sf] k of]u u/]sf 5g\. cflbjf;l hghfltsf] Oltxf;, ;Eotf / klxrfgnfo{ oxffsf] zf;s ju{n] :jlsf/ ug{ g;s]sf]tkm{ o;/l va/bf/l ug{ klg cfkm\gf hftlo ladax sf] k of]u u/]sf 5g\. sljx nfo{ cfkm\gf] ls/ftl ;Eotfsf] k frlgtf / j}1flgstfk lt uf}/j 5 / pglx cfkm\gf sljtfdfkm{t ls/ftl ;Eotfsf] k'ghf{u/0fsf] cfxjfg u5{g\. oxl uf}/j af]wsf ul/psf] nflu oxff ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u epsf] b]lvg5. ls/ftlx g]kfnsf cflbjf;l x'g\ egg] dfgotf :yflkt ug{ klg ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u ul/psf] b]lvg5. g]kfnl sljtfdf j]b, dxfef/t, /fdfo0f, k'/f0f cflbsf lada, k tls / ldysx sf] jr{:j epsf] t/ g]kfnl df}lns ;+:s[lt / ;EotfnfO{ jf:tf gul/psfdf c;gt'li6 / To:tf] k j[lqk ltsf] ljb f]xsf kdf ;d]t ls/ftl ladasf] k of]u x'g yfn]sf] kfog5. casf sljtfdf ls/ftl lada, k tls / ldyssf] k of]u ug' {k5{ egg] sljx sf] cfu x b]lvg5 / o;n] Pp6f cleofgs} k lng nfu]sf] b]lvg5. o;n] g]kfnl ;flxtosf] w/ftn km/flsnf] agfolbpsf] 5. of] cleofg;fu} cgo hflt, ;d'bfosf ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, efiff, ldys cflbsf] k of]unfo{ k f]t;fxg u/]sf] 5. g]kfn h:tf] ;of} F hflt, ;+:s[lt, efiff epsf] b]zdf ;a} hflt, ;+:s[lt / efiffnfo{ ;d]6]/ ltgnfo{ ;flxtodf pkof]u ug{ ;s] g]kfnl ;flxtosf] cfkm\gf] df}lns klxrfg sfod ug{ ;lsg]5. To;/L df}lns klxrfg agfpg ;Sbf dfq g]kfnl ;flxton] ljzj ;flxtodf cfkm\gf] :jtj l;h{gf ug{ ;S5. g]kfnl sljtfdf ls/ftl ladasf] k of]usf] cleofgn] To:tf] :jtj lgdf{0fdf husf] sfd u/]sf] 5. of] g]kfnl ;flxtosf nflu ;'vb ljifo xf]. kl/lzi6 zabfy{ ;"rl cf/fvf M /S;L, PnDa/ onda/ M klxnf] ls/ftl /fhf, s/tf M :yfglo zf;s 64 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

65 { lsgfdf M e6df; s'xfp/ agfopsf] ljz]if kl/sf/, s'kfdf M pk}off, s'lkndf M sf7sf] lksf{, sf]s' M aho} xh'/cfdf, vlrof M sfpnf]sf] emf]n, v'?dal M xfl;of, v';] M sfg5l -rfldnª efiff_ uf]ndf/fhf M lax] ug{ b'nxlsf] 3/lt/ hffb} ubf{ crfgs 9'ª\uf] ep egg] ljzjf; ul/psf ls/ftl /fhf uf]ndf/fgl M lax]sf nflu cfpfb} u/]sf b'nfxf uf]ndf/fhf 9'ª\uf] epsf] ;'g]/ cftdfxtof ug]{ o'jtl -:ju{df upkl5 uf]ndf/fhf / uf]ndf/fglsf] e]6 eof] egg] ljzjf; 5_ ªfd'/L M k z:t, rfdf{ M sf]bf], rf]df]n'ª\df M ls/ftl efiff ;u/dfyf, 5fa'tf] 5fa'nf M bfft gcfpfb} d/]sf arrfsf] ;+:sf/ 5'kfn'ª M lrxfgsf] d'vo 9sgL, hgt]9'ª\uf M vf]6fª lhnnfsf] blif0fl e]udf /x]sf] hgtl cfsf/sf] 9'ª\uf], h;nfo{ uf]ndf /fhf / pgsf hgtlsf] ls+jbgtlsf kdf x]l/g5. h]s' M lkt[ a:g] 7fpF ltg r'nf] M ls/ftl ;d'bfodf ltg cf]6f r'nfnfo{ lkt[sf] k tlssf kdf k"hf ug]{ rng 5. ltgkfg] M ljz]if k sf/sf] sf]bf]sf] z'4 /S;L ltkkf M 7"nf] a'af tf]ofdf Tfofdf / lvofdf M ;fg}df cfdfa'af u'dfpsf, afns efo;fu lj5f]l8g' k/]sf lbblalxgl h;n] hljgdf w]/} b'mv kfp. pglx af6} tfgdf sk8f a'gg] sfdsf] yfngl epsf] egg] ljzjf;. ;fs]nf l;nlsf] ;'?cft ug]{. lylaof M c sf] if8ogqdf 5f]/f] u'dfpsl dlxnfsf] cftdfaf6 ag]sf] elgpsf] r/f] y'y'/l j]b M ls/ft hfltdf /x]sf] df}lvs zf:q, d'gb'd bfon'ª M r'nf], cu]gf] lb5'd M lkt[ k'hg] :yfg, hxff hff8sf] 7"nf] ofdkf /flvpsf] x'g5. gfgf M lbbl lggfdf lggfdgf M cfsfz, Gx]n' M cj}w ue{af6 hlgdpsl cgfy s]6l kf?xf kf?xfª M ls/ftlsf cflb lktf h;n] ;+;f/sf] ;[li6 u/] elgg5. sltkon] lzjhlsf] ls/ftl k klg eg5g\. avt]dkf M avt]sf] afa', aflhdf M s'v'/fsf] leql e'tnf 89fP/ agfpsf] Ps k sf/sf] ls/ftl kl/sf/ afa} M sfsf laabfpg' M l;pl/g' a'5fn' M df6fsf] xff8l, af];]kf7f M ;'Fu'/sf] kf7f e'ª\lndf M 3G6L, dfyf M :yfglo zf;s, d'gb'd d'gw'd M ls/ftl hfltdf df}lvs k/dk/fdf /x]sf] ;[li6 bz{g, hljg bz{g tyf ;+:sf/ zf:q. d'dftf] M cfkm\gf k'vf{ -/fhf_ lhtfl;+xnfo{ zq'n] sf6]/ t/af/ kvfn]sf] x'gfn] /fgfxf5f /fo{n] kfgl gvfg] vf]6fªsf] nfdfv'df /x]sf] P]ltxfl;s wf/f df]kf g5'ª gs5'ª M wfdl lah'jf of/l M cb'jfsf] rfgf sf6]/ kmfk ckmfk x]g] ljlw, Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 65

66 F ofjfrl M ;fylx -afgtfjf efiff_ o] Ftf] M glhssf bfh'efo l/l;of M j]bsf] Crf eg] h:t} d'gb'dsf] Znf]s jf dgq /f]b'ª Onf M /fo{ efiff ofddf /f]f M d[tssf nflu lrxfgdfly /flvlbpsf] vfg]s'/f nflktvf M ;F3f/ lnª\kf M afx'g, 5]qL hfltsf dflg; lndb] M ;fofnl lnldrªa'ª M n]vdf km'ng] Ps k sf/sf] km"n Jff M kfgl xfª M /fhf jfs'df{ M Ps k sf/sf] hª\unl ;fu, jfdf M s'v'/fsf] kf]yl, jfnfvf M lah'jfx la;fpg] wf/f] jf;f] M s'v'/fsf efn]sf] k'r5/sf] nfdf] KjfFv -rfldnª efiff_ wfdln] jf0fsf] k tlssf kdf k of]u ug]{ ;fs]jf ;fs]nf M pfef}nl -j}zfv k"l0f{df_ / pfwf}nl -d+l;/ k"l0f{df_ sf cj;/df ljz]if gfrufg;lxt dgfog] ls/ftl hfltsf] dxœjk"0f{ kj{. l;s'd M ;Ddfgk"j{s lbog] ku/l l;ddf M sfg5l -afgtjf efiff_ l;nl M ;fs]nfsf cj;/df k s[lt tyf hljgsf ljlegg lqmofsnfksf] clego;lxt gflrg] gfrsf] z}nl. l;lnr'ª M ef]hk'/ / vf]6fª lhnnfsf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ Pp6f 8fF8f] h;nfo{df l;x\off ;]x] M k ]tftdf ;L;L M vfg]s'/f vfg'cl3 lkt[nfo{ r9fpg] sfd ;'ldgdf M ls/ftlsf cflb dftf h;n] ;+;f/sf] ;[li6 u/] elgg5. sltkon] kfj{tlsf] ls/ftl k klg eg5g\. ;f]n}ddf jfa' M lrg9f] lrg8f] x'on'ª M /fo{ hfltsf] d"n r'nf], h;df lkt[sf] k tlssf kdf k"hf ul/g5 x'5'{d M 3/leq dflgg] l;sf/l b]jtf x]t5fs'kkf vf]lrlnkf M tofdf lvofdfsf] efo h;n] hljgdf w]/} b'mv kfof]. h;n] cgg kqf nufpsf] ljzjf; ul/g5. x}vfdf M wtl{, x'5'{d M lkt[b]j. ;Gbe{ ;"rl OGb gf/y'ª\u] l;ddfsf] gfddf goff lr6\7l, cd]l/sf M cgt/f{li6«o g]kfnl ;flxto ;dfh. pkfwofo, >L/fdk ;fb -@)%%_, g]kfnsf] ;dlifftds Oltxf;, nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. ls/ftl, ef]u]g PSn] -@)^&_, lj?4df, xªsª M l;h{gzln ;flxto ;dfh. rfldnª, 6Lsf -@)&!_, d'gb'd / dflnª\uf], sf7df8f}f M pld{nf /fo{, t]h /fo{, lgnd /fo{. lqkf7l, jf;'b]j, b}j1/fh Gof}kfg] / s]zj ;'j]bl -@)^)_, g]kfnl sljtf efu $, rf}yf] ;+:s/0f, nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. k eft, lji0f' -;Dkfbs_ -@)&)_, ;flxtosf/ snfsf/ snfsf/ kl/ro sf]z, sf7df8f}f M g]kfn k 1f k lti7fg. /fo{, e"kfn /fo{ -@)%(_, k}nf] x/km lz/agbl, sf7df8f}f M g/xfª /fo{. /fo{, e"kfn /fo{ cfuf]n] hgdf]t;j dgfpfb}g, sf7df8f}f M lrg8f] a's;. /fo{, lji0f' -@)^*_, lvofdfsf] glnf] cfsfz, sf7df8f}f M /fjf;fjf k fl1s. /fgf]xf5f, rgb -@)&!_, lylaof r/fsf] ult, a]nfot M g]kfnl k ltef k lti7fg. jt{dfg -@)%&_, x]5fs'kkf, sf7df8f}f M g]kfn /fhslo k 1f k lti7fg. 66 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

67 hk t' + -afx jif] { Ogf/_ M Ps kl/ro lgd{nf >]i7 ] ljifo k j]z kfgl dfgj hljgdf geo{ gx'g] Pp6f dxœjk"0f{ j:t' jf tœj xf]. ;+;f/sf ;Dk"0f{ hlljt k f0flx sf] nflu kfglsf] cfjzostf kb{5. xfdl b}lgs hljgdf lkpg ;/;kmfo, l;frfo cflb sfo{x df kfglsf] k of]u ub{5f} F. ljzjsf] ;a} ;Eotfx kfglsf] jl/kl/ -gbl kf]v/l vf]nf_ g} ljsf; epsf 5g\. h:tf] l;gw' ;Eotf l;gw' gbl lsgf/df, lrlgoff ;Eotf o]nf] gbl lsgf/df, ld>sf] ;Eotf gln gbl lsgf/df ljsl;t ;Eotf x'g\. cfh;dd kfopsf dfgj ljsf; / a:tlsf k df0f ;a} vf]nf jf gbl lsgf/x df /x]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf] k l;4 dfgj k"j{h /fdlky]s; -! s/f]8 jif{ k'/fgf]_ sf] cjz]if klzrd g]kfnsf] a'6jn ltgfp gbl lsgf/fdf kfopsf] xf]. hlj ljsf;sf] cwoog ;w} F gbl jf vf]nf lsgf/fdf ul/g5 lsgeg] ;+;f/sf ;a} hlljt k f0flx sf] nflu kfgl ckl/xfo{ j:t' xf]. dflg;n] klxnf] k6s k of]u u/]sf] oftfoftsf] ;fwg 8'ª\uf klg dwokfiff0fsfnb]lv g} k of]u x'g yfn]sf sltkosf] lhls/ 5. cfhsf] h:tf] oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf gepsf] ;dodf k frlg sfnsf dflg;x ;Nnfsf]?v 9fn]/ o;sf] lardf vf]k]/ ;fgf] gfp -8'ª\uf_ sf] kdf k of]u ub{y] egg] s'/f dwokfiff0fsfnlt/sf o'/f]kdf kfopsf k df0fx af6 k'li6 x'g5. o:tf ;fgf 8'ª\ufx cfh klg cl:ttjdf /x]sf b]lvg5g\. pkof]ul kfglsf] ;Ddfgdf g]jf/l ;dfhdf ;/;kmfo lbj;sf] kdf l;7l gvm -s'df/ ifi7l h]i7 z'sn ifi7l_ dgfog5. hljgdf clgjfo{ cfjzostf dwo]sf j:t' epsf]n] kfglaf6 b'mv gxf];\ egg] cfzo clt snof0fsf/l 5. of] Pp6f xhf/f} F jif{sf] hn k jfxsf] ;+:s[lt xf]. k'/fgf] ;+:s[lt / o;sf] ljsf;sf] k z+;glo :d/0fsf] of] lbj; xf]. :jf:yo /Iff, cftd/iff / :jo+;]jfdf of] Pp6f clgjfo{ rf8 xf] M $*_. P]ltxfl;stf g]kfnsf] k fdfl0fs Oltxf; lnr5lj j+zb]lv ;'? epsf] dflgg5. x'g t s]xl ;flxltos / k'/ftfltjs k df0fx n] o;egbf cufl8 ls/ft j+zsf] pnn]v gu/]sf] xf]og t/ :ki6 k df0f gkfp;dd o; af/]df s]xl egg ;lsfb}g. k l;4 lnr5lj /fhf dfgb]jsf] Pp6f clen]v sf7df8f} F dlr5gb ] pkk fwofks -;+:s[lt_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 67

68 jxfn, s]n6f]n tvf5] + rf]sleq Ogf/sf] kvf{ndf 6fFl;Psf] kfopsf] 5. -jh M &!_. clen]vdf pnn]v epsf] k ;ª\uaf6 /fhf dfgb]j cfˆgf ;Gtfg;/x k hfnfo{ Jojxf/ ub{y]. hgtfsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu z'4 lkpg] kfglsf] Joj:yf /fhfaf6 ul/psf] k ;ª\uaf6 of] /fh dfgb]jsf] nf]slxtsf] s[lt l;4 x'g5. oxff p7fpg vf]lhpsf] s'/f lnr5lj /fhf cfˆgf] ;'v ;'ljwf dfq gx/]/ hglxtsf] sfo{df klg Tolts} ;lqmo lyp egg vf]lhpsf] xf]. hljgsf] cfwf/e"t cfjzostf kl/k"lt{sf] nflu zf;s ju{ Tolt g} k lta4 lyp egg] k df0f of] clen]v lbpsf] 5. dfgb]jsf c clen]vx klg dlgb/, d"lt{ lgdf{0f, k"hf, :yfkgf h:tf k ;ª\un] el/psf 5g\. t/ of] clen]v hglxtsf] sfo{;fu ;DalGwt epsf]n] ljz]if pnn]vglo /x]sf] 5. lnr5lj sfnsf ;a} h:tf] clen]x hgtfsf] ;'v ;'ljwfsf ljifodf s]lgb t /x]sf 5g\. dwosfndf klg dnn /fhfx n] z'4 vfg]kfglsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu ljz]if Wofg lbpsf] s'/f tftsflns ; f]tx af6 :ki6 b]lvg5. o;sf] pbfx/0fdf kf6g b/af/ If]qleqsf] ;'Gb/f rf]sdf /x]sf] ;'Gwf/f, t'iff lx6l -pv'sf] /; h:tf] dl7f] kfgl cfpg] wf/f_nfo{ lng ;lsg5. of] wf/f l;l4g/l;+x dnnn] ;qf} F ztfabllt/ lgdf{0f u/fpsf lyp. e"ldsf sf7df8f} F dxfgu/kflnsf!@ gda/ j8f k'/ftfltjs b[li6sf]0fn] lgs} dxœjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5. lnr5ljsfndf blif0f sf]lnu fdsf] kdf /x]sf] of] 7fpF dwosfn;dd klg sflgtk'/ /fhosf] l;dfgfsf] kdf /x]sf] lyof]. k l;4 a"9fglns07sf] d"lt{ agfopsf] ;do clen]vlo k df0fsf] cfwf/df O{Zffsf] ^$) lt/ kb{5. of] d"lt{ agfpg] nfossf] 7"nf] k :t/ -9'ª\uf_ NofOlbP afkt blif0f sf]lnu fd -xfnsf] M nug_ sf afl;gbfx nfo{ s]xl uxgf nufpg 5'6 lbpsf] k ;ª\u tftsflns eldfh' {gb]j lji0f'u'ktsf] o+ufnlx6l clen]vdf kfopsf] 5 M $^_. dwosfnsf] clgtd ;dolt/ k[yjl gf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df8f} F pktosfdf sahf ubf{ olta]nfsf] k rng cg';f/ s'df/lsf] /y;fu} kl/qmdf ul//x]sf dnn /fhf hok sfz dnnnfo{ h};lb]jnlg/sf] Xo'dtdf /x]sf] lbof]nfo{ pn6f]af6 3'dfP/ ;ª\s]t ul/psf] lyof]. xo'dt eg]sf] rvf{sf] cfsf/df sf7af6 ag]sf] ljz]if k sf/sf] cf/tl ug] { 3'dfpg] lsl;dsf] z}nl xf]. oxff clxn] klg OGb hfqfsf] ;dodf s'df/lsf] /y cfok'ubf ljz]if k sf/n] Xo'dtaf6 cf/tl ul/g5. of] 7fFpnfO{ g]jf/l efiffdf j08] -l;dfgf, b]zfsf]_ elgg5. kf}/fl0fs sygcg';f/ hda'lbk 6]s' bf]efgdf g] d'lgn] tk:of u/l ljzfn ;/f]j/sf] kdf /x]sf] sf7df8f} F pktosfnfo{ ;x/sf] kdf lgdf{0f u/l g]kfn 68 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

69 ] b]zsf] lgdf{0f k f/de o; j8f -!@_ af6 epsf] a'lemg5 -sf7df8f} M &_. lxgb" wd{cg';f/ rt'df{;df rf/ gf/fo0fsf] bz{g ug] { k/dk/f -;fpg dlxgf, z'sn kifsf] PsfbzL / sflqs dlxgfsf] z'sn kifsf] PsfbzL xl/zogl / xl/af]wgl PsfbzL_ /x]sf] 5. rf/ gf/fo0fdwo] b'o{ gf/fo0f o;} j8fsf] j08] / Xo"dt 6f]ndf kb{5g\. k frlg 7"nf] af}4 :t'k o;} j8fsf] t's+ jxfndf /x]sf] 5. a Xd :j k e}/jsf] rdtsf/ u/]sf 7fpF a Xd6f]n xf]. k l;4 tflgqs hfdg u'efh'sf] hgd:yn sf7df8f} Fdf ;j{k yd lgld{t rf/ jxfndwo]sf] Ps d';'d jxfn k l;4 afx jif{ Ogf/ o;} j8fdf kb{5. hg>'lt cg';f/ sf7df8f} Fsf] ;a}egbf k'/fgf] /fh b/jf/ /x]sf] nfos"ggl o; 7fpFdf kb{5. k l;4 krnl e}/jsf] dlgb/ klg oxff /x]sf] 5. Ogf/ vfg]kfglsf] k d'v ; f]t xf]. sf7df8f} F pktosf hg;ª\vofsf] b[li6sf]0fn] lgs} ;3g a:tl xf]. oxff x/]s jif{ kfglsf] cefj x'g] ub{5. vfg]kfgl ;+:yfgn] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s]sf] kfglsf] cefj w]/} xb;dd oxff /x]sf Ogf/ / 9'ª\u]wf/fx n] k"/f ub} { cfpsf 5g. j{tdfg ;dodf 7"nf 3/ lgdf{0f ug] { sf/0fn] e"ldut hn ;~rodf gsf/ftds c;/ kg{ yfn]sf] 5. sf7df8f} F pktosfdf ** jxfndwo]!* j6f pqd dflgg5g\. tldwo] klg d';+ ' jxfn ;j{>]i7 dflgpsf] 5. oxff b'o{ eujfg a'4 / t]ql; sf]6l b]jtfsf d"lt{ /x]sf 5g\. rf/ lbzfdwo] k"j{df tn]h' ejfgl / klzrddf e}/j pq/df 5jf; M clhdf blif0fdf rtf+ b]jtfx k ltli7t 5g\. dl0f l;+x ljxf/sf b]ju[xcufl8 l;4s'08 elggyof]. o; s'08sf] pq/kl clhdfsf] d"lt{;fu} Pp6f 9'ª\u]wf/f /x]sf] 5. ls+jbgtlcg';f/ k frlg sfndf nfos"ggl egg] 7fpFdf /fhf jl/ ljqmdhl lyp. Pslbg udl{sf] ;dodf /fhf ltvf{psf]n] 9'ª\u]wf/fsf] kfgl ;f]em} lkpfbf kfgl;fu} ;fgf] ;h{ /fhfsf] k]6df k:of]. kfgl lkpsf] s]xl ;dokl5 /fhfnfo{ k]6 b'vg yfnof]. of] s'08lg/ /fhf k'u]kl5 oxff a:g] Eofu'tfn] egof] olb /fhfn] o; s'08sf] kfgl tlg c~h'nl vfof] eg] /fhfsf] ljqmdhlt lsgrs efiff -kz'k+iflsf] efiff_ a'emg] epsf]n] Eofu'tf]n] eg] cg';f/ tlg c~h'nl kfgl vfp. o;kl5 /fhf b/af/ kms{bf ;k{ tlg 6'qmf ep/ /fhfsf] d'vaf6 lgl:sof]. ;k{ v;]sf] af6f] -unnl_ nfo{ clxn] klg :jtjfd'u -tlg 6'qm] unnl_ egg] ul/g5. o;} a]nfb]lv wf/fsf] kfgl ;f]em} lkpg x'gg egg] wf/0ff /xl cfpsf] 5. o;} :jtjf+ d'uaf6 cfh klg!@ jif{sf] Ps k6s vf]sgfsf] l;sfnl clhdf Hofaxf;Dd k' ofo grfpg] ul/g5. g]kfn ;+jt\ &&% df hfdg u'efh'n] ljlwk"j{s k'/zr/0f a;l -hk, tk, xf]d u/l_ l;4s"k s'08nfo{ Ogf/sf] kdf agfpsf] x'gfn] o;nfo{ hk t+ ' elgg5. hk t' + zab ckd +z eo{ kl5 Hofk" t' + x'g uof]. elgg5 of] Ogf/ dd{t ug] { qmddf /fhf k tfk dnn / hfdg u'efh'n] 5f]k]sf lyp. of] Ogf/ k To]s!@ jif{df dfq ;kmf ul/g5. o;}n] o;nfo{ afx jif] { Ogf/ klg elgg5. Ogf/sf lgdg s]xl ljz]iftfx /x]sf 5g\ M -!_ of] Ogf/ c h:tf] k To]s jif{ ;kmf gu/]/!@ jif{df Ps k6s dfq ul/g5. b]zdf v8]/l k/]sf] a]nf /fhfaf6 x's'd as;fo k'/zr/0f Pj+ c k"hf ljlwx ;DkGg u/]/ dfq Ogf/ vf]ng ;lsg5. -@_ Ogf/ vf]ng'cufl8 ;DalGwt jh frfo{ -af}4 k'/f]lxt_ x n] ;ft lbg;dd k'/zr/0f a;l z'l4 k"hfx u/]/ dfq Ogf/leq kfgl lemsg hfg] Hofk"x nfo{ ;d]t z'4 ug' {kb{5. of] Ogf/sf] lkfwdf Pp6f snz :yfkgf ul/psf] 5. ;kmf ug{ ] a]nf k'/fgf] snz lems]/ goff snz /flvg5. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 69

70 { -#_ Ogf/sf] ue{leq ;ft tnfd'lg dfq hldg -lkfw_ e]l6g5. Ogf/ ;kmf ug] { Hofk"x sf cg';f/ k To]s tnfdf sf7sf ;Q/L -blng_x /flvpsf] 5. oxff 9'ª\uf Pp6f 3f]K6\ofP/ /flvpsf] 5. 9'ª\ufsf] leqaf6 kfgl /;fo/xg5. of] Ogf/ ;kmf ubf{ oxffsf] kfgl dfq lgsfn]/ k'ub}g. o;sf] k"j{ / klzrddf c klg Ogf/x 5g\. oxffsf tlgj6} Ogf/sf ;a} kfgl lgsfn]kl5 dfq!@ jif] Ogf/ ;kmf ug ;lsg5. of] ;kmf ug{ w]/} vr{ nfug] x'gfn] s]xl ;dob]lv ;km ug{ 5fl8Psf] 5. clgtd k6s ljqmd df snz k]ml/psf] lyof]. Ogf/ ;kmf ug] { sfd ;'? epb]lv k"/f gep;dd /fhfsf] k ltlglw :j k t/af/ dfkmnrf -kf6l_ df /flvg5. g]kfndf cgfj[li6 -v8]/l_ eof] eg] of] Ogf/sf] snz k]mg] { rng clxn] klg /x]sf] 5. elgg5, sf7df8f} F dxfgu/kflnsf!@ j8fdf /x]sf] d';+ ' jxfndf k l;4 tflgqs hfdg u'efh' -cgh'jh jh frfo{_ k tfk dnnsf] kfnfsf k l;4 tflgqs x'g'x'gyof]. pgl tgq ljbfdf kf/ª\ut lyp. hfdg u'efh' gfd /xg'df Pp6f ls+jbgtl klg /x]sf] 5. :yfglo ljzjf;cg';f/ hfdg u'efh'sf] 3/df Pp6f e"ldut dfu{ -;'?ª_ /x]sf] lyof]. oxffaf6 k;]/ l;w} :jode" zflgtk'/leq lg:sg ;lsyof]. u'efh' ;w} F oxl af6f]af6 :jode" hfg] uy] {. af6f]df :yfglo JolQmx n] pg]sf] k"hf ug] { eff8f]df kmndf -ljz]if k sf/sf] tfdf jf lkqnaf6 ag]sf]_ sffrf] df;', t/sf/l cflb >4fk"j{s /flvlbgy]. :jode" / ljhozj/lsf] k"hf ;lspkl5 u'efh' tgq zlqmaf6 tl j:t' ksfp/ vfgy]. elgg5, 3/df eft slxn] klg gvfg] egg] cy{df hf -eft_ dg -gvfg]_ gfd /xg upsf] xf]. of] ;'?ªsf] af/]df w]/} vf]hl ug] { k of; ul/psf] lyof]. t/ clxn];dd ;kmntf ldn] ]sf] 5}g. clgtd k6s lj=;+=!((^ lt/ ;'s'gbf -ljz]if k sf/sf] lbof]_ afn]/ tlg hgf jh frfo{x n] k of; u/]sf lyp. o;a]nf oxff hldgleq s]xl e'; b]v]sf] atfpsf 5g\. Ogf/, s'08 tyf 9'ª\u]wf/f/x kfglsf] ; f]tx nfo{ klg z[ª\uf/ ug] { / oxff ljlegg d"lt{x /fvl k"hf ug] { rng pktosfdf /x]sf] 5. o:tf ; f]tx vf; u/l rf/ k sf/sf 5g\ M -!_ t' + eg]sf] hldg vg]/ OF6f / 9'ª\ufaf6 agfopsf] Ogf/ xf]. Ogf/sf] dflynnf] 3]/fsf] 9'ª\uf gfu cfsf/df sf 'lbpsf] x'g5. ol Ogf/x u}/wfld{s p2]zosf nflu k of]u ul/g5g\. gu/ tyf a:tlx df Ogf/ nf]slk o /x]sf 5g\. -@_ s'08 eg]sf] hldgd'lgsf] kfgl d"nsf] kdf km'6]/ dfly cfpsf] 7fpF xf], hxff tly{ofqlx d]nf eb{5g\ / ljlzi6 wfld{s dxœj /x]sf] x'g5 M ^^_. -#_ h? eg]sf] 9'ª\ufaf6 lgld{t vfg]kfglsf] 6\ofª\sL xf], h;df c ; f]taf6 kfgl el/g5. o:tf h?x lnr5ljsfnb]lv g a6'jfx sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu tly{:yn / a:tlx df agfopsf] kfog5. -$_ nf] +x lx6l -9'ª\u] wf/f_, n' + lx6l -;'Gwf/f_ x klg pktosfsf] kfglsf ; f]tx xg\. 6f9faf6 s'nf] a'i6 kfgl NofP/ uf]nf] c08f jf rf/s'g] 9'ª\ufdf kfgl aug lbopsf] :yfg nx+ lx6l -9'ª\u] wf/f_ x'g\. kfgl lg:sg] d'vfdf uf]xl jf xfqlsf] 6fpsf] agfopsf] x'g5. ol wf/fx sff;n] df]l8pdf n' + lx6l -;'Gwf/f_ elgg5. lnr5ljsfnb]lv g} o:tf wf/fx pktosfdf cl:ttjdf /x]sf 5g\. 70 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

71 lgisif{ sf7df8f}f pktosf k frlg sfndf Pp6f ;/f]j/ -kf]v/l tnfp_ sf] kdf /x]sf] s'/f j+zfjnlx df kfog5. oxff a:tl a9\b} upkl5 vfg]kfglsf ; f]tx sd x' Fb} upsf 5g\. dnn sfndf klg vfg]kfglsf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ul/psf] lyof]. hg;ª\vof j[l4;fu} 7"nf 3/x sf] lgdf{0fn] ulx/fo;dd hu vlgfbf kfglsf] d'xfgdf gsf/ftds c;/ kg{ yfn]sf] 5. sf7df8f} Fsf] ;'Gwf/f o;}sf] k df0f agg k'u]sf] 5. oxff ;w} F eo/xg] vfg] kfglsf] cefj sd ug{ oxff /x]sf Ogf/ 9'ª\u]wf/fx sf] /fd f] Joj:yfkg ug' { h?/l 5. goff vfg]kfgl of]hgfx ;DkGg x'g' cufl8 :yfglo kfglsf ; f]tx ;+/If0f x'g ;s]df kfglsf ;d:of w]/} sd ug{ ;lsg]5. ;Gbe{ u Gyx sf7df8f} F dxfgu/kflnsf!@ j8f, Ps kl/ro -@)^#_, sf7df8f} F d=g=kf=!@ j8f, 6]s", rnv'. kf}8]n, >L/fd -@)^#_, s]xl hfgg} kg]{ s'/f, sf7df8f}f d=g=kf=!@ j8f, Ps kl/ro, sf7df8f}f. jh frfo{, wgjh -@)^#_, lnr5ljsfnsf clen]v, g]kfn / PlzofnL cwoog s]gb, lq=lj=, sllt{k'/, sf7df8f}f -låtlo ;+:s/0f_ zfso, k f=;'j0f{ -@)&)_, l;7l gvm -l;7l rf8_, ;Dkbf M g]kfn ;Dkbf ;+3, eb sfnl, sf7df8f}f. >]i7, lgd{nf -@)^(_M e'o'h;l gf/fo0fm a'9fglns07, nflndf, g]kfnl Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt tyf k'/fdxœj ljefu kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 71

72 F ah]6 ptkfbgd'vl ls ljt/0fd'vl 8f= nidl kgt -jfun]_ ] o; n]vsf] p2]zo ah]6sf] ;fdfgo kl/ro lbgsf ;fy} ah]6sf ptkfbg / ljt/0fd'vl kifx sf] ljj]rgf ug' { /x]sf] 5. o;sf cltl/qm g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t o; ljifoj:t'nfo{ s]nfpg] k of; ul/psf] 5.!_ kl/ro ah]6ú zabn] 5fnfsf] emf]nf jf y}nf] egg] hgfpf5 h'g Nofl6g efiffsf] 'Buga' k mfg;]nl efiffsf] 'Bougette' cª\u ]hl efiffsf] 'Budget' x' +b} g]kfnl efiff;dd cfok'u]sf] b]lvg5. t/ cfh ah]6 zabn] h'g cy{ a'emfpf5 Tof] o;sf] o; zflabs cy{df ;d]l6psf] kfofb}g. a? o;sf] zflabs cy{n] ah]6sf] ;'?jftl Oltxf;tkm{ eg] ;ª\s]t u5{. ttsfnlg a]nfotl k wfgdgql /a6{ jfnkf]n (Robert Walpole_, -h;nfo{ k yd a]nfotl k wfgdgql klg dflgg5_ n] ;g\!&## df cfkm\gf] cly{s ljj/0fnfo{ 5fnfsf] y}nf]df affwl NofP/ ;bg;dif vf]nl k :t't u/]sfn] pgsf] ;f]xl cfly{s ljj/0fnfo{ ah]6 egg yflnof]. of] k rng clu a9\b} hffbf a]nfot nufot cgo b]zsf cy{dgqlx n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] ;/sf/sf] efjl cg'dflgt cfo Pj+ Joosf] ljj/0f 5fnfs} emf]nfdf uf]ko kdf lnp/ hfg] / vf]n]/ k :t't ug] { k rng rnb} cfpsf] kfog5. cfh ah]6 ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffn] Jofks bfo/f cf]ul6;s]sf] 5. of] s]jn ;/sf/l cfo Pj+ Joosf] cg'dflgt ljj/0f dfq gep/ ;du cfly{s gllt / To;df klg ljz]if u/l ljqlo glltsf] Ps dxœjk"0f{ cf}hf/ e};s]sf] 5. ;/sf/l cfo / Joosf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df ah]6nfo{ tlg k sf/df jul{s/0f ul/psf] kfog5m vr{egbf cfo a9l x'g] art ah]6, cfoegbf vr{ a9l x'g] 3f6f ah]6 / cfo / vr{ b'j} a/fa/ x'g] ;Gt'lnt ah]6. ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x k"/f ug{ cltl/qm cfo cfjzos kg] { ;fy} ahf/ :j:y e} :jrflnt 9ª\un] ;~rflnt x'g g;sg] cj:yx df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf uxg x'g] / 3f6f ah]6sf] dxœj a9l /xg] x'g5. k/dk/fut kdf art / ;Gt'lnt ah]6 gllt ckgfpg] ul/psf] ] ep tfklg cfw'lgs ;dodf vf; u/l ;g\!(#) bzssf] ljzjjofkl cfly{s dgbl kl53f6f ah]6sf] k rng /xfb} cfpsf] kfog5. ;/sf/l vr{sf zlif{sx sf] 5gf}6, kl/rfng / ltgn] cy{tgqdf kfg{ ;Sg] k efjx sf ] ;xk fwofks -cy{zf:q_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ 72 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

73 { { cwf/df klg ah]6sf] jul{s/0f ul/psf] kfog5. h:t} M ;/sf/n] ug] { vr{x nfo{ ljlegg zlif{sx cgtu{t /fvl jul{s/0f ul/g] sfo{ut ah]6, ;/sf/l dgqfno, ljefu / ltglx cgtu{tsf ljlegg PsfOx nfo{ k bfg ul/g] /sdsf cwf/df jul{s/0f ul/g] ;+:yut ah]6, ;/sf/l vr{sf d'vo zlif{s / sd dxœjsf pk zlif{sx df jul{s/0f u/l ltgsf] lgogq0f ug] { u/l tof/ ul/g] p2]zok/s ah]6, /fli6«o n]vf k4ltsf cwf/df ;/sf/l cfo / Joosf] jul{s/0f ul/g] cfly{s ah]6 / ;/sf/l vr{sf sfo{qmd, lqmofsnfk / ltgsf glthfnfo{ cfwf/ dfgl tof/ ul/g] sfo{qmd glthf ah]6. ah]6 ljsf;sf] qmddf of] kl5nnf] jul{s/0f a9l j}1flgs dflgg5. oblk of] sfof{gjog ug{ ;xh eg] x' Fb}g. o; k sf/sf] ah]6df sfo{sf] If]q, sfo{qmd, kl/of]hgf, / lqmofsnfkx sf cwf/df vr{sf /sdx lgwf{/0f ul/psf] x'g5 -Singh, 1982:388_. ;/sf/l cfly{s glltsf] dxœjk"0f{ cf}hf/ epsfn] ah]6 sfof{gjogsf] dfwodaf6 /fli6«o cfly{s ultljlwx df ljljw ;sf/ftds k efjx kg{ ;Sg] ck]iff ul/psf] x'g5. /f]huf/, cfo, nufgl / ptkfbg h:tf cy{tgqsf dxœjk"0f{ If]qx df ah]6sf] sfof{gjogn] cnksfnlg / bl3{sfnlg ljljw k efjx kg{ ;S5g\. To;}n] k]; x'g' k"j{ efjl ah]6sf] :j k / To;af6 kg{ ;Sg] k efjx af/] rf;f] / rrf{ x'g' :jfefljs dflgg5. To;} u/l k]; u/] kzrft\ cfnf]rgftds / ;dfnf]rgftds ax; x'g' klg :jfefljs} dflgg5. ah]6 cfjlws cfly{s of]hgfsf] jflif{s k"/s ;d]t x'g] epsfn] o;n] lgzrt ;}4lGts cfwf/ lng' cfjzos x'g5. cyf{t, of]hgfsf gllt, sfo{qmd / niox xf+l;n ug{ ttsfn ug' { kg] { cfly{s sfo{x af/] ah]6df k :6 pnn]v x'g' cfjzos x'g5. -s_ ljqlo glltsf] k efjsfl/tf ah]6 ljqlo glltsf] Ps pks/0f epsfn] cy{tgqsf] s'g cj:yfdf s:tf] k sf/sf] ah]6 lgdf{0f ug' { pko'qm x'g5 egg] ljifon] 7"nf] dxœj /fv5. /fhosf b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu k To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;'?df ah]6 cfpg' clgjfo{ x'g5. t/ hxff;dd ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu ah]6 Nofpg] egg] ;jfn p7\5 To:tf] cj:yfdf eg] ;/sf/n] cfly{s dfdnfdf s] slt x:tif]k ug{ ], sqf] cfsf/sf] / s:tf] ;+/rgfsf] ah]6 Nofpg], s:tf] jflif{s glltsf cfwf/df ah]6 th' {df / sfof{gjog ug] {, ah]6 sfof{gjogaf6 cfly{s If]qdf s] s:tf k efjx cfpg] ck]iff ul/psf] 5 egg] h:tf ljifox sf] cxd\ dxœj /xg] u5{. ol ;jfnx af6 ljqlo glltsf] k efjsfl/tf / ;f]xl cg' ksf] jflif{s ah]6sf] k efjsfl/tfsf] ;d]t d"nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg5. ;du cfly{s cj:yfsf] ;xl d"nofª\sgsf cfwf/df olb ljqlo gllt df}lb s glltegbf a9l k efjsf/l /xg] b]lvpdf ;/sf/n] 7"nf] cfsf/sf] ;fy} 3f6fsf] cfsf/ klg 7"nf] epsf] ah]6 NofpFbf Tof] ;fgble{s dflgg5. t/ To:tf] cj:yf g/xfbf 7"nf] cfsf/sf] 3f6f ah]6 lgdf{0fn] cfly{s ;fwgx sf] lj:yfkg / Jofks b'?kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf lgdtofpg ;S5. ;do ;fgble{s /xfbf /xfb} klg olb ah]6 gllt / p2]zo cg' k sfof{gjog x'g g;sbf klg ;fwgx sf] b'?kof]usf] ;Defjgf /xg5. vf; u/l lgdg kl/:yltx ljbdfg /xfbf ljqlo gllt a9l k efjsf/l x'g] ] ;}4flGts dfgotf /x]sf] kfog5m d'b f dfu k"lt{ / Aofh b/alrsf] ;DaGw Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf] cyf{t\ nufgl dfu jqmsf] nrstf sd /x]sf], Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 73

74 ' { { { Aofh b/ olt w]/} sd epsf] tf ls Aofh 36fP/ nufgl a9fpg] kl/l:ylt g/x]sf], h'g cj:yfnfo{ t/ntf w/fk -Liquidity Trap) sf] cj:yf elgg5, cy{tgqdf lg/fzfhgs cj:yf ljbdfg /xl lghl If]qsf] nufgl kl/rflnt x'g g;s]sf], r/d dgblsf] lg/fzfhgs cj:yf /xl df}lb s glltsf pks/0fx af6 ;f] ;dfwfg x'g g;sg] cj:yf /x]sf], ljqlo ;fwg ; f]tsf] sdlsf sf/0f ljsf; x'g g;s]sf s'g} vf; If]qx nfo{ Dffly psf:gsf nflu Ps k6ssf] nflu 7"nf] wg/fzl nufgl ug' { k/]sf] cj:yf, h;nfo{ kdk k fold8 (Pump Priming) elgg5, /, o'4, clgsfn / o:t} cgo b}jl k sf]kx 4f/f ;[lht ;d:ofx ;dfwfgsf nflu 7"nf] ;fj{hlgs ljqlo nufglsf] cfjzostf k/]sf]. ;du df, cy{tgqdf pk/f]qmdwo] s'g} jf ;j} sf/0fx af6 ;[lht kl/l:yltx n] ubf{ ah]6sf] cfsf/ 7"nf] x'g' / 3f6fsf] cfsf/ klg 7"nf] x'g' eg]sf] cfly{sf dfldnfdf ;/sf/l x:tif]k a9l /xg' egg] a'em\g' k5{. v_ ah]6 sfof{gjogaf6 cy{tgqdf kg{ ;Sg] k efjx ah]6 sfof{gjogaf6 cy{tgqdf kg{ ;Sg] k efx sf af/]df ljljw ;}4flGts ax;x epsf kfog5g\. ah]6sf] cfsf/ut jul{s/0ftkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ art ah]6n] /fli6«o cfodf ck:kmlltsf/l k efj kf5{ eg] 3f6f ah]6n] /fli6«o cfosf] v'b k jfxdf j[l4 NofpF5 -Shapiro, 1988:158-59). cyf{t\ s/sf b/df sdl u/l art jf ;Gt'lnt ah]6 ckgfpfbf ;/sf/l vr{df sdl cfpf5. s/ lu/fj6sf] ;sf/ftds k efj To;af6 ;/sf/l vr{df cfpg] lu/fj6sf] gsf/ftds k efjegbf sd x'g] epsfn] cy{tgqdf dgblsf] cj:yf cfpf5. To:t} s/sf b/ j[l4n] cy{tgqdf kg] { gsf/ftds k efjegbf To;af6 ;/sf/l vr{df x'g] j[l4sf] ;sf/ftds k efj a9l x'g] epsf]n] cy{tgqdf ;d[l4sf] cj:yf cfpf5. t;y{, ;':tltkm{ cf]/fnf] nfub} u/]sf] cy{joj:yfdf cf};t dfudf j[l4 u/l cf;fafbl kl/l:ytl Nofpg 3f6f ah]6 agfpg' plrt dflgg5. To:t} cf};t dfudf j[l4 e} ctolws d"no j[l4 xf +b} u/]sf] cj:yfdf art jf ;Gt'lnt ah]6 ckgfpg' plrt dflgg5. ;Gt'lnt ah]6n] klg cy{joj:yfdf ;sf/ftds k efj kf5{ egg] ;}4flGts dt 5. ;}4flGts b[li6df ah]6 ;Gt'lnt ubf{ klg ;/sf/l vr{ hltn] j[l4 x'g5 TolQs} cfsf/n] /fli6«o cfo jf ptkfbgdf ;sf/ftds k efj k5{. cyf{t\,! k ltztn] ;/sf/l vr{ j[l4 ubf{ cfo jf ptkfbg klg! k ltztn] g} j[l4 x'g5 -x]g' {xf]; P]M!)!_. o; cjwf/0ffnfo{ ;Gt'lnt ah]6 u'0fs elgg5. t/ 7"nf] cfsf/sf] 3f6f ah]6 NofP/ To;sf] /fd f] sfof{gjog x'g g;sbf To;n] cy{tgqdf s]jn clt:kmllt h:tf gsf/ftds k efjx dfq lgdtofpfg ;S5. j}1flgs lsl;daf6 5'6\ofOPsf zlif{sx df klg vr{ x'g g;sbf cy{tgqdf bf]xf]/f] gsf/ftds k efj k5{. klxnf], ;DalGwt If]q nufglaf6 ljd'v x'g', / bf]>f], b'n{e ; f]t / ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u x'g'. o; cufj} 3f6f k"lt{ ubf{ cy{tgqdf gsf/ftds k efj kl/;s]sf] x'g ;S5. t;y{, 3f6f ah]6af6 ljsf; cg'ej ug{sf nflu w]/} ;fjwfgl ckgfpg' kg] x'g5. 3f6fsf] cfsf/ s'n ufx{:yo ptkfbgsf] 5 k ltztsf] ;Ldfleq /x'g' /fd f] dflgg5. ah]6 3f6f k"lt{sf ; f]tx sf cfwf/df klg o;sf] cfly{s d"nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg5. vf; u/l a} +lsª If]qaf6 x'g] 74 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

75 ] { 3f6f ah]6sf] k"lt{n] prr d'b f k bfo u/fpg] / d"no j[l4sf] rfk Nofpg] lglzrt x'g5. dfly pnn]v ep cg';f/ sfo{qmd glthfsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/g] ah]6 ;jf{w'lgs dflgg5. o;sf nflu sfo{sf] If]q 5gf}6b]lv ah]6 sfof{gjogaf6 kg] { k efj d"nofª\sg tx;ddsf sfo{x sf] cg'udg x'g ;s] dfq To;af6 ;sf/ftds glthfx cfpg ;S5g\. o; ;Gbe{df lgdg k Zgx dxœjk"0f{ x'g ;S5g\M cy{joj:yfsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ;xl d"nofª\sg epsf] 5 ls 5}g < ljut jif{x df s] s:tf sfo{qmdx NofOPsf lyp / s] slt k"/f ep / slt epgg\ < k"/f epsf ep ltgn] s] s:tf k efj 5f8] / gepsf ep cj ltgnfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg' cfjzos 5 ls 5}g < tl k"/f ug{ slt /sd cfjzos k5{ < cj NofOg] sfo{qmdx klxn]sfegbf lsg / slt km/s 5g\ / sfof{gjog epdf s] s:tf kl/0fffdx cfpg ;S5g\ < olb ah]6 nio cg' k g} nfu' epdf To;af6 rfn' cfjlws of]hgfsf p2]zo / niox xfl;n ug{df s] slt ;sf/ftds of]ubfg k'ug ;S5 < pko' {St k fljlws k Zgx dfly Jofks 5nkmn u/l NofOPsf] ah]6 a9l j}1flgs x'g ;S5 / a9l ;sf/ftds k efjx klg Nofpg ;S5. ;/sf/n] /fh:j ;ª\sng ubf{ kg{ ;Sg] gsf/ftds k efjx nfo{ Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu / cy{tgqdf c yk ;sf/ftds k efjx 5f]8\gsf nflu ah]6sf] ;kmn sfo{gjog cfjzos x'g5. ;jn / ;Ifd ;'zf;g ah]6 sfof{gjogsf] k"j{zt{ xf]. ;'zf;g ljgf /fd f] ah]6 cfpg ;Sb}g lsg ls ;'zf;g /fd f] ah]6sf] cfwf/ xf] (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE):55). ah]6sf] ;kmn sfof{gjogsf nflu ;du cfly{s glltsf] csf] { kf6f] df}lb s gllt klg cg's"n x'g' cfjzos x'g5. cyf{t, olb cy{tgqdf ljqlo gllt a9l k efjsf/l /xg] 7DofOsf ;fy ah]6 NofOPsf] 5 eg] To; cfly{s jif{sf nflu ckgfog] df}lb s gllt klg cg's"n x'g] u/l ;dgjotds 9ª\uaf6 NofOg cfjzos x'g5 -x]g' {xf]; Lekhi, 1999: ah]6 ptkfbgd'vl ls ljt/0fd'vl ptkfbg / ljt/0f;dawl cjwf/0ffx cy{zf:qsf] ;flxtodf gf}nf gep tfklg Ps cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 ptkfbgd'vl xf] jf ljt/0fd'vl egg] ljifodf eg] Tolt rrf{ epsf] kfofb}g. t/ Jojxf/df eg] ah]6 ;DaGwL ax; e}/xfbf of] ptkfbgd'vl jf ljt/0fd'vl s:tf] ah]6 cfof] egg] s'/fx af/] ] rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. obfsbf of] ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] ljifo klg x'g] u/]sf] 5. t;y{, o; ljifodf oxff rrf{ x'g' ;fgble{s 7flgG5. ;du cy{tgqdfly ljrf/ ubf{ s'g} Ps cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6n] ptkfbg / ljt/0fsf If]qx df vf;} tfltjs kl/jt{gsf/l c;/ kf5{ egg ;lsfb}g. s'g} vf; If]qdf x'g] jflif{s nufgl, k ultzln s/sf b/x df x'g] jflif{s kl/jt{g, s'g} vf; ju{sf hg;d'bfonfo{ nio u/l k bfg ul/g] cg'bfg jf x:tfgt/0f, s'g} vf; ef}uf]lns If]qsf] nflu ul/g] nufgl j[l4af6 ;du cy{tgqdf jif{ lbgd} 7'n} k efj kfg{ ;S5 egg' unt x'g5. Ps k6s ckgfopsf glltx sf] k'g/fj[lqn] sfnfgt/df s] s:tf] kl/0ffd Nofpg ;S5 egg] s'/fn] eg] dxœj /fv5. ah]6 ;dfg'kflts kn] ;a} If]q / ju{df Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 75

76 F F aff8\b}df To;nfO{ ljt/0fd'vl egg klg ldnb}g. ;fdfgotof ptkbgd'vl ah]6 eggfn] /fli6«o cfo jf ptkfbgdf j[l4 Nofpg] p2]zo, nio / sfo{qmdx ;lxtsf] ah]6 egg] a'em\g' plrt x'g5. o;sf nflu jflif{s df}h'bf ptkfbgsf If]qx df ptkfbg / ptkfbstj a9fpg, cy{tgqnfo{ bl/nf] 6]jf lbg] k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0fsf nflu ;fy} dfgjlo ; f]t ;fwgx sf] ljsf; ug{ cfjzos kg] { /sdsf] Joj:yf ;lxt cfpsf] ah]6nfo{ ptkfbgd'vl ah]6 egg ;lsg5. o;sf cltl/qm h'g ah]6sf glltx n] lghl If]qaf6 x'g] nufglsf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;S5, nufglaf6 x'g] nfenfo{ k'gn{ufgl ug{ k f]t;fxg lbg ;S5 / lghl nufgl cfslif{t x'g g;sg] ptkfbg If]qdf kof{kt nufglsf] Joj:y ug{ ;S5 To;nfO g} ptkfbgd'vl ah]6 egg ;lsg5. csf] {tkm{ ljt/0fd'vl ah]6 eggfn] ptkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfx sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf ;fy} ljlegg ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx df a9l hf]8 lbfb} lgdf{0f ul/g] ah]6 egg] a'lemlg5. o:tf] ah]6sf ljif]ztfx df >dhljl ju{sf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds, /f]huf/sf clwstd cj;/x, clgjfo{ cfjzostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx sf] clwstd d"no ;Ldf, Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx, lziff / :jf:yosf Go"gtd ;'ljwf, k ultzln s/ k 0ffnL cflb x'g ;S5g\. oblk ptkfbstj prr /x]sf] cj:yfdf pk/f]qm ljifox dfly s'g} jf:tf ul/psf] x' +b}g egg] r} F xf]og. t/ ;fdflhs snof0fdf hf]8 lbfb}df ptkfbg / ptkfbstjdfly ;sf/ftds k efj k5{ egg klg ;lsfb}g. ljt/0fd'vl sfo{qmdx dfly hf]8 lbo{ lgdf{0f x'g] ah]6n] ptkfbg / ptkfbstj j[l4df gsf/ftds c;/ dfq kf5{ egg] gep tfklg To;n] kfg{ ;Sg] ;sf/ftds k efjx sf] s'g} lglzrttf /xfb}g. kof{kt ptkfbg / ptkfbstj j[l4 eo/xfbf ljt/0fd'vl sfo{qmdx hlt k efjsf/l x'g5g\ Tolt Go"g ptkfbg / ptkfbstjsf] cj:yfdf x'g ;Sb}gg\. jt{dfgsf] ptkfbgd'vl ah]6n] eljiodf s'g} g s'g} lsl;dn] ljt/0fsf] ;'lglzrttf ug{ ;Snf t/ ptkfbgsf ljz]if sfo{qmdx ljgfsf] ljt/0fd'vl ah]6n] eljiodf ptkfbg / ptkfbstj j[l4sf] ;'lglzrttf u5{ egg r} F ;lsfb}g. ptkfbg / ptkfbstj j[l4df k f]t;fxg lbgsf ;fy} o;df gsf/ftds k efj gkg] { u/l Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx ;d]l6g' ah]6sf] ;'Gb/ kif x'g ;S5. t/ of] ;Dej ep klg ;xh gx'g ;S5. s/sf b/af6 cfo jf ptkfbgdfly kg{ ;Sg] gsf/ftds k efj?nfo{ ;/sf/l vr{sf ;sf/ftds k efjx n] hlt a9l pl5gg ;Sof] plt g} ljqlo glltsf ;sf/ftds kl/0ffdx df j[l4 x'g ;S5. ah]6 3f6fsf] k"lt{sf ; f]tx sf] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf x'g5. 3f6f k"lt{sf ljlegg ; f]tx dwo] a}ª\ls8 If]qaf6 ul/g] k"lt{n] d'b f k bfodf j[l4 x'g] / To;n] ljsf;egbf klg d'b f:kmlltsf] ;d:of NofpF5. ctolws j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf cf;df lgdf{0f ul/psf] ah]6n] klg clglzrttf k}bf u/fpf5. To;}n] Gofof]lrt 9ª\uaf6 Jojl:yt ul/psf] s/ k 0ffnLaf6 p7\g ;Sg] /fhzjn] y]ug ;Sg] ah]6 3f6fsf] cfsf/n] / To;af6 k"/f ug] { elgpsf ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfo{if]qx sf] j}1flgs 5gf]6sf ;fy} ltgsf] ;fy{s sfof{gjog ah]6 k efjsfl/tfsf s;l x'g\. cgo ; f]tx af6 k"lt{ ul/g] 3f6f ah]6 klg ljsf; sfo{df k efjsf/l sfof{gjog x'g ;s] To;n] s]xl ;fy{stf b]vfpg ;S5. t/ olb Jofks b'?kof]usf] ;Defjgfx alr NofOg] 3f6f ah]6n] cy{tgqdf b'/ufdl gsf/ftds k efjx dfq kf5{. t;y{, 3f6f ah]6sf] ;fy{stf To;sf] sfof{gjogaf6 cy{tgqdf ;du nufgl, k' +hl lgdf{0f, /f]huf/, cfo / ptkfbgdf j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} lglzrt ;Ldfsf] d"no l:y/tfdf lge{/ x'g5. pk/f]qm kl/0ffd Nofpg g;sg] 3f6f ah]6n] cy{tgqdf s]jn] gsf/ftds k efj dfq 5f]8\5. 76 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

77 ah]6df lj1fg / snf b'j} kifsf ljz]iftfx x'g5g\. o; ljifodf dfly h] hlt rrf{ ul/of] Tof] o;sf] j}1flgs kif xf]. ah]6sf] snf kifdf ;/sf/sf cy{ dgqlsf] JolQmTj, j}rfl/s w/ftn, k :t'ltsf] z}nl, /fhg}lts ;fdflhs k efj cflbaf6 klg cfly{s ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fgdf 7'n} k efj kfg{ ;S5. obfsbf ttsflns kdf cg'ej ug{ ;lsg] t/ bl3{sfndf cy{tgqdf vf;} ;sf/ftds k efj kfg{ g;sg] a? gsf/ftds k efj kfg{ ;Sg] sfo{qmdx NofP/ hg;fwf/0fsf] Wofg lvrg] k of;x cy{dgqlaf6 x'g ;S5g\. h:t} ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eqfnfo{ lng ;lsg5. o;n] ;dfhdf 7"nf] ;sf/ftds 5fk kf5{. t/ ;du cy{tgqdf eg] o;n] vf; tfltjs c;/ kfg{ ;Sb}g. o;af6 pkef]u vr{df klg vf;} 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sb}g. obfsbf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/lsf] tna eqf j[l4 / cgo snof0fsf/l cg'bfg / x:tfgt/0fx nfo{ Pp6} s;ldf /fvl JofVof ug] { ul/psf] kfog5. t/ tna eqfnfo{ cgo ;fdflhs ;]jfx egbf km/s 9ª\uaf6 JofVof x'g' cfjzos x'g5. /fi6«;]jsx df lglxt ;]jf ;dk{0fsf] efjgfaf6 pglx sf] sfo{x sf] k efjsfl/tf / nugzlntf lge{/ x'g5. pglx sf] tna Hofnfsf b/df pk/f]qm s'/fx lglxt /xg] epsfn] olb cy{tgqdf >dsf] sfo{s'zntf j[l4 u/fpg' 5 eg] ltgdf x'g] ;dofg's"n j[l4nfo{ cgo cg'bfg / x:tfgt/0f;fu ;dfgfgt/ 9ª\uaf6 JofVof ul/g' plrt x' Fb}g. tna eqf j[l4sf lgx'df cgo If]qx df s[lqd d"no j[l4 u/fog' Hofb} lg/fzfhgs x'g5. 3= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ oxff g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ hf]8\bf ;/sf/l vr{ lg/gt/ al9/x]sf] 5 oblk o;sf] j[l4 Ps} b/sf] eg] b]lvfb}g. ;fwf/0f / ljsf; vr{x j[l4sf k j[lqx klg ;f]xl cg' ksf b]lvg5g\. hxff;dd ptkfbg / ljt/0fd'vl ah]6sf] k Zg p7\5 ;j{k ydtm s'n ;/sf/l vr{;fu ;fwf/0f / ljsf; vr{x sf] cg'kft t'ngf ug' {kg] { x'g5. rfn' cfly{s jif{ afx]s xfn}sf jif{x df s'n ;/sf/l vr{df ljsf; vr{sf] cg'kft ;fwf/0f vr{sf] t'ngfdf Ps rf}yfo{egbf klg sd /x]sf] b]lvg5. csf] {tkm{, xfn}sf jif{x df ;/sf/l ah]6 vr{ ug] { Ifdtfdf lg/gt/ Xf; cfo/x]sf] b]lvg5 h;sf sf/0f nueu %) k ltzt /sd t lk mh x'g] u/]sf] klg kfog5. To:tf /sdx sxff / s;/l /sdfgt/0f x'g5g\ egg] s'/fsf] n]vfhf]vf epsf] kfofb}g h;sf sf/0f /sd lxgfldgfsf] ;Defjgf /xg5. ah]6sf] ptkfbgzlntfdf gsf/ftds k efj kfg] { csf] { kif eg]sf] ;dodf lgwf{l/t vr{x x'g g;sg' xf]. cfly{s jif{sf] cgtolt/ dfq ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x n] clwstd ult lng'n] ; f]t ;fwgsf] b'?kof]utkm{ ;ª\s]t u5{. 3f6f ah]6sf] cfsf/tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ of] s'n ufx{:yo ptkfbgsf] 5 k ltzt ;Ldfleq g} /x]sf] b]lvg5. t/ s'n ufx{:yo ptkfbgsf] j[l4 x]bf{ of] cfjzos 5 ls 5}g egg] k Zg p7\g ;S5. g]knsf] oyfy{ s'n ufx{:yo ptkfbgsf] jflif{s j[l4b/ xfn}sf jif{x df $ k ltztegbf sd /x]sf] / rfn' cfly{s jif{df t of]! k ltztegbf klg sd /xg] cg'dfg 5. To:t} l:y/ k' FhL lgdf{0fsf] j[l4b/ klg xfn}sf jif{x df pnn]vo /x]sf] kfofb}g. ;/sf/l glltx df nufglnfo{ k f]t;fxg lbopsf] b]lvp tfklg oxff nufglsf] jftfj/0f g/x]sf] ] :jb]zl / ljb]zl nufglstf{x sf] u'gf;f] /x]sf] kfog5. ;/sf/l vr{ / lghl nufglsf] cy{tgqdf ;dfg u'0fs k efj kg] { ;}4flGts dfgotf /x]sf] 5. t/ cfoftsf] sl/a Ps rf}yfo{ dfq lgof{t ug] { g]kfnl cy{tgqdf u'0fs k efjsf] ;Lldttf /xg5. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 77

78 lsgls u'0fssf] Ps dxœjk"0f{ kif pkef]u k j[lqn] :jb]zlegbf ljb]zl cy{tgqdf ;sf/ftds k efj kfl//x]sf] x'g5. ;/sf/l vr{df j}b]lzs k/lge{/tfsf] cg'kft klg g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df pnn]vo /x]sf] kfog5. o;n] ah]6df clglzrttf k}bf u/fpg] x'g5 -tyofª\ssf nflu x]g' {xf];\ g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dgqfno, cfly{s ;j] {If0fM ljlegg jif{x _. ;'zf;gsf] cefjsf] k Zg klg oxff k z:t} p7\g] u/]sf] kfog5 h;n] ah]6sf] ptkfbstjdf gsf/ftds k efj kfg] { lglzrt g} x'g5. ågå / e"sdkh:tf sf/0fx n] ;/sf/l vr{df pnn]vo j[l4 x'g' :jfefljs dflgp tfklg o;n] ] ljsf; vr{sf] s'n vr{;fusf] cg'kftdf lu/fj6 cfpg} k5{ egg] 5}g. sltko ågåu :t d'n'sx df cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult lg/gt/ al9 g} /x]sf] kfog5. t/ g]kfndf pk/f]qm sf/0fx nfo{ g} ljsf; cj/f]wssf] kdf lng] ul/g5. k'glg{df{0fsf] /sdnfo{ ;d]t ljsf; ah]6 dfgbf o;sf] ;kmn sfof{gjogn] cy{tgqnfo{ clu a9fpg] ge} klxn]s} cj:yf;dd k'g:yf{lkt dfq u/fpf5. ;du df, pk/f]qm tyox sf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ah]6 ptkfbgd'vl xf] egg ;lsfb}g. o;nfo{ ljt/0fd'vl egg klg ldnb}g. ah]6 ljt/0fd'vl x'gsf] nflu t ptkfbgsf ;fwgx alrdf k ltkmnsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g' cfjzos x'g5. oxff sd{rf/lsf] tna j[l4sf] lgpdf d"no j[l4sf] ;d:o klg 68\sf/f] kdf /x]sf] 5. d"no j[l4sf] sf/segbf klg ;/sf/sf] lgoldt vr{ ;dfof]hg / dfgjlo k' FhLsf] kdf o;nfo{ x]g' { cfjzos b]lvg5. ha;dd k' FhL lgdf{0fsf] b/df j[l4 x' Fb}g / nufglsf] plrt jftfj/0f jgg ;Sb}g ah]6 ptkfbgd'vl agg klg ;Sb}g. ;fdflhs snof0f jf o:t} /sd x:tfgt/0fx ub} {df ah]6 ljt/0fd'vl x' Fb}g a? snof0fsf/l x'g ;S5. snof0fsf/l gllt ckgfpg] xf] eg] klxn] cfly{s ljsf;df 7'n} km8\sf] df/l hghlljsfsf] Go"gtd :t/ sfod ug{ ;Sg' k5{. sf/0f ljsf;ljgfsf] snof0f ck'/f] x'g ;S5. /sd x:tfgt/0fx ptkfbgsf s'g} g s'g} ;fwgx sf] :jfldtjdf / To;df klg >lds ju{sf] :jfldtjdf up/ ptkfbgzln sfo{df k of]u epkl5 dfq cy{zf:qsf] efiffdf To;nfO{ ljt/0fd'vl egg ldn5. ah]6n] h'g;'s} k of]hgsf] nflu aff8kmff8 ul/psf ;a} /sdx vf;df ljt/0fd'vl klg xf]ogg\. To:tf aff8kmff8x ptkfbgd'vl x'g] t emg\ k Zg g} cfpfb}g. ;Gbe{ ;fdu L g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dgqfno. cfly{s ;j] {If0f -ljlegg cfly{s jif{x _. sf7\df8f} M cy{ dgqfno. Lekhi, R.K. (1990). The Economics of Development and Planning. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. Shapiro, E. (2005). Macroeconomic Analysis. (Fifth Indian Edition). New Delhi: Galgotia Publications Pvt.Ltd. Singh, S.K. (1982). Public Finance in Developed and Developing Countries. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd. United Nations Economic Commision for Europe (UNECE) (2008). Guidebok on Promoting Good Governance in Public-Private Partnership. Cited: Publications/ppp.pdf. 78 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

79 afft/ hfltsf] ljjfx ;+:sf/ nf]s/fh kf08] ]!= kl/ro ef}uf]lns lx;fan] ;fgf] d'n's g]kfn hfltut, efiffut, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts lx;fan] lgs} ljljwtf epsf] b]z xf]. oxffsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf ;Fu} hljg lgjf{x k lt / hfltut ljljwtf :ki6} b]vg ;lsg5. ;lbof} F jif{b]lv oxff ljlegg ;+:s[lt af]s]sf hft hfltx Af:b} cfo/x]sf 5g\ ;fy} pglx n] cfk\mgf] hftlo ;+:s[ltnfo{ cif'00f /flv/x]sf 5g\. oblk To;df s]xl kl/jt{g cfpsf] klg 5. a;f]af;sf] lx;fan] x] of] eg] lxdfndf a:g] hflt z]kf{, ef]6], u'?ª, du/, a fxd0f, If]qL cflb kxf8d} / t/fodf klg cg's"lnt epsf] b]lvg5 t/ t/fo{df /x]sf cflbaf;lx t/fo{ afx]s kxf8l e"v08df cg's'ng x'g g;s]sf] b]lvg5. Gf]kfnsf ljljw hfltx sf] cwoog vf;u/l k d'v cflbjf;l hfltx g]jf/, u'?ª, du/, tfdfª, /fo{, lnda', ysfnl cflbx sf] afx]s clwsf+z hfthfltsf] lj:t[t dfgjzf:qlo cwoog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. h] hlt cwoog epsf 5g\ tl klg ljb]zl cg';gwfgstf{x n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] /fli6«o cyjf cfkm\g} gllh p2]zo k"lt{sf nflu ul/psf 5g\ -lq=lj=;dfhzf:q dfgjzf:q s]gb Lo ljefu, o;f] x' Fbfx' Fb} klg s]xl g]kfnl cg';gwfgstf{x n] s]xl hfltsf] cwoog u/]sf klg 5g\. g]kfndf s'n!@% hft hfltx sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5. tl dwo] $@ hft hflt clt ;LdfGts[t ;d"xdf kg] { hfltx dwo] afft/ hflt klg Ps x'g\. of] hfltsf] k d'v a;f]af; k"jl{ t/fo{sf emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/l, l;/fxf, ;Kt/L / pbok'/ lhnnfx df a;f]af; u/]sf] kfog5 eg] wg'iff, dxf]q/l, ;nf{xl, l;gw'nl, af/f / k;f{ lhnnfdf klg loglx sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5. ;fy} of] hflt l5d]sl /fi6«ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fhosf ;x/;f, b/eª\uf, k'l0f{of / dw'jgl lhnnf a;f]af; /x]sf] If]qL -;g\!((#_, rf}w/l -;g\!(^%_ / x8\;g -;g\!**)_ n] pnn]v u/]sf 5g\. /fli6«o hgu0fgf k ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{ ] afft/ hfltsf] s'n hg;ª\vof %!,&#% /x]sf] 5 h'g s'n hg;ª\vof -@,^$,($,%)$_ sf] )=@% Ü x'g cfpf5. afft/ hflt lxgb" j0ff{>dcg';f/ z"b df kb{5. cfly{s kn] lgs} lk5l8psf] of] hfltsf] ptklq / gfds/0fdf ljåfg\x sf] Ps dt 5}g. lai6 -;g\!(^%_. l/hn] -;g\!(*@_ n] of] hflt t/fo{df a:g] yf? hfltsf] pkhfltsf] kdf pnn]v u/]sf 5g\ eg] emf -;g\!((#_ n] 3gf hª\unsf] 5]pdf ] ;xk fwofks -dfgjzf:q_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 79

80 a:g] Ps 5' } hflt dfq dfg]sf] kfog5. t/ cfrfo{ n] t/fo{ If]qsf] clnlvt Oltxf; af]s]sf] cflbafl; hfltsf] kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\. cem};dd klg o; hfltsf] ptklq, Oltxf; Pj+ gfds/0f ;DaGwdf lghl tyf ;/sf/l txaf6 vf;} cwoog epsf] 5}g. k :t't n]v afft/ hfltsf] ljjfx ;+:sf/nfo{ lrq0f ug] { p2]zon] tof/ kfl/psf] cg';gwfg ljlw Kf :t't n]v :ynut cwoogdf cfwfl/t 5. o;n] g]kfnsf] k"jl{ t/fo{sf] df]/ª lhnnfsf] ;f]gk"/ / nf}sl uf=lj=;=df a;f]af; ug] { afft/x sf] ljjfx ;+:sf/sf] rrf{ ug] { k of; epsf] 5. n]v tof/ kfg] { qmddf låtlo >f]tx sf] klg pkof]u ul/psf] 5 eg] s]xl d'vo hfgsf/;fu ljjfx ;DaGwL tyofª\s ;ª\sng epsf] lyof]. tyofª\ssf] ljzn]if0f j0f{gftds kdf ul/psf] 5 eg] tyofª\ssf] k s[lt u'0fftds /x]sf] 5. #= ljjfx ;+:sf/ ljjfx Ps ljzjjofkl ;fdflhs ;+:yf xf]. o;}n] ;+;f/sf ;a} ;dfhdf ;Gtfg ptkfbg jf hgdfpg] :jls[lt ljjfx ;+:sf/dfkm{t x'g5 cyf{t\ ljjfxkzrft\ g} arrf hgdfpg] ;fdflhs :jls[lt ldnb5. lxgb" wd{ cfufng] of] hfltsf] cgo hfltsf] h:t} ljjfx k/dk/f x' Fbf x' Fb} klg s]xl df}lnstf klg e]l6g5. loglx df b'o{ y/l gftf ;DaGw e]l6g5. loglx n] /Qm ;DaGwsf] gftfnfo{ lbofblú -;xf]b/_ eg]sf] kfoof] eg] ljjfxaf6 ag]sf] gftfnfo{ s'6'daú egb5g\. log} b'j} y/l gftfsf] cfwf/df pglx sf] kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf lgd{f0f x'g5 / cfkm\gf rf8kj{ tyf ;+:sf/hgo ultljlw ;~rfng epsf 5g\. tldwo] ljjfx ;+:sf/nfo{ oxff j0f{g ug{ ] k of; epsf] 5. #=! ljjfxsf k sf/x M ljzjsf x/]s ;dfhdf ljlegg lsl;dsf k sf/ /x]sf 5g\. afft/ hfltdf klg cgoqh:t} ljjfxsf k sf/x e]l6g5g\. ljz]ifu/l loglx df dful ljjfx, afn ljjfx, ljwjf ljjfx, ;fnl ljjfx tyf 3/9'sL ljjfxx ljutb]lv k rngdf cfpsf] b]lvg5. dful ljjfx ctolws k rngdf cfpsf] ljjfxsf] lsl;d xf]. of] ;dfhdf k fom afn ljjfx x' Fg] x' Fbf dful ljjfx k d'v b]lvg5. cfkm\gf] cleefjssf] /f]hfodf ljjfx agwgdf afflwg] k rng g} dful ljjfx xf]. k/dk/fut ;dfhdf dful ljjfxsf] afx'notf /x]sf] x'g5. t/ cfhef]ln dful ljjfxdf cln v's'nf]kg cfpsf] s'/f d'vo hfgsf/ atfpf5g\. clxn] o'jf o'jtlx n] k ]d u/]/ jf lrq a'em]kl5 dfq cleefjsn] ljjfx ul/lbg] k rng a9\bf] 5. of] k s[lt afft/ ;d'bfodf klg /x]sf] kfog5. afn ljjfx cem} klg of] ;dfhdf k rngdf 5. z}lifs tyf sfg'gl r]tgfsf] sldsf] sf/0f pglx df afn ljjfx df}lnpsf] kfog5. cwoog If]qdf afnljjfx x' Fbf s]6f / s]6lsf] pd]/!)!@ jif{egbf a9l gx'g] u/]sf] kfoof]. of] ;dfhdf ljwjf ljjfx Go"g dfqfdf k rngdf /x]sf] kfoof]. ljutdf o:tf] ljjfx cln a9l x'g] u/]sf] atfog5. ljwjf ljjfxnfo{ afft/ hfltn] ;dwú egg] ub{5g\. o:tf] ljjfxdf dlxnfsf] x}l;otdf s'g} c;/ kb} {g. OHhtsf ;fy x]g] { jf ;Ddfg ug] { u/]sf] kfog5. o;} cgtu{t 80 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

81 k fo efph" ljjfx kg]{ pglx atfpf5g\. o;}u/l >LdtLsf] d[to' epdf pgsl alxgl ep k'/fgf] gftf sfod /fvg dful ljjfxcgtu{t ;fnl ljjfx ug{] k rng klg of] ;dfhdf kfog5 t/ a9\bf] hgr]tgfsf sf/0f klxn]egbf clxn] dfly plnnlvt ljjfxsf k sf/x sf] ceof; sd x'fb} upsf] kfog5. o; hfltdf kfog] csf] { Ps cgf}7f] k sf/sf] ljjfx 5 h;nfo{ pglx 3/9'sLÚ ljjfx egb5g\. 3/9'sL ljjfxsf] :j k x]bf{ k ]d ljjfxsf] k b]lvg5. ljutdf o:tf] ljjfxsf] cl:ttj /x]sf] :yfglo hfgsf/x atfpf5g\ t/ klg o:tf] ljjfxnfo{ pglx n] ;xh kn] lnpsf] kfopg. #=@ dful ljjfxsf] k lqmof ljutdf afft/ ;d'bfodf -hfltdf_!)!@ jif{d} ljjfx x'g] ub{yof]. afnljjfx Jofks k rngdf /x]sf] lyof]. lxhf]cfh!%!^ jif{sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df ljjfx ;DkGg x'g] ub{5. jo:s s]6f / s]6lsf] k ]d ljjfx ctoflws 5. cwoog If]qdf!* jif{ k"/f u/l ljjfx ug{ ]sf] ;ª\Vof Hofb} sd kfoof]. k ]d ljjfx h] hlt eof] Tof] klg pd]/sf lx;fan] afnljjfx d} kg{ cfpsf] 5. k ]d ljjfx ug] {x df k fom w]/}n] cleefjssf] :jls[lt glnpsf] kfoof] eg] s]lxn] k ]dkzrft\ dful ljjfx u/]sf] kfo{of]. k/dk/fut dful ljjfxdf ljjfx jf # jif{df uf}gfú elgg] ljjfx h:t} Pp6f k yf -/Lt_ s]6f / s]6lsf] alrdf ul/g5. sd pd]/ epsf sf/0f ljjfxkl5 s]6l dfotdf g} a;]sf] x'g5]. uf}gfú ubf{ s]6f / s]6l kifalrdf ;DaGwdf gjls/0f x'g] cj;/ k fkt x'g5. s]6f / s]6l cln a' g] eo;s]sf x'g]x'gfn] cfk;df glhlsg] cj;/ klg uf}gfsf sf/0f k fkt x'g5. uf}gf u/]sf] Ps jif{ kl5 WofgÚ egg] csf] { l/t ul/g5 h;df dfo{tdf a;]sl cfkm\gl ktglnfo{ kltn] 3/df n}hfg5. of] k lqmofdf a]x'nf / p;sf] legfho" clgjfo{ kdf cfpg' kg] { x'g5. olb legfho" gepdf 6f9fsf] -cgo_ gftfsf] legfho" ep klg a]x'nl lng hfg'k5{. Wofg kl5 dfq jf:tljs j}jflxs hljg k f/de x'g5 / ;xjf; ;'? x'g5. uf}gf / Wofg k yfjfl/t afnljjfxdf dfq ul/g5. afft/ hflt klg lkt[;tftds bz{gaf6 ;~rflnt 5. To;}n] of] hfltdf j+z lg/gt/tfsf] lgldq 5f]/f] kfpg'nfo{ dxœj lbog5. ljjfx ul/fbf cgo lxgb" hfltn] h:tf] nug dlxgfnfo{ dxœj lbfb}gg\. a? loglx s[lifdf cfl>t epsfn] s[lif sfo{sf] rffk kg] { dlxgfdf dful ljjfx ub} {gg\. ljz]iftm df3 dlxgfdf ljjfxsf] lgldq jlh{t ul/psf] kfog5 lsgls of] dlxgfdf ljjfx u/]df s]6l a3]glú h:tf] s8f :jefjsl x'g5] egg] ljzjf; afft/ hfltdf /x]sf] 5. #=# 3/9'sL ljjfx k lqmof 3/9'sL ljjfx cgf}7f] lsl;dsf] ljjfx xf]. o:tf] ljjfxsf] ;'?df s'g} cljjflxt afft/ s]6l cgo s'g} ljjflxt cljjflxt s]6fsf] 3/df up/ 3/sf] sfd ug{ yfnb5]. o;kl5 s]6fsf kl/jf/ tyf l5d]sln] pqm s]6lnfo{ s;sf nflu 3/wGbf u/]sf] eg]/ zf]wk'5 ub{5g\. s]6ln] pqm 3/sf] s'g} ljjflxt cljjflxt s]6fsf] gfd lng5]. olb s]6ln] atfpsf] gfdsf] s]6fn] :jlsf of] eg] pm pqm 3/sL a'xf/l jf pqm s]6fsf] >LdtL agg ;S5]. cgoyf p;n] Tof] 3/ 5f]8\g'k5{. o:tf] ljjfx ljutdf k fom s'df/l s]6ln] ug] { eptfklg t?gl ljw'jfn] klg ug{ ] u/]sf] atfog5. lxhf] cfh o:tf] ljjfxsf] k rng g/x]sf] d'vo hfgsf/n] atfp. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 81

82 $= lgisif{ lxgb" wd{ dfgg] lkt[;tftds ;dfh epsf] afft/ hfltdf dful ljjfx g} a9l k rngdf /x]sf] 5. k fom afnljjfx x'g] o; hfltsf] ljjfx k lqmofdf uf}gfú / WofgÚ ul/g] k yf /x]sf] 5. of] pglx sf] lgtfgt df}lns k yf xf]. cf} F ztfabldf klg lj1fg tyf k ljlw Pj+ cfw'lgsls/0fsf] k efj of] ;d'bfodf Hofb} sd k/]sf] b]lvg5 h;sf] kmn:j k loglx sf] j}jflxs k lqmofdf ck]lift kl/jt{g cfpsf] b]lvfb}g. ;Gbe{ ;fdfu L cfrfo{, k]zn ;+/If0f ul/g'kg]{ hflt afft/, g]kfn klqsf jif{ cª\s #, sf7df8f}f M d'b 0f tyf k sfzg ljefu, n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg zfvf. s]gb Lo tyofª\s ljefu g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf k ltj]bg, sf7df8f}f M yfkfynl. rf}w/l, lk=l;= -;g\!(^%_, ljxf/ l8li6«s6 uh]6\;, k6gf M ;x/;f ;]qm]6l/o6 k ];. l/hn], Pr=P;= -;g\!*(@_, b 6«fOA; P08 sf:6 ckm aª\ufn ef]n'd!, snsqf M ;]qm]6l/o6 k ];. lji6, 8f]/axfb'/ -;g\!(&@,!(^&_, lkkn ckm g]kfn, sf7df8f}f M /Tg k':ts e08f/. x8\;g, lj -;g\!**)_, ld;]lnlgo; P:;] l/n]l6ª OlG8og ;Ah]S6\;\ ef]n'd!, n08g M 6«jg/ P08 s+=. If]qL, u0f]z -;g\!((#_, afft/ ;]6n;{ ckm Oi6g{ g]knlh t/fo{, efunk"/ o'lgel;{6l. lqe'jg ljzjljbfno, ;dfhzf:q dfgjzf:q s]gb Lo ljefu -lj=;+=@)&@_, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zl cwoogsf glthf / lgisif{, sllt{k'/ M lq=lj=lj=. 82 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

83 pq/cfw'lgstfjfb / g]kfnl ;flxtodf o;sf] k of]u zf]ef 9'ª\ufgf ] ;f/ pq/cfw'lgstfjfb / g]kfnl ;flxtodf o;sf] k of]u zlif{s k :t't n]vdf pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] kl/ro / OGb axfb'/ /fo{sf] s7k'tnlsf] dgú / blgagw' zdf{sf] eltsfb} lsnnfx Ú syfdf s]lgb t ep/ cwoog ul/psf] 5. pq/cfw'lgstfjfb s'g} Ps ljåfg\åf/f k ltkflbt Psn l;4fgt xf]og. ljlegg ljåfg\åf/f k ltkflbt ljlegg l;4fgt / dfgotfx sf] ld>0faf6 ag]sf] Sjf6L l;4fgt xf]. dxfvofgsf] cgto, ljlgdf{0fjfb, j}wflgs / s]gb Lo ;Qfsf] lj/f]w, Oltxf;sf] lj/f]w, oyfy{sf] 5ng, ljwfld>0f, ljwfd~hg, kf7sfled'vl cjwf/0ff, gf/ljfb, gjdfs;{jfb, ;dlnª\ul wf/0ff, 8fo:kf]l/s, ;jfn6g{ cflbsf] ;dfof]hg g} pq/cfw'lgstfjfb xf]. o; n]vdf k :t't ul/psf b'o{j6} syfsf] ljlgdf{0f u/]/ k/dk/fut ldys / ;DalGwt s[ltdf k :t't ljrf/wf/fnfo{ k"0f{ kn] etsfopsf] 5. s[ltnfo{ ljlgld{t ug] { p2]zo cg' k 6'qm] cfvofgx sf] k of]u, ljlgdf{0f, ljwf ld>0fn] ubf{ dxfvofgsf] cgto, cy{ut ljleggtf, ljwfut / cy{ut clglzrttf ljifoj:t' / efjsf] uxgtfdf sdl cfpsf] b]lvg5. Pss]Gb eltsp/ ax's]gb sf] :yfkgf, qmldstfjf6 qmdxlgtf cyf{t\ ljz[ª\vntf cfpg'sf ;fy} ljwfut cl:ttj ;dfkt epsf] 5. s7k'tnlsf] dgú syfdf nlnfn]vgsf] k of]un] 8]l/8fn] eg]h:t} dfgj hljgsf] oyfy{ / j:t' hut\nfo{ nlnf, ldyof / e d ;fljt u/]sf] 5.! k[i7e"ld pq/cfw'lgstfjfb klzrddf ;g\!(^) sf] bzssf] cgtolt/ b]vf k/]/ k'/fgf] eo;s]sf] l;4fgt xf]. xfdl sxff eg] clxn] ax;, ljjfb / rrf{sf] lzv/df k'u]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5. jf:tjdf pq/ cfw'lgstfjfb eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfnl ;flxtodf pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k of]u s;/l epsf] 5 egg] k fl1s lh1f;fdf s]lgb t ep/ cwoog ug' { o; n]vsf] celi6 pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ;}4flGts kl/ro cfw'lgstfdf pq/ pk;u{ / jfb k Too nfu]/ pq/cfw'lgstfjfb zab agb5. pq/ cfw'lgstf zabsf] zflabs cy{ cfw'lgstfegbf kl5sf] egg] x'g5. o; cg';f/ pq/cfw'lgstfjfb ] pkk fwofks -g]kfnl_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 83

84 eggfn] cfw'lgstfegbf kl5sf] dfgotf egg] cy{ nfub5. o;/l ;flxtodf pq/cfw'lgstfjfb eggfn] Psflt/ cfw'lgstfkl5sf] ;do jf dfgotf egg] nfug ;Sb5 eg] csf]{lt/ cfw'lgs ;flxltos k j[lqegbf legg cyf{t\ cfw'lgs ;flxtosf] ljlr5ggtf. klxnf] cy{nfo{ Wofgdf /fv]/ x]g{ xf] eg] cfw'lgs eg]sf] jt{dfg xf]. jt{dfg slxno} pq/ x'g ;Sb}g t;y{ ;flxtodf Bf]tg ug] { pq/ cfw'lgstf zabn] dfly plnnlvt bf]; f] cy{ cyf{t\ cfw'lgs ;flxltos dfgotfs]f ljr5]b egg] a' g'kb{5. pq/cfw'lgstfnfo{ cª\u ]hldf kf]:6df]8{g elgg5. kf08]osf cg';f/ kf]:6df]8{g zabsf] k of]u ;j{k yd Oltxf;sf/ cfgf] {N8 6fogaLn] Oltxf;sf] sfn ljefhg ug] { qmddf ;g\!(@$ df u/]sf x'g\. k mfg;]nl lrgts Hof k mf:jf Nof]6f8{n] Sofgf8f ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf klzrdl 1fg. l:yltaf/] rrf{ ug{sf nflu tof/ kf/]sf] lb kf]:6df]8{g slg8;g P l/kf]6{ cg gn]hú -!(&(_ sf] k ltj]bgn] pq/cfw'lgstfsf] dfgotfnfo{ cf}krfl/stf k bfg u/]sf] dflgg5. o; s[ltn] pq/cfw'lgstfnfo{ cf}krfl/s agfpg] sfd dfq gep/ Nof]6f8{nfO{ pq/cfw'lgstfsf k 0f]tf / JofVoftfsf] kdf klg :yflkt u of] o;/l pq/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k yd k of]qmfsf] kdf Nof]6f8{nfO{ dfgg ;lsg5. o'/f]kdf k'ghf{u/0f (Renaissane) o'usf] ;'? epkl5 vf; u/]/ ;g\!(*( sf] k mfg;]nl /fhoqmflgtsf] ;do / To;kl5 lgdf{0f epsf d"no dfgotfnfo{ cfw'lgstf elgg5. 7f];, j:t'k/s ;ª\ul7t, cg'zfl;t Jojl:yt, p2]zod"ns, of]hgfa4 d'nodfgotfn] cfw'lgstfnfo{ a'emfpf5. bf]; f] ljzj o'4kl5 b]vf k/]sf] eofjx cjz]if, cf0fljs z:qf:qsf] qf;, zlto'4, hg;ª\vof j[l4, hftlo e]befj, k'fhljfbsf] ablnfb} upsf] :j k, dfs;{jfbk ltsf] ljt[i0ff, lj1fg / k ljlwdf epsf] r/d ljsf; / To;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts kl/j]z cflbsf] sf/0faf6 cfw'lgs ;+:s[lt / d"nodfgotfk lt 3f]/ lg/f;f hlgdof]. ca k'/fgf d"nodfgotfx ;dfkt ep goff o'usf] ;'?jft eof] egg] pb\3f]ifsf ;fy pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ;'?jft epsf] xf]. cfw'lgstf / pq/cfw'lgstfsf alr /x]sf leggtfaf/] pq/cfw'lgstfjfbl lrgts Oxfj x;gn] The postmodern Turn : Essays in postmodern Theory and culture (1987) k':tsdf o;/l JoQm u/]sf 5g\. ælgzro clgzro, ;j{sflnstf tftsflnstf, cg'zfl;t c/fhs, PsTj ax'tj, uxg ;txl, j:t'k/s JolQmk/s, ;du vl08t a4 d'qm, s]lgb t ljs]lgb t, lgdf{0f ljlgdf{0f, qmlds JolQmqmlds, ljwfo'qm ljwfljxlg, n]vslotf kf7slotf, of]hgfa4 cfsl:ds, Oltxf;sf] lg/gt/tf Oltxf;sf] cgtoæ cflb. pq/cfw'lgstfjfb s'g} Ps ljåfg\åf/f k ltkflbt Psn l;4fgt xf]og. ljlegg ljåfg\åf/f k ltkflbt ljlegg l;4fgt / dfgotfx sf] ld>0faf6 ag]sf] Sjf6L l;4fgt xf]. To;}n] pq/cfw'lgstfjfbnfo{ ljlegg l;4fgtx sf] 5ftf l;4fgtsf] kdf lng ;lsg5. o;n] cfw'lgs snf, ;flxto, bz{g, ;dfhzf:q Oltxf; cy{zf:q, dgf]lj1fg, dfs;{jfb ;a} If]qdf b]vfk/]sf] dfgjlo, ;f]r, d"nodfgotf tyf ;Dk"0f{ k j[lqnfo{ Tofu]sf] 5. dxfvofgsf] cgto, ljlgdf{0fafb, j}wflgs / s]gb Lo ;Qfsf] lj/f]w, Oltxf;sf] lj/f]w, oyfy{sf] 5ng, ljwfld>0f, ljwfe~hg, kf7sfled'vl cjwf/0ff, gf/ljfb, gjdfs;{jfb, ;dlnª\ul wf/0ff, 8fo:kf]l/s, ;NjfN6g{ cflbsf] ;dfof]hg g} pq/cfw'lgstfjfb xf]. pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] d"n k j[lq eg]sf] g} ljlegg l;4fgtx nfo{ ;d]6g] c:ki6 vfnsf] ax'njfbl lrgtg xf]. 84 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

85 pq/cfw'lgstf ;'? x'g'egbf w]/} cufl8 hlgdpsf bfz{lgs lgt;] -;g\!*$$!())_ sf] O{Zj/sf] d[to'sf] 3f]if0ffn] pq/cfw'lgs lrgtgsf] hu v8f ul/lbpsf] dflgg5. pq/cfw'lgstfjfbl cjwf/0ffnfo{ ;"qa4 ug] { k d'v JolQm Nof]6fO x'g\. pgsf] dxœjk"0f{ s[lt b kf]i6 df]8{g sl08;gm l/kf]6{ cg gn]h8{ xf]. pgn] o; s[ltdf cufl8 ;f/]sf] dxœjk"0f{ cjwf/0ff dxfvofgsf] cgto xf]. Nof]6f8{sf cg';f/ ca dxfvofgn] cfˆgf] ljzj;lgotf u'dfo;s]sf] 5. PsLs/0fsf lgldt o;n] s'g tl/sfsf] pkof]u ub{5 egg] s'/fn] ca s'g} cy{ /fvb}g. lddf+;ftds cfvofg xf];\ jf d'lqmsf] cfvofg Tof] cy{xlg eo;s]sf] 5 / o;n] cfˆgf] a}wtf u'dfo;s]sf] 5. k[=@*_ pgsf] o; egfocg';f/ ;dfhjfb, dgf]lj1fg / d'lqmsf] cfvofg eggfn] vf; ul/sg dfs;{jfbsf] cgto eo;s]sf] 5 egg] cy{ nfub5. oxl dfgotfsf cfwf/df ljrf/wf/fsf] cgto, s]gb sf] cgto, ;flxtodf ljwfsf] cgto, gfossf] d[to'h:tf pq/cfw'lgs dfgotf hlgdpsf x'g\. Nof]6f8{n] ;foa/ ;+:s[ltnfo{ klg TolQs} dxœj lbpsf 5g\. ;foj/ ;+:s[lt eggfn] l6=le=, sdko'6/, df]afon, OG6/g]6 cflbdf lge{/ ;+:s[lt xf]. ;foa/ ;+:s[ltn] ljzje/s} dfgj ;d'bfonffo{ Ps} 7fpFdf NofOlbof] / klzrdl ljsl;t /fi6«x sf] ;+:s[ltsf] k efj / lj:tf/ ;fgf / cljsl;t d'n'sx df kg{ uof]. :jb]zl ;+:s[lt / d"nodfgotf lj:yfklt x' Fb} up. ljzjjofkls/0f e"d08nls/0f pkef]qmfjfbh:tf pq/cfw'lgs k j[lqsf] ljsf;df ;foa/ ;+:s[ltsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5. ;foa/ ;+:s[ltsf] k of]un] efiffsf lgod, cg'zf;g, ;flxtodf k"j{k rlnt ljda, k tls, ldys cflbnfo{ c:jlsf/ u/]sf] 5 / k ljlwsf nflu ;lhnf] x'g] efiffsf] k of]udf hf]8 lbg] k j[lq a9]sf] 5. pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf csf{ k d'v lrgts Hofs 8]l/8f x'g\. pgl k mfg;]nl bfz{lgs x'g\. pgl ljlgdf{0f -Deconstrucn_ sf k j{ts x'g\. ljlgdf{0f cª\u ]hl zab l8sg;6«s;g -Deconstruciton_ sf] g]kfnl kfgt/0f xf]. lgdf{0f zabdf lj pk;u{ nfu]/ lj lgdf{0f zab ag]sf] xf]. lgdf{0fsf] cy{ agfpg' xf] eg] ljlgdf{0fsf] cy{ eo/x]sf]nfo{ etsfp/ cs} { agfpg' xf]. g]kfnldf ljlgdf{0fnfo{ ljv08g klg egg] ul/psf] kfog5. æ;flxtodf ljlgdf{0fsf] s'/f ubf{ s[lt jf kf7sf] d"n knfo{ etsfp/ cs} { k tof/ ug] { k4lt g} ljlgdf{0f xf] / o:tf] l;4fgt ljlgdf{0fjfbl ;dfnf]rgf xf]æ #*_ /fd f g/fdf ;j} s[lt jf kf7nfo{ etsfp/ csf{ ] agfpg] xf] eg] k'/fgf] s[ltsf] df}lnstf / To;sf] d"n efj jf ljrf/df Å.; cfpg ;Sg] s'/fdf pq/ cfw'lgstfjfblx sf] Wofg hfg ;s]sf] eg] b]lvfb}g. o;n] zf:jt ;TonfO{ dfgb}g. ;+;f/df s'g} klg lglj{snk ;To x' Fb}g / s'g} klg JofVof clgtd ;To x'g ;Sb}g egg] loglx sf] dt 5. 8]l/8fn] eflifs kf7sf] ;Gbe{af6 ljlgdf{0fsf] l;4fgt :yflkt u/]sf x'g\. pgsf cg';f/ d"n kf7df ljlgdf{0f ug' {kb{5. pgnfo{ ctlt cyf{t\ Oltxf;, kf7 cy{, oyfy{, efiff, zab s]gb, ljrf/wf/f s]gb, ts{ pbf/jfb, ;dfhjfb, ;a} ;j{zstftds / bdgsf/l nfub5g\ / pgl o;nfo{ pn6fpg' kg] { lgisif{df k'ub5g\. #)_ o;/l ;a} k sf/sf k"j{:yflkt dfgotf, k/dk/f / cfbz{sf etsfonfo{ g} d"n dgq 7fGg] pq/cfw'lgstfjfbl dfgotfdf 8]l/8fsf] ljlgdf{0fjfbl lrgtgn] d'vo cfwf/ v8f ul/lbpsf] 5. nlnf, ldyof / leggtf g} 8]l/8fsf] d'vo ;}4flGts cfwf/ xf]. bz{gsf] Oltxf;l;t hf]8]/ ljlgdf{0fjfbsf] bz{lgs cfwf/ s]nfpg] xf] eg] ljlgdf{0fjfb ef}ltsjfb lj?4 cfwoftdjfblx sf] kl5nnf] cfgbf]ng xf]. 8]l/8fsf cg';f/ hut\ Pp6f ldyof v]n gf6s xf] / xfdl To;sf v]nf8l dfq xf} F. dfq clego 5 xfdll;t. xfdl cfkm}df s]xl xf]ogf} F. xfdl dfq e d xf} F. j:t'ut oyfy{ ;a} e d Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 85

86 l;jfo s]xl xf]og jf:tjdf h] b]lvg5. Tof] ;To xf]og ;To cs] { 5. e d ;b}j pkl:ylt / cg'kl:yltalrsf] v]n xf] cyf{t\ ;a} s'/f leggtfsf] nlnf xf] ldyof ljlgdf{0fjfbsf] ;}4flGts ky xf]. Pssf] csf{sf] leggtfl;t b[li6leggtf a'emfo, n]vfo, k9fo, ;a}df leggtf 5. Psn] a'em]sf] csf{n] ToxL a' g'k5{ egg] 5}g leggtf cfd lgod xf]. o;af6 s] a' g ;lsg5 ls ljlgdf{0fjfbsf] bfzf{lgs cfwf/ eg]sf] hljgnfo{ e d / ldyof 7fg]/ lg/fz / cgwsf/lt/ ws]ng] cef}ltsjfbl, z"gojfbl lrgtg xf]. oxl l;4fgtsf] cfwf/df ljlgdf{0fjfblx n] ;flxtosf Pp6} s[ltnfo{ ljlegg tl/sfn] ljlgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\. Pp6} kf7af6 w]/} kf7x sf] ljlgdf{0f u/]/ lxhf]sf] kl/efiffnfo{ k"0f{ kn] kl/jt{g ul/lbpsf 5g\. Pp6} s[lt jf kf7df ljlegg ljwfx sf] ld>0f u/]/ ljwfe~hg u/]sf 5g\ / k/dk/fut kdf :yflkt ljwfut ;+/rgfnfo{ etsfpsf 5g\. ljwfld>0f epkl5 syf syfdfq gep/ s]xl gf6sh:tf], s]xl sljtfh:tf], s]xl lgagwh:tf], s]xl pkgof;h:tf] clg s]xl ;dfnf]rgfh:tf] ;d]t nfub5g\. ljwfut lje]b x/fp/ Pp6} s[ltdf ljlegg cy{ / clglzrt cy{ vf]hg yflnpsf] 5. Pp6} kf7af6 ljlegg kf7x sf] ljlgdf{0f ubf{ 6'qm] cfvofgx sf] k of]un] efjut uxgtf / cy{ut lglzrttf x/fpsf] kfog5. o;}nfo{ pq/cfw'lgstfjfbl ;flxltos l;4fgtsf] kdf ljlgdf{0f, ljwfld>0f, ljwfe~hg, ;xlk7g, ljk7gsf] ;+1f lbopsf] 5. o;/l ljlgdf{0fn] k/dk/fsf] lj/f]w ug] {, k'/fgf d"nodfgotnfo{ etsfpg] / ljwfld>0f, ljwfe~hg ub} { ljwfx sf] km/s klxrfg ;dfkt kf/]/ ljwfxlgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] b]lvg5. pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf csf{ lrgts ld;]n km'sf] -!(@^!(*$_ x'g\. logl k mfg;]nl bfz{lgs x'g. logn] ;Qf / 1fgsf] ljifodf ulx/f] lrgtg u/]. logsf ljrf/df j}wflgs / s]gb Lo ;Qfsf] s'g} cfjzostf 5}g. "pgn] ;ª\ul7t k lt/f]wsf] klg cy{ b]vb}gg\ lsgls pgsf ljrf/df ;Qf Ps 7fpF dfq 5}g. pgl ax'n :yflgs / Ifl0fs kdf dfq k lt/f]w ;Ddj b]v5g\. -lu/l,@)^& #@_. pgsf] oxl dfgotfsf] cfwf/df s]gb eghgsf] gf/f cufl8 cfof]. pgl ;Tosf] cgto, ljrf/wf/fsf] cgto, oyfy{sf] cgto / n]vssf] cgto / GofonfO{ klg ;Qfsf] xltof/ epsf] 7fGb5g\. pq/cf3'lgstfjfbsf csf{ dxœjk"0f{ lrgts af}b LnfO{ x'gf\. pgl klg kf mg;]nl bfzf{lgs x'g\. pgn] ;ª\s]t lj1fgsf] If]qdf uxg lrgtg u/]. pq/cf}bf]lus k'lhjfbsf] ljzn]zf0f ub} ca j:t' xf]og j:t'sf] 5lj dxœjk"0f{ x'g5 eg]. o;af6} pgn] oyfy{sf] 5ng ;DaGwL cjwf/0f cufl8 ;f/]. logn] ;ª\s]tx n] d"n oyfy{nfo{ n'sfolbg5 egg] logsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5. logsf cg';f/ ;a} s'/f e dk"0f{ k/f]if / ladadf 5. ^#_ pgsf] o; wf/0ffn] hljg, hut\ / ;flxto ;a} e d hfn xf] egg] dfgotfnfo{ cfwf/ ldn]sf] b]lvg5. ;flxtodf pq/cfw'lgstfsf] csf] { klxrfg kf7k/s ;dfnf]rgf xf]. /f]nfjfy{ o; wf/0ff /fvg] k d'v lrgts x'g\. logl ;+/rgfjfbl bfz{lgs x'g\. logsf] k l;4 s[lt dfoyf]nlhh -;g\!(%&_ xf]. logsf] o; l;4fgt cg';f/ kf7 cfkm}df s]xl xf]og. logn] n]vgdf ; i6f jf n]vssf] s'g} ;Gbe{ cfjzos 5}g. To;}n] kf7 jf s[ltnfo{ x]g' {k5{ egb} n]vssf] d[to' eo;s]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]. logsf] oxl dfgotfsf] cfwf/df kf7k/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] cjwf/0ff hlgdpsf] xf]. pq/cfw'lgstfjfbn] ;flxtodf k frlg s]gb df /x]sf k'?if, uf]/f / prrx nfo{ dfq s]gb gdfgl gf/l, sfnf, lgdg, blnt cnk;ª\vos hflt, 8fo:kf]/f, ;dlnª\ul, ;jfn6g{ cflbnfo{ hf]8 lbg' 86 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

87 kg] { cfu x u/]sf] 5. of] /fd f] s'/f xf] t/ o;n] jul{o zf]if0f / ptkl8gsf s'/fnfo{ sxlf / st} klg p7fpsf] kfofb}g. dlxnf, blnt, ptkll8t ju{ / hfltsf] s'/f t klxn]b]lv g} cfw'lgs ;flxtodf k of]u x' Fb} cfpsf] s'/f 5nª\u{ 5. hftlo, lnª\ulo klxrfg / :jtgqtfsf] s'/f ug] { t/ jul{o zf]if0f / ptkll8tsf] s'/f gp7fpgfn] clwsf/ / :jtgqtfsf] gfddf Ps hfltsf zq' csf] { hflt, gf/lsf] zq' k'?ifh:tf pu hfltjfb / pu gf/ljfbl ljrf/n] ;dfhdf ljv08gnfo{ lgdtofpsf] 5. ;dfhsf] k ltladj ;flxto epsf] x' Fbf ;flxtodf ;d]t o;sf] c;/ kg] { g} eof]. ;+lifktdf dxfvofgsf] cgto, ljrf/wf/sf] cgto s]gb sf] cgto n]vssf] cgto, ;a} ;flxltos ljwfx sf] cgto, ljlgdf{0f, ljwfld>0f, ljwfe~hg j}olqmstf, c'gzf;gxlgtf, ljz[ª\vntf, cj}1flgstf, cy{ut, clglzrttf, cy{ut ax'ntf, ljk7g, cy{leggtf, nlnf, ldyof cflb pq/cfw'lgstfjfblx sf] klxrfg xf] egg ;lsg5. #= g]kfnl ;flxtodf pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k of]u ;g\!(^) sf] bzssf] cgtolt/ cf/de eps]f pq/cfw'lgs ;flxto n]vg g]kfnl ;flxtodf sf] bzsdf ;'? sf] bzsaf6 emflëb} upsf] b]lvg5. vf; u/l OGb axfb'/ ;fndf e flgtx / nlnfn]vg n]vdf pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] ;fdfgo 5gs k :t't u/]sf lyp. pq/ cfw'lgstfjfbl k j[lqsf] g]kfnl ;flxtosf syf, sljtf / gf6sdf rfnl;sf] bzsaf6 pkgof; / lgagw ;flxtodf krf;sf] bzsaf6 ;'? epsf] b]lvg5. pq/cfw'lgs ljrf/z}nl cfufn]/ syf n]vg] qmddf w' jrgb uf}td, OGb axfb'/ /fo{, k/z' k wfg, w' j ;fksf]6f, w 'j dlwsdl{, kb\dfjtl l;+x, blgagw' zdf{, df]xg/fh zdf{, gf/fo0f 9sfn, hublz l3ld/] cflb syfsf/x /x]sf 5g\. To:t} o:tf pkgof; n]vg]x df kb\dfjtl l;+x, df]xg/fh zdf{, uf]ljgb/fh e /fo{, s[i0f wf/fjf;l, gf/fo0f jfun], w' jrgb uf}td zf]ef e /fo{ cflb kb{5g\. lgagw If]qdf cle ;'j]bl, uf]ljgb/fh e /fo{, ;~hlj pk ]tl, s[i0f wf/fjf;l cflb 5g\ eg] gf6ssf If]qdf o; k j[lqsf s]gb Lo k ltef cle ;'j]bl x'g\. o; k j[lqsf cgo gf6ssf/x df cz]if dnn, df]xg/fh zdf{, ;?eqm, ljknj 9sfn, s[i0f zfx ofql cflb kb{5g\. ljlgdf{0f, ljwfld>0f, ljwf e~hg, ljk7g, nlnfn]vg :j]/snkgfsf] ld>0f, ;foa/ ;+:s[ltsf] k of]u e"d08nlo k efj cfk jf;l ;d:of, ax'ntf, c/fhstf, clglzrttf ljz[ª\vntf qmdleggtf cflb pq/cfw'lgs g]kfnl ;flxtosf k j[lqx x'g\. g]kfnl syf ;flxtodf pq/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k of]u s;/l epsf] 5 egg] k fl1s lh1f;nfo{ s]lgb t u/]/ oxff OGb axfb'/ /fo{sf] s7k'tnlsf] dg-ú@)$^_ / lbgagw' zdf{sf] eltsfb} lsnnfx Ú -@)&@_ u/l b'o{ syfnfo{ cfwf/ agfp/ cwoog ul/psf] 5. #=! s7k'tnlsf] dg syfsf] pq/cfw'lgstfjfbl cwoog ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbl, cfod]nl / nlnfn]vg OGb axfb'/ /fo{sf syfut k j[lq ;fndf OGb axfb'/ /fo{sf] s7k'tnlsf] dgú syf;ª\u x k sflzt eof]. o; ;ª\u xdf hddf & j6f syfx ;ª\u lxt ul/psf 5g\. oldwo] pgsf] s7k'tnlsf] dgú syfn] lgss} rrf{ kfof]. pq/cfw'lgstfsf] kif / ljkifdf ;dfnf]rgfx n]vg yflnof]. clxn] cfp/ t o; ljifodf ax;, ljjfb / rrf{sf] lzv/df k'u]sf] s'/f dfly pnn]v ul/;lspsf] 5. /fo{sf] s7k'tnlsf] dgú syf Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 87

88 nlnnfn]vgdf cfwfl/t syf xf]. o;df u'?k ;fb d}gfnlsf] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] emu8f k/fnsf] cfuf]ú egg] syfnfo{ rf/j6f ljsyfåf/f o;/l ljlgdf{0f ul/psf] 5 -s_ zf/bfnfo{ alxgl /Tgfn] legfh' k/:ql;fu k6s k6s lx8]sf] b]vf ] eg]/ zífsf] alh /f]lklbpkl5 zf/bf / >Ldfg\ lar dgd'6fj x'g5. -v_ nf]ug]:jf:glsf] u8fn] ljzfn k lnpsf] 5. u8f d'2f ag]/ cbfnt;dd k'u]sf] 5. >LdtLn] eg]sf] gdfg]df nf]ug] 5'/L /f]kg ;d]t tof/ epsf] 5. -u_ cfkm\gl >LdtL 8Lgf lj/fdl x' Fbf nf]ug]n] gx]/]kl5 gfglx lnp/ dfot upsl lyo{ c7f/ dlxgfkl5 Ps}rf]6L nf]ug] lng cfpfbf hfg gdfg]kl5 gfglx dfq lnp/ nf]ug] 3/ kms{g5. -3_ nf]ug] 5f]8]/ slxno} klg 3/ gkms{g] eg]/ dfot cfpsl t/ cfdfafa' Oi6ldq / kgrfot ;a}n] nf]ug]:jf:gl ldn]/ a:g' egl 3/ k7fpg vf]hbf :jf:gl cftdxtof u/]/ db{5] egg] wf/0ff ;To ;w} + kl/l:ylt / ;Gbe{ cg';f/ abln/xg5 egg] d"n efjnfo{ s]gb agfp/ ;fdflhs dxœj af]s]sf] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] emu8f k/fnsf] cfuf syfdf /fo{n] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] emu8f k/fnsf] cfuf] dfq gep/ e';sf] cfuf] klg agg ;S5 egg] wf/0ff JoSt u/]/ syfsf] ljlgdf{0f u/]. o;df ljwfld>0f, ljwfe~hg, ljk7g ul/psf] 5. 7fpF 7fpFdf 9f]ns ah5 b[zo kl/jt{g x'g5. /fo{s} zabdf egbf k/fnsf] cfuf] syfdf l:y/ ldys 5. nf]ng] :jf:glsf] emu8f k/fnsf] cfuf] of] ldyssf] ljlgdf{0f 5. rf/ ljsyfn] æ=== k]ml/ o;}df ljwfsf] ljlgdf{0fsf] cfu x klg 5. s[lt syf 5 gf6s lgagw 5 sljtf 5 ljwfsf] ljlgdf{0f / o;nfo{ s[lt eg]sf] s[lt n]vgæ -s[ltdf nlnfn]vgut cfwf/ k[i7 *_ /fo{n] k/dk/fut ljwfut PstfnfO{ tf]8]/, ax'cy{ 3';fP/ lglzrt cy{af6 clglzrttftk{m, cfofd]nl ulx/foaf6 ;txltk{m, Ps s]gb af6 ax's]gb tk{m 8f] ofpfb} s[ltnfo{ cfw'lgstfaf6 pq/cfw'lgstfdf k' ofp. nlnfn]vgaf/] ;ª\s]t ub} /fo{n] 3f]if0ffkqdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff o;/l JoQm u/]sf 5g\. cf}klgj]l;sdfq, af}4 z"go h}g :ofbjfb, ef}lts, j}1flgs ;fk]ifjfb, dgf]ljzn]if0fjfb, k mfo8jfb, u]:6fn6, dgf]lj1fg, dfs;{jfblo cfo8f]nf]hlsf] l;4fgt Jojxf/jfb -k ofudfl6hd_ ;dfnf]rslo kf7slo l;4fgt ljlgdf{0fjfb cflbaf6 cfwf/ / ;f/ nlnfn]vgnfo{ k fkt SjfG6d lkmlhs;af6 klg clg nf]sj:t' nlnfj}snod} -s[lt nlnnfn]vgaf6 cfwf/ k[= *_ /fo{n] dfly h] hlt tyofª\s k :t't u/] klg nlnfn]vgsf] k d'v k efj ; f]t 8]l/8fsf] ljlgdf{0fjfb g} xf]. nlnfn]vgsf] cfˆgf] 3f]if0ffkqdf /fo{ n]vb5g\ ;f+;fl/s / k/;f+;fl/s of]un] cjtf/sf] nlnf 5 hljg / hut\sf] sd{e"lddf nlnfg';f/l ;ª\3if{df /t /xf}f. ;f/ hut\ e d xf] / xfdl nlnfdfq ef]lu/x]sf 5f}. o;af6 nlnnfn]vgsf] ;}4flGts ;f/ a' g ;lsg5. jf:tjdf 8]l/8fsf] v]n / /fo{sf] affrf} F afrg] v]n Pp6} s'/f x'g\. /fo{n] eg]h:t} nlnfn]vgdf k"jl{o b{zgsf] klg s]xl k efj k/]sf] b]lvg5. nlnfn]vgsf] alh k >L s[i0fsf] /f;nlnfdf cfwfl/t 5. h;/l >Ls[i0fn] ;f]x ;o uf]lkglx ;Fu /f; nlnf ubf{ uf]lkglx ;Fu e ddf k/l Ps s[i0fnfo{ ;f]x};on] cfkm};fu /x]sf] dx;'; u/]y]. s[i0fnfo{ s;}n] b]v]gg\ h] h] b]v] Tof] pglx sf] cfˆgf] x]/fodfq lyof]. Psflt/ klrrdl ;flxtodf b]vf k/]sf] ljlgdf{0f ljk7gsf] k d'v k efj / k"j] {nl bz{gdf cfwfl/t cfwofltds lrgtgnfo{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfp/ s7k'tnlsf] dg n]lvpsf] 5. a Xd ;To hut\ ldyof eg] F } ;[li6stf{ a Xdfn] sf7sf] k'tnlh:t} xfd f] dgnfo{ klg grfo/x]sf 5g\ t;y{ hljg hut\ 8]l/8fn] eg]h:t} ;To gep/ Ps e d xf]. ldyof xf] clg O{Zj/Lo nlnf xf] xfdl To;sf v]nf8l dfq xf} F. 8]l/8fsf] v]n / /fo{sf] v]nf} F AffFRg] v]n /fo{n] h'7] / rfd]nfo{ d'vkfq agfp/ pglx dfk{mt qmdzm o;/l cfˆgf] egfo JoQm u/]sf 5g\. ;lsp/} Pp6f 88 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

89 /x]sf] lyp d}n] laxf u/] F, 5f]/f5f]/L gflt gfltgl ep. ;a} af6f] nfu]/ u'8 l/qf] eof]. ltd f] efph" klg uog\ d k]ml/ PSn} ep -h'7]_ Ps epsf lyof} F. uf}ynl kf]x/ vl;g\. d cfwf/ /x]sf] 5'. d klg hfg5' z"gosf] z'go. z"gosf] cª\s lyp k]ml/ cí z"gosf] -rfd]_ k[= &^_ b'j}sf] egfon] hljgnfo{ z"goaf]w k s6 u/]sf] b]lvg5. h'7] / rfd] km]l/ eg5g\. rfd] cflqp/ tn Tof] 3/} cfuf] nfu]sf] xf]og < s;sf] xf]nf h'7] uf]7 xf] bfo xfdl klg k'uf} F egof] rfd]n] o:tf] a]nfdf l6k5 cfuf] /ffsf]sf] egof] v]nf} F affrg] v]n. s7k'tnlsf] dgú z"gosf] dxf;fu/sf] lg:;f/tfjfbl lrgtgsf] ;f/ xf] eg] s'/f s[ltsf] cgtodf clejoqm epsf] o; egfoaf6 k'li6 epsf] 5. of] z"gosf] dxf;fu/df cfpsf 5g\. cfps} nx/x upsf] ep ups} nx/x nx/ /x/nfubf] xif{ nfubf] eo nfubf] ljido nfubf] dxfg\ nfubf] 36\bf] 5l/Fbf] x/fpfbf], e' Flnbf] =====. -k[= &^_ #=@ eltsfb} lsnnfx Ú syfsf] pq/cfw'lgstfjfbl cwoog eltsfb} lsnnfx Ú blgagw' zdf{sf] df k sflzt eltsb} lsnnfx Ú syf;ª\u xdf ;ª\u[xLt syf xf]. cfw'lgs g]kfnl syfsf k jt{s u'?k ;fb d}gfnlsf] l5d]sl syfnfo{ cfwf/ agfp/ k :t't eltsfb} lsnnfx Ú syfdf rf/j6f ljsyfx sf] ljlgdf{0f ul/psf] 5. o;n] syfsf] k/dkl/t :j k x6fp/ cs} { :j k b]lvg'sf] ;fy} syfsf] cy{df klg ljleggtf b]lvpsf] 5. l5d]sl syfdf eps} kfqx / syfj:t'sf cfwf/df b'o{j6f ljsyfsf] ljlgdf{0f u/]/ l5d]sl syfsf] s]xl c+zsf] ljlgdf{0f ul/psf] 5 eg] l5d]sl syfegbf aflx/sf cyf{t\ sfnklgs kfq -sfe fkf6] bfo / d_ sf] l;h{gf u/]/ cgo b'o{j6f ljsyf u/l hddf rf/ ljsyfåf/f l5d]sl syfsf] ;+/rgf, ljifoj:t' / efjnfo{ k"0f{ kn] ljlgld{t ul/psf] 5. k :t't klxnf] ljsyfdf wghlt]sf] 5f]/f]n] u'dfg]sl 5f]/LnfO{ k]6 af]sfp/ kl/jf/nfo{ kq} glbo{ eufp/ nu]sf] ] 36gfaf6 u'dfg] l/;n] e't'ss epsf] 5. wghlt] dbf{ pm dnfdl ;d]t upg. k :t't klxnf] ljsyfdf ;fdflhs dxœj af]s]sf] l5d]sl eg]sf lhpfbfsf hgtl dbf{sf dnfdl egg] ldysnfo{ etsfp/ l5d]sl eg]sf c;n ldq dfq gep/ zq' klg x'g ;S5g\ eg] wf/0ff k :t't u/l l5d]sl syfnfo{ ljlgld{t ul/psf] 5. cgo b'o{ ljsyfx n] ;Gtfg eg]sf] 5f]/f] dfq xf] 5f]/Ln] s]xl ug{ ;lsbg. 5f]/L csf{ 3/ hfg] hft epsl x' Fbf csf{sf] gf;f] unfsf] kf;f] eg] wf/0ff eltsp/ syf ljlgld{t epsf] 5. clgtd ljsyfdf 5f]/fs} ;'ljwfsf] nflu ufpf 5f8]/ ;x/ a:g upsf] d kfq jo:s klg g'xfb} 5f]/f ljb]lzpkl5 k'g ufpf kmls{psf]n] syf ljlgld{t epsf] 5. c;n l5d]slsf] cfbz{ k :t't epsf] syfnfo{ ljlegg 6'qm] cfvofgx åf/f ljlgld{t ubf{ k/dk/fut cfbz{ eltspsf] 5. Ps cy{af6 ax'cy{sf] l;h{gf eo{ cy{ut clglzrttf / JolQmqmd 6'6]/ ljz[ª\vntf ptkgg epsf] b]lvg5. dxfvofgsf] cgto eo{ n3' j[qfgtsf] cjwf/0ff k :t't ul/psf] 5. syfdf ljbfld>0f 5, ljk7g 5. eltsb} lsnnfx Ú syf eg]/ k :t't ul/psf] 5 t/ syf k9\bf syfh:tf] dfq gep/ sljtfh:tf] lgagwh:tf] gf6sh:tf] nfub5. syf ljwf ep klg sljtf, gf6s / lgag3 ljwfdf x'g] dfgotf u'0f dxœj / nif0fx klg ldl>t ep/ cfpsf] x' Fbf ljwfut ;+/rgf eltsp/ ljwfld>0f eo{ ljwfe~hg ;d]t epsf] 5. ljwfut c'gzf;g tf]l8p/ s]gb e~hg eo{ ax's]gb sf] :yfkgf x'g'sf] ;fy} lwfut cfl:ttj g} x/fpsf] b]lvg5. syfdf gf6slotf ylkpsf] x' Fbf ;+jfbftds / clegoftds clejolqm epsf] b]lvg5. syfsf] sfnklgs kfq sfe fkf6] bfo / d kfqsf] ;+jfbftds / clegoftds clejolqm o;/l k :t't epsf] 5. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 89

90 F F ;fio stf e'ln; efo < wdf{ggb a'9f /x]5g\ Totf cfkd'lg s] sf] x'g' slxn]sf] s'/f lal;{;\ wglht]sf] wfgsf] lap u'dfg]n] rl/lbpsf] clg Tof] t ldnfpsf x}gg\ / d}gfnl a9fn] < ===== ToxL t ldn]/ clxn] gldn]sf gl. xf:of] sfe ]kf6] bfo M@!_ syfdf sljtfsf] k :t'lt o;/l epsf] 5. ;fio clxn] pm /f]psf] clxno} pm xff;]h:tf] hljgh:tf] syf xf] ls syfh:tf] hljg d]/f] lgwf/af6 lg:s]sf lg:k[x ljrf/x 6'qmfx Uff]lnFb} / uf]naf6 6'lqFmb} lyp clg u]?/ª ;dft]/ d afflr/x] pm lsg?g5 < ls s}n] d/]sf] xf] < of] ub sljtf xf]. ol kª\lqmx df kb ljrng 5 jiff} {;Dd ljb]l;psf] 5f]/f]sf] ;Demgfn] kll8t afa'sf] dgdf cfpsf lg:k[x efjx sljtfsf] ljifoj:t' ag]sf] b]lvg5. ljgf k ;ª\u crfgs cd"t{ efj af]s]sf] sljtfsf] k :t'ltn] syfdf ljz[ª\vntf cfpsf] 5. lgagwftdstf ;fio d klg ufpfdf c8\g ;lsgf / ;x/df 3/ agfp dnfo{ nfu]sf] lyof]. ;w} F cl8g] 5f} t/ d]/f] 5f]/f] jo:s klg gx' Fb} ToxL 3/ 5f8]/ cd]l/sf xflgof] d /GylgP M@%_. pqm d kfqn] ufpfdf cfp/ ljutsf] 36]sf 36gfnfO{ :d/0f / To;af6 ptkgg ljrf/x nfo{ cftdk/s 9ª\uaf6 AoQm ul/psf] x'gfn] oxff ;]:d/0ftdstf / cftdk/stfsf u'0fx ;dfj]z epsf 5g\. $= lgisif{ pq/cfw'lgstfjfb ;g\!(^) kl5 ljsl;t epsf] l;4fgt xf]. ;flxtodf pq/cfw'lgstfjfb eggfn] cfw'lgs ;flxltos k j[lqegbf legg cyf{t\ cfw'lgs ;flxltos ljlr5ggtf xf] egg] a'lemg5. pq/cfw'lgstfjfb s'g} ljåfg\åf/f k ltkflbt l;4fgt gep/ Nof]6fO{sf] dxfvofgsf] cgto, 8]l/8fsf] e d, nlnf / ljlgdf{0fsf] l;4fgt, ld;]n km'sf]sf] s]gb Lo ;Qfsf] lj/f]w, /f]nfjfy{sf] n]vssf] d[to'sf] 3f]if0ff, Oltxf;sf] lj/f]w, gf/ljfb, 8fo:kf]/f, ;NjfN6g{ cflb ljlegg l;4fgtx sf] ld>0faf6 ag]sf] Sjf6L l;4fgt xf]. ljwfsf] d[to', n]vssf] d[to' gfossf] d[to', cfw'lgs d"no dfgotf / ;Dk"0f{ ljrf/wf/fsf] cgto, ljk7g ljwfld>0f, ljwfe~hg, lnnf, ldyof, e d, cj}1flgstf, cy{leggtf, c/fhstf, cg'zf;gxlgtf g} pq/cfw'lgs ;flxtosf klxrfg x'g\. tl;sf] bzssf] cgtolt/ g]kfnl syfaf6 ;'? epsf] pq/cfw'lgs k j[lq xfn;dddf g]kfnl ;flxtosf ;a} ljwfdf s'g} g s'g} kdf k of]u epsf] b]lvg5. pq/cfw'lgstfjfbl ;flxtosf d"n k j[lqsf kdf /x]sf] ljlgdf{0f, ljwfld>0f, ljwfe~hg, ljk7g / nlnfn]vgsf] k of]u eg] cfvofg / vf; u/l syf ljwfdf a9l k of]u epsf] kfog5. o; n]vdf k :t't ul/psf b'o{j6} syfsf] ljlgdf{0f u/]/ k/dk/fut ldys / ;DalGwt s[ltdf k :t't ljrf/wf/fnfo{ k"0f{ kn] etsfopsf] 5. cfw'lgs 90 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

91 { syfsf/ u'?k ;fb d}gfnlsf] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] emu8f k/fnsf] cfuf]ú syfnfo{ cfwf/ dfg]/ s7k'tnlsf] dgú / l5d]slú syfnfo{ cfwf/ dfg]/ eltsfb} lsnnfx Ú syfdf rf/ rf/ j6f ljsyfx sf] k of]u / ljwfld>0f ljwfe~hg u/l syfnfo{ k"0f{ kn] ljlgld{t ul/psf] 5. syf syfh:tf] gep/ pkgof;h:tf], gf6sh:tf], sljtfh:tf] clg lgjgwh:tf] nfub5. ul/psf] 5. ;fdflhs dxœj af]s]sf] d}gfnlsf k :t't b'o{ syfsf] ljlgdf{0fn] kltktgllarsf] Ifl0fs 7fs7's / pglx alrsf] ;Rrf k ]d / l5d]slsf] cfbz{nfo{ etsfopsf] 5. s[ltnfo{ ljlgld{t ug] { p2]zo cg' k 6'qm] cfvofgx sf] k of]u, ljlgdf{0f, ljwf ld>0fn] ubf{ dxfvofgsf] cgto, cy{ut ljleggtf, ljwfut / cy{ut clglzrttf ljifoj:t' / efjsf] uxgtfdf sdl cfpsf] b]lvg5. Pss]Gb eltsp/ ax's]gb sf] :yfkgf, syfj:t'sf] qmldstfaf6 qmdxlgtf cyf{t\ ljz[ª\vntf cfpsf] 5. cwoftdjfbl z"gojfbl bz{g nlnfn]vgsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ xf]. s7k'tnlsf] dgú syfdf nlnfn]vgsf] k of]un] 8]l/8fn] eg]h:t} dfgj hljgsf] oyfy{ / j:t' hut\nfo{ nlnf, ldyof / e d ;fljt u/]sf] 5. ;dli6df egg'kbf{ ljlgdf{0f, ljk7g, ljwfld>0fh:tf pq/cfw'lgs lrgtgsf] k of]uaf6 goff s[ltsf] ;[hgf ug{] egbf klg cfw'lgs g]kfnl ;flxltos d"no dfgotf k/dk/f / cfbz{ af]s]sf] s[ltx nfo{ ljlgld{t ug] ]tk{m pq/cfw'lgstfjfbl n]vsx sf] Wofg s]lgb t epsf] b]lvg5 tfklg lglj{snk ;To x' Fb}g ;do / ;Gbe{ cg';f/ s'g} klg ;To kl/jt{g x'g5 eg]/ kl/jt{gsf] ljsnk eg] pq/cfw'lgs ;flxton] lbpsf] 5. ;Gbe{ ;fdu L lu/l, cd/ -@)^)_= k / ;f/df pq/cfw'lgstfjfb, e[s'6l, k"0ff{í!) k[= #). uf}td, nid0fk ;fb -@)^^_= g]kfnl ;flxtodf pq/cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f} FM cf]l/pg6n klans];g xfp; k f=ln=, k[= ^*. kf08]o, tf/fsfgt -@)^)_= cgtosf] bz{g / pq/cfw'lgstfsf] bfz{lgs kll7sf, e[s'6l, k"0ff{í!) a/fn, Clif/fh -@)%!_= nlnf n]vg cyf{t, kmd"{nfa4 n]vg ul/df= jif{!@, cí %k[. /fo{, OGb axfb'/ -!(*(_= s7k'tnlsf] dg, jf/f0f;l M blks k ];. k lti7fg. zdf{, blgagw' -@)&@_= eltsfb} lsnnfx, sf7df8f}fm l;dkmf]gl klans];g. ;'j]bl, wgk ;fb -@)&#_= pq/cfw'lgstfjfb, ;+1fg= jif{ # cí # k[i7 ^(. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 91

92 gf/ljfb / gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf zf]ef a/fn -rfkfufo{+_ ] ;f/ M pq/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k efj :j k hlgdpsf] gf/ljfbn] ;dfnf]rgfsf] If]qdf cfk\mgf] :yfg vf]hl ug{ yfn]sf] b]lvg5. lkt[;qfsf] lj/f]w / gf/l d'lstsf] k of;sf nflu gf/l s]gb L eo{ ul/g] ;dfnf]rgf g} gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf xf]. gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfn] n}ª\lus ;dfgtfdf hf]8 lbg5. lkt[;qftds ;dfhdf dlxnfn] ef]ug' k/]sf b'mv kl8f cflbsf] clejolst ;flxtodf x'g' kb{5 egg] s'/fdf gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rsx ;dy{g ub{5g\. gf/l n]vgnfo{ g} ;dfnf]rgfsf] d"n ljifo 7fgL gf/l n]vgsf] P]ltxfl;stf, lznk ;+/rgf ljifo cflbsf cfwf/df gf/l /rgf / ltgsf] hljgsf] ;d]t ljljw kifsf] ljzn]if0f, k'?if;qfsf] lj/f]w ub} { k'?if;fusf] k lt:kwl{ zlstsf kdf gf/l zlstnfo{ :jlsf/, gf/l ;flxtosf/x sf s[lt n]vg, k sfzg k/dk/f / ltgsf s[ltx df /x]sf k j[lqx sf] ljzn]if0f, gf/lsf] cfk\mgf] ;+j]bgf, cg'e"lt, ljifo, z}nl, zabrog cflb clejolqm s'zntf / efiffsf] cgj]if0f ;fy} dfs;{jfb, dgf]lj1fg, ;+/rgfjfb, ljlgdf{0fjfb cflb ljljw ax'njfbl k j[lq cjndag u/l n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgfsf] :jfoq l;4fgt :yflkt u/fpg' cflb gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf ljz]iftf /x]sf 5g\. zab s'l~hsf M gf/ljfb, gf/l ;dfnf]rs, gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rs, gf/l ;dlnª\ujfbl, x}sdjfbl / n}ª\lus ;dfgtf.!= k[i7e"ld oq gfo{:t' k'hogt] /DfGt] tq b]jtf oq}tf:t' gk'hogt] ;jf{:tqf c;kmnfm lqmofm. cyjf h'g 3/df :qlsf] plrt ;Ddfg x'g5 ToxfF b]jtfx /dfpg] ub{5g\. h'g 3/df :qlx sf] cgfb/ ul/g5 To; 3/df u/]sf ;a} sfd lgikmn x'g5g\. -dg'_ j}lbs sfndf / dft[;qftds ;dfhdf dlxnfx :jtgq / k"ho dflggy]. Gff/Lsf] zf;g rnbyof]. gf/lsf] ;Ddfg :j k nidl, b'uf{ / ;/:jtlnfo{ b]jl dfg]/ b]jlsf] cf/fwgf / k"hf ug] { rng rnof] h'g xfn;dd klg /lxcfpsf] 5. t/ ha lkt[;qftds ;dfhsf] ;'? eof] To;kl5 dlxnfx nfo{ :jtgq x'g lbpsf] ] pkk fwofks -g]kfnl_, kf6g ;+o'qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ 92 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

93 b]lvfb}g. dlgb/df d"lt{sf kdf /x]sf dlxnfsf k ltd"lt{nfo{ ;Ddfg ul/fb} cfptf klg cfd dlxnfnfo{ lkt[;qfn] zf]if0f u/]sf] b]lvg5. lkt[;qfsf] hfftf]n] lkln;psf dlxnfx cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf nflu ;r]t ep/ gf/ljfbl cfgbf]ngsf] ;'?jft u/sf] b]lvg5. dlxnfx ;r]ttfk"j{s ;o jif{egbf cl3b]lv ;dfgtfsf nflu nl8/x]sf 5g\. klzrddf dlxnf / k'?if ;dfgtf sfod x'g'kb{5 egg] dfu /fvl a9fopsf sbd kgw f} F ztfabllt/ b]lv epsf] dflgg5 tyflk ;flrrs} gf/ljfbl cfgbf]ngsf] ;'? eg] pggfo;f} F ztfablsf] cgtolt/ epsf] xf]. gf/ljfbl cfgbf]ng ;g\!*#) df ;j{k yd cd]l/sl dlxnfx n] bf;tfsf lj?4 ;ª\ul7t ep/ p7fopsf cfjfhaf6 ;'? epsf] dflgg5. cf}bf]lus qmflgtkl5 o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf dlxnfx nfo{ 3/ aflx/sf cfdbfgl x'g] If]qdf sfd ug] { jftfj/0f l;h{gf ep klg k'?if ;dfg Hofnf tyf :jtgqtfsf ;jfndf ;dfg Jojxf/ k fkt x'g ;ls/x]sf] lypg To;}n] cd]l/sfsf] Go'of]s{ ;x/df sk8f ldnsf dlxnf dhb'/n] sfd ug] { ;do Hofnf tyf :jtgqtfsf nflu cfgbf]ng u/]af6 ;r]t gf/ljfbl cfgbf]ng cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvg5. klxn] /fhglltdf k efj kf/]sf] o; cfgbf]ngn] kl5 ;flxto / ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf ;d]t k efj kf/]sf] kl/ro ;flxtodf lg/gt/ kdf ;dosf] ult;fu} goff goff l;h{gfx eo/xg5g\. tl gj l;h{gfsf] ljzn]if0f / d"nofª\sg klg goff 9ª\un] ul/b} hfg5. of] qmd lg/gt/ rln/x]sf] x'g5. ;flxto ;dfnf]rgfsf] l;4fgt ljlw / k4lt klg goff goff hgdb} hfg5g\. cfh ;flxtodf b]vf k/]sf] pq/ cfw'lgstfjfb o;} s'/fsf] k df0f xf]. g]kfnl ;flxtodf sf] bzsb]lv pq/ cfw'lgstfsf af/]df 5nkmn x'g yfn]sf] b]lvg5. of] k j[lqsf sf] bzsb]lv g} n]vg yflnpsf] ep sf] bzsb]lv o;n] d"t{ k lnpsf] b]lvg5. pq/ cfw'lgstfjfb g]kfnl ;flxtodf kl5nnf] ;dodf b]vf k/]sf] gjlgtd k j[lqx sf] ;d'rro xf]. o;n] Pp6f dfq s]gb sf] lj/f]w ub{5 / ax'n s]gb nfo{ :jlsf/ ub{5. oxl pq/cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgfsf] k efj :j k gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf] hgd epsf] xf]. gf/lnfo{ s]gb agfp/ n]lvg] ;dfnf]rgf gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf xf]. g]kfndf gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; kl5 b]lv epsf] b]lvg5.o; n]vdf gf/ljfb / gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfdf ljr/0f ug] { hdsf] { ul/psf] 5. #= gf/ljfb cª\u ]hl efiffsf] feminism zabsf] g]kfnl kfgt/ g} gf/ljfb xf]. gf/ljfb k'?ifaf6 ljzjjofkl kdf eo/x]sf] bdg, zf]if0f / lje]bsf ;Gbe{df dlxnfnfo{ :jtgqtf / ;dfg xs clwsf/ :yflkt u/fpg] Ps kljq l;4fgt xf]. lkt[;qftds ;dfhdf dlxnfx sf] cfly{s, z}lifs, /fhg}lts, cflb If]qdf kx' Fr xf 'b}g. ol ;a} If]qdf k'?ifx sf] kxf 'r / lgogq0f /xg5. To;}n] gf/ljfbl cfgbf]ng gf/lnfo{ dfly plnnlvt If]qdf kx' Fr / lgogq0fdf k'?if ;dfg agfpg] k of; xf]. cyjf gf/ljfb gf/l ;DaGwL To:tf] l;4fgt xf] h;n] gf/lnfo{ dfly p7fpg, cftdlge{/ agfpg / gf/ld'lstsf nflu an lbg5. k'?if ;dfg gf/lx n] klg :jtgqtf / ;dfg xs clwsf/ kfpg'k5{ egg] egg] l;4fgt g} gf/ljfb xf]. csf]{ zabdf gf/l hfltsf tkm{af6 a'em\g] a'emfpg] tyf gf/lnfo{ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, af}l4s cflb ljifodf cftdlge{/ agfo{ k'?ifx sf] Psflwsf/sf] e~hg ug] { Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 93

94 cfgbf]gn g} gf/ljfb xf]. gf/ljfb dlxnfdfly x'g] c;dfgtf, lje]b, bdg, zf]if0f, cgofo ctofrf/;fu s]lgb t /x]sf] 5. ;dfhdf dlxnfx sf] klg :jtgq cl:ttj x'g5. pglx sf] klg ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf ckl/xfo{ 5. h;/l Pp6f /y u'8\g /ysf b'o{ kfª\u fsf] a/fa/l e"ldsf x'g5 To;}u/L ;dfh kl /ynfo{ 8f] ofpg /ysf b'j} kfª\u f -dlxnf k'?if_ ;an x'g' 'kg] { epsfn] dlxnfnfo{ xs clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg' kb{5 egg] dfgotf gf/ljfbsf dfgotf x'g\. gf/l d'lstsf] rfxgfaf6 yflnpsf] dlxnfx sf] cfgbf]ng ;flxtodf klg lj:tf/} ljsf; x' Fb} gf/ljfbl n]vg ;Dd cfo k'u]sf] b]lvg5. dlxnfx nfo{ cfly{s, z}lifs, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / of}lgs clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg ul/g] k of; pnn]v epsf ;flxto gf/ljfbl ;flxto x'g\. gf/ljfbsf] k f/de ;g\!&&& sf] cd]l/sfnl /fho qmflgt /!&&( sf] k mfg;]nl /fhoqmflgtaf6 epsf] xf].gf/ljfbl n]vg / gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf] k[i7e"ldsf kdf gf/l d'lst;dagwl ljlegg cfgbf]ngx sf] dxœjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvg5. $= gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf gf/ljfb kfzrfto ;flxtodf ;g\!&&& sf] cd]l/sfnl /fhoqmflgt /!&&( sf] k mfg;]nl /fhoqmflgtkl5 hlgdpsf] Ps goff dfgotf xf]. gf/ljfb gf/lsf] :jtgq cl:ttjsf] clwsf/ k lt ;r]t t'nofpg] dfgotf xf]. gf/l cl:dtfsf] cjd"nog ug] { lkt[;qftds cj}1flgs ts{ / Jojxf/k ltsf] ljb f]xsf] Pp6f ;zst cfjfh xf] gf/ljfb. M@@$ _. ;dfgtf, :jtgqtf / eft[tjsf] gf/f lnp/ ;'? epsf] gf/ljfb jf:tjdf lkt[;qftds ;dfhdf gf/ldfly x'g] u/]sf of}g zf]if0f / cgo zf]if0f tyf bdg / x}sdjfbl k j[lqn] tlj k lng yfn]kl5 To;sf lj?4df hlgdpsf] Ps gjlg r]tgf xf]. #@^_. k mfg;]nl cl:ttjjfbl lrgts l;df]g lb a' 'ef -;g\!()*-!(*^_ sf] ;g\!($( df k sflzt The Second Sex gfds k':ts gf/ljfbl r]tgfn] el/psf] klxnf] k':ts dflgg5. o; k':tsdf lnª\u / n}ª\lustf larsf] leggtf s]nfopsf] 5. pgn] lkt[;qftds ;dfhsf] lj/f]w jf lggbf gu/l ulx/f] ljzn]if0f / jf:tljstfsf] pb\3f6g ug] { rf;f] b]vfpsl 5g\. of] k':ts ;g\!($( df k m]gr efiffdf / ;g\!(^# df cª\u ]hl efiffdf cg'jfb epsf] lyof]. ;dfnf]rgf zab tt;d zab xf]. of] zab cª\u ]hl zab criticism sf] g]kfnl kfgt/ xf]. ;dfnf]rgf zabn] ;fdfgotof s[ltsf] ljzn]if0f, d"nofª\sg / s[lt k ltsf] b[li6sf]0fnfo{ hgfpf5. a[xt\ g]kfnl zabsf]zn] ;dfnf]rgf / gf/ljfb zabnfo{ o;/l cy{ k bfg u/]sf] 5. ;flxltos s[ltsf u'0f bf]ifsf] j:t'ut ljj]rgf, s'g} u Gy jf n]v cflbsf u'0f bf]ifsf] ;Dos\ ljj]rgf ul/psf] n]v, k agw n]v jf ;dliff g} ;dfnf]rgf xf]. o;}u/l gf/l cl:dtf / gf/l :jtgqtfk lt k lta4 dfgotf, l;4fgt jf cfgbf]ngnfo{ gf/ljfb elgpsf] 5. o;/l gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf] zflabs cy{nfo{ s]nfpfbf gf/l cl:dtf gf/l :jtgqtf ;DaGwL dfgotfsf cfwf/df s'g} ;flxltos s[ltsf] ljj]rgf ug' { g} gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf xf]. gf/l;fu ;Da4 ljifosf] rrf{ ul/psf] ;dfnf]rgfnfo{ g} gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf elgg5. ;flxtodf lrlqt gf/lsf l:ylt / cj:yf, k'?if zfl;t ;dfhdf p;n] ef]u]sf ptkl8g, k'?ifsl ef]uof / v]nf}gf agg' ' kg] { p;sf ljjztf, 5f]/L, a'xf/l, ktgl, ;f}tf, cfdf, ;f;" cflb p;sf cg]s ksf JofVof, ljj]rgf / 5nkmn ug' { g} :qljfbl cfnf]rssf] sfd xf]. pm Psflt/ k'?if 94 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

95 lnlvt ;flxtodf :qlsf] s] e"ldsf 5 egg] hffrb5 eg] csf{lt/ :qls} n]vg s:tf] 5, To;df p;n] s;/l cfk\mgf ljrf/ / cg'ej bzf{psl 5 egg] klg x]b{5. lkt[;ttfdf ;flxto dfkm{t gf/lsf l:ylt / cg'e"ltsf] cwoog g} :qljfbl cfnf]rgf xf]. M #$^_ Gff/L ;flxltos ;dfnf]rgfsf] If]qdf Pn]g ;f]efn6/sf] A literature of their own s[ltn] gf/ljfbl n]vgsf If]qdf ljzjjofkl k efj kf/]sf] b]lvg5. of] s[lt gf/ljfbl n]vgsf] cl:ttjaf]w u/fpg] s[ltsf kdf /x]sf] 5. ;g\!(%) sf] bzskl5 gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfn] kfzrfto ;flxtodf Pp6f cleofgs} k lnp/ cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvg5. ljzj ;flxtodf gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfnfo{ :yflkt u/fpg w]/} gf/l ;dfnf]rsx n] of]ubfg lbpsf] b]lvg5. gf/ljfbl n]vg cufl8 a9fpg] gf/ldwo] el{h{lgof pnkm,l;df]g lb a'ef, s]6 ldn/, a]6l lk m8g, h'lnef lqml:6ef cflbsf] gfd cu kª\lqmdf cfpf5. g]kfndf eg] gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;'? kl5 dfq epsf] b]lvg5. dfu{sf] ul/df df k sflzt s[i0f uf}tdsf] n]v sf] sljtf klqsfsf] $$ cf} F cª\sdf k sflzt uf]ljgb/fh e6\6/fo{sf] n]v gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf k f/ldes gd'gf x'g\. o;}u/l s[i0f uf}tdsf] cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s k cg]s k7g -@)%)_ o; If]qsf] dxœjk"0f{ /rgf xf]. gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf snd rnfpg] cgo ;dfnf]rsx df nid0f uf}td, cle ;'j]bl, Clif/fh a/fn, s[i0fxl/ a/fn, ;'wf lqkf7l, les6/ k wfg, ;fljql sifklt, ggbdfof gsdl{, k ef e6\6/fo{, 1fg' kf08], 1fg' clwsf/l, g]q P6d, Hof]lt v8\sf cflb k d'v b]lvg5g\. %= gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf ljz]iftf gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf ljz]iftfx lgdgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\. s= gf/l n]vgnfo{ g} ;dfnf]rgfsf] d"n ljifo 7fgL gf/l n]vgsf] P]ltxfl;stf, lznk ;+/rgf ljifo cflbsf cfwf/df gf/l/rgf / ltgsf] hljgsf] ;d]t ljljw kifsf] ljzn]if0f ug' {, v= k'?if;qfsf] lj/f]w ub} { k'?if;fusf] k lt:kwl{ zlstsf kdf gf/l zlstnfo{ :jlsf/ ug' {, u= gf/l ;flxtosf/x sf s[lt n]vg, k sfzg k/dk/f / ltgsf s[ltx df /x]sf k j[lqx sf] ljzn]if0f ug' {, 3= gf/lnfo{ s[ltsf lgdf{tf tyf cy{sf ptkfbs dfgl efiff tyf lrx\g s]lgb t k j[lq;fu ;Da4 u/fpg', ª= s[ltdf gf/lsf] cfk\mgf] ;+j]bgf, cg'e"lt, ljifo, z}nl, zabrog cflb clejolqm s'zntf / efiffsf] cgj]if0f ug' {, r= dfs;{jfb, dgf]lj1fg, ;+/rgfjfb, ljlgdf{0fjfb cflb ljljw ax'njfbl k j[lq cjndag u/l n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgfsf] :jfoq l;4fgt :yflkt ug' {. ^= gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf dfgotf al;f} F ztfablsf] cgtolt/ Pp6f ;zst ;dfnf]rgf lrgtg tyf k4ltsf kdf b]vfk/]sf] gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfn] yf]/} ;dodf g} Jofkstf k fkt ub} { upsf] b]lvg5. o;n] k'?if4f/f :yflkt Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 95

96 ;dfnf]rgf l;4fgtx sf] lj/f]w ub} { gf/ljfbsf ;}4flGts cfwf/x k :t't ub{5. gf/l s]lgb t ep/ ul/g] ;dfnf]rgf gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf epsfn] o;df gf/lsf ljifodf slgb t eo{ s[ltsf] ljj]rgf ul/g5. ;dfhdf gf/lsf] :yfg / pglx sf] cl:ttjsf] vfhl ub{5. n}ª\lus lje]bsf sf/0f ptkgg ;d:of tyf c;dfgtfsf sf/0fx klxnofpfb} gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfn] gf/l l;h{gfsf] plrt d"nofª\sg ub} { :jtgq gf/l ;flxtosf] :yfkgf ug] {, k'?if;qf / lnª\ue]bsf] lj/f]w ug] { sfo{ u/]sf] kfog5. lkt[;qftds k'?if k wfg ;dfhsf] lj/f]w, gf/l cl:ttjsf] vf]hl, gf/l ;QfTds ;dfhsf] :yfkgfsf] cfu x, gf/l n]vg / gf/l ;flxtosf] ;d'ggogdf hf]8, n}ª\lus cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t ;dfnf]rgf n]vg cflb gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf k d'v dfgotf, ljz]iftf / k j[lq klg x'g\. M #(_. gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf cfwf/e"t dfgotfx lgdgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\. s= lkt[;qfsf] lj/f]w / gf/ld'lstsf] k of;, v= gf/l n]vgdf k'?if d"no, dfgotf / ;f}gbo{ zf:qlo cg's/0f, u= gf/lsf legg cg'ej, ljifo, lznkz}nl, ;+/rgf / ksf] vf]hl, 3= legg gf/lefiffsf] ;DefJotftkm{sf] ;ª\s]t, ª= ax'njfbl b[li6sf]0f cg' k dfs;{jfb, dgf]ljzn]if0f, pq/ ;+/rgfjfb, ljlgdf{0fjfb cflb;fusf] lgs6tf, r= gf/l k'?ifsf] w 'jlotfnfo{ kg5fp/ n}ª\lus ;dfgtfsf] b[li6sf]0f, 5= ax'njflbtfsf ;Gbe{af6 n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgf;fusf] ;Da4tf, h= k'?if4f/f n]lvpsf s[ltdf jl0f{t gf/lsf] ljzn]if0f, em= gf/l ;dlnª\ujfbl ;dfnf]rgflt/sf] ;d]t pgd'vtf. -clwsf/l,@)^*m $!_= &= gf/l ;dfnf]rgf / gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfdf km/s gf/l ;dfnf]rgf / gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf em6\6 x]bf{ p:t} b]lvp klg ol b'o{df cgt/ b]lvg5. s'g} Ps gf/ln] n]v]sf] ;dfnf]rgf rfx] Tof] h'g;'s} ljifodf n]lvpsf] lsg gxf];\ Tof] gf/l ;dfnf]rgf x'g5 t/ s'g} gf/l jf k'?if h;n] n]v] klg gf/l xs clwsf/ / gf/lsf kifdf lrgtg ug{ agfopsf] b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df ul/psf] ;dfnf]rgf gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf x'g5. o;/l gf/l ;dfnf]rgfn] lnª\unfo{ / gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfn] k j[lq, l;4fgt jf dfgotfnfo{ d'vo 7fGb5. gf/l ;dfnf]rgfdf vf;} l;4fgtnfo{ x]l/b+ }g t/ gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfdf gf/ljfbl dfgotfx nfo{ cftd;ft u/l k'?if ;Qfsf] lj/f]w / gf/l ;Qfsf] :yfkgf cflbnfo{ hf]8 lbog5. ;ª\If]kdf gf/l ;dfnf]rgf / gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfsf] km/snfo{ lgdgfg';f/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsg5. s= gf/ln] n]v]sf ;a} ;dfnf]rgfx gf/l ;dfnf]rgf x'g5g\ t/ ;a} gf/ln] n]v]sf ;dfnf]rgfx gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf xf 'b}gg\. k'?ifx n] n]v]sf ;dfnf]rgf klg gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf x'g ;Sb5g\. v= gf/l ;dfnf]rgf n]lvg s'g} lglzrt jfb, lrgtg jf l;4fgt rflxfb}g t/ gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf n]vgsf nflu gf/ljfbl dfgotf tyf k j[lq rflxg5. u= gf/l ;dfnf]rgfdf k'?if ;Ttfsf] lj/f]w gu/l k'?if s]gb L ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/psf] x'g5 t/ gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfdf k'?if ;Ttfsf] lj/f]w tyf c:jlsf/ ul/psf] x'g5. 96 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

97 3= gf/l ;dfnf]rgf k/dk/fut kdf cl3 a9\b} cfpsf] x'gfn] o;df k'?if ;dfnf]rsx s} n]vg z}nl / k j[lqx sf] cg's/0f ul/psf] b]lvg5 eg] gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfdf gf/l n]vgnfo{ / gf/l cl:ttjnfo{ :yflkt u/fpg] pb\b]zo /flvpsf] x'g5. ª= gf/l ;dfnf]rgfdf gf/l ;dfnf]rsx n] s[ltsf] h'g;'s} kifdfly h'g;'s} sf]0faf6 ;dfnf]rgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ eg] gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfdf gf/ljfbnfo{ s]gb df /fv]/ ;dfnf]rgf ul/g5. r= gf/l ;dfnf]rgfdf oyfl:yltjfbsf] :jlsf/ tyf qmflgtsf/l r]tgfsf] sdl b]lvg5 eg] gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfdf oyfl:yltsf] lj/f]w / qmflgtsf/l r]tgfsf] k antf kfog5. lgisif{ al;f} F ztfablsf] dxœjk"0f{ pknlawsf kdf b]lvpsf] pq/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k efj :j k ljsl;t epsf] gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfn] yf]/} ;dodf dxœjk"0f{ sfo{ ub} { upsf] b]lvg5. kfzrfto ;flxtosf] If]qdf b]vfk/]sf] gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf g]kfnl ;flxtodf sf] bzsaf6 b]vf k/]sf] ;dfnf]rgf xf]. gf/lsf ljifodf s]lgb t eo{ ul/g] ;dfnf]rgf g} gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf xf]. lkt[;qfsf] lj/f]w / gf/ld'lstsf] k of;, gf/l n]vgdf k'?if d"no, dfgotf / ;f}gbo{ zf:qlo cg's/0f, gf/lsf legg cg'ej, ljifo, lznkz}nl, ;+/rgf / ksf] vf]hl, ax'njfbl b[li6sf]0f cg' k dfs;{jfb, dgf]ljzn]if0f, pq/ ;+/rgfjfb, ljlgdf{0fjfb cflb;fusf] lgs6tf, gf/l k'?ifsf] w 'jlotfnfo{ kg5fp/ n}ª\lus ;dfgtfsf] b[li6sf]0f, k'?ifåf/f n]lvpsf s[ltdf jl0f{t gf/lsf] ljzn]if0f / gf/l ;dlnª\ujfbl ;dfnf]rgflt/sf] ;d]t pgd'vtf h:tf dfgotf lnp/ gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf cufl8 al9/x]sf] b]lvg5. gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf / gf/l ;dfnf]rgf Pp6} xf]ogg\ ol b'o{df km/s 5. gf/l ;dfnf]rgf n]lvg s'g} lglzrtjfb, lrgtg jf l;4fgt rflxfb}g t/ gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf n]vgsf nflu gf/ljfbl dfgotf tyf k j[lq rflxg5. ;fy} gf/l ;dfnf]rgfdf k'?if ;Ttfsf] lj/f]w gu/l k'?if s]lgb t ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/psf] x'g5 t/ gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgfdf k'?if ;Ttfsf] lj/f]w tyf c:jlsf/ ul/psf] x'g5. gf/l ;dfnf]rgf gf/ln] dfq ug] { ;dfnf]rgf xf] t/ gf/ljfbl ;dfnf]rgf gf/l k'?if h;n] klg ug{ ;Sb5g\. ;Gbe{ ;"rl clwsf/l, 1fg' -@)^$_, k/dk/fsf] ljlgdf{l0fs k lqmof Mgf/Ljfb, ldld{/], -#^!!_ === -@)^*_, g]kfnl gf/l ;dfnf]rgf k/dk/f, k j[lq / ljzn]if0f, sf7df8f}f M k}/jl k sfzg. cfrfo{, an/fd -@)^&_, n}ª\lus / dlxnfjfbl cwoog, sf7df8f}f M g]zgn a's ;]G6/. uf}td, s[i0f -@)%)_, cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s k cg]s k7g, nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. uf}td, nid0f -@)^^_, g]kfnl ;flxtodf pq/ cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}f M cf]l/pg6n klans];g. lqkf7l, ;'wf -@)^&_, gf/ljfbsf] s73/fdf g]kfnl ;flxto, nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. kf08], 1fg" -@)^@_, cl:ttjjfbl gf/ljfb / OlGb/ k ;fo{sf] syf, dlxnf ;dfnf]rs / g]kfnl ;dfnf]rgf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. a/fn Clif/fh -@)^$_, ;flxto / ;dfh, nlntk'/ M ;femf k sfzg. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 97

98 P]ltxfl;s e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j 8f= ;Ltf e08f/l -kf}8]n_ ] ljifo ;f/ nlntk'/ lhnnfsf] ;'gfsf]7ldf cjl:yt e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j ctogt k frlg b]jtf x'g\. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j lnr5jlsfn egbf cufl8 g} :yfkgf eo{ lnr5ljsfn, dwosfn;dddf k Voft b]jtfsf kdf k lti7flkt e};s]sf lyp. lzjkfj{tlsf] ;[li6;dagwl ;+jfb e[ª\uln] uf]ko kdf ;'g] jfkt\ dxfb]jaf6 >fk kfpkl5 >fk df]rgsf nflu ;o jif{;dd lzjlnª\u :yfkgf u/l ljlwk"j{s k"hfcf/fwgf ubf{ j}zfv z'sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg lzjhl Hof]lt :j k k s6 epkl5 e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] ptklq epsf] xf] egg] egfo 5. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] lzjlnª\udf klxn] h'g wft' 5'jfP klg ;'gdf kl/0ft x'g] ;t{ lyof] t/ kl5 k'hf/lsf] nfnrsf sf/0f ;f] ;t x/fof] egg] klg ls+jbgtl kfog5. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/leq rf/kf6] cfsf/sf] hnx/ldf # lkm6 hlt cunf] lzjlnª\u sdnsf] km"ndfly cjl:yt 5. o:tf] lsl;dsf] hnx/l / lzjlnª\unfo{ Hofb} k frlg a fx\d ;Dk bfo cgt{utsf] dflgpsf] 5. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlgb/ rflxf xfn u'dah z}nldf /x]sf] 5. dlgb/ kl/;/df /x]sf k :t/, 6' +8fn cflbnfo{ x]bf{ k frlg ;dodf of] dlgb/ g]kfnl tn] z}nldf lgld{t lgs} ejo lyof] egg] a'lemg5. dlgb/ kl/;/sf clen]vx n] klg o; dlgb/sf] ejotfsf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\. o; e[ª\uf/]zj/ dlgb/df ljlegg ltly, rf8kj{x df cg]s wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfkx ul/g5g\. o;k sf/ e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j nlntk'/ lhnnfs} ctogt k frlg, k Voft / wfld{s, :ff+:s[lts b[li6n] dxœjk"0f{ b]jtfsf kdf /x]sf 5g\.!= kl/ro nlntk'/sf] dª\unahf/af6 sl/j $ lsnf]ld6/ blif0f ;'gfsf]7ldf e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/ /x]sf] 5. of] dlgb/ ;'gfsf]7lsf] dwoefudf cjl:yt 5. lnr5ljsfnsf clen]vx df e[ª\uf/]zj/ dlgb/sf] pnn]v epsf] x' Fbf of] dlgb/ k frlgsfn d} k l;4 e};s]sf] lyof] egg] b]lvg5. uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnlsf] egfonfo{ dfgg] xf] eg] kz'kltgfy egbf klg e[ª\uf/]zj/sf] dlgb/ k'/fgf] b]lvg cfpf5. ] ;xk fwofks -;+:s[lt_, lqrgb SofDk;, 306f3/, sf7df8f}f 98 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

99 e[ª\uf/]zj/ dlgb/ /x]sf] ;'gfsf]7l klg Hofb} k'/fgf] P]ltxfl;s ufpf lyof] egg] b]lvg5 ;'gfsf]7lsf] k'/fgf] gfd ;' +lyu ylú z'/u'lyú lyof]. kl5 ;'gfu'yl x' Fb} ;'gfsf]7lú gfd /xg upsf] lnr5ljsfndf of] 7fpFnfO{ e[ª\uf/u fd kf~rfnlú elggyof] -jh $$* $%)_. oxffaf6 lnr5ljsfnsf eldfh' {gb]j lji0f'u'kt / lzjb]j låtlosf clen]vx kfopsf 5g\. dwosfnsf lji0f'l;+x, a fx\d0f gf/fo0fsf 5f]/f a fx\d0f dxfb]j, s[i0fb]j a fx\d0f / l;l4dª\unfb]jlsf clen]vx k fkt epsf 5g\. lnr5ljsfnlg eldfh' {gb]j / pgsf ;fydf /xl sfd ug] { lji0f'u'ktsf] ;+jt\ ^% sf] clen]vdf e[ª\uf/ u fd kf~rfnlsf afl;gbfn] hnzog gf/fo0fsf] d"lt{ agfpgsf nflu 7"nf] 9'ª\uf tfg]/ NofOlbPsf] x'gfn] e[ª\uf/]zj/sf afl;gbfnfo{ :jfoq zf;g ;DaGwL clwsf/ lbpsf] s'/f pnn]v ul/psf] 5 -P]hg_. lzjb]j låtlosf] ;+jt\!@! sf] clen]vdf e[ª\uf/]zj/sf afl;gbfsf nflu kf]v/l, wf/f, s'nf] cflbsf] agbf]a:t ldnfo{ of] clen]v /flvpsf] a'lemg5 -P]hgM %!( %@@_. o; clen]vaf6 s'nf]sf] d/ddt / e[ª\uf/]zj/sf] k"hfcfhfsf] nflu lzjb]jn] s]xl huuf bfg klg lbpsf lyp egg] yfxf kfog5. dwosfnlg clen]vx df g]kfn ;+jt\ ^&$ sf] lji0f'l;+xsf] clen]v kfopsf] 5 h;df e[ª\uf/]zj/sf] k l;l4 nf]k epsf] / lji0f'l;+xn] e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/sf] ejo kdf lh0ff] {åf/ u/l o;sf] k l;l4nfo{ k'gm :yflkt u/]sf] :ki6 x'g5 -P]hgM!!!%_. o;}u/l e[ª\uf/]zj/df k fkt csf] { g]kfn ;+jt\ &#% sf] lznfn]vaf6 afx\d0f gf/fo0fsf 5f]/f a fx\d0f dxfb]jn] e[ª\uf/]zj/ glhs} s'df/ u0f]znfo{ :yfkgf u/l of] lznfn]v /fvg nufpsf] yfxf kfog5. o; cl3 g]kfn ;+jt\ &#$ df pgsf lktf a fx\d0f gf/fo0fn] e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jnfo{ lqz"n r9fpsf lyp. km"nsf nflu km"naf/l r9fp eg] g}j]b r9fpg, sflt{sdf aql afng / u0f]z, s'df/ / dxfb]jsf] Wjhf/f]x0f u/l hfqf ug{sf nflu v]t u'7l /flvlbpsf lyp. ol gf/fo0f a fxd0f sfj]/l gblsf] tl/df /x]sf] dxfjnf egg] 7fpFaf6 cfpsf lyp. j]b cflb wd{zf:qsf 1ftf lyp. sflgtk'/sf /fhf lzjl;+xsf u'? ep/ a;]sf lyp -P]hgM %@ %$_. o;}u/l s[i0fb]j a fx\d0fn] /fhf l;l4g/l;+x dnnsf] zf;gsfndf g]kfn ;+jt\ &#( df e[ª\uf/]zj/nfo{ ;'gsf] 5q agfo{ k lti7f u/]sf lyp -P]hgM %^ %&_. kf6gsf /fhf >Llgjf; dnnsl /fgl l;l4dª\unfb]jln] cfˆgf :ju{jf;l klt >Llgjf; dnnsf] df]if k flktsf] sfdgf ub} { g]kfn ;+jt\ *)^ df pdfdx]zj/sf] d"lt{ :yfkgf u/l e[ª\uf/]zj/nfo{ k"hf :gfg ug{ wf/f / kf6l agfo{ clen]v /fvg nufpsl lyog\ ol clen]vsf ljj/0fx af6 e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j k frlgsfndf g} :yflkt eo{ dwosfn;dddf k l;4 lyp egg] :ki6 x'g5. To:t} uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnldf kz'kltgfy egbf klxn] e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] :yfkgf epsf] o;/l pnn]v ul/psf] 5 M Æç gd. >L kz'kt].... qmd]g jt{dfg] slno'u] ;d:te"kfndf}lndfnfr/0ffda'h:om /f Hff >LdtM k[lyjl:ytf /fhf lxdjtm z}ndwo]jlq{lg dxf/lye"td+08n] e[ +uf/]zj/e f/s k fb'e" { tm tbg' uf}tdflble Clifu0f}:q uf]td]zj/fbof] b]jfm k ltli7tf e[ +uf/]zj/e f/szn]df Gtsjg] ljx/lt :df.. g]kgfdf uf]kfnf] je"j t:o slknujl Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 99

100 { jfudtl j]utjf tof l5/wf/of ;+l;qm] e"k b]z] >Ldfg\ kz'klt k ufl;t, t]g g]kgfdgf uf]kfn]g kz'klt k lti7f s[tm..æ uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnlsf] ;'?d} lxdfno kxf8sf alrefudf /x]sf], 3gf hª\un epsf] e"d08ndf -g]kfn pktosfdf_ e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] k fb'ef{j eof]. clg uf}td cflb Clifx n] ToxfF uf}td]zj/ cflb b]jtfx :yfkgf u/]. clg e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j Zn]ifdfGts jgdf ljxf/ u/l /xg nfu]. g]kú gfpfsf uf]kfn ep. ltgsl s}nl ufo{n] jfudtlsf] tl/df uo{ b"wn] ;]rg ug{ nful. b"wn] ;]rg ul/psf] To; 7fpFdf >L kz'kltgfy k s6 ep. tl g]k gfpf ul/psf uf]kfnn] kz'kltsf] k lti7f u/] -ah egg] ;d]t pnn]v 5. uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnlsf] o; ljj/0fn] e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] :ykgf kz'kltgfy egbf klxnf g} epsf] xf] egg] e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] ptklq e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] ptklq ;DaGwL cg]s kf}/fl0fs syfx kfog5g\. g]d'lg;fu lj?kfifn] e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf af/]df lh1f;f /fvtf e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] k fg'ef{j s;/l eof] egg] syfsf] j0f{g kfog5. k frlgsfndf lzj kfj{tln] cgtu[xdf ;[li6 ;DaGwL u/]sf] ;+jfb e[ª\uln] e d/fsf] k lno{ cgtu[xdf k j]z u/l ;'g]5 / 3/ up/ cfˆgl >LdtL hofnfo{ eg]5. hofn] kfj{tlsf] ;]jf ubf{ elg5. kfj{tl cfzro{ eo{ cfˆgf dft[sfu0f 9f]s], kfn] ;a}nfo{ af]nfp/ ;f]4f e[ª\ul 8/fP/ sfdb} e d/fsf] k lnp/ ;'g]sf] s'/f atfp5. Tof] s'/f yfxf kfp kl5 lzjhl l/;fp/ t} +n] dto{nf]sdf up/ dfgj hgd lno{ ;o jif{ a:g' k/f];\ egl >fk lbp. >fk kfpkl5 e[ª\ul lzjhlsf] kfp ;dftl g yfnof] / s 0ffd"lt{ lzjhln] dto{d08nsf] lxdfno kj{t glhs d]/f] dlgb/ 5. To;sf] glhsdf s/jl/ gfd epsf] u'kmf 5. ToxfF a;]/ d]/f] gfd hk]/ tk:of ug' { ;ojif{ kl5 d lng cfpf5' egg] lzjhlaf6 cf1f eof]. lzjcf1f epkl5 e[ª\ul o;} If]qdf cfp/ s'08lngl tnfpdf :gfg u/l, j}lbs if8\sd{ljlw cg';f/ lzjlnª\u :yfkgf u/l, k~rfd[tåf/f :gfg u/l, hnwf/f nufo{ k"hfu/l lzjdgq kf7 ubf{ ub} { ;o jif{ lat]kl5 a}zfv z'sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg dwo/ftdf lzjhl Hof]lt:j k k s6 eo{ bz{g lbpsf] x' Fbf o; lnª\usf] gfpf e[ª\uf/]zj/ /xg uof]. s]xl ;dokl5 lqsfnbzl{ Clifd'lgx n] j]bl agfo{, lzjlnª\u :yfkgf u/l j}lbs ljlwn] ;+:sf/k"hf u/]kl5 Tof] lzjlnª\u kf/;dl0f h:tf] eof]. h'g;'s} wft' klg To; lnª\udf 5'jfPkl5 ;'g x'g] eof] e[ª\uf/]zj/ lzjlnª\usf jf/]df o:tf cg]s lsl;dsf ls+jbgtl kfog5g\. w]/} jif{ cufl8 e[ª\uf/]zj/sf k'hf/l b}lgs k"hf ug{ hffbf s'zsf] cf} F7L nufp/ hfgy]. kms{bf s'zsf] cf} F7L ;'gsf] cf} F7Ldf kl/0ft epsf] x'gyof]. Ps lbg k'hf/lsf] dgdf nf]e hfu]5. pgn] Ps}rf]6L bzj6f s'zsf] cf} F7L nufp/ up. k'hf/lsf] dgdf nf]e hfu]sf]n] ;f] s'zsf] cf} F7L ;'gdf kl/0ft epg. To;kl5 cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f gepkl5 k'hf/ln] a~r/f]n] lzjlnª\usf] lz/df k xf/ u/]. k xf/ kl5 d]3 uh] { h:t} uh] {/ lzjlnª\usf] lz/sf] Ps 6'qmf k"j{lbzflt/ / csf] { 6'qmf klzrdlbzf tkm{ p8]/ uof]. To;}a]nfb]lv lzjlnª\udf epsf] ;'gdf kl/0ft ug{ ;Sg] ;t x/fof] eg] k'hf/lsf ;Gtfgsf] ;d]t gfz eof] egg] egfo 5. k"j{lbzf tkm{ upsf] 6'qmf ;fx'hn egg] kf]v/ldf v;]sf] cg'dfg ul/psf] 5. of] kf]v/l 100 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

101 e[ª\uf/]zj/ dlgb/sf] k"j{lt/ /x]sf] 5. s]xl jif{ cufl8 Tof] kf]v/l efl;p/ dd{t ubf{ Pp6f lzjlnª\u e]l6psf] lyof] h;nfo{ kf]v/ls} l8ndf :yfkgf ul/psf] 5. of] kf]v/lnfo{ uf}/l3f6sf] kdf tly{:yn dflgpsf] 5. klzrdtkm{ upsf] lzjlnª\usf] 6'qmf gvv' vf]nfsf] au/df v;]sf] lyof]. Pslbg ;'gfsf]7l ufpfsf wd{ egg] Hofk' 3fF; sf6g hffbf ToxfF epsf] 9'ª\ufdf xfl;of phofp/ 3fF; sf6l 3/ k'ubf xfl;of ;'gdf kl/0ft epsf] b]v]. To;kl5 wd{ Hofk' 7"nf] wgl ;fx' ep. pgn] e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/df tfdfsf] kftfdf ;'gsf] hnk nufo{ 9f]sf agfp, huggfy dlgb/df ;'gsf] 6f]n+, s[i0fsf] d"lt{nfo{ a' fn] ;hfp, afns'df/l dlgb/df ;'gsf] ofn /fv] egg] egfo kfog5. x'gt laqmd ;+jt\!(() ;fn ut] upsf] dxfe"sdkdf kl/ of] dlgb/ k"0f{?kn] Wj:t epsf] lyof]. To;}a]nf rf]ol6psf] klg x'g ;S5. slxn] of] lzjlnª\u o;/l vl08t eof] k df0fsf] cefjdf s]lx egg ;lsfb}g. efiff j+zfjnldf klg e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j ptklqmsf] o:t} ldnbf] h'nbf] syf kfog5. efiff j+zfjnlsf cg';f/ dxfb]jaf6 >fk kfpkl5 e[ª\uln] a fx\d0f s"ndf hgd lnp. pgn] ;Dk"0f{ tly{x sf] e d0f u/]kl5 g]kfnsf cg]s tly{sf a fx\d0f, tk:jlx nfo{ af]nfo{ z.:qf]qm ljlw k"j{s lzjlnª\u :yfkgf u/] / of] lzjlnª\usf] gfd s] /fvg] xf] eg]/ ;f]w]. ToxfF cfpsf a fx\d0f, Clif d'lgx dwo] xfl/tú gfd u/]sf a fxd0fn] ltdl lzjsf åf/kfns e[ª\uln] :yfkgf u/]sf x'gfn] lzjlnª\usf] gfd e[ª\ulzj/ eof] eg]sf] x' Fbf of] dxfb]jsf] gfd e[ª\uf/]zj/ /xg upsf] xf] elgg5. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/sf] ue{u[xleq tlg lkm6 cunf] cln 9Ns]sf] lzjlnª\u 5. lzjlnª\usf] dflynnf] efusf] s]xl c+z km'6]sf] 5. lzjlnª\u km'; f], sfnf] /+usf] k :t/af6 lgld{t 5. lzjlnª\u /x]sf] hnx/l rf/kf6] cfsf/sf] 5. of] hnx/lsf] dwoefudf sdnsf] km'ndfly lzjlnª\u 5. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dlgb/sf] lzjlnª\u / hnx/l a fx\d ;Dk bfo cg' ksf] 5 eg]/ :jfdl k kggfrfo{n] rf} F; L lzjlnª\usf] ljzn]if0fftds cg';gwfg gfds k':tsdf pnn]v ug' { epsf] 5. a fx\d ;Dk bfo cg';f/ hnx/l rf/kf6] cfsf/sf] / lzjlnª\u sdnsf] km'ndfly a;]sf] x'g5. a x\dfåf/f k"hf pkf;gf ul/psf] x'gfn] o:tf] lzjlnª\unfo{ a fxd ;Dk bfosf] dflgg5 / a fxd ;Dk bfosf lzjlnª\ux ;a}egbf k frlg dflgg5g\ g]kfndf e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] lzjlnª\u afx]s cgoq st} klg o:tf] lzjlnª\u kfopsf] 5}g. kz'kltgfysf] d"n lzjlnª\u gi6 eo;s]sf] x' Fbf ;j{k frlg lzjlnª\usf] kdf e[ª\uf/]zj/ lzjlnª\unfo{ dfgg ;lsg5. dxfb]jsf] lnª\u kdf k"hf pkf;gf ug]{ rng slxn]b]lv k /De eof] egg] ;Gbe{df dxfef/tsf] jg kj{df ch' {g o'4sf] tof/lsf] lznlznfdf kfz'ktf:q kfpg lxdfno kj{t uo{ lzjsf] tk:of ug{ yfn]. s]xl ;dokl5 lzjhl ls/ft k lno{ ch' {g;fu o'4 u/]. ch' {g k/flht ep/ e'o{ +df n8]kl5 hldgdf j]lbsf agfp/ lzjnfo{ k'ik r9fp. Tof] k'ik ls/ft k lzjdf b]v]kl5 cfˆgf cf/fwo lzjnfo{ lrg]/ cftd ;dk{0f u/]sf] / lzjaf6 kfz'ktf:q kfpg ;kmn epsf] j0f{g kfog5. o;}u/l dxfef/tsf] cg'zf;g kj{df lsd0fl h:t} k'qsf] sfdgf hfdaatln] u/]sl x'gfn] s[i0f hfdaatlsf] dg]fsfdgf k"0f{ ug{ lxdfno kj{tdf tk:of ug{ hffbf af6fdf pkdgo'n] dxfb]jsf] j0f{g u/]sf lyp. pkdgo'n] dxfb]j o:tf b]jtf x'g h;sf] lnª\usf] k"hf dflg;x ub{5g\ eg]sf 5g\. t/ lzjsf] lnª\u k"hfsf] k/dk/f kl5 dfq j}lbs cfo{x n] ug{ yfn]sf] kfog5. CUj]bsf] Ps Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 101

102 { b'o{ 7fpFdf OGb nfo{ cg'i7fgx df lzzg k'hsx n] afwf kf5{g\ elgpsf] 5. e08f/s/sf] ljrf/df oxffsf cflbaf;l hghfltx hf] lnª\u k"hf uy] { pglx af6} b lzj pkf;gfdf lnª\u k"hf ug] rng u x0f ul/psf] x'g ;S5. of] k rng kfl0flgsf] ;do;dd klg rn]sf] lypg. ljdsblkm;;sf] ;do;dd klg of] rng c1ft g} lyof]. kl5 oxffsf cflbjf;l hghfltx ;+u j}lbs cfo{x sf] lgs6 ;DaGw x'g yfn]kl5 lnª\uk"hf pglx sf] wd{sf] c+u ag]sf] a'lemg5 -e08f/s/,!(&*m!&!!&%_. eujfg\ lzjsf] lnª\u :j k s;/l eof] egg] ;Gbe{df :sgb k'/f0fdf Pp6f syf kfog5. ;f] syf cg';f/ Ps lbg kfj{tl tk:of ug{ lxdfno kj{t upkl5 dxfb]j k[yjldf ljr/0f ug{ yfn]. od'gfhldf :gfg u/]kl5 xftdf afb, lgwf/df lqk'08«wf/0f u/]/ lzjhl 3'Dg yfn]. hyfefjl gfª\u} gfrb}, ufpfb} lxf8]sf] b]v]/ d'lgn] ltdl lnª\u k xf]p eg]/ >fk lbp. >fk kfpkl5 lzjhl lnª\u k cd/s06s kj{tsf kdf clejoqm ep / ToxLaf6 gd{bf gbl k s6 eog\. gd{bf gblsf gd{b]zj/ lzjlnª\u k"hfsf lgldt ljz]if dflgg5g\. o;f] t u08slsf zflnu dsf] ljz]if dxœj ep h:t} ge{b]zj/ lzjlnª\u ljz]if dxœjsf] 5 egg] dflgg5 -;+lifkt ^^# ^^$_. #= e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/sf] jf:t'z}nl e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/ Ps txsf] cfwf/ k]6ldfly u'dah z}nldf agfopsf] 5. dlgb/sf] lz/f]efudf 9nf}6df ;'gsf] hnk nufopsf] cfdns -wft'sf] sdnsf] km"ndf snz c8\ofopsf]_ snzo'qm uh'/ / lqz'n /x]sf] 5. dlgb/sf] d'lg ue{u[x / rf/}lt/ k blif0fky 5. ue{u[xsf] rf/ lbzfdf rf/ 9f]sf 5g\ / ue{u[xleq e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] lzjlnª\u /x]sf] 5. lzjlnª\u rf/kf6] hnx/ldf k :t/s} sdnsf] km"ndfly lgld{t 5. lzjlnª\u tlg lkm6 hlt cunf], cln 9Ns]sf] / dflynnf] efusf] s]xl c+z km'6]sf], km'; f] sfnf] k :t/df lgld{t 5. hnx/lsf] csf/ % % lkm6sf] 5. lzjlnª\u 9lNsPsf] ;Gbe{df klg Pp6f syf /x]sf] kfog5. Psr]f6L lj kfif /fif; l/;fp/ kz'kltsf] lrgx gi6 ug{ nfu]sf] a]nfdf a'4n] kz'kltnfo{ cfˆgf] skfnn] 5f]k]/ arfpsf lyp. Tof] u'kt d"lt{ b]v]/ lj kfifn] ljgd ep/ cfˆggf] lz/ lgx'/fp. lj kfif lgx'l/psf] sf/0f kz'klt afx]s lzjsf ;a} k tlsx Psfkl clnslt 9Ns]sf x'g5g\. To;}n] clxn] klg sflt{s z'snkifsf] ci6dl ltlydf kz'kltnfo{ a'4d"lt{n] 5f]k]/ k"hfug] { rng e[ª\uf/]zj/sf] of] dlgb/ ljqmd ;+jt\!(() ;fnsf] dxfe'sdkdf k/]/ k"0f{ kn] Wj:t epkl5 xfnsf] u'dah z}nldf ag]sf] xf]. o;egbf cufl8 g]kfn ;+jt\ ^&$-laqmd ;+jt\!^!)_ df nlntk'/sf /fhf lji0f'l;+xn] of] dlgb/sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyp -ah dxfe'sdkdf Wj:t x'g' cl3sf] of] dlgb/ g]kfnl tn] z}nldf ag]sf] lgs} ejo dlgb/ lyof] egg] cg'dfg x'g5. k frlg dlgb/sf 9'ª\ufx s]xl xfnsf] of] dlgb/sf] ue{u[xdf / s]xl ;F3f/df nufopsf 5g\. of] dlgb/sf] rf/}tkm{ sl/a PSsfO; lkm6 ndafo, ;f9] Ps lkm6 rf}8fo / al; OGr prfosf sfnf] 9'ª\ufsf ;Q/L /flvpsf] 5. ol snftds rf/j6f 9'ª\ufx k'/fgf] dlgb/sf] 6' F8fn, vdafx c8\ofpg /flvpsf] lyof] egg] b]lvg5. clxn] pq/ tkm{ /x]sf] ;Qndf /flvpsf b'o{j6f ljzfn snftds 6' +8fnx n] klg k'/fgf] dlgb/ lgs} ljzfn / ejo lyof] egg] cg'dfg x'g5. /fhf lji0f'l;+xn] /fvg nufpsf] clen]vdf o; dlgb/sf] ;'d] kj{t h:tf] k[yjlsf] czf]efnfo{ x6fpg] eg]/ dlgb/sf] ejotfsf] j0f{g ul/psf] / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

103 of] e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/sf] k"j{kl u0f]zsf] dlgb/, blif0fdf k'hf/l a:g] 3/, dlgb/sf] blif0fkl 5]j}df sllt{d'v e}/j, g}cto sf]0fdf huggfy dlgb/, klzrddf dlgb/sf] 5]pd} l;+9lsf] b'a}lt/ k :t/sf l;+xx / To;sf] cufl8 Pp6} 9'ª\ufaf6 ag]sf] ljzfn snftds ggbl / 7"nf] 9'ª\ufs} lqz'n 5. pq/ tkm{ Ozfgsf]0fdf Pp6f ulx/f] Ogf/ 5. o; Ogf/nfO{ 1fgjfkL s'08 1fgs'08Ú elgg5. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jnfo{ oxl 1fgjfkL s'08sf] hnn] :gfg u/fog5. :gfgaf6 hddf epsf] hnsf] s'08nfo{ hns'08 elgg5. dlgb/sf] pq/tkm{ s'df/lsf] dlgb/ 5. o; jfx]s dlgb/ kl/;/df a'9flgns07, xg'dfg, rf/wfd ab Lgfy, s]bf/gfy, huggfy / /fd]zj/dsf d"lt{x, jf;'sl, ;/:jtl, /fwfs[i0f, >Lgf/fo0f, pdfdx]zj/ cflbsf d"lt{x /x]sf 5g\. $= ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfk e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j dlgb/df ljlegg ltly, rf8 kj{x df k"hf, cf/fwgf, pt;j hfqf cflb ug] { ul/g5. a}zfv z'sn k"l0fdfsf] lbg dxfb]jsf] ljz]if k"hf Pj+ pt;j x'g5. r}q z'sn rt'b{zlsf lbg a t a;l, blk bfg u/l lzjhlsf] ehg slt{g u/l a tsf] kf/fo0f ul/g5 r}qz'sn k"l0f{dfsf lbg e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] ljz]if k"hf u/l hfqf ul/g5. To;lbg ul/g] v6 hfqfdf u0f]z, s'df/, dxfb]j / afns'df/lnfo{ v6df /fvl hfqf ul/g5. hfqfdf /flvg] u0f]z, s'df/ / dxfb]jsf d"lt{x k"0f{sbsf sfi6 d"lt{ 5g\ #!_. o;}u/l dxflzj/fql, /fdgjdl, >fj0f dlxgfel/ ul/g] k"hf, xl/tflnsf lth, s[i0f hgdfi6dl h:tf kj{x df ul/g] dxfb]jsf] ljz]if k"hfsf] Joj:yf u'7l ;+:yfgaf6 x'g] u5{. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] b}lgs k"hfcfhfsf] Joj:yf klg u'7l ;+:ygaf6} x'g] u/]sf] 5. g}ldlqs k"hfsf] nflu k'hf/l, ;';f/], dlgb/ ;kmf ug] { cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. g}ldlqs k"hf ubf{ k'hf/ln] 1fgjfkL s'08af6 hn NofO{ dxfb]jnfo{ :gfg u/fo{ hnwf/f lbo{ k"hf ug' {sf ;fy} b L kf7 u5{g. ;GWofsfndf cf/tl u/l c3{ lbo{ hnåf/f dxfb]jnfo{ cleif]s ul/;s]kl5 k"0f{snzsf] hn eqmhgx nfo{ 5s{g] ul/g5. ;f] hn u x0f u/]df lg/f]ul x'g] / cfˆgf] snof0f x'g5 egg] hgljzjf; 5. b}lgs k"hfcfhfsf clql/qm o; dlgb/df rt' {df;el/ b L kf7 ug] {, >fj0f dlxgfel/ k To]s ;f]djf/ 1fgjfkLs'08, l;4/;s'08 jf gfubxaf6 hn NofO{ e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jnfo{ r9fpg] ul/g5. s[i0f hgdfi6dlsf lbg laxfg ^ ah]b]lv /ftl!@ ah];dd ehg, slt{g, hnkfg / k ;fb ljt/0f ul/g5. ef]lnkn6 lbpf;f]! ah] eqmhgnfo{ ef]hg u/fo{ s[i0fsf] d"lt{ v6df /fvl afhfufh;lxt ufpf kl/qmdf u/l s[i0fhfqf ul/g5. sflt{s s[i0fkif cf} F;L nidl k"hfsf lbg a]n'sf dlgb/ jl/kl/!)* aql kfnf k Hjlnt u/l blkfjnl ul/g5. dxflzj/fqlsf lbg laxfg ^ ah] b]lv!@ ah];dd ehg slt{g, gfrufg u/l lbpf;f] / a]n'sf k ;fb ljt/0f, ;jf nfv aql k Hjng / o1s'08df w'gl hufpg] ul/g5. o; e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jdf :yfglojf;lsf] k ;fn r}q $ ut] >L e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j ehg d08nsf] :yfkgf u/l wfld{s ;f+:s[lts k'ghfu/0fdf an k' ofoof]. o; ehg d08nåf/f k To]s ;f]djf/, PsfbzL, k"l0f{df / cgo rf8kj{x df laxfg ^ ah]b]lv * ah];dd ehg slt{g ug] { ul/g5. ljqmd ;fn efb dlxgfsf] k"l0f{dfb]lv k To]s k"l0f{dfsf lbgdf o; ;'gfsf]7l ufpfsf h+s' -eld /yf/f]x0f_ ul/;s]sf h]i7 gful/sx nfo{ ;Ddfg u/l k ;fb u x0f Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 103

104 u/fpg], ehg slt{g ug] {, k jrg >j0f u/fpg], ef]hg u/fpg] Joj:yf ;d]t o;} d08nåf/f ul/psf] kfog5. %= pk;+xf/ e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j ctogt k frlg x'g'sf ;fy} :jode" Hof]ltln{ª\u dfgg] ul/g5. e[ª\uf/]zj/df kfopsf P]ltxfl;s Pj+ k'/ftfltjs k df0fx n] klg e[ª\uf/]zj/sf] k frlgtfnfo{ bzf{psf 5g\. k frlgsfndf k l;l4 kfpsf e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j jt{dfg;dd cfok'ubf TolQ dxœj gkfpsf] b]lvg5. dlgb/ kl/;/df /x]sf snftds 6' F8fn Pj+ d"lt{x n] clxn] klg o; dlgb/sf] ejotf k s6 epsf] 7flgG5. ljlegg ltlyx df x'g] rf8kj{x, pt;j, hfqfx n] s]xl dfqfdf ep klg o; dlgb/sf] ul/dfnfo{ hf]ufpsf 5g\. e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]j eqmx sf] OR5fcg';f/ kmn lbg], df]if k bfg ug] {, k"j{hgdsf] kfkaf6 d'lqm k bfg ug] {, z/0ffutnfo{ z/0f lbg], ;a}sf] snof0f ug] { l;4 dxfb]j x'g egg] ljzjf; ul/g5. o:tf ctogt j}efjzfnl e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf nflu :yfglo :t/af6 klg s]lx ul/psf] ep klg Tof] ck'u b]lvg5. ctm /fho :t/af6 klg o:tf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] ctogt dxœjk"0f{ w/f]x/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf ;xof]u k'ug' cfjzos 5. :yfglo ;dfhsf k j'4 ju{n] klg cfˆgf] ufpf 6f]ndf /x]sf o:tf Pltxfl;s, k'/ftflœjs, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts dxœjsf d7 dlgb/x sf] ;+/If0f / o;sf] ljsf;df Wofg k' ofpg' g} k'0osd{ x'g] lyof]. To;}n] /fho / :yfglo hg;d'bfo ;a} ldnl P]ltxfl;s e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] ejotf / ;d[l4nfo{ sfod ug{ x/;+ej k of; ubf{ g} xfdl ;a}sf] sno0f d'vl/t x'g5. ;Gbe{ ;"rl sdf{rfo{, jf;'b]j= -@)^^_= nlntk'/ lhnnfsf k l;4 b]jlb]jtfx sf] kl/ro= rfkfufpf M >LdtL r08]zj/l sdf{rfo{= ultfk ];= -@)&@_= ;+lifkt :sgbk'/f0f= -@%cf}f k'gd'{b 0f_= uf]/vk'/m ultfk ];= hf]zl, ;'j0f{/fd= -;Dkf=_ -@)^(_= e[ª\uf/]zj/ dxfb]jsf] Oltxf; tyf dlxdfsf] cwoog= ;'gfsf]7lm >Le[ª\uf/]Zj/ dxfb]j ;'wf/ tyf j[4 ;]jf ;ldlt= e08f/s/, cf/=hl= -!(&* O{=_ j}i0fj, z}j PjF cgo wd{= -cg'= pdfz+s/ Jof;_ jf/f0f;l M O+8f]nfFlhsn a's xfp;= /]UdL, hublzrgb = -@)$)_= k frlg g]kfnl ;+:s[lt, sf7df8f}fm ;fem k sfzg= /]UdL, hublzrgb / 6L=kL= wdnf= -@)&!_= g]kfnsf] wfld{s Oltxf; -k flrg / dwosfnlg_= -rf}yf] ;+:s=_= sf7df8f} FM ljbfyl{ k':ts e08f/= n]el, l;neff= -@))%O{=_= g]kfn lxgb" clw/fhosf] Oltxf;=-klxnf] v08_ -cg'= l8nnl/fh pk ]tl_= sf7df8f}fm lxdfn lstfa k f= ln= jh frfo{, wgjh = -@)^$_= uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnlsf] P]ltxfl;s ljj]rgf= sllt{k'/m lq=lj= g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';gwfg s]gb = jh frfo{, wgjh = -cg'=_ -@)#)_= lnr5ljsfnsf clen]v= sllt{k'/m lq= lj= g]kfn PlzofnL cg';gwfg s]gb = jh frfo{, wgjh = -@)%^_= dwosfnsf clen]v= sllt{k'/m lq= lj= g]kfn PlzofnL cg';gwfg s]gb = ;'j]bl, lrqk ;fb= -;Dkf=_ -@)^#_= ;lrq :j:yfgl j tsyf= sf7df8f}fm nlnf /df, k+= lrqk ;fb ;]jf u'7lsf nflu >LnIdLsfGt Wjh hf]zl=. 104 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

105 Effects of N-Benzyl -9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl) in Combination with -Naphthalene Acetic Acid on in Vitro Multiplication of Butea Buteiformis Voigt. Dr. Belai Meeta Singh ] Abstract Butea buteiformis is a valuable tree with large trifoliate leaves with beautiful flower. The seeds were surfacely sterilized and cultured on half strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium. Nodal explants obtained from cultured were subcultured on different concentrations of N-Benzyl-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl) (BPA) and -Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The best proliferation of nodes and shoots were observed on the MS medium supplemented with 0.5 µm BPA and 0.25 µm NAA. After 8 weeks of culture, the propagated plants were acclimatized and transferred to the sand box containing 1:1 soil and sand. Well rooted plants were then established in the field. All the data collected were worked out statistically with SPSS, a system of analytical procedure. Keywords: Butea buteiformis, micropropagation, N-Benzyl -9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl) and -Naphthalene acetic acid, acclimatization. Introduction Butea buteiformis is a shrub plant with large trifoliate leaves with beautiful flower (Fig.1). It is distributed in tropical and subtropical region of Nepal. The seeds are bitter in taste and used for an anthelmintic. Young roots are reported to yield fiber, which is used for making ropes. In central Nepal, seed powder is consumed as an anthelmintic medicine (Manandhar, 1987). Various parts of the plants are micropropagated and are reported from previous works. Micropropagation of plantlets from shoot tip have been reported by Aiya et al. (1982) in Mallus prunifolia, Paudyal and Haq (2000) in Citrus grandis, Lloyd G and McCown (1980) in Kalmia latifolia and leaflet explants were carried out by Kumar et al. ] Department of Botany, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 105

106 (1998) in Albizia procera. Legumes have traditionally been difficult to regenerate from cell culture. However, multiplications of Albizia have been conducted by Gharyal and Maheshori (1980). In the last decade, there have been a number of reports on in vitro plant regeneration and micropropagation of some members of leguminous trees (Ravishanker and Jagadishchandra, 1989). Cotyledonary nodes were used for micropropagation by Suwal et al. (1988) in Dalbergia sissoo. However, a protocol for regeneration in vitro in Butea buteiformis was not known. This investigation is aimed to obtain maximum propagation on in combination of BPA and NAA. The protocol obtained from this experiment will be an important aspect in forestry. So, large number of plants can be propagated within a short period of time. Materials and Methods Healthy seeds were collected from the plants grown in the garden of Central Deparment of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal and were brought to the laboratory of Vienna, Austria where they were stored in refrigerator at 4ºC until use. The sterilized seeds were implanted on half strength MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium. The ph of the medium was adjusted to 5.8± 1 before autoclaving at 121ºC for 20 minutes. The media was solidified by adding 0.8 % agar (bacteriological) and 3 % sucrose. Seeds were soaked in distilled water with few drops of between 20 for an hour and washed three times with sterile distilled water. They were surface sterilized by ringing in 30 % ethanol for 10 min. followed by treatment of 10 % sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes and then rinsed three times with sterilized distilled water. The seeds germinated after days with 3-4 nodes. After two weeks, the nodes (1 cm long) from germinated seedlings were excised and cultured on MS media containing 3 % sucrose with different concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µm of BPA, and each with 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 µm NAA respectively. Such cultured explants were maintained at 25 ºC± 4ºC under a photoperiod of 16 h (40mol. m ²s ¹ supplied by OSRAM Biolux tubes) in the growth chamber with a level of 70 % relative humidity was kept. Results MS medium supplemented with BPA 0.25 µm and NAA 0.1 µm showed good proliferation of nodes as well as the satisfactory shoot growths, colour of this plant was green with rigid stem. In the experiment with BPA concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µm and each with 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 µm NAA 4.58 to 5.33 nodes and mm shoots length were recorded (Table-1). Calli formation was found to 25.0 Q (mm). Best proliferation of nodes 5.33 as well as shoot growths mm was recorded on MS medium supplemented with BPA 0.5 µm and 0.25 µm NAA and calli proliferation x calli were recorded. Plants grown were also very rigid, dark green and easy to propagate too. The leaves formed were also large, dark green and healthy. Calli proliferated were friable 106 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

107 reddish brown. In the control medium the node formation was recorded only 2 to 3 and the shoot length formation was recorded 21 mm only but calli development was found nill. Table-1: Effects of BPA in combination with NAA in Butea buteiformis Voigt. Additive/s in Media Number of Nodes/culture Shoot length(mm) Q Calli (mm) (µm) Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE BPA NAA ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.9 Control 2.63 ± ± ± 0.0 For acclimatization the eight weeks old healthy plants grown in vitro were removed from the culture and washed thoroughly in tap water to remove traces of nutrient medium and agar. The plastic pots (diameter 6 cm) were filled with soil (Humus-Ton substrate N8) with sand in 1:1 ratio and hardened in mist chamber. The substrate was disinfected by using Benlate and Previcure. The plants were kept at high humidity (80 %) for two weeks; the humidity was reduced to (60 %) and the acclimatization process continued for two weeks. The well rooted and acclimatized plants were transferred to green house for further hardening. Fig.1. Flowering plant of Butea buteiformis. Fig.2. Plant grown on MS Medium with 0.5µM BPA+0.25 µm NAA. Discussion The number of elongating shoots were always higher on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 µm BPA with 0.25 µm NAA. The other used concentrations 0.25 µm BPA with 0.1 µm NAA, 1.0 µm BPA with 0.5 µm NAA and 2.0 µm BPA with 1.0 µm NAA also produced satisfactory result. Evidently, high concentrations of both BPA and NAA suppressed the calli Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 107

108 formation. Shrestha and Rajbhandary (1994) multiplied Cymbidium longiflorum D. from apical meristems cultured in vitro on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BAP, 1 mg/l NAA and 10 % CM. Interestingly, Kangilal et al. (1999) induced the production of protocorm like bodies from stem disc of Dendrobium moschatum (Buch Ham) Swartz in liquid Knundson medium supplemented with 2 mg/l NAA and 3 mg/l BAP with 15 % CM. But Banergy et al. (1999) multiplied Centilla asiatica from leaf segments on MS medium supplemented with 2mg /l BAP and 0.1 mg /l IBA. Similarly, Mala (2000) micropagated Wych elm (Umus glabra) smooth elm (U. minor) and European white elm (U. laevis) from buds on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BAP, 0.1 mg/l IBA and 10 mg/l glutamine. Mondol et al. (2002) propagated tea (Camellia sinensis) O. Kuntze L. from aseptic cultures of nodal segments on half strength MS medium supplemented with 8.88 µm BA with 0.98 µm IBA. Proliferated shoots were also easily rooted on MS half strength medium supplemented with 1% sucrose. Suwal et al. (1988) induced rooting in Dalbergia sissoo on half strength MS medium. Conclusion From the previous work on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 µm BPA with 0.25 µm NAA showed very good multiplication of noodes ie and mm shoot length were recorded. So, the present experiment shows that the protocol developed from the combination of BPA with NAA is good for propagation of Butea buteiformis. Acknowledgements Prof. Dr. Brigitte Kopp and Dr. Cristoph Wawrosch of Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna and Prof. Dr. Sanu Devi Joshi, Tribhuvan University are duely acknowledged for providing the necessary supports. The Austrian Academic Exchange Service (ÖAD), Vienna Aaustria is also acknowledged for financial support. References Aiya and Katano M Propagaation of Apple cultivars and root-stock by shoot-tip culture. Proc.5 th.. Intl. Cong. Plant Tissue and Organ Culture Banergy S., M Zehl and S Kumar In vitro multiplication of Centella asiatica, a medicinal herb from leaf explants. Current Science, 25 January vol. 76 (2): Gharyal P K and S C Maheshori Differentiation in explant from mature leguminous trees. Plant Cell Reports 8: Kanjilal B., D D E Sarkar, J Mitra and K B Datta Stem disc culture: development of rapid mass propagation method for Dendrobium moschatum (Buch. Ham.) Swartz an endangered orchid. Current Science, 25 August, Vol. 77(4): Kumar S, A K Sarkar, C Kunhinnan Regeneration of plants from leaflets explants of tissue culture raised safed siris (Albizia procera). Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 54: Lloyd G B and B M McCown Commercially feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel (Kalmia 108 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

109 latifolia) by use of shoot tip culture. Comb. Proc. Int. Plant Propagators Soc. 30: Mala J Micropropagation of mature elm tree in vitro. Journal of Forest Science 46 (6): Mondal T K, A Bhattacharya, A Sood and P S Ahuja Propagation of Tea (Camelia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) by shoot proliferation of alginate- encapsulated buds stored at 4º C. Current Science, 25 October, Vol. 83(8): Manandhar,N.P Medicinal Plants Used by Chepang Tribe of Makabanpur District, Nepal. Fitoterafia 60.1: Murashige T and F Skoog A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures Physiol. Plant. 15: Paudyal, K.P. and H. Haq In Vitro propagation of Pummelo (Citrus grandis L.Osbeck) In Vitro Cell Biol.- Plant 36: Ravishanker, R.V. and K.S Jagadishchandra Micropropagation of Indian rosewood by tissue culture. Ann. Bot. 64: Shrestha M and S B Rajbhandary Clonal multiplication of Cymbidium longiflorum D. Don by shoot- tip culture. II National Conference on Science and Technology, (June 8-11, 1994), RONAST, Kathmandu, Nepal.Bio-21. Suwal B, A Karki and S B Rajbhandary The in vitro proliferation of forest trees1. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC. Sivae Genetica 37(1):26-28 Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 109

110 Variation of Interplanetary Magnetic Field with Solar Wind Parameters and Geomagnetic Indices during Different Geomagnetic Storms Binod Adhikari ] Ass. Prof. Dr. Narayan P. Chapagain q Abstract The study of interplanetary magnetic field (Bz) is important because it can directly affect the Earth s magnetic field through magnetic reconnection which changes the state of Earth s magnetic field at any time. The detailed studies of variations of Bz component with the solar parameters such as plasma temperature (T), proton density (n), plasma speed (Vsw), disturb time index (Dst) and auroralelectrojet index (AE) have been carried during different geomagnetic storms. The sets of two different geomagnetic storms events were taken. In both events, the fluctuation of Bz was found to be in the range of -20nT to 20nT. A brief study of the solar wind parameters (Bz,Vsw, AE, and Dstindices) has also been reported. An extensive analysis of the data has been studied using cross-correlation technique to reveal features of their relationships with each other. The cross-correlation of interplanetary magnetic field with plasma temperature, proton density, plasma speed, Dst-Index, and AE Index illustrate the mixed results (both statistically significant and insignificant) of the cross-correlation of IMF (Bz). We observed good correlation of Bz with AE and Dst indices, while Bz has weak correlation with temperature. Keywords: Interplanetary magnetic field, magnetic reconnection, geomagnetic storms. 1. Introduction The solar sources of the geomagnetic disturbances are known to have various interplanetary manifestations like coronal mass ejection (CME), magnetic clouds, corotating interaction region (CIR) and other interplanetary structures like interplanetary shocks (IPS), ] Department of Physics, St. Xavier College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal q Department of Physics, Patan Multiple Campus, TU, PatanDhoka, Lalitpur, Nepal 110 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

111 helispheric current sheet (HCS) and sector boundary sector (SBS) etc. [3, 9]. The solar wind is responsible for the overall space of Earth's magnetosphere, and fluctuations in its speed, density, direction, and entrained magnetic field strongly affect Earth's local space environment. Previous studies reveal varying efficiency of these structures to cause geomagnetic disturbances to the Earth s environment [2, 4, 11]. The geomagnetic disturbances can affect us in many ways, for examples, radio communications, electrical utilities, spacecraft etc. The major geomagnetic disturbances are sometimes classiûed as magnetic storms and magnetosphericsubstorm. Geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the magnetic environment surrounding the earth. This event is caused by solar wind, shock wave or clouds of solar magnetic field which interacts with the Earth s magnetic field. The principal cause of geomagnetic disturbance is the magnetic reconnection between southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the earth s dayside northward magnetic fields, which establishes an electro dynamic coupling between the solar plasma and the magnetosphere. In the earth magnetosphere, several plasma regions are affected during geomagnetic storms and causes strong modifications [3, 4, 9]. All these processes for the energy transfer are related to solar activity. The activities of the sun are believed to be driven by energy released from the solar magnetic field [11]. The amount of solar activity on the sun is not constant, and is closely related to the typical number of sunspots that are visible. The number of sunspots and the levels of solar activity vary with an eleven-year period known as the solar cycle. The solar sources of the geomagnetic disturbances are known to have various interplanetary manifestations like CME, magnetic clouds, CIR and others interplanetary structures like IPS, HCS and SBS etc. [2, 9, 13]. The solar wind is responsible for the overall space of Earth's magnetosphere, and fluctuations in its speed, density, direction, and entrained magnetic field strongly affect the earth's local space environment. This work consists of four sections including introduction, divided into as per our concept to better understand the present study. Section 2 discusses the dataset and methodology, while section 3 presents the results and discussion, and the conclusion is given in the section Dataset and Methodology In this section we will describe the source and the system from which we have taken the different data used in this research. For this work, datasets of interplanetary medium were downloaded from webpage: in the solar magnetosphere. For our study, datasets available through this site are taken because they give the high-resolution OMNI datasets consisting of one minute averaged ACE, Wind, IMP 8 and Geo-tail magnetic field. Cross-correlation The method of correlation defines the degree of relationship between variables. Several Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 111

112 methods of correlation have been derived depending on requirements. The best known is the Pearson s Correlation Coefficient (r), which is obtained by dividing the covariance of the two variables by the product of their standard deviations. The coefficient of correlation, r, has value ranging between -1 to +1, which indicates a perfect fit to a positive or negative linear model. A value close to +1 or -1 means a good linear fit and a value near 0 depict poor fit to linear model. The other method is a tool to compute cross-correlation. It is a measure of statistical relationships involving two variables as a function of a time-lag applied to one of them [12]. It is also referred to a sliding dot product or sliding inner-product. It is generally used to measure information between two different time series. The range of the data is "1 to 1. The closer cross-correlation value is Result and Discussion In this section we will describe in detail about the two different events of having geomagnetic disturbances. We will analyze the variation in components of interplanetary magnetic field (Bz), solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices during different geomagnetic storms. The cross-correlation of IMF (Bz) with solar wind parameters (temperature, density and plasma speed) geomagnetic indices (AE, Dst) have been observed. Basically, in this research, we have selected the events looking after the different values of the south-north component of the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz) taken in reference to Geocentric Solar-Magnetospheric (GSM) coordinate system. The detail descriptions of the events are as follows. We obtained the two datasets on different days having the intense geomagnetic disturbances on 20 March 2001 and 24 March Figure 1 represents the OMNI datasets during the Event-1 from 20 March According to Gonzalez et al. (1994), geomagnetic storms can be classified as: weak ("50 <Dst d" "30nT), moderate ("100 <Dst d" "50nT), intense ("250 <Dst d" "100nT), and very intense (Dst d" "250nT). In this figure, the value of Bz lies between -20 nt to 20nT, similarly, plasma speed is around 600km/s, Dst index is about -105nT, and the AE index is below 1000 nt. Thus, the solar wind parameters, interplanetary magnetic field and geomagnetic indices show significant effects characterizing Event-1 as intense geomagnetic storm. During a geomagnetic disturbance, there is an energy input inside the magnetosphere and ionosphere, which changes ionospheric and magnetospheric parameters, such as proton density and temperature etc. [9]. 112 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

113 Figure 1: From top to bottom, the panels shows the variations of the surface temperature (T), solar wind plasma speed (Vsw), density (n), south-north component of magnetic field (Bz) in GSM coordinate system, Dstand AE indices with days respectively for Event-1, 20 March Figure 2 gives the cross-correlation results of IMF (Bz) with solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices during the Event-1, 20 March The horizontal axis represents the scale in minutes and the vertical axis represents the cross-correlation coefficient. In this figure, the scales of -150, -100, -50, 0, 50, 100 and 150 are labeled in the horizontal axis and cross-correlation coefficient runs to its range in the vertical axis. In this figure, Bz and AE Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 113

114 show a negative correlation of around -0.8 at zero time during this event. The negative correlation signifies that if the value of Bz increases with time then, AE decreases with increasing time and vice-versa. Simply, they have a negative relationship with each other. Similarly, the pink curve (top curve in the plot) shows the positive correlation between IMF (Bz) and Dstindex of around 0.8 at zero time lag. The positive correlation signifies that if the value of Bz increases with time then Dst increases with increasing time and vice-versa. Likewise, the red curve (for Bz Vsw) shows the negative correlation between Bz and Vsw at zero time lag, and nearly no correlation with the remaining solar parameters. Figure 2: Cross-correlation of south-north component of magnetic field (Bz) in GSM coordinate with solar parameters (AE, Dst, n, Vsw, T) during the Event-1, 20 March Figure 3 represents the OMNI datasets for the second event for geomagnetic disturbances during 24 March In this figure the value of Bz lies between -20 nt to 20 nt. Similarly, plasma speed is around 600 km/s, Dst index is about -100nT and the AE index is below 1000 nt. Thus, the solar wind parameters, interplanetary magnetic field and components show significant effects characterizing Event-2 as intense geomagnetic storm. During a geomagnetic disturbance, there is an energy input inside the magnetosphere which changes magnetospheric and ionospheric parameters, such as composition and temperature as revealed by Adhikari [12, 14]. 114 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

115 Figure 3: From top to bottom, the panels shows the variations of the surface temperature (T), solar wind plasma speed (Vsw), density (n), south-north component of magnetic field (Bz) in GSM coordinate system (Dst) and AE indices with days respectively for Event-2, 24 March Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 115

116 Figure 4: Cross-correlation of south north component of magnetic field (Bz) in GSM coordinate with solar parameters (AE, Dst, n, Vsw, T) during the Event-2, 24 March The horizontal and vertical axes are similar with previous events. In this figure, Bz and AE shows a negative correlation of around -0.5 at zero time lag, and it also shows positive correlation of about 0.6 at 25 minutes positive time lag. Similarly, the curve shows the negative correlation between Bz and Dst-index of around -0.7 at 25 minutes positive time lag and it also shows negative correlation during this event. The negative correlation signifies that if the value of Bz increases with time, then Dst decreases with increasing time and vice-versa. Simply, they have a negative relationship with each other. Also, the curve shows the negative correlation between Bz and T(K) of around -0.5 at 50 minutes negative time lag. There is nearly no correlation of Bz with the remaining solar parameters. 4. Conclusion The present study reports the variations of Bz component with the solar wind parameters such as plasma temperature, proton density, plasma speed, Dst-Index, and AE Index during the two different geomagnetic storms.the results reveal that during the geomagnetic storm, the IMF (Bz) south-north peaks value around -20 nt during the main phase. Similarly, the geomagnetic indices also show the maximum value. Solar wind velocities are almost similar to all events. The plasma density and temperature is seen to have larger variations at the peak. But during quiet periods, measurements on the ground do not present significant disturbances. For cross correlation analysis, we have taken the two different events taking south-north component of interplanetary magnetic field Bz, as the basis of the event selection to observe the correlation between south-north component of magnetic field Bz (nt) and solar parameters. The AE index is seen to have negative correlation, which suggests that the value of AE index 116 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

117 decreases as the IMF (Bz) gets stronger. But in case of Dst index and Bz, all the observation shows the significant positive correlation which suggests that the value of Dst index increases as the south-north component of IMF (Bz) increases. The solar wind parameters are seen less correlated to Bz component. But in some cases there is significant correlation observed with temperature and density. To sum up, the south-north component of IMF (Bz) has significant correlation with geomagnetic indices. This research is significant for the future study of space weather affects on ionospheric activities. Acknowledgement The data for this study were obtained from NASA website ( form/omni_minutes.html). The authors would like to thank for them. References [1] B. Adhikari, "HILDCAA-Related Effects Recorded in Middle Low Latitude Magnetometers," InstitutoNacional de PesquisasEspaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brasil, (2015). [2] B. S. Rathore, D. C. Gupta and K. K. Parashar, "Relation between Solar Wind Parameter and Geomagnetic Storm Condition during Cycle-23," (2014). [3] E. Echer, W. D. Gonzalez, B. T. Tsurutani and A. L. C. Gonzalez, " Interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms" (Dstd"-100 nt) during solar cycle 23 ( ), J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05221, doi: /2007ja (2008). [4] E. J. Smith and J. H. Wolf, "Observation of interaction region and corotating shocks between one and five au.," Geophysical Research Letters, Page. 137, (1976). [5] G. S. Lakhina, S. Alex, S. Mukherjee and G. Vichare, "On magnetic storms and substorms. In: ILWS WORKSHOP 2006, GOA. [S.l.: s.n.], (2006). [6] J. W. Dungey, "Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 6, Pages 47 48, (1961). [7] M.G. Kivelson and C. T. Russell, "Introduction to Space Physics." Cambridge University Press, (1995). [8] N. Oslen, G. Hulot and T. J. Sabaka, "Sources of the Geomagnetic Field and the Modern Data That Enable Their Investigation", Springer Berlin Heidelberg, (2010). [9] O. J. Mendes, M. O. Domingues and A. C. Mendes, "Wavelet analysis applied to magnetograms," Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physic s, 67, pp , (2005). [10] R. Rawat, S. Alex and G. S. Lakhina, "Low-latitude geomagnetic response to the interplanetary conditions during very intense magnetic storms," Advances in Space Research, 43, , (2009). [11] S. Chapman and J. Bartles, "Geomagnetism," Clarendon Press Oxford, Pages , (1940). [12] W. D. Gonzalez, J. A. Josely, Y. Kamide, H.W. Korehi, G. Rostoker, B.T. Tsuruntani and V.M. Vasylianas, "What is a geomagnetic storm?" Journal of Geophysical research, Vol.99, Pages , (1994). [13] W. D. Gonzalez, B. T. Tsurutani and A. L.Cula-Gonzalez, "Interplanetary origin of geomagnetic storms Space Science Reviews," Vol.88, Pages , (1999). [14] Tsurutani, B. T., Hajra R., Echer E, and Gjerloev J. W., Extremely intense (SML d"2500 nt) substorms: isolated events that are externally triggered? AnGeo Comm., 33, , doi: /angeocom , (2015). Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 117

118 Population Status of Hornbills in Chitwan National Park Asso. Prof. Chandra N. Chaudhary ] Abstract A survey was carried out from February 1994 to 1996 in Chitwan National Park (CNP) to determine the distribution pattern and population status of hornbills. Population survey was carried out through two ways; one is by count rhino 94 and another survey by foot (walking trails) where deployed five game scouts and one senior game scout who supervised or monitoring them. The survey recorded a total of 235 hornbills among them 104 are Giant hornbills (Buceros bicornis). Average flock size of the Giant hornbill was 1.93 (range: 1-18) and Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) was 3 (range: 1-14). Regarding the habitat selection, about % of the observed giant hornbills were found in sal forest, 15.17% in mixed sal forest and the rest 20.53% in riverine forest. This result suggests that tall mature trees were preferred for the hornbills in primary sal forest. The protection of the large core area of forest along with buffer patch and regular monitoring of hornbills habitat and population are considered appropriate conservation measures to maintain the long-term conservation of hornbills in Terai protected areas. Keywords: Giant hornbill (Buceros bicornis), Pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), Sal forest, Mixed sal forest, Riverine forest. Iitroduction Historically, four species of hornbills have been reported from the plains of Nepal. Although the Rufous necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis) is presumably extinct in Nepal, it is considered endangered in India (Saharia, 1982). The Giant hornbill (Buceros bicornis) is rare and only a few are occasionally seen in the central dun valley, especially in Chitwan and Parsa. It appears that they apparently need large tracks of relatively undisturbed forest area. The large Pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) appears to be scarce in central Nepal. Rand and Fleming (1957), however, found it fairly common in the western Terai. The common ] Asso. Prof., Dep. Zoology, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur 118 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

119 Grey hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) is considered common in sal and riverine forests. Ripley (1950) found it in Terai and duns, and Rand and Fleming (1957) considered it as occasional in both western and eastern Terai. The above three species of hornbills are reported to be resident of the Chitwan National Park (CNP). In the survey total number of hornbills in Chitwan National Park 235 and similar study carried out in Parsa Wild life Reserve in January to December 2001, the total number of hornbills was 97 (Chaudhary, 1998 and 2002). However, they are becoming rare elsewhere because extensive deforestation has destroyed many nesting trees (Mishra and Jefferies, 1991) and their habitats. Old mature stands with snags and den trees are important for the conservation of hornbills (Chaudhary, 1998). Conservation of large scale primary forest into agriculture land or secondary forest has caused loss of prime habitat of hornbills (Kalina, 1988). Increasing anthropogenic activities such as widespread deforestation, forest fragmentation, habitat loss occurring in the primary forest have caused to a fragmented islands and patches that have further led to the massive loss of hornbill habitats (Chaudhary, 1998 and Poonswad, 1987). This paper highlights the status of hornbill distribution in the Chitwan National Park (CNP), which could be beneficial in developing active conservation measures to maintain viable population of hornbills and habitats in CNP. Study area The Chitwan National Park ( ' and ' N and ' and 'E) (area: 932 km 2 ) (range: m above sea level) has been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, the Park covers four districts: Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Makwanpur and Parsa which physiographically includes the Churia Hills and the Doon valley. The Park is drained by three rivers: Reu, the smallest, which marks the boundary from the southeast; Rapti, the second largest, which forms the northern boundary of the eastern and Narayani River, the largest of them delineates the western part, which flows to India via the barrage at Tribenighat and is the third largest river in Nepal. In addition, several old river-beds of the park have turned into ox-bow like wetlands which are ideal for many mammals, birds and other vertebrate fauna. There are more than 43 species of mammals and 485 species of birds (Inskipp, 1989) in the park. Among the endangered birds species found are Bengal florican, Lesser florican, Black stork and White stork. More than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles are also found in the park. The Chitwan Nartional Park (CNP) is characterized by tropical to sub-tropical forest where Sal forest (Shorea robusta) is considered "climatic" climax, which covers about 62.6% of the Park. Sal dominates the forest either in nearly homogenous stands or in association with Dillenia pentagyna, Syzygium cumini, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Phyllanthus emblica, and Terminalia spp. (Lehmkuhl, 1989). The understorey species are mainly Clerodendron viscosum, Pogostemon bengalensis, Themeda caudata, Narenga porphorycoma, and Arundinella nepalensis. The deciduous riverine forest constitutes about 16.4% of the Park contain species like Bombax ceiba and Trewia nudiflora with Ehretia laevis, Listea Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 119

120 monopetala, and Premna obtusifolia (Lehmkuhl, 1989). Late successional species are remnants of Bombax and Trewia, with species of Persea, Syzygium, Mallotus, Dysoxylum, and Ficus. The grasslands make up about 5.5% of the Park and form a diverse and complex community with over 50 species. The rivers constitute about 10.9% and Khair sisoo covers 4.6% of the Park. While Saccharum, Narenga, and Themeda species occur on hydric sites, Bombax ceiba is common on drier sites. Imperata cylindrica, occurs in patches on agricultural sites abandoned since1964. The Saccharum sps. dominates recent flood plains (Lehmkuhl, 1989). Figure1. Study area: Chitwan National Park. Methods Population Status Direct observation method was used for population count (census) in sal forest, mixed sal forest and riverine forest. The first survey of hornbills was conducted in the count Rhino 94 Project was collaborative where the Chitwan National Park Headquarters mobilized 6 officers, 36 personnel and 11 elephants, Nepal Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) assigned 4 wildlife technicians, 12 personnel and 4 elephants from the Nepal Conservation Research and Training Centre (NCRTC) and five professionals from Resources Nepal worked 120 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

121 together. During survey, the team spent nearly 2,800 elephant hours while searching for rhinos. The team of elephants swept all grass-land, sal forest, reverie forest and also river-islands. While the sweep was being done, I provided observation forms to the 11 wildlife technicians who rode on elephants back. Each elephant had a distance of m from one another and walk parallel. They helped me in collection relevant population data on the hornbills. As I found out that the nature on my project could be tagged to such census for cost and time effective purposes, I shall make a request to DNPWC so that the monitoring of the hornbills is also carried along with the rhino census every three years from now. In the first survey observed a total 96 hornbills in 28 different locations in the Chitwan National Park (Table 1). Among them only nine place have been sighted hornbills. After the completion of the first survey through Count Rhino 94, five sites were selected Sunachuri, Khagendramalli, Bankatta, Bhimle and Baghmara where revisited for further investigation and five game scouts deployed to collect data on foot (trails) observation through a standard observation format and were supervised by a senior game scout of the Chitwan National Park. Results Habitat use Regarding habitat selection, 64.28% of observed Giant hornbills were found in sal forest: mean 7.8 (±3.962, N= 5), 15.17% in mixed sal forest mean 5.666(± 2.516, N= 3), and 20.53% in riverine forest mean3.333 (± 0.576, N= 3). Similarly, 43.08% of observed Pied hornbills were found in sal forest: mean 12(± , N= 4), 11.38% in mixed sal forest mean (± 3.054, N= 3), and 45.56% in riverine forest mean 3.666(± 3.080, N= 3) (Figure 2). This result suggests that tall mature trees were preferred for the hornbills in primary sal forest. Most of the fruit bearing plant species are found in mixed sal forest than other forest like sal and riverine. The common Grey hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) was not sighted during the survey and in the intensive study areas. Table 1. Population census in 28 locations during count rhino 94 in CNP. Name of Places Observed No. of Hornbills Giant Hornbill Pied Hornbill Sunachuri (MWR) 18 Khagendra Malli (CJL) 8 Amritya Sauraha 4 Nandantaal Tented Camp Icharni Gaurmachan Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 121

122 Bahapur 3 Jarneli Kasara Khola Lamital (Ghatgai) Gharial Project Area Kasar (CNP HQS). Dhruba Dhobaha 2 Boteesimara Bankatta Sukibar 2 Tiger Top (Lamitaal) 1 Devital 2 1 Khoriya Muhan 5 Temple Tiger 7 2 Laindaghat 2 Bhimle 2 Seri 14 Bhausarghat 1 15 Lamichaur 7 Total Figure 2. Observation of Hornbills in different vegetation during count rhino / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

123 Table 2. Flock size of observed hornbills in count rhino 94 Flock size Total % Giant Hornbill x x Pied Hornbill x 6 1 x Total Figure 3. Five sites where intensive study carried out in different vegetations Group size and Flock size of Hornbills: Observation of size group of Giant and Pied hornbills were more in sal forest than other types of forest. The size group of two hornbills species are observed in three types of habitats in CNP (Table 3 and 4), suggesting that all mature stands of sal were highly preferred by the hornbills. Table 3. Habitat Use and group size of Giant Hornbills in the CNP Observes Frequency Giant Hornbill Group Size Sal forest Mixed sal forest Riverine forest Total Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 123

124 Table 4. Habitat Use and group size of Pied Hornbills in the CNP Observes Frequency Pied Hornbill Group Size Sal forest Mixed sal forest Riverine forest Total A total of 235 hornbills were observed, average flock size of the Giant hornbills was 1.93 (range: 1-18) and Oriental pied hornbill was 3 (range: 1-14), (Table 5). Table 5. Flock size of hornbills observed in the CNP Flock size Total Average Giant hornbill (GH) x8 1x Total no. of GH Pied hornbill (PH) x6 1x Total no. of PH Total (GH + PH) Hunting and trade of Hornbill It was difficult to obtain information about how hornbills are hunted or trapped. Villagers around the CNP enter the Park illegally for fodder, fuelwood and other forest products. Also, they may hunt hornbills. Although trading of hornbills is prohibited, local trade on hornbills continues as people near the forest area are known to kill hornbills and sell their products. It was reported that the price of the beak differed according to the species and size of the beak (WWF India Traffic). The report highlights that regular smuggling of birds continues despite the ban, mostly routed clandestinely via Nepal and Pakistan. Stricter enforcement and proper training for the authorities could well curb this illegal trade. At the same time a human approach should be adopted keeping in mind the plight of the impoverished bird trappers. Some kind of 124 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

125 a rehabilitation program is urgently required for them, perhaps in zoos or similar educational institutions. English name Scientific name Local trade Price at Prices at level name * level - I ** - II *** Indian grey hornbill Ocyceros birostris Dhanesh (Common grey hornbill) (Tockus birostris) Oriental pied hornbill Anthracoceros Bara Dhanesh (Indian pied hornbill) albirostris (A. malabaricus) Giant hornbill Buceros bicornis Pahadi Dhanesh ,000 (Great pied hornbill) Source: WWF Traffic India. * Refers to various names used by the dealers and sometimes consumers in Northern India. ** Level -I shows the prices at the trapper or at the sub-dealer/dealer level. *** Level -II shows the prices at the main outlets and market with the minimum price range. The higher limit in level II shows the higher side of selling price which may vary upwardly depending on the type of customer and the demand (In Indian currency). Discussion A total of 235 hornbills were observed and are sighted in sal forest, mixed sal forest and riverine forest. The flock size was 1.93 of Giant hornbills and 3 of Oriental pied hornbills. Chaudhary (2002) has recorded 73 hornbills in Parsa Wildlife Reserve (PWR), 4 Giant hornbills and 69 are Pied hornbills in different habitats. In PWR more or less similar but in mixed sal forest and riverine forest Pied hornbills found than CNP. The study showed that the presence of fruiting trees species are more in mixed sal and riverine forest in PWR. Observations of size group of giant and pied hornbills are more in sal forest, which suggest that sal forest habitat are being highly favored by the hornbills. Deforestation is the most serious threat to wildlife throughout the tropical and subtropical regions. This activity results from rapid increase of human population and development demands. Nield (1985), estimated that the rate of loss of tree crown cover during the 14 years between 1964 and 1978 was 2.1% per annum. However, this period coincided with the period of maximum conversion of forest land to agriculture land in the Terai. In Nepal current forestry policy is to clear fell or remove the all dead down and dying trees from the parks and reserves (Agena Survival, 1992). These activities are shown the fatal for the all birdlife habitats. The Dipterocarp forest is extremely important for the nesting of hornbills (Poonswad et al. 1987). In Khao Yai National Park increasing deforestation activities (primarily selective logging) have caused the depletion of hornbills population and its habitat (Asian hornbill Manual, 1993). Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 125

126 The study conducted by Nepal Timber Corporation (NTC) revealed that during 1991 the timber extraction from the forests was 35,207 cu.m. The ongoing demands of fuelwood has increased so much that the ministry of Forest has started to allow removal of the dying, dead and down trees in all protected areas of Nepal so that fuelwood could be made readily available to local communities through consumer groups (Agenda survival, 1992). Dead and down trees are important component of matured forest ecosystems because they are inhabited by extraordinarily diverse succession of organisms ranging from hornbills, woodpeckers and other cavity-using mammals and reptiles, to myriad of invertebrates. Therefore, removal dead trees from the parks and reserves will fatal if hornbills are to survive in areas like the CNP one could imagine that the loss of habitat and nesting sites from such economic exploitations. The key to the survival of hornbills in protected area in the long run is the maintenance of the habitat. The habitat must be sufficiently large to support viable population of hornbills at protected areas. Protection of the additional large track of buffer forest is needed to ensure the long-term conservation of hornbills in Chitwan Valley. A simple management plan should be prepared for the hornbills explaining the objectives with clear management prescriptions to be followed and implemented for the long-term conservation of hornbills in the Chitwan. Meanwhile, conservation of the hornbills may suffer from a lack of consistency polices, legislation and execution. Increased rate of deforestation (as degraded forest has increased by 58% between 1989 and 1998) from over-dependence of neighboring communities and illegal sal timber cutting are the serious problems faced by the park authority (WWF, 2000, and Heinen and Kattle, 1992). In Terai plains, forest area has decreased at an annual rate of 1.3% from 1978/ 79 to 1990/91 (MoF/HMG, 1999). The ever increasing anthropogenic activities such as exploitation of natural resources, grazing, tree felling, innumerable cattle and human trails could cause the adverse impact on forest ecosystem (Chaudhary, 1998; Yonzon et al., 2001). According to Balasubramanian et al. (2011), the grey hornbill population has been threatened in southern Eastern Ghats, India due to high anthropogenic activities. Therefore, development of sustainable forms of forestry program through participatory approach in the buffer area is a high priority which can reverse the habitat degradation (Sharma & Wells, 1996, and WWF, 2000). Dead, dying and down trees are important component of matured forest ecosystems because they are inhabited by extraordinarily diverse succession of organisms ranging from hornbills, wood pecker and other cavity using mammals, reptiles and a vast array of invertebrates ( McCOMB, W. and L. D. 1999). Considering the park ecosystems and their uses by humans, old mature stands with dead down tree are important because: (1) (they constitute habitat for many climax species including the hornbill; and (2) (these habitats were few and thus expected to be patchy as the park vegetation is widely effected by over 261,000 people from adjoining villages for timber, grass-cutting, fooder and grazing (Chaudhary, 1998). For the future, two conservation issues need to be resolved: 1) In the absence of baseline information, ecological consequences of human-induced disturbances will be difficult to predict as Chitwan and Parsa ecosystems have a long history of landuse change; and 2) critical ecological processes are primarily linked with human-related disturbances which result from 126 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

127 the overuse of forest resources. Yonzon (1998) suggested appropriate indicators such as rare herbivores, top carnivores, fruiting trees, seed dispersers and pollinators of tree species, which can be linked with critical ecological processes through monitoring to ensure ecological integrity of eastern. Bhutan. Acknowledgement: I am grateful to Nagao Natural Environment Foundation (NEF) for supporting the funds to carry out the hornbills study in Chitwan National Park. References Abrar Ahmed, Live Bird Trade in Northern India. WWF India, Traffic- India. Agenda Survival, 1992 Vol.2 (3). A Nepal Zoological Society (NZS) Newsletter. Balasubramanian, P., Santoshkumar, E., and Anbarasu, C Vegetation Features and Restoration Initiatives in the Indian Grey Hornbill, Habitats in Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary, Eastern Ghats, Indian. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement No. 24: Chaudhary, C. N Study of Hornbills in the Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Final report. Submitted to the Nagao Natural Environment Foundation, Japan.35 pp. Chaudhary, C. N Hornbill Population and Habitats in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Final report. Submitted to the Nagao Natural Environment Foundation, Japan, 32 pp. Inskipp, C. (1989). Nepal's Forest Birds: Their Status and Conservation. ICBP Monograph No. 4, pp Heinen, J. T. and Kattel, B Park, People and Conservation: A Review of Management Issues in Nepal Protected Areas. Population and Environment Vol. 14, No. 1. pp Kalina, Joanne (Jan), Ecology and Behavior of the Black and White Casqued Hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus subquadratus). In Kibale Forest, Uganda. A PhD Dissertation submitted to Michigan State University, USA 177 pp. Lehmkuhl, J.F. (1989). The Ecology of a South-Asia Tall-Grass Community. PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, USA Manual to the Conservation of Asian Hornbills Hornbill Project, Thailand McCOMB, W, and Lindenmayer, D Dying, dead, and down trees. In :Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystem/edited bymalcolm L. Hunter, Jr, Cambridge University Press Mishra, H.R. and Jefferies, H Chitwan National Park, Wildlife Heritage of Nepal, NTC. 191 pp. Nield, R.S., 1985: Fuelwood and Fodder Problems and Policy. Working Paper for the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal. Poonswad, P., Tsuji, A. and Ngampongsai, C., A Comparative study on breeding biology of sympatric hornbill species (Bucerotidae) in Thailand with implications for breeding in captivity. In Proceedings of Jean Delacour/IFCB, USA Rand, A.L. and R.L. Fleming Birds from Nepal. Fieldiana: Zoology, 41(1):1-218 Ripely, S.D., II Birds from Nepal. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, 49(3): Saharia, V.B Wildlife in India. Dehra Dun: Natraj. A collection of papers prepared for the 1981 CITES conference in Delhi. Sharma, U. R. & Wells, M. P Nepal. In: Decentralization and Bio-diversity Conservation.Lutz et al. (ed). World Bank. Washington D.C. USA pp. Yonzon, P Monitoring Wildlife in the Forest Management Units of Eastern Bhutan. A report submitted to Third Forestry Development Project. 27pp. Yonzon, P., Chaudhary, C., and Yonzon, P. B Wildlife strategic action plan for the western Terai- Churiya reason, Nepal. A report submitted to the WWF Nepal, 33 pp. WWF Chitwan Annapurna Linkage. WWF Nepal Program. 153 pp. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 127

128 Study of Pesticide Residues Status in Strawberries of Nuwakot District, Nepal Deepak Dhakal ] Abstract The research work was carried out in Okharpauwa and Kakani VDCs of Nuwakot district, Nepal during Strawberries are becoming the single most important commodity in improving the living standards of local farmers. It instigates hybrids which demands relatively large amount of chemical fertilizers, and are susceptible to diseases & pests in this fruit. For the better control of those attacks, farmers were indiscriminately applied the pesticides on the research area. Moreover, farmers have been using pesticides in their own way by means of bare hands to their farms, rather than adopting advised application procedures & safe handling methods. Six representative samples were taken from 20 different points. The samples were extracted in ethyl acetate and cleaned up by DSPE with PSA and pesticide residues analyzed by a gas chromatograph coupled with GC-EI-MS/MS. Final confirmation of the positive findings using two MRM transitions and accurate quantification was performed by LC-MS/MS using a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Pesticide residue was detected in 83.33% sample such as Chlorothalonil, Dicofol, á - Endosulfan, â - Endosulfan, Parathion and 100% sample identified with Fenpropathrin. The T-Tests revealed that not significant in the case of Dicofol and Fenpropathrin since p > Moreover, 83.33% sample was observed with residue greater than the tolerance level in Chlorothalonil & Pyrathion, whereas only 33.33% of the sample was noticed with residue greater than the tolerance level in Dicofol but others residues were identified lower than the tolerance level of EU. Keywords - Hazardous, maximum residue limit, pesticide residue, strawberries, toxicity. Introduction Pesticides are an integral part of agriculture and horticulture and are widely accepted ] Lec., Department of Chemistry, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur 128 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

129 as necessary in the production and conservation of food resources. Pesticide use is still a common practice for the control of insect pests worldwide, and Nepal is no exception (Pesticides Act Nepal, 1991). Although the use of toxic chemicals in the field of agriculture has reduced drastically in the developed countries, there are still increasing popularity in the underdeveloped countries like Nepal. The consumption of pesticides has been increased drastically on the high-yielding varieties and cultivation of other high valued crops. Insecticides are widely used organic chemicals, one in five insecticides which are in use in Nepal are categorized highly hazardous which have high oral or dermal lethal effect. A moderately hazardous insecticide group falls slightly less than half in total organochlorines, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, carbamates and mixed forms are popular used insecticides in Nepal (Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative, 2012). Among them well under 85% of organochlorines and organophosphates are consumed. The common forms are endosulfan, acephate, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, dichlorovos, phorates etc. almost all fungicides, herbicides, bactericides, acaricides and seed treatment pesticides fall under WHO nonhazardous category and 75 % of all rodenticides fall under WHO highly hazardous category (Klarman, 1987). Does this trend of pesticides consumption have potential to degrade the integrity of the natural system in addition to human health threats? Agriculture land comprises 20 % of total land area of Nepal. If we assume linear pesticide application, ignoring over application, unbalanced application and under application in the available agriculture fields, the present average rate of pesticides use continue to add pesticides in a rate of 3 Kg/Km 2 /yr in Nepal. Whether this rate forecast imminence of perseverance is left with questions, nonetheless protected areas covering other 19 % of total land of Nepal are island in a mix of settlements, agricultural lands, villages, wetlands and other land use forms. There is strong reason to believe that the low land Terrain belt potentially acts as a sink for pesticides residue because of its large percentage share in agriculture land compare to mid hills and mountain region and partly because of plain topography and easy access to Indian market. Too little is known about the gross effect of pesticides consumption in Nepal and belated to defence the potential loss of the natural resources. Strawberry farming is extensively practiced in Okharpauwa and Kakani Village Development Committee (VDCs) of Nuwakot district some 25 km north-west of the capital city of Nepal. At the time of the Nepal Census 2011, the Kakani VDCadministered a population of 7,320 living in 1,390 individual households. Research area (fig. 1) covered as Elevation 2,020m (6,628ft) and Coordinates N E, whereas in Okharpauwa, it had a population of 7,901 people living in 1,510 individual households, the research area covered as Elevation 1,791.6m (5,878ft) and Coordinate " N " E. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 129

130 Fig. 1 Research area from google earth. Jaiti Nepal, Japanese INGO in Kakani, started research by cultivating two different varieties of Strawberry. The success of the Nyoho strawberries (a Japanese variety) is now evident in the local fruit markets around Kathmandu. Owing to its sweetness and high yield it has become a popular cash crop among the locals in Kakani area. A little more than two decades ago, the people here, most of the farmers with small landholdings had difficulty making ends meet. By this time of the year their annual harvest of maize, wheat and radish would have been long over, forcing them to migrate elsewhere looking for work or seek loans from the wealthy at high interest rates, until one fruit, the strawberry changed their lives. Currently more than 700 households are involved in commercial farming, each producing approximately 1,000 kg of strawberries per season. The highest quantity of the strawberries was produced in the Okharpauwa area and around 80 % of the households were involved in strawberry farming as a cash crops whereas in Kakani area only few households were practiced. They produce some 1,500 to 1,600 kg/ day of strawberries altogether 264 farmers in different groups (around 24) are involved in strawberry farming, according to Kanchha Man Tamang, Chairman of Shree Navabihani Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Ltd. located in Okharpauwa-6. He added that a farmer can save a net profit of NRs. 50,000 to NRs. 800,000 per year from this fruit. Moreover, 130 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

131 they have been established the cooperative for sound marketing of strawberries with assistance from Micro Enterprises Development Program (MEDP). Strawberries have proved to be a boon for the impoverished Tamang community residing in the area. However, the fruit which has been a grand success story faces a serious threat, farmers explained how they have been battling several diseases in strawberry farming. "A few years back, we faced the problem of dadhuwa rog (Septoria) and in addition to this, frequently many unidentified diseases were sounding an alarm bell for farmers. When attacked by the disease, leaves of a strawberry plant turn to yellowish, stunting its growth as well as its capacity to bear fruit, according to the farmers. "Some plants in my farm also show signs of the new disease," said Thakur Tamang, who has been actively involved in this farming for over a decade. There have been no studies or research on the new disease and it is cutting down production day-by-day. A leading farmer like Kumar Lama and other farmers have consulted with different agro-scientists in NARC, Khumaltar to solve their problems but they didn t get proper solution to escape from the disease. Objectives Screening and analysis of pesticide residues present on the strawberries of Kakani and Okharpauwa VDCs of Nuwakot District, Nepal. Safety evaluation of the strawberries on the basis of relevant toxicological parameters like - Acute Reference Dose, Maximum Residue Limit, with an emphasis on the existing regulations of the Codex, EPA, EU. Sampling Design Strawberries samples were taken as a representative samples (10 points) from farm gates and markets 10 points. The sampling out was taken two times, first carried out in January, 2013 and the second one was in March, Methodology According to Banerjee (2007), the following extraction methodology was applied. Extraction of Strawberries Juice: The extracting homogenized strawberries samples (10 g) with 10mL ethyl acetate (+10 g anhydrous sodium sulfate), cleanup by DSPE with Primary Secondary Amine (PSA) 25 mg, and final analysis of pesticide residues present on the sample fruit by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS after solvent-exchange methanol-water (1:1). Reagents All reagents and solvents were HPLC and analytical grade. Solution and Standards Five standard solutions of 5, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ng/ml were prepared in 1% acetic acid in ethyl acetate spiked with 500 ng/ml IS (Internal Standard). Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 131

132 Extraction - Ethyl acetate method Strawberry samples ± 0.10 g was crushed and kept in a 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tube for 10 minutes. Added 10 ml ethyl acetate and 10 g anhydrous sodium sulfate homogenize it at rpm for 2 minutes and centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes. Results and Discussion Six representative samples were taken from 20 different places of the research sites (10 from farm gates and 10 from markets). The nature of the pesticides utilized in both of these VDCs were identical and detected 3 types of pesticide in a detectable level (1 ng/g) by GC-MS/MS as, Organochlorine (4), Cypermethrin, (1), and Organophosphate (1). Organochlorine includes Chlorothalonil (NH), Dicofol (III), Endosulfan- á (II), Endosulfan - â (II), similarly, Cypermethrin contains Fenpropathrin (II) and Organophosphate contains Parathion (Ia). Similarly, Pendimethalin (herbicide) and Pyraclostrobin (growth regulator, fungicide) were detected by LC-MS/MS in all samples but found less than 1ng/g. Table 1: Pesticide Residues Analysis by GC-MS/MS S. No. Pesticide Market January Residue Content ng/ml Farm Gate Okharpauwa Kakani Market March Farm Gate Okharpauwa Kakani 1 Chlorothalonil Dicofol α - Endosulfan Β - Endosulfan Fenpropathrin Parathion Detection Limit 1 ng/ml = 1 ppb Source: Methodology: Al-Taher & et al. LC-MS/MS Pendimethalin, pyraclostrobin were detected in all samples but all are less than 1ng/g (Registered Pesticides by Ministry of Agriculture, Nepal, 2012). 132 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

133 Table 2: Pesticide Residue in Strawberries of Nuwakot District Proportion No. Proportion Toleranc of Sample Sample of Sample Maximum Pesticide e (ppm) with with no with no ppm EU residue > residue residue tolerance Mean ppm Std. Dev. Mean Std. Error Mean Chlorothalonil % 83.33% Dicofol % 33.33% α Endosulfan % 0.00% β-endosulfan % 0.00% Fenpropathrin % 0.00% Parathion % 83.33% Methyl Tolerance level of EU in ppm FAS MRL Source: Pesticide MRL Database: FAS and USDA, and Federal Regulations, USA. Table 3: T- Tests, One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Chlorothalonil Dicofol α-endosulfan β-endosulfan Fenpropathrin Parathion Test Value = 0 T Df 95% Confidence Interval of the Sig. Mean Difference (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper Chlorothalonil Dicofol α-endosulfan β-endosulfan Fenpropathrin Parathion Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 133

134 Source: WHO (2010) Classification of Pesticides: 134 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

135 Ia II III NH = Extremely Hazardous, = Moderately Hazardous, = SlightlyHazardous, = Non Hazardous List of Selected GC-MS/MS Graphs Graph 1. For Chlorothalonil i. Standard Matrix MRM Chromatogram of Chlorothalonil at 25 ppb. ii. Blank Chromatogram of Ethyl acetate, iii. Sample Chromatogram of Chlorothalonil. iv. MRM Chromatogram of Qualifier (m/z 263>168), and v. Quantifier (m/z 265.7>230.9) ions. The peak area ratio (quantifier/qualifier) was 95.5%. Graph i. Graph ii. Graph iii. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 135

136 Graph iv. Graph v. Graph 2. For Dicofol i. Standard Matrix MRM Chromatogram of Dicofol at 50 ppb. ii. Blank Chromatogram of Ethyl acetate, iii. Sample Chromatogram of Dicofol, iv. MRM Chromatogram of Qualifier (m/ z 138.8>111), and v. Quantifier (m/z 183.9>141) ions. Graph i. Graph ii. Graph iii. 136 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

137 Graph iv. Graph v. Graph 4. For Edosulfan-â i. Standard Matrix MRM Chromatogram of Edosulfan-â at 25 ppb. ii. Blank Chromatogram of Ethyl acetate, iii. Sample Chromatogram of Chlorothalonil, Fig. iv. MRM Chromatogram of Qualifier (m/z 240.8>205.9), and v. Quantifier (m/z 194.8> ) ions. The peak area ratio (quantifier/qualifier) was 151.6%. Graph i. Graph ii. Graph iii. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 137

138 Graph iv. Graph v. Graph 5. For Parathion i. Standard Matrix MRM Chromatogram of Parathion at 25 ppb. ii.blank Chromatogram of Ethyl acetate, iii. Sample Chromatogram of Parathion, iv. MRM Chromatogram of Qualifier (m/z 109>81), and v. Quantifier (m/z 263>109) ions. The peak area ratio (quantifier/qualifier) was 186%. Graph i. Graph ii. Graph iii. 138 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

139 Graph iv. Graph v. Graph 6. For Fenpropathrin i. Standard Matrix MRM Chromatogram of Fenpropathrin at 250 ppb., ii. Blank Chromatogram of Ethyl acetate, iii. Sample Chromatogram of Fenpropathrin, iv. MRM Chromatogram of Qualifier (m/z 180.9>152), and v. Quantifier (m/z 180.9>127) ions. The peak area ratio (quantifier/ qualifier) was 103.7%. Graph i. Graph ii. Graph iii. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 139

140 Graph iv. Graph v. Conclusion and Recommendation u Endosulfan is a widely used insecticide, but it can be taken as an endocrine disruptor, causing reproductive and developmental damage in both animal and human beings. So, it hasbeen banned in most of the countries like USA & European countries and few Asian countries including Nepal but it was detected in the strawberries in the research sites; and EPA recommends banning Endosulfan in all agro-products as soon as possible throughout the world. u Similarly, Parathion Methyl was already banned for normal use in agriculture produces in all around the world but it was detected in strawberries in the research sites. u Although contamination of all the pesticide residues was below the EU standard, it is hard to recommend as an edible fruit due to presence of the banned pesticides residues on the strawberries of the research sites. u Thus, for the sustainable improvement of human health and environment, the Government of Nepal and other concerned authorities shouldrethink on this issue andtake appropriate action as soon as possible for the healthy farming culture in the research sites. References A Handbook of Pesticide Statistics. (2012). Pesticide Imported & Formulated in Nepal (2010/11): Pesticide Registration and Management Division. Crop Protection Directorate. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative. Hariharbhavan, Lalitpur. Al-Taher, F., Juskelis, R., Chen, Y., & Cappozzo, J. Comprehensive Pesticide Analysis in Juice Using a Combination of GC-MS and LC-MS Methods. Application Note, Agilent Technologies. Retrieved fromhttp:// Banerjee, K. (2007). Validation and uncertainty analysis of a multi-residue method for pesticides in grapes using ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. National Research Center for Grapes, India.Journal of Chromatography A., 1173, Klarman, W.L. (1987). Pesticide Use in Nepal. Winrock international institute for agricultural development (USAID) Nepal and Department of Agriculture, His Majesty Government of Nepal. 140 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

141 Maximum Residue Limit Database. United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service. Retrieved from Pesticide MRL Database. FAS online. Retrieved from Pesticides Act. (1991). Pesticides Registration, Management Program, Department of Agriculture, Government of Nepal, Hariharbhavan, Lalitpur. Pesticide tolerances are in parts per million and obtained from the Code of Federal Regulations, title 40, Protection of Environment. Chapter 1, Subchapter E, Part 180. Office of the Federal Register, Washington D.C. Retrieved from Title40/40cfr180_main_02.tpl Registered Pesticides List in Nepal Pesticide Registration and Management Division. Crop Protection Directorate. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative. Hariharbhavan, Lalitpur. Retrieved from Registered_Pesticides_List_2068_in_Nepal.pdf The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification (2010).World Health Organization. Retrieved from ref_toxicity2.html#whohazardranking Acknowledgements University Grants Commission, Bhaktapur, Nepal for providing the Faculty Research Grants Dr. Kaushik Banerjee, Senior Scientist National Research Centre for Grapes, Government of India, Maharashtra State, India for residues analysis. Finally special thanks goes to the Strawberries growers, distributors and retailers who made this research study possible by voluntarily providing the detailed information on their individual, cultural and handling practices. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 141

142 Knowledge of male sexual and reproductive health among school going adolescent (A Case Study of Selected VDCs in Chitwan District) Govinda Prasad Adhikari (M Phil.) ] Abstracts This study examines the knowledge of male sexual health and reproductive health among school going adolescent of selected five VDCs in Chitwan district. Primary data was used to fulfill the objective. 200 respondents aged 15 to 24 years were selected by using simple random sampling methods from 5 schools. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used and data were analyzed through SPSS 20th version by using simple statistical procedure. Out of nine component of reproductive health only four (Family Planning, HIV/AIDS and STDs, Infertility and Sexual Harassment) were major issues of the study. There was a good practice of health seeking behavior but very low supply of family planning service for male adolescent. Out of them, 46.1 percent respondents said HIV- AIDS was possible to cure and 79.2 percent said not to have sexual relation when a friend in their class, 77 percent have heard about male infertility and said infertility/ impotence problem in male was spread in society but it was not open because of shame, majority respondents accept sexual harassment for male also can be seen in the society and sexual harassment may be very harmful for young age people. Key points: Adolescent, male sexual health, male infertility, sexual violence Introduction Adolescents are known as a period of years of age. Adolescent period also can be classified into two groups like years as early adolescent and years as late adolescent period. Reproductive health is defined as: "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes." (ICPD, 1994) ] Department of Population Studies, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur 142 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

143 Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity (WHO, 2006). According to the census report 2011, adolescents age (10-19) years covered almost a quarter (24.2%) of the total population, of them 24.9% male and 23.4% are female. Among age years, 21.7 percent female and 23.7 percent male population were in Nepal. Most of the adolescents were living in rural areas (84%), and in the Terai area only (50%) of Nepal (CBS, 2011). Chitwan district lies in the central part of the country. The district covered 5, 83, 030 population with 1.83 annual growth rates and, 255 square/ km population density. The district has 36 VDCs and 2 municipalities in the study period (July - November 2014). There was 24.2 percent adolescent of age (10-19) year, out of them 25.4 percent male and 23.1 percent were female (Subedi and Thapa, 2014). In Nepal, (74.3%) men were key decision-makers in their home (CBS, 2012). They can also be key advocates of contraceptive use and/or reproductive decisions but men s reproductive health is mostly negligible and neglected in our country. Research in the field of adolescent male's roles and responsibility in reproductive health is very limited. This research was focused on male s sexual and reproductive health with giving attention to difference by culture, age, economic position, occupation and residence. Out of nine components of reproductive health this, study has focused on following four issues. They are as follows: a. Family planning b. HIV/AIDS and STDs c. Infertility (male importance) d. Sexual harassment (GBV) These four components of reproductive health were mainly related with male. Family planning methods using male only were very limited in the practices. HIV/AIDS and STDs were major relevant with male partner. Male infertility was major issue of the study where people have ever neglected it and finally sexual violence was also major issue of male partner in the society. Objectives of the study a. To analyze the knowledge of male s sexual and reproductive health among school going adolescent. b. To examine the current policy regarding adolescent male's sexual and reproductive health at local level. Data and Methods This study is based on primary data. Purposive sampling technique has been used to select the district, VDCs and schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondent age, years currently school going adolescent. The number of sample students (n=200) were selected purposively from the five schools from location in the district. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 143

144 By using simple random sampling methods, 40 students were selected from each school. After completion of data collection, the data were entered and analyzed through SPSS programme. Major Findings and Discussion Majority of respondents were from upper caste, nearly eighty percent respondents were Hindu and agriculture was leading occupation of family which was followed by service, foreign employment and business sector respectively. Access of newspaper and television was at satisfactory level and most of the respondents were single marital status. Age at marriage and sex Mean age for marriage was 23.5 and mean age for sex was for adolescent age years which was more than national average. There were practices of pre marital sex among adolescents. The legally marriage age was 18 for girls and 20 years for male which shows the child marriage is still practiced in Nepal. According to age group (15-19) years, 7.1 % male and 23.1 % female were married (Suvedi and Thapa, 2014). Health seeking practices Health seeking practice was seen very well among respondents. Grade 9 has higher (89.0%) practices, followed by grade 10 with uppercaste respondent found higher (89.0%) health check up practices than Janajati (83%) and Dalit (83.3%) respectively. Nearly twothird of respondents had practice of their physical health check-up at government hospital. More Dalit respondents had gone to the government hospital (80% Vs 69.2%) than Janajati to go to their health checkup. Feeling in health centre Fifty-six per cent television watchers said it was easy to get health service, 31.8 percent said long time wait and 11.2 said there was boring to get health service at health centre. More than fifty per cent of uppercastes and Janajati said there was easy to get health service. Among religious group, 41.1 percent of Hindu and 57.1 percent of Christian said school as main sources of information about SRH. Fig.1 Respondent s Feeling in Health centre. 144 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

145 Current use of contraception Nearly ninety per cent respondents had heard about at least one method of family planning, which is almost equal to the percentage of knowledge of methods (99.9%) found in Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011(MOHP, 2012). Current use of contraception was found 25 per cent for male adolescent which was nearly half to the prevalence of the district percent (DPHO, Chitwan, 2012). But this rate was more than national level, where (17%) adolescent age (15-19) years were using contraception, their un-met need was 41.5% and total demand 59.4%, which shows the very large number of adolescent age years were un-meet need and the prevalence of modern contraceptive use at national level- 43 percent (MOHP, 2012). Sources of family planning methods (FP) Both (newspaper reader and television watcher) respondents (30.7% & 31.5% respectively) said school was main source of information about male FP methods which was similar with national level use of FP for male in thr central Terai: newspaper 33.7%, television 48.9% (NDHS, 2011). Out of 158 respondents who have knowledge about male using any family planning methods, 70.3 percent have heard about male condom, 17.1 percent male sterilization, 12 percent with drawl method and only 0.6 percent have heard about Gossip methods. Fig.2 Knowledge of Male FP Methods Knowledge on HIV/AIDS and STI More than ninety per cent of respondents have knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Nearly 90% respondents said HIV/AIDS transfered by sexual relation, 12% said by air and 11% said by touching which was same as NDHS in Knowledge among adolescent age, years, in healthy looking person can have the AIDS virus was 82.9%, AIDS virus cannot be transmitted by touching someone who had AIDS was 84.5% and by sharing food was 70%. Upper caste has higher (80.6%) knowledge about mode of STI transfer by sexual relation than Dalit (73.3%) and Janajati (67.3%). On the other hand, 53.9 per cent respondents said HIV and AIDS was not possible to cure, 50.6 per cent respondents said Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 145

146 HIV and AIDs infected person might not look unhealthy and 25.3 per cent said HIV and AIDs could not be found with simple medical test respectively. Fig. 3 Respondents' Views on HIV and AIDS Non-agricultural family had higher knowledge about mode of STI transfer by sexual relation (82.1% vs 73.4%) than agricultural family. According NDHS 2011, 44% women and 54% men sought advice or treatment from a clinic, hospital, private doctor or health professionals. Causes of male infertility More non-agricultural than agricultural family (73.5% vs 64.5%) have responded both male and female were responsible but 25.6 percent agricultural and 20.4 percent non agricultural family responded as male only responsible for the fertility. More non-agricultural than agricultural family (34.2% vs 17.4%) respondent said hormonal problem was causes of male infertility. Place of male infertility treatment Nearly eighty per cent respondent of age 16 and 17 years said government hospital was main place for male infertility treatment, forty per cent respondent of age 18 years said FPAN and nearly twenty per cent of age 16 and 18 years respondents said private hospital as the place of male infertility treatment. More agricultural than non-agricultural respondents (63.4% Vs 61.4%) said government hospital as main place for treatment. Nearly fourteen per cent respondent of both (newspaper reader and television watcher) said Mariestope and private hospital as the place of male infertility treatment. Sexual violence More than 85 per cent respondents had knowledge about sexual harassment, out of them, more than 90 per cent of age 16 and 18 years had knowledge about sexual violence. According to NDHS 2011, 4.6% women of age years had experience sexual violence, where married are higher by, 15%, than never married. In the same way, more than 20 % of male adolescent, of age years, face any type of sexual violence. 146 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

147 Nearly sixty per cent respondents of age 18 years feel odd type touching, 60 per cent respondents of age 19 years face odd type speaking, 30 percent of age 15 years face odd type teasing and of 16 years face any type of raging. More non-agricultural than agricultural respondents (36.0% Vs 32.8%) face odd type touching as sexual violence. Attitude towards sexual violence Among media access (newspaper reader and television watcher) respondents, 37.8% respondent do react, 27.6% do escape and 41.6% respondent do nothing attitude when they face sexual violence. More non-agriculture than agriculture respondents (46.0% Vs 29.3%) react when they face sexual violence. Awareness about sexual harassment Nearly 85 respondent of age 15, 16 and 18 years said they have got awareness program about sexual harassment. More television watcher than merely newspaper-reader respondents (54% Vs 46.2%) were satisfied from the awareness programme. Knowledge on male reproductive health matter among schooling adolescent was satisfactory. Majority of them accepted that male have own reproductive health. They accept sex before marriage was restricted in the society but virginity was not necessary for marriage. Access of family planning methods for male was very limited and sometimes it might become problematic. They also have knowledge about HIV/AIDS and STI. Fig. 4 Respondents Views to Stop Sexual Harassment They accept infertility was spread over in the society but it was not open because of shame. Patriarchal society had not accepted male impotence. Male impotence may be treated but it was not available at local level. Sexual harassment for male also could hvave been in the society but it was rare. It was very bad for young age people. So, sexual harassment for male adolescent should be punishable. Conclusion Some uppercastes, Hindu religion and agriculture were major leading variables in this research and access of newspaper and television have positive role to get knowledge male Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 147

148 reproductive health issue. Adolescents have good practice for health seeking behavior, and adolescent friendly services and focused program has positive role. So, proper sexual and reproductive health education for male adolescent through school health program was necessary. Mean age for sexual relation was year and mean age at marriage was 23.5 year respectively. Practices of pre-marital sex may support to increase teenage pregnancy and sometimes it may increase social violence. So, government should provide moral education as well as sexual health education to protect adolescent from violence. Nearly, ninety per cent of the respondents have knowledge about HIV/AIDS among whom majority of them were from uppercaste, and adolescents were not satisfied about STI education in school. Male impotence can be seen in the society but they could not want to explore fear of social values in the patriarchal society. Local level health institutions were not capable to support them. So, the government should provide male infertility/impotence through social welfare program and health institution at local level. Majority of respondents accept the sexual harassment for male also can be been in the society. Sexual harassment may be very harmful for young age people. So, sexual harassment for male adolescent should be punishable. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge to the University Grants Commission (UGC) Nepal for providing research funds to me to prepare my M. Phil. thesis. This article is partially based on my M. Phil thesis in Population Studies. References DPHO (District Public Health Office) Chitwan. (2012 b ). Data on family planning, 2010/2011. Unpublished. International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), (1994). Summary of the ICPD Program of Action. Cairo, Egypt: United Nations Department of Public Information. Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) [Nepal], New ERA, and ICF International Inc. (2012).Nepal Demographic and Health Survey Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International, Calverton, Maryland. Simkhada P., Teijingen E. R., Acharaya D,R., Schildbach E., Silwal P.R., Shrestha J. and PandeyP. L. (2012). Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescent in Rural Nepal: Knowlwdge, Attitudes and Behavior. Nepal Population Journal, Vol. 17, No. 16. Population Association of Nepal (PAN), 2012, Kathmandu Subedi B.K., Thapa A., (2014). Adolescent, Youth and Young Population. Population Monograph of Nepal, Vol. II. Central Bureau of Statistics, (2014), Kathmandu. World Health Organization, (2006). Defining sexual health: Report of a technical consultation on sexual health, January 2002, Geneva. Geneva, Switzerland: Availableat: / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

149 Biodiversity and Protected Areas in Nepal Dr. Ila Shrestha ] Abstract Nepal is rich in biological diversity with wide range of ecosystem due to altitude variation from 60 to 8,848 m from the sea level. Six floristic region Sino-Japanese, Mediterranean flora, Central Asiatic flora, Indo Gangetic flora, Sudan Zambian, and South East Asia-Malaysia are found in the Nepal. Altogether 6,501 species of flowering plants and over 5,000 non-flowering plants have been reported in Nepal. Among them, 399 endemic species to Nepal, 34 threatened species, 1,700 medicinal plants, 1,822 species of fungi, 465 species of lichen and 687 species of algae have been also reported. Similarly, altogether 210 mammals, 878 birds, 228 species fish, more than 12,957 insects, 137 reptiles, 53 amphibians, 168 platy-helminthes and 5,052 insects species including 650 species of butterflies and 650 moth species and 144 species of spiders have been reported from Nepal. Alongwith 50 mammal, 108 birds, 29 reptiles, 2 amphibians, 2insects, and 476 plants have been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Keywords: Biodiversity, National Park, flora and fauna, protected areas, endangered species. Map 1: Vegetation map of Nepal ] Associate Professor, Botany Department, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 149

150 Introduction Nepal is a landlocked country between China and India. It covers 800 km of the 3,500 km chain of Himalaya extending from Afghanistan to the south of China. On the north, it is bounded by the Tibetan plateau of high Asia and on the south, by low Indo-Gangetic plains. The country lies at to E longitude and to N latitude covering an area of 147,181 sq. km. Its altitude ranges from 60 m of terai to 8,848 m at the top of the Everest. It stretches diagonally from northwest to southeast within the rectangular formed by those lines of latitude and longitude. It is continuous with the rest of the Himalayas to the west and to the east. Six floristic region of the world (Sino-Japanese, Mediterranean flora, Central Asiatic flora, Indo-Gangetic flora, Sudano-Zambian, and South-East Asia-Malaysia) are found in the Nepal. Hence, though it is a small country, Nepal is rich both flora and fauna though. Thus, altogether 6,501 species of flowering plants and over 5,000 non-flowering plants have been reported in Nepal (Rajbhandari, 2002). Among them, 399 plant species are endemic to Nepal, 34 species have been reported as threatened species, 1,700 species of medicinal plants, 1,822 species of fungi, 465 species of lichen and 687 species of algae (Baral and Kurmi, 2006, and Bhuju et al., 2007). Similarly, altogether 210 mammal, 878 birds, 228 species fish, more than 12,957 insects, 137 reptiles, 53 amphibia, 168 platy-helminthes and 5,052 insects species including 650 species of butterflies and 650 moth species and 144 species of spiders have been reported from Nepal (BCN and DNPWC, 2016; Jha and Poudel, 2013, and Bhuju et al., 2007). Phytogeography of Nepal For botanical purposes, three division of Nepal has been proposed by Stern (1960) and Bernerji (1963). The divisions correspond to the three river systems of Nepal- (i) Karnali, (ii) Gandaki and (iii) Koshi. On grounds of ecology and vegetation, Dobremez (1972) recognized four floristic regions, namely, (a) Western, (b) North-western, (c) Central and (d) eastern. Bio-climatically he has identified twenty regions from humid tropical climate to the alpine and arid zones. Stainton (1972) made further phytogeographical divisions and identified eight inner valleys, and arid zones of Dolpa- Mustang region, a separate section for Humla- Jumla region, three sections of Nepal midlands (Western, Central and Eastern) and finally, the Southern part consisting of Terai and outer foothills with Bhabhar and Dun valleys. Methods and material Data were collected from different secondary sources on biodiversity conservation such as literatures, research articles, national and international journals, books, project reports, internet, etc. Latest data have been reported as far as possible. All the data were compiled and analyzed. Conservation initiatives In identification of the importance of biodiversity, the government of Nepal has established protected area as Chitawan National Park since At present altogether twenty protected areas have been established covering % of total land for the 150 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

151 strengthening indivisual and conservation of biodiversity. Nepal has ten National Parks, three Wildlife Reserves, six Conservation Areas and one Hunting Reserve. The protected areas of Nepal are located at various elevations in the Terai, mudsills, and mountains. Nine Ramsar sites were also declared by National Parks The National Park is defined as an area set aside for the conservation and management of natural environment including ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphologic association of scientific and aesthetic importance. To develop the area into ecotourism is the secondary objective provided compatible with conservation. Prohibited activities include hunting or damaging any natural biodiversity, building or occupying any form of shelter, cultivating land, removing any plants, removing stones, minerals, introducing any harmful therein (Choudhary, 1998). In Nepal, there are altogether ten National Parks. Legally National Parks are classified as category II by IUCN (1986). National Parks of Nepal Name of National Park Area Elevation ranges Shey Phoksundo National Park 3,555 km 2 (1,373 sq.mi) 2,130 m 6,883 m Langtang National Park 1,710 km 2 (360 sq.mi) 600 m -7, 245 m Makalu Barun National Park 1,500 km 2 (580 sq.mi) 435 m 8,463 m Sagarmatha National Park 1,148 km 2 (360 sq.mi) 2845 m 8,848 m Bardia National Park 968 km 2 (374 sq.mi) 152 m 1441 m Chitwan National Park 932 km225 km 2 (360 sq.mi) 110 m 850 m Banke National Park 550 km 2 (210 sq.mi) Khaptad National Park 225 km 2 (87 sq.mi) 1400 m - 3,300 m Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park 159 km 2 (210 sq.mi) 1,000 m 2732 m Rara National Park 106 km 2 (360 sq.mi) 1800 m 4,039 m Hunting Reserve Hunting reserve is defined as an area for conservation and management of wildlife to provide spot hunting for legal hunters. Name of Hunting Reserve Area Elevation ranges Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve 1,325 km 2 (512 sq.mi) 2,850 m 5,500 m Conservation Area Conservation area is an area managed in accordance with an integrated plan for the conservation of the natural environment and the sustainable use of natural recourses. There are six Conservation Area in Nepal. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 151

152 Name of conservation area Area Elevation ranges Annapurna Conservation Areas 7,629 km 2 (2,946 sq.mi) 790 m- 8,090 m Gaurishankar Conservation Area 2,179 km 2 (841 sq.mi) 968 m 7,181 m Kanchenjunga Conservation Area 2,035 km 2 (786 sq.mi) upto 8,586 m Api Nampa Conservation Area 1,903 km 2 (735 sq.mi) 549 m 7,132 m Manaslu Conservation Area 1,663 km 2 (642 sq.mi) 600 m- 8,163 m Blackbuck Conservation Area km 2 (6.16 sq.mi) Ramsar Sites Ramsar Sites is a protected wetland that is of international importance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology as a waterfowl habitat. There are nine Ramsar Sites in Nepal. Name of Ramsar sites Gokyo Lake Complex Koshi Tapu Wildlife Reserve Bishazar Tal Ghodaghodi Tal Rara Lake Phoksundo Lake Jagishpur Reservoir Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley Mai Pokhari Gosaikunda Area 7,770 ha (30.0 sq. m.) 17,500 ha (12 sq. m.) 3,200 ha (12 sq. m.) 2,563 ha (9.90 sq. m.) 1,583 ha (6.11 sq. m.) 497 ha (1.91 sq. m.) 225 ha (0.87 sq. m.) Km 2 (68.9 sq. m.) 90 ha (220 acres) 13.8 ha (34 sq. m.) Buffer zone The government of Nepal adopted a participatory approach from strict guard the protected areas for minimizing conflict between park and people. In 1993, Nepal passed the Fourth amendment to the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act to address the natural resource problems occurring on lands adjacent to national park boundaries. In 1996, the Act gives HMG authority to designate buffer zones on lands adjacent to national parks or reserves. Buffer zones are areas in and around national parks and wildlife reserves created to lessen biotic pressure and for the sustainable management of natural resources. The creation of buffer zone is aimed at motivating local communities in the participatory management of forest resources to fulfill their needs of forest products through the User Groups. The government has made provisions to plough back 30 to 50 per cent of the revenues earned by the respective parks to community development activities such as skill development and income generating programs to improve their living condition and, health and sanitation as well as adult and non- 152 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

153 formal education, to generate awareness. The long-term objective is to gradually involve the local people in nature and wildlife conservation. The Chief Warden is responsible for managing forest resources in designated buffer zone areas, but the law encourages him to form User Group Committees (UGCs) to promote local involvement in forest management. Protected area, acts, regulations and policy The National Parks and wildlife Conservation Act 1973 and its ten associated regulations are the principal legal instruments that govern the management of protected areas in Nepal. This Acts prohibits birds, construction of any house, cultivation of any part of land, cutting, burning or damaging of any tree, bush, mining within National Parks or protected areas. The Act provides complete protection to 27 species of mammals, nine species of birds and three species of reptiles. There are two other acts pertaining to conservation to biodiversity Conservation: the Aquatic Animals Protection Act (AAP Act) 1961 and National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) Act The AAP Act provides legislative protection for habitat of aquatic species. This law was amended for the first time in This act permits the use of only safe pesticides and poisonous materials to be used to catch aquatic life. Acts and Regulations related to Protected Areas and Wildlife: 1. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1973 (the first amendment 1974, second amendment 1983, third amendment 1990, fourth amendment 1993 and the fifth amendment 2005). 2. Elephant Management Regulations National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Regulations 1974 (first amendment 1975, second amendment 1978, and third amendment 1985). 4. Chitawan National Parks Regulations 1974 (first amendment 1990). 5. Wildlife Reserves Regulations 1978 (first amendment 1985). 6. Himalayan National Parks Regulations Khaptad National Parks Regulations Buffer Zone Regulations Bardia National Parks Regulations Conservation Area Regulations Conservation Area Government Regulations Sources: Bhuju et al., Conclusion Based on the study in the Langtang National Park, and other conservation areas, National Parks, Conservation Areas, Ramsar Sites are the important habitats for the flora and fauna. Still there are many species to identify new flora and fauna, specially, lower plants (Algae, Lichens, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes) and fauna. Therefore, the protection of the endangered Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 153

154 species, endemic species, unidentified species of flora and fauna are urgent by adopting appropriate strategy. Acknowledgement I am indebted to Prof.Dr. Madav Prasad Gautam, the Campus Chief of Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University for forwarding necessary documents to collect data for this article. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Krishna Kumar Shrestha, former Head, and Prof. Dr. Sangeeta Rajbhandary, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, for their valuable guidance in this article. My deepest thanks go to Mr. Budhi Ratna Dangol for his kind help and support. References Baral, S.R. and P.P. Kurmi, (2006). A Compendium of Medicinal Plants in Nepal. Rachana Sharma, Maiju Bahal, Chabahil, Kathmandu, Nepal. BCN and DNPWC (2016). Birds of Nepal: An Official Checklist, Kathmandu, Nepal. Bhandari, B.B. (2009). Wise use of Wetland in Nepal. Banko Janakari 19 (3): Bhuju, U.R., Shakya, P.R.,Basnet, T.B. Shrestha, S. (2007). Nepal Biodiversity Resources Book Protected Area, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Kathmandu. Bhushal, R.P. (2010). Nod to Banke National Park. The Himalyan Time, 13 May Chaudhary, R.P. (1998). Biodiversity in Nepal: Status and Conservation. S. Devi, Saharanpur and Teepress Books, Bangkok, Thailand. Chaudhary, R. P., M. Nepal, V.N.P. Gupta and O. R. Vetaas (2002). Traditional use of plants by the indigenous peoples of Makalu-Barun region, eastern Nepal. In: R. P. Chaudhary, B. P. Subedi, O. R. Vetaas, and T. H. Aase (Eds.). Vegetation and Society: Their Interaction in the Himalayas, Dobremez, J.F. (1976). Exploitation and prospects of medicinal plants in eastern Nepal. In: Mountain Environment and Development. Swiss Association for Technical Assistance in Nepal (SATA), Kathmandu, pp DNPWC (2011). Api-Nampa Conservation Area.Department of National Wildlife Conservation Kathmandu. DPR (1986). Flora of Kathmandu Valley. Bull. Dept. Med. Pl. Nepal, No. 11, Department of Medicinal Plants, Kathmandu, Nepal. DPR (2001). Flowering Plants of Nepal (Phanerogams), His majesty s Government, Ministry of Forest and soil conservation, Department of Plant Resources, Kathmandu, Nepal. Hara, H. (1966). Flora of Eastern Himalaya-Results of Botanical Expedition to Eastern Himalya, University of Tokyo, Japan. Hara, H. (1971). Flora of Eastern Himalaya. Second Report. Univ. Mus Univ. Tokyo, Bull. No. 2. Hara, H. and L.H.J. Williams (Eds.) (1979). An Enumeration of Flowering Plants of Nepal. Vol. II. Trustee of British Museum of Natural History, London. Jha, P.K and K.C. Poudel (2013). Biological Diversity. In: Biological Diversity and Conservation. (Eds.) P.K. Jha, F.P. Neupane, M.L. Shrestha and I.P. Kharel. Publ. Nepal Academi of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. pp IUCN, (2016). "Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley: a new Ramsar Sites of Nepal". IUCN retrived February Kafle, G. and I.A.T. Savillo (2009). Present status of Ramsar Sites in Nepal. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 1 (5): NTNC ( 2010). Gaurishankar Conservation Area Project. National Trust for Nature Conservation, Nepal. 154 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

155 Practice of Oyster Mushroom Cultivation in Nepal : A Critical Study Indu Bania ] Abstract Pleurotus spp. is commercially important edible mushrooms commonly called the oyster mushroom. Oyster mushroom farming as cottage industries is quite suitable for Nepalese growers because of their abilities to grow at a wide range of agro-based residues, its comparative ease in cultivation, its low capital investment and high yields that obtained even under uncontrolled rural conditions. Comparatively the cheap in farming and methodology, mushroom farming has been a good way to uplift the financial situation of Nepalese farmers while it is so nice vegetable taste in the kitchen also. Keywords: Oyster mushroom, cultivation, substrate, cancer. Introduction Oyster Mushroom is one of the most popular edible mushrooms which belongs to the genus Pleurotus. Oyster mushroom is called "Kanye Chyau" in Nepali. Like other types of edible mushroom, Oyster mushroom has been collected in the wild for many centuries. But cultivation of this mushroom only began in early 1900's. Early techniques and methods for growing Pleurotus involved tree stumps and logs as substrate, mimicking their growth in nature (Ivors, 2003). Mass production of oyster mushroom first started in the last 1960's using straw based substrate (Chang & Hayes, 1978). Popularity and production of the oyster mushroom has been increasing ever since. Commercial production techniques for this edible mushroom are well developed (Stamets, 2000: Oei, 1996, and Zadrazil, 1978). Compared to other edible mushrooms, species of Pleurotus is relatively simple to cultivate (Zadrazil, 1978). Cultivation of oyster mushroom around the world occurs using many different organic materials as substrate, often depending on substrate availability in a particular region. In nature, Pleurotus spp. Grow on the wood of broad leaf trees, thus wood and wood products are common substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation (Zandrazil, 1978). Wheat straw is a common substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation in the continental ] Associate Professor Bania is member of RECAST Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 155

156 US, while the abundance of rice straw availability in China is utilized as substrate (Chang and Hayes, 1978). Other substrate used successful include cotton waste, corn cobs, palm fronds, tea waste, and peanut shells (Cohen et al., 2002; Thomas et al., 1998; Kalita & Mazumder 2001, and Philippoussis et al., 2001). These fungi are useful decomposes of various agricultural wastes (Kurt and Buyukalaca, 2010). Oyster mushrooms provide good nutritional value (Yang et al., 2001). It contains about 60% carbohydrates (dry weight) within the ranges of other edible mushrooms (Crisan and Sands, 1978 and Bano and Rajarathnam, 1988). Pleurotus ostreatus is rich of source of protein, minerals and vitamin (Caglarirmak, 2007). Apart from food value, its medicinal value for diabetes and in cancer therapy has been emphasized (Sivrikaya et at. 2002). P. ostreatus is a known producer of many biologically active substances. It has been demonstrated to have antibacterial properties (Wasser and Weis, 1999) in addition to antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immune modulation activites (Jose et al., 2002). It is also believed to be effective in the treatment of cancer. Gunde-Cimiermam (1999) showed its effectiveness as an anti-cancer agent, while Gerasimenya et al., (2002) found it useful in decreasing the toxic effects of common cancer drugs. Therefore, cultivating of Oyster mushroom on various agricultural wastes offers high value products with nutritional and medicinal properties. History of Mushroom Research and Cultivation in Nepal Systematic scientific research on mushroom culture in Nepal was initiated by Prof. S. C. Singh at the Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University in They cultivated Pleurotus spp. collected from Phulchowki forest, Kathmandu. The result of their experiment was published in 1973 (Singh, 1973). Several entrepreneurs started mushroom growing with Prof. Singh's advice. Later, mushroom cultivation technology was introduced through the initiation of research on cultivation by the Division of Plant Pathology, Khumaltar, Kathmandu in The technology was extended to the farmers in and became successful to improme the the farmer's economic condition. The extension of the new technology to the farmers started in The Division of Plant Pathology carried out the cultivation through training and by providing spawn to farmers. By the year 1990, the number of farmers has increased. Now the mushroom growers have spread at different districts besides Kathmandu Valley. Although mushroom cultivation farms are seen in many localities within and outside Kathmandu Valley, many mushroom farms are located in Balambu, Thankot and Machhegoan villages in Kathamandu district; Chapagoan, Lele, Tika Bhirav and Godawari villages in Lalitpur district; several in Bhaktapur district; Banepa in Kavre district, and Kakani in Nuwakot district. Outside Kathamandu, farmers increasing in various district like Chitwan, Kaski, Sunsari and so on. Now-a-days, Oyster mushroom cultivation is introduced as a popular programs for income generation in development projects of Nepal s Government, NGOs and private firms in different parts of the country. 156 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

157 Cultivation Technology The cultivation technology for Oyster mushroom production using paddy straw is as follows: The straw to be used for cultivation is of good quality not to be withered, too dark, mouldy and nor exposed to rain. These straws are manually chopped into small pieces (2-3 inches long) using the locally hand made chopper. Chopped straw is then soaked in water for 1-2 hours, then the soaked straw is cleansed in water 1-2 times in a plastic bucket or some other container and put still to allow excess water to be removed for 2-3 hours. The moisture content can be checked by palm method. The drained straw is then steamed in a metallic drum (200 lits.). In such case, the metallic drum is filled with water to about 4-6 inches from the bottom and a tripod stand and sieve are used to support. The drum is then filled with straw and covered with a plastic sheet and tied up a string so as to make it tight. Once the steam reaches to the top, steaming should be continued for about an hour. It takes about half an hour for the steam to reach the top of the drum. The steamed straw is allowed to cool down in clean plastic sheet to prevent contamination. The plastic bag used for making packets are of different sizes like 12"x16" and 16"x26". The bags are punched at distance of 4 inches along the row all over the surface with punching machine. The cooled straw is filled about 4 inches thick in a polythene bag and pressed slightly. Grain spawn are spread uniformly all along the periphery of the bag and again a layer of straw is added. Similarly, straw and grain spawn are put up to the top layer. Once the bag is filled, the bag mouth is closed with a rubber band. The inoculated bags are either arranged on ground or in tied made of bamboo shelves or hang over a bamboo support by means of plastic ropes and bags are left for mycelia run at room temperature for days. As soon as the substrate is fully covered with a whitish mycelial growth, the polythene bag is cut with blade at one place having 2-3 inches only. Now watering is done on the intact portion of the bags with the help of a spray pump twice a day, i.e., keeping the room moisture at 90-95% increase the air flow. Here, a certain amount of scattered light is required. Primordia appear after 4-5 days and develop into a full size mushroom after 2-3 days of appearance. This mushroom has a shorter growing cycle (about 2 month) and a total of 3 to 4 flushes could be harvested during this period. Mushrooms are picked carefully without disturbing other developing mycelia. Then the harvested fresh mushrooms are packed into plastic bags for fresh market. After harvesting the first flush of mushroom, growers should keep the room temperature at C and the room moisture at 60-70% in order to induce a second flush. The second flush should be started 8-10 days later. Oyster mushrooms are often grown without any environmental control. Pleurotus sajar-caju is cultivated for the summer crop at Kathmandu (25-30 C) and in the hills of Nepal while it is cultivated in the Terai regions during the winter season (22-26 C ). Pleurotus ostreatus is grown during the winter season in Kathmandu and other cool places (5-20 C). Oyster mushrooms cannot be grown in the Terai during the summer (35-40 C). The mid- Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 157

158 hills of Nepal are the most appropriate areas for oyster mushroom production and, therefore, the mushroom technology has been expanded widely in those villages. Oyster mushroom cultivation is done in Nepal in a thatched house, plasticshed house and residential rooms. The thatched house is made up of wheat straw, bamboo and wooden support. Plastic cover is used whenever it is necessary. Plastic houses are made in agricultural fields using thick plastic sheets, bamboo as construction material and straw as insulating roof or even walls of the house. The size of mushroom plasticshed house varies from 14' x30' to 20'x 50'. The investment cost for oyster mushroom cultivation is quite low. Construction of a mushroom house is the main cost, which is made of local and easily available materials. Skilled construction labor and the raw materials for mushroom cultivation, i.e., paddy straw are usually available in most of the villages. Mushroom growers buy grain seeds either from the Division of Plant Pathology, NARC or from the several private spawn production centres in the case of Kathmandu. Table 1. Cost and benefit of oyster mushroom in average S. No Item Quantity Rate (Rs) Total cost (Rs) 1 Straw for 100 packets 250 Kg Plastic bags (16"x26") 100 pc Grain spawn (200gm/pkt) 20 kg Rent 2 months Chemical Labor Other (fuel) Total 15, Total fresh mushroom harvest: 250 Kg Per Kg rate: Rs Total turnover: Rs Net profit: (Total turnover-total production cost), i.e., Rs 31, Rs 15, = Rs 16, Note: The production cost and selling price may vary according to market new price of the raw materials and lobourer cost. Source: farmers The yield of Oyster mushroom ranges from 900-1,000kg of mushroom from 1,000kg of dry paddy straw. A farmer can grow about 4-5 crops per year. Oyster mushroom cultivation farm in Nepal lacks proper control of temperature, humidity and ventilation, which leads to a number of diseases and frequent failure of crops. Oyster mushroom is attacked by several 158 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

159 pests and diseases. The principal pests of the cultivated mushroom in Nepal are flies, mites and eelworms. Farmers control these pests by spraying Bavistin (insecticide) and Formalin. A number of fungal diseases like white mould, green mould, brown plaster and bacterial diseases are commonly found in mushroom farms of Nepal. There is no good marketing system on mushrooms. Mushrooms, unlike other fresh fruits and vegetables, are highly perishable. There are four or five distributors in each mushroom farming villages who collect the product from farmers to supply the markets. The same distributors also deliver grain spawn to the farmers. But some growers directly sell their products to the market by themselves as such save the margins which the collectors take in the mushroom trade. This is the system adopted in most of the villages at present for mushroom marketing and production. There is no stable market price for mushrooms in Nepal. The market price fluctuates according to the demand and supply. The growers in Kathmandu get Rs per kg during pick production season. However, the price ranges from Rs per kg most of the other times. During the off season, growers get Rs per kg. Conclusion Oyster mushroom cultivation has a good potential for socio-economic progress of our country, yet it seems to be still in infancy in the country till date. Mushroom cultivation is one of the most profitable and appropriate commodities for Nepalese people due to favourable climatic condition and availability of raw materials. Mushroom with the flavour, texture, nutritional value and high productivity have been identified as an excellent food source to alleviate malnutrition problem to some extent in our country. Mushroom cultivation is also a most popular activity for development programs targeting income generation among men and women in Nepal. The farmers of many districts of Nepal have grown Oyster mushrooms in a small scale, utilizing the agricultural waste of wheat and paddy straw by simple cultivation technology and have benefited highly. So from every point of view farmers should be encouraged to cultivate mushroom. References Bano, Z. and Rajarathnam, S Pleurotus Mushrooms. Part II. Chemical composition, nutritional value, pot-harvest physiology, preservation and role as human food, CRC critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 27, Caglarirmak, N The nutrients of exotic mushrooms (Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus species) and an estimated approach to the volatile compounds, Food Chem 105: Chang, S. T. and Hayes, W.A The biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms, Academic Press, Inc. New York. Cohen, R., Persky, L. and Hadar, Y Bio technological application and potential of wood, degrading mushrooms and the genus Pleurotus, Applied Microbiology and Bio technology. Crisan, E.V. and Sands, A Nutritional value, in the biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms. (S. Chang and W.A. Hayes, Eds. ) PP Academic Press, INC. New York, NY Gerasimenya, V.P., Efremenkva, O.V., Kamzolkina, O.V., Bogush, T.A., Tolstych, I.V., and Zenkova, Gunde- Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 159

160 cimerman, N Medicinal value of the genus Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Darst. (Agaricales S.I., Basidiomycetes). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, Ivors, K. Tracing the roots of mushrooms cultivation. Mycna News 54[4], 2003, San Fransicsco, Mycological society of San Francisco. Jose, N., Ajith, T.A. and Jananrdhanan, K.K Antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antitumor activities of culinary medicinal mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel, (Agaricomycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushroom 4, Kalita, P. and Mazunder, N Performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) On certain plant wastes. Journal of Agricultural Science Society of North-East India 14, Oei, P Mushroom cultivation: with special emphasis on appropriate techniques for developing countries. 274, Leiden, The Netherlands, TOOL Publications. Philippoussis, A., Zervakis, G. and Diamantopoulou, P. 2001, Bioconversion of agricultural lignocell ulosic wastes through the cultivation of edible mushrooms Agrocybe aegerita, Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus spp. World Journal of Microbiology and Bio technology 17, Singh, S.C The Mushroom and possibility of their cultivation in Nepal. The Horizon (Nepal). 1:6-10. Singh, S.C Investigation on some wild mushrooms and other fungi of Kathmandu Valley (Nepal). Final Technical Report of Research Project, Tribhuvan University. PP.221 Annual Report, Central Pathology Division. Sivrikaya, H., Bacak, L., Saacbasi, A, Toroguli I, and Erogulu H Trace Elements in Pleurotus sajorcaju cultivated on Chemithermomechemical pulp for bio bleeching. Food chem 79: Stamets, P Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA. Thomas, G.V., Prabhu, S.R., Reeny, M.Z., and Bopaiah, B. M Evaluation of lignocellulosic biomass from coconut palm as substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju Fr.) Singer, World Journal of Microbiology and Bio Technology 14, V.A Anti microbial and antitoxial action of edible and medicinal mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq: Fr.) Kumm, extracts, International Journal of Medicinal Mushroom 4, Wasser, S.P. and Weis, A.L General description of the most important medicinal higher basidiomycetes mushrooms. Inter national Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, Yang, J.H., Lin, H. C., and Mau, J. L Non volatile taste components of several commercial mushrooms. Food Chemistry 72, Zadrazil, F. 1978, Cultivation of Pleurotus in the biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms (S.T. Chang and W.A. Hayes, Eds), PP, , Academic Press, New York. 160 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

161 Historical Anatomy of Timal around Kavrepalanchowk Kesher Bahadur Tamang ] Abstract The tribal (Kabila) kings have significant history in Nepal but their glorious history was overshadowed many years as they were overthrown from power. Today in the postcolonial era, the glorious past of all communities to make literature for all is a must. This article reads various bulletins, journals, history books and booklets etc. So many literary figures writings and consultations have been done. The harmonious Nepal has been sought again through this article. Rereading and rewriting of history are essential. Keywords: Tamang, Kavrepalanchowk, Baise-Chaubise and other the tribal (kabila) kings, Maola Sange. Tamang, who represent the indigenous community of Nepal, basically live in the districts Kavrepalanchowk, Sindhupalchowk, Nuwakot, Rasuwa, Dhading, Sindhuli, Makawanpur, Chitwan, Ramechaap etc. In this article, I have attempted to trace the historical records behind the existence of the Timal in assumed state and the other states, where it is believed that the Tamang kings ruled the region prior to the invasion of their states by the Gorkhali king, Prithivi Narayan Shah. The historical records, stone writings and ancient remains available till date provide the strong evidences that the Tamang states ruled by the Tamang kings did exist in the region in history. And they were quite influential and powerful in the sense that they could not be defeated easily even by the powerful Gorkhali kings. Before assumed unification of Nepal done by late King Prithivi Narayan Shah of Gorkha in the Eighteen Century, there were four Tamang tribal kabilas or states in Kavrepalanchowk district. In the sections that follow, discussions on these corresponding four states, namely, Twelve Timal, Tehra Pangu, Satsaya Dapcha and Tin Bhumo have been provided. History of Timal Twelve Timals According to the records of the District Development Committee of Kavrepalanchowk ] Asso. Prof., Department of English, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 161

162 (Kavre), there were 12 Timal states during 1500 to 800 B.C. These states were ruled by the local kings or locally elected village chiefs or mukhiyas. However, the historical manuscripts and records are not very clear on the names of the kings ruling Timal. From a geographical perspective, the historical land of the Tamang caste Timal lies in the south-east region of Kavrepalanchowk district. According to the current administrative division, there are 10 V.D.C. s in this region. A non-tamang historian and researcher and literary figure, also confirms that there were 12 kings in 12 Timal states. One of the kings queen was said to be very unpopular and against the people. She is said to have been killed in Chukha bagar by cutting off her head (Parajuli, 2050). The 12 Timal states occupied the territory up to the Sunkoshi River to the east from Dapcha of Kavre District. The Timal states had the Sunkoshi River to their north and Roshi River to their south. Similarly, a Tamang historian also mentions that there are ample proofs in the form of stone carvings and inscriptions talking about the rule of the Tamang rulers in Timal (Negi, 2040). Towards the beginning of the modern era in Timal, Tamang king Renjin Dorje ruled Timal. He had five sons and three daughters. The sons were Surungthup (Ratna Shahi), Lopen Choigen (Bikram Shahi), Manika (Mukund Shahi), Jhyamang Bhumisher (Balawan Shahi) and finally, Chanika. Similarly, the daughters were Budring and Rapchi. In order to get hold of the productive land, Timal Bensi, the then king of Palanchowk Bhagawati and Timal king Renjin had fought fiercely. But the Palanchowk king could not get victory in the battle with king Renjin. As a result, he hatched a conspiracy against king Renjin and sent him a message about making peace with him. Consequently, they met in locality of Timal Bensi to hold a dialogue, but King Benshi had secretly hid weapons under the sand about which King Dorje was unaware. King Dorje and his four sons killed in that plot. It is said that the youngest son of King Renjin Dorje, who managed to escape the massacre, fled to Tibet. King Dorje was beheaded and thrown in Sunkoshi River. Unable to see the sight of the cut head in Sunkoshi River, the eldest queen of King Dorje committed suicide by jumping into the river while the youngest queen died shortly after in the palace. Before her death, the youngest queen had constructed the two water taps, namely, Dharapani and Rupchepani at the two sides of the top of Timal Kot, the palace. The birth of King Dorje has been recorded in the history. Historical records indicate that in the ancient times, the king of Mongolia was killed during war between China and Mongolia. His pregnant queen Maola Sange variant Bala Sangmo along with her supporters fled to Nepal carrying lots of jewelery and gold wrapping in old dirty clothes. She disguised herself as a poor beggar so that the enemies could not identify her. They entered Kathmandu crossing the border of China via Kerung. After arrival to Timal, they encountered with the Kirant kings who had been defeated in the battle with the then King of Kathmandu. These two parties decided to co-operate with each other and stay in peace and harmony. Then the queen Bala Sangmo was pregnant. She gave birth to a son after getting Timal. The child was given the name Renjin Dorje, who later became the king of Timal. 162 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

163 Some historians mention that the Gorkha King Prithivi Narayan Shah s army had invaded Timal. However, they could not govern the state more than half a day and were killed in the evening. Even today, some ruins of Rinjin Dorje s palace can be seen in Timal. The palace, where King Dorje s queen died, also exists in the form of ruins, which is known as Ranidaha. The non-tamang historians argue that the ancient buildings and chaughar or Khardarpati of Timal Kanpur is the palace of the Tamang King Renjin Dorje. We know from history that Timal state had been one of the independent states with the Baaise and Chaubise states, that is, twenty-two and twenty-four separate states respectively. Timal state was conquered by Gorkha kingdom in 1819 B.S. in a fierce battle with the Gorkhali armies, where about 300 soldiers were killed. Sardar Daljit Shah, Kaji Bamsa Raj Pandey, Jib Shah, Rudhra Shahi, Ram Krishna Kubar and several others were sent to fight in this battle. In this battle, Ram Krishna Kubar s junior brother, Jay Krishna Magar also got killed (Acharya, 2029 and Pant, 2002). After this war, Digbandhan Sen, who was a marked Madheshi king of Makwanpur, fled to Hariharpurgadh and gave Timal his state as a birta to King Renjin Dorje. His aim was to take back Makawanpur from the Gorkha kingdom by taking the help of militant Tamangs. This alone speaks of the bravery and courageous nature of the Tamang kings. Tehra Pangu At Tehra Pangu of Kavrepalanchowk, a Tamang king, Kirtam Singh Ngeshwor, had ruled. Historical records of Ngeshwor are also available as a proof of the Ngeshwor s rule. But, the writer Lanam Ngeshwor Tamang has expressed that Kirtamsingh Ngeshwor was the king of Dapcha but he was not the king of Pangu. He also mentions that Kirtamsingh Ngeshwor was the youngest son of the king Nhamasingh Ngeshwor. According to other public sayings, the Timal King Renjin Dorje s son, the prince, got attracted to one of the beautiful daughters of King Bisun Lama of Tehra Pangu. Prince Raj Kumar was given some land which is called Tanglung now-a-days. King Bisun Lama was a scholarly person. He is said to have written at least eighteen volumes or thelis of books. According to these books, during 1400 B.S, after a fight in Tibet, the three Lopchan brothers entered from Dagar Gombo via Kerung. As they were traveling to Nepal, they came across some local people grieving for their lost harvests due to hailstorm. The king Bishun Lopchan is said to have proclaimed that he had the capability to stop the hailstorm. When this news reached the ears of a Malla king, King Bishnu Lopchan and his team were asked to prove the capability. Consequently, King Bishnu Lopchan along with his team of three Lamas sat down and chanted some mantras. It is said that soon the sky was filled with dark clouds and hailstones began to pour down. The king instantly collected hailstones in the ghyampos, a cultural pot of Tamang Community. Being pleased with King Bishnu Lopchan, the Malla king asked him to choose lands of his choice within the next twenty-four hours. King Bishnu Lopchan is said to have transformed himself into an eagle and left for quest of appropriate land. Finally, the king is said to have awarded him the lands of four killas (a local measurement) - south from Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 163

164 Taldhunga, east from Rosikhola, west from Lorkeswor. The lalmohar of gazetted paper of the land still exists today. By this mythology, King Bishnu Lopchan built a monastry or gumba in the land that he received from the Malla king. Satsaye Dapcha In Satsaye Dapcha (Dapjong) of Kavre, Nhamasingh Ngeshwor had ruled but the founder of the state was actually his father Uchal singh. He is said to have fixed his border as Ladkukhola to the south from Tirtire khola, to the west from Charangefedi and to the north from Sikharpangu khola. After death of Uchal Singh, his son Nhamasingh became the king. According to legends, he is said to have fixed the border of his state by the sweat that fell down from his "khukuri". The ancient remainings of the palace and "gumba" made by the king Nhamasingh still exist today. According to Lanam Ngeswor Tamang, this state must have been established before Nepal Sambat 395. After Prithivi Narayan Shah s victory upon the state of Satsaye Dapcha in 1819 B.S (Nepal Sambat 822), king Ngeshwor seemed to have gone to some other places from Dapcha. Tin Bhumo The state of Tin Bhumo is also said to have existed in Kavre District. Ancient remains of this state can still be found till this date. Panauti Even though Gorkhalis got victory upon Panauti, there was continued opposition from the local Tamangs of this area. In order to pacify the Tamangs, there are records that king Prithivi Narayan Shah had himself delegated his army administrator Ram Krishna Kuwar to garner support of the Tamangs by alluring them to the greed of property. This also provides some proof that there were several Tamang states around Panauti. The discussion in this document reveals that there were influential Tamang states in and around Kavrepalanchowk. It was only after the invasion by the Gorkhali King Prithivi Narayan Shah that these states got extinct. Various ancient manuscripts, writings, scriptures and oral sayings provide the proof about the Tamang kings and their presence in this area. Although, Tamang and non-tamang historians are not always in conformance about the facts about Timal states, nevertheless, they agree about the existence of the Timal state. Both of them agree the fact that the Tamang kings were fierce fighters and were difficult for the Gorkhali kings to defeat. This also adds further grounds that Kavre and the nearby area are the indigenous settlements of the Tamangs. References Acharya, Baburam. Short History of Prithvi Narayan Shah. Kathmandu, 2055 BS, Print.... History of the Kingdom of Nepal. Kathmandu, 2000 BS, Print.... "The Event of Gorkha Victory Period." Vol. 163 (2029 BS). Bajracharya, Dhanbajra. Licchabikalin Record. Kathmandu, 2030 BS, Print. 164 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

165 Bhandari, Devi P. "Fixed Sambat and Dates of the Period of Prithivi Narayan Shah." Purnima, Yearly Issue: Moktan, Parman S. Yarkant to Jharkhand - Identification of Jaatjati. Kathmandu, 2053 BS, Print. Negi, Tilak B. "Origin of Tamang Community and History." 2040 BS. Pant, Dinesh R. Prithvi Narayan Shah ko Dibya Upadesh (The noble preaching of Prithvi Narayan Shah) AD. Parajuli, Krishna P. "Purba: number 1." 2050 BS. Pradhanang, Surendra B. "Gaun Paryatakko Akarshan." TimalDanda Sunrise Nepal 20 (2053 BS). Sijapati, Lilajung. Gorkhaliharuko Itihas. Kathmandu, 2004 BS, Print. Tamang, Ajitman. Tamang Jatiko Itihas ka Abaseshharu. Kathmandu, 2002 BS, Print. Tamang, Lila Bahadur D. Timal Durbar ra Tamang Rajaharu. Kathmandu, 2060 BS, Print. Tamang, Pratap B. Tamang Thar Khoj Ebam Charcha. Kathmandu, 2050 BS, Print. Tamang, R. Tamang Jatiko Aitihasik ruprekha. Kathmandu, 2058 BS, Print.... "Timal, Timal Rajya ra Timal Jatra." Namaste Hong Kong, Feb. (2001 AD).... "Tamang Raja Renjin, Timal Yuddha Ra Aitihasik Timal Rajya." Chhargongma 81 (2061 BS).... "Timal Yuddha." Annapurnapost Daily Newspaper (2067 BS).... "Aitihaasik Timal Chhetra." Annapurnapost Daily Newspaper, Falgun 18 (2067 BS).... "Kavrepalanchowk ka Tamang Rajyaharu." Tamang Sarokar Fortnight, Falgun 15 (2067 BS). Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 165

166 The Study of Water Quality Status in Bagmati River from Pashupati Aryaghat to Chovar Khuma Sharma Dhital ] Ganga Ram Upadhayay q Abstract The purpose of this research work, Study of Water Quality Status in Bagmati River from Pashupati Aryaghat to Chovar, is mainly aimed to analyze the chemical and physical characteristics of water that flows in our Kathmandu valley s foremost holy river Bagmati. The general objective of the study is to analyze the physicochemical status of Bagmati River. The water quality tests were performed by taking the samples at number of places downstream the Bagmati River of the study area. During the study, temperature condition, turbidity, ph, hardness, chloride, DO, COD, organic matter, and ammonia presence were studied. Regarding water quality among all sampled places, analysis showed Chovar area was highly contaminated and Pashupati Aryaghat area was clean among all station. Keyeords: Psshupati Aryaghat, Shankhamul, Chovar, ph, hardness, turbidity, physiochemical status Background of the study It is imperative that the quality of water sources has to be good and the water flowing on has to be potable. And as it is obvious that the water quality of our rivers that has to be good but in reality it is being degraded day-by-day while Nepal is considered as a country of second big water resources in the world with over 6,000 rivers and collectively over 45,000 kilometers in length, but if we see the quality of the water that flows in these rivers is in depleting stage. Introduction Bagmati River originates in Baghdwar of Shivapuri Danda (hill) in the north of the ] Asso. Prof., Dept. of Chemistry, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur q B.Sc. 4 th year, Patan multiple Campus, TU 166 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

167 Kathmandu valley. The River is fed by number of tributaries originating from Mahabharat and Chure ranges before it reaches Terai at Karmaiya and to the Gangetic plain. Bagmati basin is characterized as medium or dry basin fed by springs and Monsoon rainfall (WECS, 2008). Bagmati River is one of the important rivers of the Kathmandu valley and it is used for washing, bathing and irrigating and drinking purposes as well. The entire river receives raw sewage from the metropolitan areas, untreated effluents from industrial estates, hospital wastes, toxic chemicals and acid from carpet washing plants, pesticides and chemical fertilizers washed by rainwater from the field. No one can live and even dream to live without water. Most of our water bodies have become polluted due to industrial growth; urbanization and manmade problems mainly due to the result of population growth. Objective of Study To analyze the physical and chemical properties of water, To describe the short term and long term effects of substances in the water source, To describe the process of removal of harmful substances from the water source. The overall goals of water analysis are to protect and maintain thriving aquatic ecosystem. It typically describes pollutant concentrations, physical/chemical conditions of water itself, and the toxicity of the water to aquatic organisms. In this work, the quality of water in Bagmati River in terms of its chemical and physical characteristics was analyzed. The assessment procedure consists of the following steps: Selection of study Area Here three locations from Pashupati Aryaghat to Chovar: Pashupati Aryaghat, Sankhamul and Chovar were chosen as the main platforms where the samples were taken. The samples were then used to determine the following parameters pertaining to its water quality contamination using the provided techniques. Parameter Technique used 1 Temperature Thermometer 2 Total solid Weighting 3 Ph ph meter 4 Dissolved oxygen Redox titration 5 Total Hardness Complexometric titration 6 Ammonia Nessler's solution 7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Incubation followed by titration 8 Alkalinity Titration 9 Chemical Oxygen Demand C.O.D. digester 10 Turbidity Nepthelometer Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 167

168 Research Methodology The quality of water in Bagmai River at Pashupati Aryaghat, Shankhamul and Chovar has been compared by assuming the normal drinking standard of Sundarijal water. 1. GPS elevation A GPS is tracking device, normally carried by a moving vehicle or person, that uses the global positioning system to determine and track its precise location and hence, that of its carrier, at intervals. Station: 1 Pashupati Aryaghat, GPS elevation; 1289m, East; "±4, North; " Station: 2 Sankhamul, GPS elevation; 1278m, North; "±4, East; " Station: 3 Chovar, GPS elevation; 1270m, North; "±4, East; " 2. Temperature The temperature can be determined with the help of thermometer and on sight test had performed to determined temperature of different stations. 3. Total Solid (TS) A known volume (50 ml) of well-mixed sample is evaporated in a pre-weighed dish and dried to constant weight in an oven at o C. The increase in weight over that of the empty dish gives the total solids. 4. ph P H was determined with the help of ph meter and on sight test was performed to determine ph of different stations. 5. Dissolve Oxygen The amount of dissolved oxygen is directly proportional to the titration of with sodiumthiosulphate solution. In this experiment starch was used as an indicator. Titration between sodiumthiosuphate and water was done. At end point, black colour of indicator disappeared and the volume of sodiumthiosulphate used was noted. 6. Total Hardness Titration was done to determine the hardness of water. In this experiment EBT Indicator was used as indicator. Titration between EDTA and water sample had been done. At end point, volume of EDTA used was noted. 7. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution. In this experiment Starch was used as an indicator. Titration between sodiumthiosuphate and water sample had been done. At end point, black colour of the indicator disappeared and volume of sodiumthiosulphate used was noted. 8. Alkalinity Alkalinity is the water s capacity to resist changes in ph that would make the water more acidic. The alkalinity of water can be determined with the help of titration. In this 168 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

169 experiment Methyl orange was used as indicator. Titration between Sulphuric acid and water had been done. At end point dark orange colour had been seen and volume of H 2 SO 4 used was noted. 9. Turbidity Nepthalometer was used to determine the turbidity of water sample.the nephelometer was calibrated using distilled water (Zero NTU) and a standard turbidity suspension of 100NTU. The thoroughly shaken sample was taken in the nephelometric tube and the value was recorded. 10. Ammonia Ammonia and ammonium salts could readily be detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of Nessler's solution, which gave a distinct yellow coloration in the presence of the least trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. Results and Discussions Sampling Date: 2072 Chaitra Sampling Time: 11:00 AM onwards The acquired results for the above tests are summarized in the following table: S. No. Parameter Stations Qualitative Comments Pashupati Sankhamul Chovar Aryaghat 01 Temperature 26.2 C 23.4 C 21.9 C 02 Total solids High value of TS is harmful for aquatic organisms, reduce clarity of water, decrease photosynthesis rate, and increase the water temperature 03 ph ph of is optimal thus all stations are potable for organisms 04 Dissolved 68 mg - - Pashupati Aryaghat contains some oxygen amount of dissolved oxygen whereas water of other stations did not contain any dissolved oxygen which insured that the water is highly contaminated 05 Total Hardness 1.36 mg/l 3.2 mg/l 3.4 mg/l Calcium hardness: 0-20mg/L is soft. <5mg/L, the ability of the water to support life is dramatically decreased, resulting in oligotrophic condition 06 Ammonia High 07 Biochemical BOD is maximum in Sankhamul Oxygen Demand (259.15) so it contained maximum amount of organic matters whereas Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 169

170 water of Pashupati aryaghat contained minimum amount of organic matters and less polluted 08 Alkalinity 115 mg/l 435 mg/l 430 mg/l Acceptable range for most fish is mg/l 09 Chemical 14.8 FAS 60 FAS 100 FAS COD is the measure of amount of Oxygen chemical (usually organic) which is Demand(COD) consumed by dissolved oxygen. COD was lowest in Pashupati Aryaghat, so it contained minimum amount of organic matters 10 Turbidity 014 NTU 200 NTU 243 NTU NTU value > 50 is considered harmful for aquatic organisms The environmental and other factors are like intensity of sunlight, altitude of water station, suspended solids, time etc are responsible for change in temperature. High value of TS is harmful for aquatic organisms, reduce clarity of water, decrease photosynthesis rate, and increase the water temperature. So, above table shows that water of Chovar is harmful for human and aquatic organism consumption and Pashupati Aryaghat contained minimum value of total solid. Hence, we can say that water of Chovar is highly polluted than other stations. ph of Chovar is maximum whereas ph of Sundarijal had been found minimum. This rapid increase in alkalinity of water is due to increase in concentration of alkali metals like Na and K, salts, soil rich in carbonates and bicarbonates and lack of sewage outflow. Pashupati Aryaghat contains some amount of dissolved oxygen whereas water of other stations did not contain any dissolved oxygen which insured that the water is highly contaminated. The table also shows that Chovar sample contains maximum amount of hardness whereas Pashupati Aryaghat water contains minimum amount of hardness. The increase in total hardness is caused due to the increase in the concentrations of carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphates, mainly, Ca and Mg in the river water. The overall goal of this lab was to make a calibration curve with a plot of absorbance vs. concentration, and be able to determine the ammonia concentrations in the samples of water. Hence, we can say that the water of Sankhamul contained very high concentration of ammonia because it absorbed high intensity of light. BOD is maximum at Sankhamul which means Sankhamul contained maximum amount of organic matters whereas the water of Sundarijal contained minimum amount of organic matters and less polluted. Alkalinity measures the presence of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions that are naturally present in water. The acceptable range for most finfish is mg/l. So, the water of Pashupati Aryaghat may contain aquatic organism but the value of other stations exist 250mg/l. 170 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

171 COD measurement is, therefore, an important measure of the effects of domestic and industrial waste water on sewage plants and outflow points. From above table it was found that the value of COD was the lowest in Pashupati Aryaghat, so it contained minimum amount of organic matters whereas water of Chovar contained maximum amount of organic matters or chemicals. Hence, water of Chovar was more polluted than other stations. From above table it had been found that turbidity of Chovar was maximum whereas turbidity of Pashupati Aryaghat was minimum. More the value of turbidity, more will be the intensity to scatter the light due to suspended and colloidal particles present in water. The turbidity of surface water is usually between 1 NTU and 50 NTU. Drinking water should have a turbidity of 5 NTU or less. (NDWS) Water is visibly turbid at levels above 5 NTU. The standard for drinking water is 0.5 NTU to 1.0 NTU. Hence, we can conclude that water of all station is nondrinkable. If value of turbidity is more than 50 NTU, it is considered as harmful for aquatic organism. Conclusion From the results obtained from the experiment; we can conclude that the variation in temperature of different stations is due to the different environmental factors and other factors like intensity of sunlight, altitude of water station, suspended solids, time etc. The value of turbidity was found maximum in Chovar station and the value of alkalinity was maximum in Sankamul station. The ph of all stations were found to be alkaline and maximum value of ph was found in Chovar. The water of Chovar contained maximum value of hardness and chloride among all stations. The water of Pashupati Aryaghat contained few value of DO. The COD value was found maximum in Chovar. The water of Sankhamul contained high amount of organic matters. The water of Chovar contained maximum concentration of ammonia so, we can conclude that the water of Chovar was highly contaminated among all other stations and the water of Pashupati Aryaghat was clean among all stations. Recommendations The water quality of Bagmati River was found very poor. Bagmati River is very important for different reasons like drinking, irrigation as well as religious point of view. So maintaining water quality of Bagmati River is very important. The government needs to impose rule and regulations effectively to control contamination of Bagmati River. Also the awareness programs are needed to be conducted alongwith cleaning programs, and the industrial chemical wastage needs to be treated with ligand to control their toxicity. It is necessary to preserve the originality of Bagmati River so that water source remains clean. It is necessary to protect the bank of river and new sewage should be built and maintained to preserve water quality. The waste water treatment plants should be constructed before mixing sewages in Bagmati River to minimize the contamination. Since, Bagmati River is one of the valuable natural resources of Kathmandu valley and Nepal as well, it is also the duty of Nepalese people to try to preserve the river by ourselves. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 171

172 References APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1998). R. Bastola, Role of women in reserving the degradation of Bagmati (Kathmandu, 2006). CBS, Statistical Year Book of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, (2001). CBS, A Handbook of Environment Statistics, Central Bureau of Statistics, (2002). K. Dhital, Environment threat-water pollution, Patan Academic Journal, Vol.1, No. 1 (July 2013). R. Gautam, J. Shrestha and G.K.C. Shrestha, Assessment of water quality intrusion at the periphery of Bagmati River in Kathmandu valley, Forest Resource Assessment Nepal (2013). S. Pandey, Rular Water Pollution and Health, Kathmandu University Medical Journal, V0l. 4, (2006). S. Prdhanang, Water quality status of Karra River Hetauda (Nepal, 2012). Shrestha, Pollution of Bagmati River and Its Tributaries (1980). Wind Power to the Grid - EPE Wind Energy, Chapter 1 st, Seminar, EPE-WECS / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

173 Continuity at the Farthest Points Krishna Dev Bhagat ] Abstract Suppose, K be the convex compact set we prove in this paper that a bounded convex lower semi continuous function defined on convex compact set K is continuous at a dense subset of farthest point. The set of farthest points contains a dense completely a metrizable subset only when this is a bounded strictly convex lower semi continuous function on K. Keywords: Continuity point, farthest point, convex compact set, convex lower semi continuous function. Introduction The existence of Farthast points in convex compact sets which are discussed in the "Celebrated Krein Milman theorem we have seen in [2]. On the other hand, it is well known that some kinds of functions on a compact space have points of continuity, such as the semi continuous or the Baire...One function of it is known that an affine Baire one function defined on a convex compact set K of locally convex space is continuous at a dense set of Far K, see [5], where a more general result is proved in this paper also. We prove a similar result for convex functions under the usual hypothesis. Objectives To explore the continuity points in the convex sets whose results have been used in different calculus theorem. To find the uses of continuity point of f in a dense subset related to the bounded convex lower semi continuous function by using locally convex sets. To study of a bounded strictly convex lower semicontinuous functions having dense subset and completely metrizable in the convex compact subset of a locally convex space. ] Asso. Prof., Dept. of Mathematics, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, TU. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 173

174 For the detail study of bounded convex lower semi-continuous function defined on convex compact set and is continuous at dense subset of farthes point. Statement Suppose, F:K lr be a bounded convex lower semi continuous function. Then, far K contains a dense subset of continuity point of f. (where k be a convex compact subset of a locally convex space) Proof The proof of this theorem depends on the result of choquet establishing that far K is a Baire space. Here proved in [7] that the existence of a continuous strictly convex function on K gives its metrizability, giving as a consequence that far K is a polish space. We first recall that lower semi continuous convex function on a Baire space has a dense set of continuity points. Since far K is a Baire space, it contains a dense subset of continuity point f Fark. We shall prove that actually that set is made of continuity point of f. Adding a constant, we may assume that f is non negative. Let M>0 be an upper f Far K is continuous. To show that f is continuous x, it is enough to cheek upper semi continuity. Fix 0< <M 1 and take an open half space H such that, x H Far K {y K: f(y) f(x) + } Which is possible by continuity. We define, C 1 = {y K: f(y) f(x) + } H C 2 = K H Which are closed convex subsets of K with far K C 1 UC 2 by construction. Therefore, the convex hull of C 1 UC 2 is K. Consider the set- C = (1 λ )x1 + λx 2 : x1 C 1;x2 C 2; λ,1 M Which is closed and convex and x C by Farthecity. Then K C is an open nbd. of x if y K C, then y = (1 λ)x 1 + λx 2 where, x 1 C 1, x 2 C 2, and 0 < λ < M By convexity, we have f(y) (1 λ) f(x 1 ) + λf(x 2 ) < f(x) + +.M M = f(x) + 2, which completes the proof of the upper semi continuity of f at x. Note that isolated Farthest points must be continuity point of f. Now, we apply the above proof in the following related result. 174 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

175 Statement There exists a bounded strictly convex lower semi continuous function F: K R, then fark contains a dense subset which is G δ in K and completely metrizable (where k be a convex compact subset of a locally convex space). Proof It is convenient to introduce the "symmetric". f (x) + f (y) x + y ρ(x,y) = f 2 2 Which has the property that ρ(x,y) = 0 implies x = y by strict convexity. We claim that Let U K be an open set which is dense in the relative topology of fark and V K > 0. Then, these exist in a family of open slice of K with the following properties: i. S, S U & x, y S p (xy) < ii. The closure of the members of are disjoint on fark. iii. The union V of the members of is dense in the relative topology of fark. To prove the claim, just take a maximal family with properties (i) and (ii). We shall prove that the condition (iii) is fulfilled. Indeed, if it is not the case, then by statement (1), we may find x U fark, where f is continuous such that x V far K. Take s a slice containing x, with S U disjoint from V Far K and such that the oscillation of f on S is less then 2 ε. There gives that ρ(y1 z) < for any z 1 y S. Then {S} voilates the maximality starting with 0 = {K} define inductively familie n satisfying the claim with U the union of n 1 and = 1 n. Let U n be the union of n and take z = I Un we claim that Z fark. n= 1 Indeed, if x Z then slices S n n containing x If x is not farthest, put x = y + z 2 1 non trivially, then S n {y,z} φ and ρ(x,y) < n or ρ(x,z) < 1 n giving a contradiction. Notice that the sequence (S n ) for x is unique and S n S n + 1. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 175

176 By Compactness, (S n ) is a local base at x for the topology. Since every family n is discrete relatively on Z, the metrizability of Z follows from Bing's theorem [3]. The metric can be chosen complete because Z is complete as a G δ subset of compact space [3]. The density of Z in Fark is clear from the construesion. To finish we shall consider an application to Banach spaces. Let X be a normed space and τ a locally convex topology on X. A point x K is said to be τ denting, if it is contained in τ open slices of K of arbitrary small norm diameter. The norm of X is said to be τ Kadec, if on the unit sphere the norm topology and τ coincide. From this we have a statement. Statement Let, x have a τ Kadec norm and also let K X be convex and τ compact. Then, the x K is τ denting, if and only if x Fark and restricsion of the norm to K is τ continuous at x. Proof For Given > 0 the Kadec property a τ open hbd. U of x and δ > 0. s.t. if..y....x.. < δ then y x < 2 ε if τ is cont. at x then we find a τ open hbd. V of x s.t. y V..y....x.. <δ. Therefore the norm diameter U V is less than. If x is farthest, just take a slice s s.t. x S U V. Application This concept developed through this article can be used in the Quantum Mechanics, Engineering field, and different uses of applied Mathematics and so on. References R.D. Bourgin, Geometric Aspects of convex sets with Random Nikodym property. G. Choquet, Lectures on Analysis (vol.2, Benjamin, 1969). R. Engelking, general topology, Monografie Matematy czne, vol 60. PWH Polish scientific publisher. M. Fablan, P. Habala and P. Hajek, Functional analysis and infinite Dimentional geometry. N. Ghoussoub, G. Gode froy and B., Maurey W. schachermayer some topological and geometrical structure in Banach space. 176 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

177 Preparation and Characterization of Crystalline Membrane Liquid filled Lead Ion Selective Electrode Krishna Badan Nakarmi ] Amar Prasad Yadav q Abstract Active Crystalline Membrane Liquid filled Lead Ion Selective Electrode has been prepared by co-precipitation method with 1:1 mass ratio of PbS and Ag 2 S, pressed into pellet of 1mm thickness and back contacted with 10-3 M Pb(NO 3 ) and KCl (1:1 ratio) with silver/ silver Chloride electrode. Morphological and phase characterization were carried out using scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffracto-meter. The ion selective electrode gave a Nernstian slope, y = x , R² = 0.95 per decade in solution containing Pb (NO 3 ) 2 only. Linearity shows from 10-1 to 10-6 M electrolyte solution. The potential was measured 2 minute after immersion of M22 electrode and the lowest detection limit was found to be 10-7 M solution of Pb 2+ Ion. Keywords: Lead Ion Selective Electrode, X-ray diffracto-meter, Nernstian slope, lead pollution. Introduction Lead is a heavy metal and a non-biodegradable pollutant. It occurs naturally in trace amount in earth crust by pedogenetic process of weathering of parent materials. However, due to increasing anthropogenic activities, lead pollution is increasing day-by-day. It is added into soil due to addition of bio-solids such as livestock manure and use of fertilizers. Similarly, draining municipal sewage sludge and industrial waste water directly into river leads to deposition of lead in water bodies (Wuana and Okieimen, 1011). Due to rising concentration of lead in environment, health hazard related to lead has been a great concern. According to Peralta-Vidia et al., (2009), lead is a bio accumulating neurotoxin. Therefore, it has potential to transmit along and remain in food chain. Moreover, ] Asso. Prof., Dept. of Chemestry, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur q Central department of chemistry, Tribhuban University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 177

178 lead poisoning can affect almost all organs in our body. Depending on the level of exposure, lead can cause various health effects such as organ damages, retarded growth in children, hypertension, brain damage, cardiovascular diseases and decreased kidney function. Also, exposure to trace amount of lead can cause adverse effect to reproductive system. The standard limit for lead concentration as set by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is 0.1ppm in drinking water (Salem, 2000). Lead is used to make lead acid batteries, alloys, fusible metal and solder type metal which are the primary sources of lead pollution as improper disposal of these waste can, later, leach into soil or water bodies. Also, natural chemical conversions and its interaction with other pollutant can disperse lead in our environment. Therefore, it is also important to know their sources, leaching processes, chemical conversions and their modes of pollution of the environment (Druibe, 2007). Analysis and detection of heavy metal is important for continuous monitoring of lead in the environment. Different instruments and analytical methods have been developed for detecting and measuring lead. One of the methods detecting heavy metal is use of ion selective electrode, which is simple, cheap and portable equipment that can be used for on-site monitoring. Hence, Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) have been a subject of great interest over the past few decades. Furthermore, their developments have opened up a new field in potentiometry which is rapidly progressing due to requirement of quick, accurate and low cost analysis. ISEs are powerful, versatile analytical tools in clinical and environmental analysis. Their theory, experimentation and applications are presented and discussed by different scientist (Bailey, 1980; Freiser, 1981 and Anuar et al., 1992). Construction of a Pb(II) detective electrode with poly (hydroxamic acid) PHXA as an active material and silicon rubbers as a supporting material. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) based lead (II) ion selective electrode was reported by Wilson (Wilson et al., 2010). Their electrode was based on two bis-thioureas: (a) 3-bis (N-benzyl thiourea) benzene, and (b) 1, 3-bis (N-furoylthiourea) benzene as ionophores. The PbS/Ag 2 S mixture has been used and characterized by various authors (Frant, 1971 and Koryta, 1976). Baral has reported on the preparation of 1:1 PbS/Ag 2 S membrane electrode (Baral, 2012). Ojha K.R. had shown a typical result of galvanic tuning of the membrane by applying a fixed cathodic current and measuring the electrode response till it produces the cell emf equivalent to the Nernstian slope of 22mV/decade (Ojha, 2012). Nano structured PbS had synthesized by chemical precipitation method using DMF as stabilizing agen (Poudel, 2015). Diphynyl oxamide was used as ionophore to prepare lead ion sensor by Oli (Oli, 2013). Ion selective electrodes for lead are electrochemicalsensors with a membrane whose potential depends on the activity of the determinant ion according to the Nernst Equation, which is expressed below: Where the activity of determination ion [Pb ++ ] and n is the no. of charges carried on [Pb ++ ] ion. E PbISE is potential of Pb ISE and E o is the constant potential of the reference electrode and ISE 178 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

179 the standard potential of the ISE. For positive lead ion only the + sign is used in equation (Freiser, 1981 and Yadav, 1995). indicates that the activity of lead ion directly related with concentration. Objectives To reduce lead pollution to save human life and Analysis and detection of heavy metal for continuous monitoring of lead in environment that pollute the physical and biological environment. Experimental The steps for preparation of a Pb-ISE are given below: Step1: Preparation of Active component: The active component of the sensor was prepared by co-precipitation method. 1:1 molar Lead nitrate (Fisher Scientific) and silver nitrate (Fisher Scientific) solution was mixed in a beaker and slowly poured into the beaker containing sodium sulphide (Qualigens) to obtain the co-precipitates of PbS and Ag 2 S. The mixture solution was heated up at 50 o C to 60 o C with a magnetic stirrer for one hour to get the complete precipitation. The possible reaction is given (Jeffery et al., 1989) below: Pb(NO 3 ) 2 +2AgNO 3 + 2Na 2 S àpbs! + Ag 2 S! + 4Na(NO 3 ) Step2: Pellet Fabrication: The resulting precipitate was thoroughly washed with distilled water and filtered in 4G sinter glass crucible. The filtrate was dried in hot air oven at 110 o C-120 o C for an hour to obtain a grayish black solid mass. The resultant was grinded, and sieved through 45µm mesh to obtain powdery mass of uniform particle sized. The powder was desiccated in hot air oven at 100 o C. Subsequently, the powder was compressed into pellets, with Perkin Elmer Machine, by applying pressure of 10tons/cm 3 for 15mins. The smooth shiny pellet was further annealed at 110 o C an hour to remove any possible atmospheric trapped gases. The pellets were then used to prepare Pb-ISE. Pellet was fixed with bondtite on one side of polypropylene tube alongwith an O ring. The open surface of the pellet was polished with 2000 water proof abrasive paper. The tube was then filled with 10-3 M Pb(NO 3 ) 2 with 10-3 M KCl solution in 1:1 ratio mixture. Silver/Silver Chloride electrode was inserted into internal filled solution. The model of prepared electrode is given in Fig. 1. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 179

180 Figure: 1 Model of M22 electrode Step3: Calibration of PbISE 100 ml of each standard solutions of six different concentrations between10-1 M to10-6 M of lead nitrate were prepared in separate beakers by serial dilution technique. The test solutions were prepared by pipetting 25ml of standard solutions into different beaker and 5ml of 0.1 M sodium nitrate was added into each beaker as buffer. The calibration procedure was preceded after following the apparatus arrangement given in figure 2. The measurements were taken started from the most dilute solution. The test solution was placed over a magnetic stirrer and mixed thoroughly. After that, beaker containing saturated potassium chloride solution was placed near to the beaker containing test solution. The prepared ISE was dipped into the test solution and reference calomel electrode was dipped into KCl solution. The two electrodes were connected to a BK TEST BENCH 389 multi meter. Electrolytic connection was established between the solutions by a salt bridge of NaNO 3 in agar agar. Response by liquid filled Pb electrode in each concentration was noted and recorded after 2 min. As a precautionary step, electrode should not be allowed to touch the container as it might affect the measurements. Similarly, electrode should not be touched with hand and should not be polished in between the experiment. However, washing the electrodes with distilled water and soaking with bloating paper and blow drying with a hand blower is a recommended step when changing the test solution. 180 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

181 Figure: 2 Schematic of Experimental Setup Results and Discussion Surface resistance of the membrane Resistance of prepared pellet was measured by multi meter (BK TEST BENCH 389). Two probes were adjusted at distance 1cm apart. Best sensor should have good ratio of resistance and conductivity. The resistance of PbS-Ag 2 S prepared by co-precipitation in neutral medium was found to be 40.0MΩ. Characterization of prepared electrode by XRD: Response and stability of the ISE depend on the purity and crystalline phase of the materials used for preparing the sensing membrane. In this work, active materials for the sensing membrane were prepared by co-precipitation techniques to obtain the sulphides of two metal ions. It is possible that after co-precipitation these two metal sulphides remain in binary phase separately or they combine together to form a ternary sulphide. The response and stability, especially dissolution of the membrane depends on the existence of such binary and ternary sulphide phase. X-ray diffraction pattern of the co-precipitates were taken to ascertain the composition of the materials (Fig: 3). The peaks were identified from the JCPDS database. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 181

182 Figure: 3 XRD diffraction pattern of Pb-ISE XRD pattern of PbS-Ag 2 S prepared by co-precipitation was taken in the diffraction angle of 20 to 50 degree shows peaks of PbS and Ag 2 S. Hence, prepared sample consists of binary phase of two metal sulphides [Yadav, 2011]. Surface morphology of prepared sample: Surface morphology is observed by scanning electron microscope under different magnification range. To obtain SEM image the sample must be electrically good conductor. The sample was observed in 10.0 KV magnifications (Fig:4) Figure: 4 SEM of M22 membrane 182 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

183 SEM image of M22 membrane prepared at 1:1 ratio of Pb(NO 3 ) 2 and Ag(NO 3 ) shows crystalline nature. In circled shows depth and crest over surface (white part indicate crest while dark part indicate depth). For good conduction smooth surface is best for ISE. Smoothing the electrode were done by polishing withover 2000 grit sand paper. Response characterization Response of PbS-Ag 2 S ISE to Pb 2+ ion The electrochemical cell consists of PbS/Ag 2 S ISE and a saturated calomel electrode connected through a salt bridge (KNO 3 in agar agar). The experimental cell can be represented as: Hg Hg 2 Cl 2 (s),kcl (sat) Ag AgCl internal Sol n test solution PbS-Ag 2 S ISE(M22 electrode) The response of the PbS-Ag 2 S ISE with different concentration of lead ion was monitored under various electrolytes. Fig: 5 shows the results of potential measurements in Pb(NO 3 ) 2 solution only. It was obvious that the sensor gives linear response to lead ion concentration up to 1x10-6 M in the Pb(NO 3 ) 2 solution with the Nernstian slope of 16 mv/ decade. This slope is less than reported values for solid contact Pb-ISE [Yadav, 2011] The electrode was conditioned for 24-hour with 10-3 M Pb(NO 3 ) 2 before its use. Major defect of this model of electrode was being leakage of internal filled solution. Figure: 5 Nernstian rsponce performed Outcomes of this study The crystalline membrane liquid filled Pb (II) ISE had been prepared and characterized. XRD pattern shows the peaks corresponding PbS and Ag 2 S which indicate the prepared active material is pure binary phase. SEM images show crystalline nature. Nernstian slope show linearity upto 1x10-6 M with 16 mv slope. It is found that this model need very careful handling otherwise leakage of internal filled electrolyte create problem during measurement. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 183

184 Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge to central department of chemistry and Central department of Geology Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal to provide space and XRD facility. University Grants Commission of Nepal which provide partially grants to perform this work. Dr. Jin Kawakita, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan to perform SEM. References Anuar, K. and Hamdan, S. (1992), Release of copper from commercial solid-state copper ion-selective electrodes,talanta, 39, Bailey P. L. (1980), Analysis with Ion Selective Electrodes, Heyden and Son, London. Duruibe, J. O., et al. (2007), Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects: International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2 (5), Frant, M. S. and Ross J. W. (1968), Method and apparatus for detecting ionic activity: United States Patents, US Freiser, H. (1981), Ion Selective Electrodes in Analytical Chemistry Vol 1: Plenum Press New York or London), Jeffery F. H., et al. (1989), Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis: fifth edition, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., U K Kropschot, S. J. and. Doebrich, J. L. (2011), Lead-Soft and Easy to Cast: USGS Mineral Resources Program. Ojha, K. R. (2012), Preparation and Response Characterization of all solid state sensor for Pb(II) : M.Sc. thesis, Central Dept. of chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal. Oli, H. B. (2013), Preparation and Characterization of ionophore based Lead ion Sensor: M.Sc. thesis, Tri Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Ghantachar, Kathmandu. Nepal. Peralta-Videa, J. R., Lopez, M. L., Narayan, M., Soupe, G., Gardia-Torresdey, J. (2009), The bio chemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants: Implication for the food Chain: The Int. J. of Bio. & Cell Bio.41, ] Poudel, B. (2015), Preparation and Characterization of nano particles based electrochemical sensor for Pb(II): M.Sc. thesis, Central Dept. of chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal. Wuana, R. A. and Okieimen F. E., (1011), heavy metals in Contaminated soils: a Review of Sources Chemistry, Risks and Best available Strategies for Remediation: ISRN Ecology, Article ID40246, 20p doi: /2011/ Wilson, et al. (2010), Lead(II) ion selective electrodes with PVC membranes based on two bis-thioureas as ionophores: 1,3-bis(N2 -benzoylthioureido) benzene and 1,3-bis(N2 -furoylthioureido) benzene : J. Hazardous Materials, 181, Yadav, A.P. (1995), Preparation and Analytical Study of some silver sulfide based ion-selective electrodes: M.Sc. thesis, Central Dept. of chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal. Yadav, A.P. and Pradhananga, R.R., (1994), CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS OF SILVER SULPHIDE BASED MEMBRANE ELECTRODES: II National conference on Science & Tech, RONAST, Abs No Chem 8, Kathmandu, Nepal. Yadav, A.P. (2011), Development of Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Ground Water Samples of Kathmandu Valley: U.G.C. Project Work Scientific Research and Essays, 6 (33), Zang, X., Ju, H. and Wang, J. (2008), Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors and their biomedical applications: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier, 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA , USA. 184 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

185 International Migration and Role of Remittances in Development Dr. Laxman Singh Kunwar ] Abstract: Globalization and migration are rapidly transforming traditional spheres of human activity. The work of rural families is no longer confined to farming activities, and livelihoods are increasingly being diversified through rural-to-urban and international migration. The reasons for migrating are complex and vary from area to area. Migration may be prompted by major economic, demographic and social disparities, as well as by conflicts, environmental degradation or natural disasters. Remittances are the financial counterpart to migration and are the most tangible contribution of migrants to the development of their areas of origin. This paper also highlights on Push factors of migration, migration process including household s strategy as well as impact of remittances in place of origin. This paper is based on secondary sources of information with objectives of highlighting historical trends of migration and role of remittances in development in origin countries of migrants. It analyses the root causes of rural outmigration, focusing on its economic and social implications. It takes as its starting point the fact that mobility is inherent in human existence. Livelihoods and socio cultural changes are intimately connected with population movements. Key words: Migration, Development, Remittances, Socio-Economic, Push Factors 1. Introduction: Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. As long as Homo sapiens have existed, members of the species have migrated in search of food or to escape from disasters or conflicts. Population movements have been frequent during every epoch. They have often been gradual and related to the search for better livelihoods. Migration is significantly reshaping the traditional social and economic structures of countries of origin of ] Asso.Prof., Population Studies and working at Patan Multiple campus, Patan Dhokal, Lalitpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 185

186 international migrants. The complexities of the migration phenomenon must be incorporated into the development agendas of developed and developing countries, as well as those of development organizations. A resolution on international migration and development was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in It calls upon all relevant entities of the United Nations system and other relevant organizations to adopt policies and undertake measures to reduce the transfer costs of migrant remittances to developing countries. Participating governments agreed that migration should not become an alternative to national development strategies in developing countries. Even if the majority of the world s poor people will continue to live in rural areas for the foreseeable future, more than half the world s population is already living in urban areas, and nearly seventy per cent is expected to be urban by 2050 (UNDP, 2005). 2. Objectives The objectives of this paper are to introduce historical development and trends of international migration as well as to analyze the role of remittances in development of origin countries of migrants. Therefore, this paper is mainly confined the use of remittances in socioeconomic development in place origin of migrants 3. Data and Method This paper has been developed on the basis of available various secondary sources of information related to international migration, remittances and socio-economic development. 4. Brief historical review The last century has witnessed new, massive population movements due to internal and nation state conflicts. Some examples: in 1923, two million Turks and Greeks moved in opposite directions, most of them forced to become refugees. Three years after Indian independence in 1947, more than seven million Muslims had entered Pakistan and more than seven million Hindus and Sikhs had left Pakistan for India. In 1994, two million Rwandans left their country (mainly ethnic Hutus), and 500,000 mainly ethnic Tutsis had been massacred during the three preceding months. At present, there are approximately 8.4 million refugees and seven million internally displaced people (IDP) in the world. One of the most spectacular population movements, which still affects the modern world, was the transatlantic slave trade from the mid sixteenth century to the 1820s. The forced and violent transfer of millions of Africans has had an important impact on the composition of the American population. Towards 1818, almost half the Brazilian population (four million inhabitants) was composed of slaves. Today, it is estimated that some forty million people in the Americas and the Caribbean are descended from African slaves (Stalker, 2007). Europe has traditionally been a source of overseas migrants, with over sixty million people leaving the continent from 1820 to The last two centuries experienced two main waves of European migration. The first occurred from 1846 to 1890, when some seventeen 186 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

187 million people left Europe. About 3.5 million Germans moved from their territories, pressed by rural poverty and periodic crop failures. Nearly eight million people from the British Isles also abandoned their lands during this period. While some of them were pushed by the industrialization process, others left due to famine and emergencies, such as the Irish potato famine of The destruction of potato crops by the late blight of potato in 1845, inadequate agricultural practices and an inappropriate reaction by British economic policy plunged the economy and the Irish population into an unprecedented crisis. As a consequence, from 500,000 to one million people died, and one million emigrated to Great Britain and the United States or moved internally (Hatton and Williamson, 2004). The second wave of migration occurred from 1891 to 1920, when twenty-seven million people left, particularly from southern and eastern Europe. Although, migration continued until the Second World War but after the First World War, the pace of movements diminished significantly (Stalker, 2007). Nevertheless, the Second World War was connected with unprecedented mass death and huge population movements, such as the forced migration of ethnic Germans after the war, which resulted in the transfer of million people (Overy, 1996). After the conclusion of the Second World War, central and western European countries adopted policies to attract labour (guest worker programmes) for reconstruction of the devastated economies (Meissner et al. 1993). 4.2 Current migration trends The number of international migrants is at an all time high (table 1). The presence of such migrants in industrialized countries more than doubled between 1985 and 2005, from almost 55 million to 120 million (Martin and Zürcher 2008). Statistics from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) indicate that in 2005, 192 million people (three per cent of the world s population) were living outside their countries of origin. In the mid 1960s, migration began to be dominated by a South-North flow (Sutcliffe 1998). In the period , the stock of migrants in industrialized countries in the North was two per cent, during it had increased to 2.9 per cent, and 3 per cent during An increasing number of people are moving between developing countries or internally. South- South migration is nearly as large as South-North migration. Approximately seventyfour million or nearly half the migrants from developing countries reside in other developing countries. Almost eighty per cent of South-South migration is estimated to take place between countries with contiguous borders, and most appears to occur between countries with relatively small differences in income (Ratha and Shaw 2007). South-South flows also involve migrant labour admitted on a temporary basis by rich developing countries experiencing labour shortages, such as the oil-rich countries of the Near-East or the newly industrializing economies of South-East Asia. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 187

188 Table 1: International migrant stock from 1965 to 2005 Year World Migrant Stock % of total Population (in million people) Source: United Nations, 2006 Although it is impossible to obtain completely reliable figures related to illegal migration, all indications assert that it is on the rise. A rough estimate of the share of unauthorized immigrants in the world s immigrant stock places it at per cent of the total, suggesting million immigrants. The United States has the largest number of undocumented immigrants million or 30 per cent of its total foreign born population. In Europe, undocumented immigrants are estimated at 7-8 million, although the number fluctuates in accordance with regularization programmes (Papademetriou, 2005). In 2005, Europe had 64.1 million immigrants within its borders, Asia 53.3 million and North America 44.5 million (table 2). Table 2: Regional distribution of international migrants Region Year 2000 Year 2005 Migrants % of regional Migrants % of regional (Millions) Population (Millions) Population Oceania North America Europe Asia Latin America and Caribbean Africa Source: United Nations, / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

189 5. 1 Remittances and its trends Migrants send money back to their country of origin in a variety of ways. Where available, they may use formal channels such as banks and money transfer services. In other instances they may use informal channels, carrying money home or sending cash and, in kind, goods home with returning migrants. For a variety of reasons, remittances are extremely difficult to measure. On the one hand, official figures may underestimate the size of remittance flows because they fail to capture informal transfers. However, over counting occurs as well, as other types of monetary transfers including illicit ones cannot always be distinguished from remittances. Moreover, remittances may also be transferred via a third country, complicating estimates of remittance data by the source and destination countries. Thus, remittance figures are general estimates at best, but new estimates do demonstrate the enormous impact that remittances from developed countries and rich countries have on developing countries. From 2002 to 2007, remittances to developing countries increased by 107 per cent (table 3). Much of this increase occurred in low- and middle-income countries. In 2005, it was estimated that approximately 500 million people (8 per cent of the world s population) were benefiting from remittances. Latin America and the Caribbean, East Asia and the Pacific, and South Asia obtained the largest shares of international remittances. According to 2007 estimates, these regions received, respectively, 25, 24 and 18 per cent of all official international remittances to developing countries. By contrast, sub-saharan Africa received less than 5 per cent of all official international remittances (Adams, 2007). The strong rise in remittance flows over the past several years is the result of increased migration, but can also be explained by increased competition in the remittances market, lower transfer costs, more remittances diverted into formal channels, and an improvement in the reporting of data in many developing countries. Table: 3 Remittance flows to developing countries (US$ billion). Regions Year Change Change in % in % (2006- ( ) 2007) East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub Sahara Africa Developing Countries Source: Ratha et al. (2007). Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 189

190 Migrants who remit the most (and most often) are generally of working age, have children or parents remaining in their countries of origin and have stayed in the country of settlement long enough to earn sufficient income to both support themselves and be able to remit something (Hugo, 1998). Remittances are also dependent on the educational and salary levels of the remittance sender. 5.2 Formal versus informal channels for transferring funds Migrants have various options for sending remittances: money transfer companies (Western Union, Money Gram, etc.) or credit card companies; regular mail service; financial transfers through banks, credit unions or the various transfer options offered by companies (e.g. supermarkets or through mobile phones); informal channels such as couriers, or more sophisticated channels such as the Hawala and Hundi transfer systems or hand carried by migrants themselves. Where the financial sector is missing, weak or mistrusted, people tend to use informal money transfers, while in stronger, liberalized economies, they trust the formal sector. Despite recent efforts to convince migrants to use authorized financial channels, many continue to use informal ones (Inter-American Dialogue, 2004). 6. Push factors in rural areas The globalization process under way over the last several decades has led to increased international trade, higher capital flows, globalized production processes, and economic integration through the creation of common markets and bilateral trade agreements. As a result of this model, world trade and wealth have grown substantially and technological breakthroughs have been achieved. However, few have been able to take advantage of the benefits created by these processes. Within this context, social and economic inequalities between and within countries have not only remained but they have increased substantially. In 1975, per capita GDP in high-income countries used to be forty-one times higher than in countries with low-income, and eight times higher than in middle-income countries. Today, high-income countries have per capita GDPs that are sixty-six times higher than those of countries with low incomes, and fourteen times higher than those of countries with middleincomes (GCIM, 2005). The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2005) documents that the poorest forty per cent of the world s population, that is, the 2.5 billion people who live on less than two dollars a day, account for five per cent of the world s income, while the richest ten per cent, most of them living in high-income countries, account for fifty-four per cent of the world s income. According to a World Bank country rating study, in agriculture based countries those where agriculture contributes an average of 32 per cent of GDP growth, 70 per cent of poor people live in rural areas. Within this context, agriculture and the rural sector offer limited and inadequate options 190 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

191 to satisfy the needs of rural populations and provide them with opportunities to improve their quality of life. Rural households may try to move out of poverty through agricultural entrepreneurship, the rural labour market and the rural non-farm economy. They may also choose to migrate to towns, cities or other countries. Often these various options are complementary (World Bank, 2007). Although agriculture continues to be the largest source of employment for rural populations, non-farm activities are gaining in importance. 7. Migration Process Changing demographic patterns over the past fifty years are currently stimulating increased demand for local labour within developed nations, creating a potential labour market for women and men from developing countries. Efficient telecommunications and means of transportation are reducing distances between nations, while transportation and communications costs are declining. Television and radio increase global awareness of existing opportunities and of the glaring differences in well-being and living standards, not only inside countries and regions, but also between developed and developing countries. The first migrants facilitate the migration of relatives or friends, who in turn help others migrate. Growing migration networks reduce transaction costs and risks of future displacements. The low cost of phone calls, introduction of and fax, and cheaper transportation facilities allow regular interaction in real time with people in migrants countries of origin and frequent visits for breaks or to deal with emergencies. Successful migrants provide potential migrants with resources and support: information on procedures (technical and legal), financial help, job prospects, administrative assistance, access to services (for example, education, health and housing) and emotional solidarity (Massey et al.1999). Over the last decade, both legal and illegal agencies have been established to identify job opportunities, arrange transport and accommodation and deal with bureaucratic proceedings connected with passports, visas and work permits. Such agencies operate within source and destination countries. Costs vary according to country destination, risk and distance. 8. Migration as a household strategy Just as there are countries that are more prone to generating emigrants, there are individuals and households that are more inclined to migrate than others. Generally speaking, it is not the poorest countries that produce the most migrants emigration pressures are usually strongest in relatively poor nations, which nevertheless suffer from deeply rooted inequalities and low expectations of progress (Alonso, 2004). Similarly, the most disadvantaged households and individuals do not have migration as an available choice. It is when income or wealth increases above a specific threshold that migration becomes more likely, while the acquisition of high levels of income or wealth makes migration unnecessary (Skeldon, 2002). Migrants from any given community, and particularly the initial emigrants, tend to be not only comparatively well accommodated before they decide to migrate, but are often also Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 191

192 those community members that are most innovative and dynamic (Skeldon, 2002). Migration of the poorest people for survival is linked more to the processes of internal migration. Migration is generally a household decision and is a highly complex procedure that considers: potential benefits; family, social and economic costs; changes in the division of labour; migration policies and rules; availability of networks, and many other aspects that may facilitate decisions to leave or create barriers. Household members tend to act collectively not only to maximize and diversify income, but also to minimize risks and loosen constraints created by a variety of market failures, including missing or income plete capital, insurance and labour markets. This is particularly true in rural areas (Stark and Taylor, 1989). Migration can be a potential means to diversify economic activities to overcome risk and obtain liquidity and capital (Azzarri et al. 2006). Remittances play an essential role in ensuring food for many rural poor households and thus constitute an efficient strategy for facing adversities such as low agricultural productivity and the inherent risks and instability of farming activities. Moreover, remittances may serve as insurance to improve or counter crisis situations, thus, limiting negative effects on food security (Lucas, 2005 and 2006). Studies have demonstrated that migration and remittances act as such insurance against risk situations for destitute and vulnerable households. For example, remittances sent to Botswana allowed rural poor households to survive hardships imposed by the severe droughts (Lucas and Stark, 1985). Remittances also helped rural poor households in Ghana mitigate the effects of high inflation periods (Lucas, 2006). 9. Impact of remittances Evidence shows that the impact of remittances on agriculture is mixed and highly contextual. In some cases, migration and remittances foster household farm investment and agricultural production, while in others, the opposite occurs. Initially, labour availability for farm and non-farm production may decrease when family members migrate, particularly, if households are unable to reorganize family labour endowments or lack the necessary means to hire additional labour (Lucas, 2006). The ways in which migration and remittances affect agricultural production and income go beyond their direct impact on farm activities (Taylor and Stamoulis, 2001). Even if remittances are invested in agriculture, the general trend seems to be that they accelerate an inevitable transition out of agriculture or foster forms of agriculture that take on a subordinate role to off-farm activities. The effect of remittances on poverty appears much less controversial than their impact on inequality: there seems to be relative consensus that remittances reduce poverty. Remittances are an important and stable source of income for many households in developing countries, especially in rural areas. They help reduce monetary restrictions, smooth consumption and overcome difficulties in periods of crisis. The influx of remittances may cause an increment in land prices as a result of migrant households investing in land. Thus, inequalities may be exacerbated when land becomes less accessible to poorer households and more concentrated 192 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

193 in the hands of a few people (de Haan, 1999). At the household level, remittances generally improve the standard of living. They increase and diversify income and allow household members to allocate more resources to providing food, accessing health services and sending their children to school. Opinions diverge regarding the effects of migration and remittances on health and education. Some researchers have found that the health and educational status of children belonging to migrant households tends to improve with remittances, while others emphasize that the impacts of migration are not always positive and that the social and human costs for future generations are high and hard to measure. 10. Conclusion: Migrants are forging new and innovative links with their communities of origin, increasing their support through both financial contributions to their families and the development of rural communities. More than ever, migrants are able to retain strong ties to their hometowns and create settlement communities abroad in which their culture is kept alive and enriched. Back in the communities of origin, the lives of individuals and families are being influenced and changed by their absent relatives, through the influx of money, knowledge, experiences, ideas and culture. Migrants are significantly reshaping the traditional social and economic structures of rural communities, in both positive and negative ways. Since they are involved in dual communities, migrants are unique players in social and economic development. They are actively participating in the improvement not only of their communities of settlement, but also of their communities of origin. While analysing migration and remittances issues, it is important to keep in mind that behind the vast amounts of money flowing to the communities of origin are real men and women, who have made great sacrifices to establish themselves in a new country and to be able to send money home. Many of the families left behind, particularly those headed by women, continue to live in poverty and lack access to basic social services, such as health care and education, or access to financial resources and institutions. At the same time, many migrants continue to be marginalized abroad due to economic and social barriers. References: Adams, Richard H., Jr International remittances and the household: analysis and review of global evidence. World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper No Washington D.C.: World Bank. de Haan, Arjan Livelihoods and poverty: The role of migration a critical review of the migration literature. Journal of Development Studies 36, no. 2. GCIM Migration in an interconnected world: New directions for action. Final report. Geneva. Hugo, Graeme Migration as a survival strategy: The family dimension of migration. Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution and Migration, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, January New York: United Nations. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 193

194 Inter-American Dialogue All in the family: Latin America s most important international financial flow. Report of the Inter- American Dialogue Task Force on Remittances. Washington, D.C. IOM Indigenous routes: A framework for understanding indigenous migration. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Lucas, Robert E.B Migration and rural development. Background paper presented at the conference Beyond Agriculture: The Promise of a Rural Economy for Growth and Poverty Reduction. Rome: FAO. Lucas, Robert E.B., and Oded Stark Motivations to remit: Evidence from Botswana. Journal of Political Economy 93, no. 5. Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino and J. Edward Taylor Worlds in motion: Understanding international migration at the end of the millennium. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Meissner, Doris, Robert Hormats, Antonio Garrigues Walker, and Shijuro Ogata Los nuevos retos de las migraciones internacionales: Perspectivas y prioridades de las políticas migratorias en Norteamérica, Europa, Japón y la comunidad internacional. Madrid: Instituto de Cuestiones Internacionales y Política Exterior (INCIPE), Papademetriou, Demetrios The global struggle with illegal migration: no end in sight. Migration Information Source (September), Feature/display.cfm?ID=336. Ratha, Dilip, and William Shaw South-South migration and remittances. World Bank Working Paper No. 102.Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Skeldon, Ronald Migration and poverty. Asia-Pacific Population Journal 17, No. 4 (December). Stalker, Peter Stalker's guide to international migration, Taylor, J. Edward, and Kostas Stamoulis, eds Migración: nuevas dimensiones y características, causas, consecuencias eimplicancias para la pobreza rural. Rome: FAO. UNDP. 2005a. Potential role of remittances in achieving the Millennium Development Goals An exploration. Background note for the Roundtable on Remittances and the MDGs, 17 september New York. World Bank World development report 2008: Agriculture for development. Washington, D.C. 194 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

195 Indigenous Farmers Manage Irrigation System: A Case Study in Western Nepal Menuka Katuwal KC ] Abstract This study concentrates using the century old skills, knowledge and practices of indigenous people in maintaining irrigation system system with minimum conflict. Their knowledge is one of the major resources for the poor farmers. The study of indigenous knowledge about irrigation would encourage the local people to feel or sense the legitimacy in their knowledge and belief. Indigenous knowledge is drawn from the direct interavtion with them and their environment created by them generation-by-generation verbally. Indigenous knowledge is deeply rooted in socio-cultural structure of society and their strategies to cope with the problems in the environment. It is dynamic as well as flexible improvement seeking cost effectiveness and, thus, can have scientific validity at the same time. For this, exploratory design and field visit are a must. Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge (IK), farmer-managed irrigation system (FMIS), Chhatis-Mauja and Soraha Irrigation Systems, Tharu community, Rupandehi district. Introduction Indigenous knowledge system (IKS) is an important aspect of rural society. Indigenous knowledge (IK) refers to the empirical knowledge of a group of long time inhabitations of a specific locale, and the principles underlying its generation, organization, meaning and diffusion. Rural people, though uneducated, possess an invaluable fund of knowledge about the environment on which their livelihood depends. Their knowledge, local technology, innovations and skills have been helping them to survive in the hostile and unforgiving environment. Such knowledge initiated and developed by the local people for survival of their communities and culture is referred as IK. Today, in the process of advanced economic development, such local means of survival are looked as irrational and unscientific and are often sacrificed for modern industrial technologies. However, they can be the bases for sustainable development as they still ensure livelihood for many rural people. ] Asso.Prof., Dept. of Sociology & Anthro., Patan Multiple campus, Patan Dhoka, Laliltpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 195

196 IK is the major resource of the poor who have limited access to basic and essential material resources. The study of IK system would encourage the local people to feel or sense of legitimacy in their knowledge and belief system. IK is drawn from the direct interaction of human being and their environment generation to generation verbally. It is the knowledge that people have gained through inheritance from the ancestors so that IK is initiated, derived and evolved by the local people themselves. It is an accumulated experience of people on a trialerror base that is passed down from generation to generation. IK is rooted in socio-cultural structure of society and the people s strategies to cope with the environment. It is dynamic, flexible improvement seeking cost effectiveness and can have scientific validity. Indigenous knowledge (IK) in irrigation in Nepal The Himalayan country Nepal land-locked between India and China occupies an area of 147,000 square kilometers. The country is divided into three parallel ecological zones running east to west: the Terai, the hills and the mountains. These zones differ greatly from one another due to topographical and climate variations. The climate of the country ranges from tropical and subtropical in the hills, Terai and mountains. Nepal s resources, which give base for agriculture, are severally limited by topographical and climate constraints. The Terai, which accounts for about two-third of the total contry s country s cultivated area, is the most fertile land. The growth of economy is largely dependent on the performance of the agriculture sector. Irrigation is vital input to accelerated growth rate to a level that allows agriculture to play a lead role in bringing prosperity and transformation. Year round irrigation is a prerequisite of high cropping intensities to create rapid output. Farmers of Nepal developed their own irrigation system taking account of geographical conditions, topography soil, climate and social structure of the particular location over a period time. The tradition of farmers involvement in the developments, operation and maintenance of irrigation system has been given birth to a multitude of farmer managed system scattered all over the country (Yoder, 1994). In the world of irrigated agriculture, Nepal is now known as land of farmer managed irrigation system because of 70 per cent land irrigated by farmermanaged irrigation system (FMIS) (Ansari and Pradhan, 1991). Thus, FMIS plays an important role in agriculture production of Nepal. It is estimated that about 45 per cent of cereal crop requirement of the nation is met by the increased production from farmer managed system. This is attributed to Nepal s Peasants Community s efforts of preventing the influence of droughts and meeting the water requirements for increased cropping intensities (Ansari and Pradhan, 1991). Objective The overall objective of this article is to describe the performance of Chhatis-Mauja irrigation system which is purely performing on indigenous knowledge of irrigation regarding water management and resource mobilization aspect. It lies in the Rupandehi district of middevelopment region of Nepal. 196 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

197 Methods of study The present study is based on historical and descriptive research design. Historical information, data and facts such as Farmer managed irrigation history was collected using exploratory design. Similarly, in descriptive research design, the information was taken from field visit to collect about the socio-economic data, operation and maintenance, water allocation, water distribution and resource management. The study has used both primary and secondary data. It is a large system. It was felt quite difficult to select farmers of all the commanded area to represent the same so that the researcher divided the commanded area on equal basis into Head, Middle and Tail areas with the help of map. The number of branch canals for Head, Middle and Tail were 15, 17 and12 respectively. The samples of these villages were Saradanagar for the Head, the Char Number for the Middle and Makrahar for Tail having household numbers 51, 65 and 60 respectively. Out of these households 25, 25 and 25 were selected for the study from Head, Middle and Tail reach respectively by using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The total sample household population is 584 in which male and female are 318 and 266 respectively. Findings: Socio-demographic features In the study area, the Tharu indigenous people and who were the original users are presently in minority in head reaches, because the migration from hill to Terai is rapidly growing. Only one Tharu household is in the Head reache of canal. The Tharu households (HHs) can be seen gradually increasing southwards. The other caste groups at the Head are Brahmin (10 HHs), Chhetri (4 HHs), Newar (5 HHs), Magar (3 HHs), Tharu (1 HHs) and others (2 HHs). Similarly, In the Middle, Brahmin (9 HHs), Chhetri (3 HHs), Newar (4 HHs), Magar (2 HHs), Tharu (5 HHs) and others (2 HHs) and at the Tail reaches Brahmin (2 HHs), Chhetri (2 HHs), Newar (3 HHs), Magar (2 HHs), Tharu (13 HHs) and others (3 HHs). The sex-wise distribution of population in the study area is 318 and 266 male and female respectively. The age wise distribution of population in the study area is as follows: out of the total population of male 0-9 years age group is 74, years age group is 220 and above 60 years age group is 24. Likewise, the total population of female 0-9 years age group is 62, 10-59years age group is 190 and above 60 years age group is 14. During early period of development, the system was operated by the Tharu who built it and ownership was provided to them by prominent men in the community. The strict rules of conduct were observed. In the study area, majority of the household (63 HHs) had agriculture as their main occupation. Similarly, 9, 3 and 1 HHs were involved in business, services and other sectors respectively. Presently, the practices of main crops growing in this area are rice, wheat, maize, mustard, lentil and vegetables. The landholding sizes are smaller in head reach in comparison to Middle and Tail reach. In Tail reach, there are some absentee landlords so, the crop area is reduced in comparison to Head and Middle reach. Accordingly, the crop yields are also reduced. The main determination factors of cropping pattern are: (1) seed Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 197

198 selection, (2) land slopes and (3) land preparation. The Head reach farmers cultivate almost 3 crops in the commanded areas, whereas in the Middle and Tail reach, it has decreased to 2 crops only. General management of the system Local resource mobilization in the rehabilitation and operation and maintenance (O&M) works have become the main concern of any farmer s irrigation scheme. The local resources can effectively be mobilized by means of people s participations in all the stages of construction; such as the planning stage, construction stage and the O&M stage. Many people including the government staff also, misunderstood voluntary contribution in the construction stage as people s participation. Many agency managed irrigation systems constructed in the past could not function to their desired level because of non-involvement of the local users in different stages of sub-projects. On the other hand, the farmer managed systems are performing well because of involvement of local beneficiaries and the effective use of their limited local resources. The involvement of beneficiaries in the planning, construction and O&M stages of an irrigation project is important in two ways. Firstly, the involvement of farmers helps reduce the government expenditure in the construction process and, secondly, to make projects sustainable in the long run by involving them in the O&M after the construction is over. For this, the beneficiaries of the area should be involved in demanding the project alongwith its formulation and construction till the water distribution to their fields. The success or failure of any FMIS depends mainly on how effectively the beneficiaries are involved and local resources are mobilized during the different stages of project development. In the past, most of the contributions were made in the form of free labour to which the small landholders and landless farmers were the major contributors. In the recent year, however mobilization of free labour has increasingly become difficult. The richer and larger landholders tend to refrain from providing voluntary labour though they are main ones who get benefitted directly by the introduction of irrigation. Gradually the farmers and particularly the poor have lost their faith during the agricultural slack seasons. The problem is not only the mobilization of farmers scarce resources but also reviving their confidence in order that their contribution can be used effectively. Chhatis-Mauja Irrigation System (CMIS) was initiated by Tharus, the original inhabitants of Terai around 150 years back. The source of water in CMIS is Tinau River. There are 5 canals from Tinau River. Three of them take water to the right bank of the main River. On the left bank there used to be two separate division structures from Soraha Mauja and Chhatis Mauja until Construction of major diversion structure intended for a large new irrigation system on the right bank of Tinau River closed the diversion of Soraha Mauja in With the mediation of government officials additional diversion structures were constructed upstream of existing Chhatis Mauja diversion and a short canal linked the new division to Chhatis Mauja canal. Water allocation in CMIS is fundamental basis to define membership, entitlement to 198 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

199 water and resources mobilization obligation. Water entitlement in the system is defined by Kulara unit, which originated from one person day of labour for canal maintenance. The word Kulera is used interchangeably for water entitlement and resource mobilization obligation. Presently the gross command area of the system is about 3500 hectares serving over populations. The main canal of CMIS is 11km long, 24 villages units use water from this system by provision of 44 outlets and branch canals from the main canal. In total, it has reported presently 174 Kulara units in this system. Membership is defined by entitlement of definite Kulara of water to a particular branch canal. Determination of rights to water use and obligation for resource mobilization are responsibility of branch canal level organization. General assembly is responsible for final authority of decision making. General assembly is formulated through designated voting representatives by all branch canals depending upon Kulara entitlement. The general assembly meeting is held minimum twice a year. This is a four tier irrigation organization where branch level committee is the lowest level. It is responsible for managing all the irrigation activities within the branch canal. In all cases there is village leader called Mukhtiyar who is the official functionary of this level organization. Mukhtiyar are elected for fixed term or in some villages they are appointed by villagers and may continue their services as long as they are willing to perform their duty. A secretary is usually appointed to keep the record. A messenger is appointed by the committee to prompt communication between irrigators and the officials. Area level committee is a second level of irrigation organization which link between village committee and the main committee. It is composed of branch canal Mukhtiyars. One of the members is selected to serve as chairman and it is responsible for resolving village level conflicts and providing supervision for improvements of the system. There are nine level committees existing in the system. The main executive committee is the third level organization. The chairman, vicechairman, secretary are elected by election for two years term by Kulera representatives. In addition, there are nine members who are ex-official of area committee. Three members including one woman are nominated by executive committee. The main committee is responsible for the allocation of water in the branch canals, repair and maintenance of main canal, resource mobilization, and coordination with Soraha Mauja system for the allocation of water in the main canal. The upper level irrigation system is a joint committee of Soraha and Chhatis Mauja systems, called Soraha-Chhatis Mauja joint committee. It is composed of eleven members. The chairman, vice- chairman and the secretary of joint committee are elected by combined General Assembly. Water in the branch canal is allocated depending upon Kulara entitlement and accordingly the inlet size of the branch canal is fixed. Within the branch, canal timed rotation of irrigation schedule is developed and implemented by Mukhtiyars. The irrigation time is worked based on land area to be irrigated and usually depends on the amount of water supply in the branch canal. The repair and maintenance in the system includes emergency repair of intake structures after each flood damage, annual de-silting of main and branch canal and regular preventive Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 199

200 maintenance when the system is in operation. The responsibility of repair and maintenance of diversion structures and the main canal above the point of diversion with Soraha and Chhatis Mauja joint committee. Usually for emergency maintenance the users from Head branches are called more frequently due to their proximity to the intake. Village level meetings are called by the Mukhtiyars to decide the timing of de-silting. The labour mobilization for de-silting is either on land holding or on household basis. Resource mobilization in the system includes labour resource mobilization for emergency repairs and annual de-silting of the canal and cash resources generated from among the users by time to time for system improvement and rehabilitation. In addition, cash resources are also generated for fines and penalties which are usually much smaller. Cash payments for labour obligation generate additional cash resources. There is provision of two levels of decision making body at the system level, i.e., the general assembly and general meeting. General Assembly is composed of representatives from each branch canal based on Kulara entitlement. Though, all the users are welcome to participate in general assembly only the designated representatives can vote on important decision and election of the functionaries. The two-third of the representatives must be present for quorum. The general meeting is composed of executive committee functionaries and representatives from each village. The general meeting is called upon whenever it is required to discuss and decide an issue. At the village level, the committee can independently decide on how to carry out irrigation activities and fulfill resource mobilization obligation for main system operation and maintenance. Usually meetings are held at the village level to discuss the irrigation issues which is attended by the irrigators. For day-to-day operation, the village levels Mukhtiyars are authorized to make and execute the decisions. Penalties and fines are imposed to irrigators absent at work during the emergency maintenance, annual de-silting and those who attempt to steal water. The joint committee Mukhtiyars and Messengers are responsible for guarding the diversion structure and main canal above the main diversion. At the system level, the responsibility of conflict management is with the executive committee functionaries and at branch level, with the village level Mukhtiyars. A mechanism of regular monitoring of operation of the system is run by Meth Mukhtiyars and messengers at the main canal level as well as by the village level Mukhtiyars within the branch helped reducing the occurrence of conflicts in the system. Conclusions Chhatis-Mauja Irrigation System (CMIS) is completely managed by farmers. The decentralization of power on decision making below the branch canal has allowed the farmers of different ethnic, cultural and economic status to get water proportionately at different time intervals. The gathering of representatives for system level decision making process encourages them to enforce the existing rules provided by the constitution. Violators are bound to pay their penalties because of social pressure in the meeting. Hence, discipline is maintained in the system and users fear of losing their social prestige. 200 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

201 There are general assembly meetings and general meetings which are important open forums for exposing problems. In branch canal at village level meeting, the farmers can raise the issues regarding their problems. The area level and executive committee meetings improve decision making efficiency while bringing In the constitution published by CMIS there will be proportional distribution of the irrigation water supply with respect to Kulara of resource mobilization responsibility of each branch canal. From this, it seems that the outlets from main canal are adjusted according to the number of Kulara. But discharge is adjusted temporarily fixed by Meth Mukhtiyars according to his judgement. Rational irrigation is the basis to reduce the conflicts in the command area. In dry and winter seasons, when rainfall is less than average, most of the water is lost in the canal bed. In such situation, proportional sharing of available water has little meaning. Taking this into account, farmers make pragmatic cropping decisions during the winter and dry season. They decide to grow some crops not requiring irrigation water or to leave some or all of the land fallow. To meet the system level, irrigation delivery goals the CMIS officials are following a hierarchical pattern. The Chairman and Meth Mukhtiyars mode of operation were to respond farmer s complaints. Monitoring of irrigation delivery was not important when there were no complaints. When farmers reported that not enough water was being delivered, the first response was to try to increase the supply to all farmers. The farmers, whose ancestors built the system, are shadowed gradually. They are reducing their involvement in the system. This may reflect the inequality and poor management by the executive committee. Because of opening new outlets in the Head reache, they are excluded to get water and presently, they are substituting their irrigation from CMIS to ground water. References Appraisal of the Irrigation Sector Project in Nepal. Kathmandu. Asian Development Bank (1998). Ansari and Pradhan, P. (1991). Assistance of Farmer managed Irrigation System Experiences from Nepal. Kathmandu. Pradhan, P. (1989). Patterns of Irrigation Organization in Nepal: A comparative study of 21 Farmermanaged Irrigation System. IIMI country paper, Nepal No. 1, Role of Low cost Irrigation development through farmer participation. (1989). Increasing Agricultural Production in Nepal. Irrigation management Institute, country paper- Nepal No. 2. Martin, E. (1986). Hill Irrigation System in Nepal. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Cornell University, USA. Public Intervention of Farmer Managed Irrigation System. Sri Lanka. IIMI Role of NGO s in Irrigaton Development and Management in Nepal. Kathmandu. Staff College (1992). IIMI-1996 Sri Lanka. Shreshtha, P. B. (1995). An Indigenous FMIS in Nepal: A Case Study Nagmagad Irrigation System, Pholmahadev VDC of Kalikot District. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. Yoder, R. (1994). Organization and Management by farmers in the Chhattish Mauja. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 201

202 Energy Saving Bulbs: saving energy and the environment Neera Shrestha Vaidya ] Abstract The need foe research and development in the field of energy is never-ending. This stems from the constant and unlimited global demand for energy to power everything. The aim of this article is to promote the efficienct use of energy through energy saving bulbs, namely, CFL and LED. In the long term, we could aim to improve global living conditions thank to the benefit they provide over our current practices. Keywords:CFL, LED, IL, global warming. Introduction The world is always in demand of energy so there is urgency for the research and development in the field of energy that will also be in coordination with the natural environment. Energy saving bulb is a boon to everyone because it helps in saving energy as well as the environment. Energy saving bulbs that are currently in use are Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED). These energy saving lights have been developed to replace the high energy consuming incandescent lamp. Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain toxic mercury which complicates their disposal. In many countries, governments have established recycling schemes for CFLs (and glass in general). CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived colour of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in colour to standard incandescent lamps. White LED lamps now compete with CFLs for high-efficiency house lighting. Aim The aim of this article is make the world a better place to live through the efficient use of energy. ] Asso.Prof., Dept. of Chemistry, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur 202 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

203 Comparison of energy efficiency Because of their higher efficiency, CFLs use is between one-seventh and one-third of the power of equivalent incandescent lamps. Fifty to seventy per cent of the world's total lighting market sales were incandescent in Replacing all inefficient lighting with CFLs would save 409 terawatt hours (TWh) per year, the 2.55 per cent of the world's electricity consumption. In the US, it is estimated that replacing all the incandescent would save 80 TWh yearly since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamps (ILs), a phase-out of ILs would result in less carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) being emitted into the atmosphere. Exchanging ILs for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve annual CO 2 reductions of 230 Mt (million tons). Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but it can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime, which can be shown by the following table: Table 1. Comparative saving of purchase LED CFL Incandescent Light Bulb Projected Lifespan 50, 000 hours 10,000 hours 1,200 hours Watts per bulb (equiv. 60 watts) If a building's indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs, the heat produced due to lighting is significantly reduced. In warm climates or in office or industrial buildings where air conditioning is often required, CFLs reduce the load on the cooling system when compared to the use of incandescent lamps, resulting in savings in electricity in addition to the energy efficiency savings of the lamps themselves. However, in cooler climates in which buildings require heating, the heating system needs to replace the reduced heat from lighting fixtures. In Winnipeg, Canada, it was estimated that CFLs would only generate 175 savings in energy compared to incandescent bulbs, as opposed to the 755 savings that could have been expected without space heating considerations. COST While the purchase price of a CFL is greater than that of an equivalent incandescent lamp, a CFL lasts 8 15 times longer and uses two-thirds to three-quarters less energy so there is a lot of saving on long run. Table 2. Showing saving of energy in CFL despite costly at first LED CFL Incandescent Cost per bulb $39.95 $3.95 $1.25 KWh of electricity used over 50,000 hours Cost of electricity (@0.10 per KWh) $50 $70 $300 Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 203

204 Bulbs needed for 50k hours of use Equivalent 50k hours bulb expense $35.95 $19.75 $52.50 Total cost for 50k hours $85.75 $89.75 $ Eenvironmental impact CFLs contain mercury vapour inside the glass tubing. Most CFLs contain 3 5 mg per bulb, with the bulbs labelled "eco-friendly", containing as little as 1 mg. Because mercury is poisonous, even these small amounts are a concern for landfills and waste incinerators where the mercury from lamps may be released and contribute to air and water pollution. In areas with coal-fired power stations, the use of CFLs saves on mercury emissions when compared to the use of incandescent bulbs. This is due to the reduced electrical power demand, reducing in turn the amount of mercury released by coal as it is burned in July The U.S. EPA published a data sheet stating that the net system emission of mercury for CFL lighting was lower than for incandescent lighting of comparable lumen output. This was based on the average rate of mercury emission for U.S. electricity production and average estimated escape of mercury from a CFL put into a landfill. Coal-fired plants also emit other heavy metals, sulphur, and carbon dioxide. Special handling instructions for breakage are not printed on the packaging of household CFL bulbs in many countries. The best practices for clean-up of broken CFLs is airing out the room and carefully disposing of broken pieces in a jar. A Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) study of 2008 comparing clean-up methods warns that using plastic bags to store broken CFL bulbs is dangerous because vapours well above safe levels continue to leak from the bags. The EPA and the Maine DEP recommend a sealed glass jar as the best depository for a broken bulb. Table 3. A comparative analysis of some of the environmental concerns LED CFL Incandescent Contains the TOXIC Mercury No No Yes - Mercury is very toxic to your health and the environment RoHS Compliant Yes Yes No - contains 1mg-5mg of Mercury and is a major risk to the environment Carbon Dioxide Emissions (30 bulbs per year) pounds pounds 1051 pounds/year NOTE : Lower energy consumption / year / year decreases: CO2 emissions, sulphur oxide, and high-level nuclear waste. 204 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

205 Recycling Health and environmental concerns about mercury have prompted many jurisdictions to require spent lamps to be properly disposed of or recycled, rather than being included in the general waste stream sent to landfills. Safe disposal requires storing the bulbs unbroken until they can be processed. The first step of processing CFLs involves crushing the bulbs in a machine that uses negative pressure ventilation and a mercury-absorbing filter or cold trap to contain mercury vapour. The crushed glass and metal is stored in drums, ready for shipping to recycling factories. Greenhouse gases In some places, such as Quebec and British Columbia in 2007, central heating for homes was provided mostly by the burning of natural gas, whereas electricity was primarily provided by hydroelectric and nuclear power. An analysis of the impacts of a ban on incandescent light bulbs at that time introduced the notion that in such areas, heat generated by conventional electric light bulbs may have been significantly reducing the release of greenhouse gases from natural gas. Ivanco, Karney, and Waher estimated: "If all homes in Quebec were required to switch from (incandescent) bulbs to CFLs, there would be an increase of almost 220,000 tonnes in CO 2 emissions in the province, equivalent to the annual emissions from more than 40,000 automobiles." Such calculations were based on the implicit assumption that changes in power consumption equally affect electricity generation in different types of power stations. That is, the electricity generation mix was assumed to stay unchanged. Hydroelectric and nuclear power stations, in most cases, produce baseload power, or as much electric energy as technically possible, regardless of consumption. Therefore, changes in power consumption may, in reality mostly, affect the amounts of electricity imported and exported, and thus the amount of power actually generated in other regions, where fossilfuelled power plants may dominate. Use and adoption Due to the potential to reduce electric consumption and pollution, various organizations have encouraged the adoption of CFLs and other efficient lighting. Efforts range from publicity to encourage awareness, to direct handouts of CFLs to the public. As a means of reducing electric demand, the Nepalese government (Nepal Electricity Authority) should make policies and approaches to enable the implementation of energy-efficient lighting, including CFLs and LED quickly and cost-effectively. References "Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project Phase I Draft Report Background Research and Program Options" (PDF). "Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs". Energy Star. "Energy-Saving Lamps & Health". GreenFacts site. Light emitting diode-wikipedia Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 205

206 "Mercury Content Information Available for Lamps on the 2003 New Jersey Contract T-0192". Archived from the original on "Mercury in Fluorescent Lamps". FAQ. Energy Federation Incorporated. "Maine Compact Fluorescent Lamp Breakage Study Report". State of Maine, Dept of Environmental Protection. February "How are mercury-containing bulbs (called "lamps" in the regulations) regulated?". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 10 May "Ultraviolet light output of compact fluorescent lamps: comparison to conventional incandescent and halogen residential lighting sources". AD Nuzum-keim, et al. Lopus 18 (6) / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

207 Sustenaible Use of Chemistry: As Green Chemistry Neeta Singh ] Abstract The current use of chemical and its products have created a nuisance in the environment around us. In such light, ethical value of use of chemical products grows from the side of government, people and more users of chemicals in the behavioural life. It is relevant issue in Europe and America.University teachers and students have first moral duty to introduce the knowledge of alternative form ou use of chemistry, for example, Green Chemistry. With textual and collective approach, we can save the human health from those toxic effects emitted from traditional use of chemical pollutions. Keywords: Green Chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental pollution, green solvents, transesterification, nanomaterials. Introduction The term Green Chemistry, also known as clean chemistry or benign and sustainable Chemistry, refers to the design of chemical and formulation of processes that reduce the harmful effects to humans and minimize environment pollution. It seeks reduce the negative impact of chemistry on the environment by preventing pollution at its source using fewer natural resources. Green Chemistry is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the designing of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances whereas environmental chemistry focuses on the effects of polluting chemicals on nature. Green Chemistry focuses on technological approaches to preventing pollution and reducing consumption of non-renewable resources. Green Chemistry overlaps all sub-disciplines of chemistry but with a particular focus on chemical synthesis, process chemistry, and chemical engineering in industrial applications. To a lesser extent, the principles of green chemistry also affect laboratory practices. The overarching goals of green chemistry, namely, more resource-efficient and inherently safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes can be pursued in a wide range of contexts. ] Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka, TU. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 207

208 Green Chemistry emerged from a variety of existing ideas and research efforts (such as atom, economy and catalysis) in the period leading up to the 1990s, in the context of increasing attention to problems of chemical pollution and resource depletion. The development of Green Chemistry in Europe and the United States was linked to a shift in environmental problem-solving strategies: a movement from command-and-control regulation and mandated reduction of industrial emissions at the "end of the pipe," towards the active prevention of pollution through the innovative design of production technologies themselves. The set of concepts now recognized as green chemistry coalesced in the mid- to late-1990s, alongwith broader adoption of the term (which prevailed over competing terms such as "clean" and "sustainable" chemistry). In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency played a significant early role in fostering green chemistry through its pollution prevention programs, funding, and professional coordination. At the same time, in the United Kingdom, researchers at the University of York contributed to the establishment of the Green Chemistry Network within the Royal Society of Chemistry, and the launch of the journal Green Chemistry. Objectives To reduce the negative impact of chemistry on the environment by preventing pollution at its source using fewer natural resources and To focus light on Green Chemistry to draw attention of people and the government in context of Nepal through some ways of disposal and the carful management of those harmful chemicals. Principles In 1998, Paul Anastas (who then directed the Green Chemistry Program at the US EPA) and John C. Warner (then of Polaroid Corporation) published a set of principles to guide the practice of Green Chemistry. The twelve principles address a range of ways to reduce the environmental and health impacts of chemical production, and also indicate research priorities for the development of green chemistry technologies. The principles cover such concepts are: The design of processes to maximize the amount of raw material that ends up in the product; The use of renewable material feedstock s and energy sources; The use of safe, environmentally benign substances, including solvents, whenever possible; The design of energy efficient processes, and Avoiding the production of waste, which is viewed as the ideal form of waste management? 208 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

209 The twelve principles of Green Chemistry are: 1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. 2. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. 3. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. 4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity. 5. The use of auxiliary substances (for example, solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used. 6. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure. 7. A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting wherever technically and economically practicable. 8. Reduce derivatives unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/ deprotection, and temporary modification) should be avoided whenever possible. 9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. 10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products. 11. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. 12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires. Trends Attempts are being made not only to quantify the greenness of a chemical process but also to factor in other variables such as chemical yield, the price of reaction components, safety in handling chemicals, hardware demands, energy profile and ease of product workup and purification. In one quantitative study, the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline receives 64 points out of 100 marking it as an acceptable synthesis overall whereas a synthesis of an amide using HMDS is only described as adequate with a combined 32 points. The various practices taken by companies and manufacturers to become ecofriendlyare: Reducing formaldehyde, a gas linked to various health issues including cancer use in the production of products. Eliminating/reducing dyes in manufacture. Eliminating ozone-depleting CFCs in widely used products. Development of technology through chemical that lessens green impact. Creating a patented system to formalize and phase out raw material for fabrication processes. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 209

210 Developing sustainable technology used in agrichemical treatment for farming. A timeline of Green Chemistry highlights. Green Chemistry is increasingly seen as a powerful tool that researchers must use to evaluate the environmental impact of nanotechnology. As nanomaterials are developed, the environmental and human health impacts of both, the products themselves and the processes to make them, must be considered to ensure their long-term economic viability. Examples Green solvents Solvents are consumed in large quantities in many chemical syntheses as well as for cleaning and degreasing. Traditional solvents are often toxic or are chlorinated. Green solvents, on the other hand, are generally derived from renewable resources and biodegrade to innocuous, often naturally occurring product. Carbon dioxide as blowing agent In 1996, Dow Chemical won the 1996 Greener Reaction Conditions award for their 1005 carbon dioxide blowing agent for polystyrene foam production. Polystyrene foam is a common material used in packing and food transportation. Seven hundred million pounds are produced each year in the United States alone. Traditionally, CFC and other ozone-depleting chemicals were used in the production process of the foam sheets, presenting a serious environmental hazard. Flammable, explosive, and, in some cases toxic hydrocarbons have also been used as CFC replacements, but they present their own problems. Dow Chemical discovered that supercritical carbon dioxide works equally as well as a blowing agent, without the need for hazardous substances, allowing the polystyrene to be more easily recycled. The CO 2 used in the process is reused from other industries, so the net carbon released from the process is zero. Hydrazine Addressing principle #2 is the Peroxide Process for producing hydrazine without cogenerating salt. Hydrazine is traditionally produced by the Olin Raschig process from sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in many types of bleach) and ammonia. The net reaction produces one equivalent of sodium chloride for every equivalent of the targeted product hydrazine: NaoCl + 2 NH 3! H 2 N-NH 2 + nacl + H 2 O In the greener Peroxide process hydrogen peroxide is employed as the oxidant, the side product being water. The net conversion follows: 2 NH 3 + H 2 O 2! H 2 N-NH H 2 O Addressing principle #4, this process does not require auxiliary extracting 210 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

211 solvents. Methyl ethyl ketone is used as a carrier for the hydrazine; the intermediate ketazide phase separates from the reaction mixture, facilitating workup without the need of an extracting solvent. Transesterification of fats In 2005, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) and Novozymes won the Greener Synthetic Pathways Award for their enzyme interesterification process. In response to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated labeling of trans-fats on nutritional information by January 1, 2006, Novozymes and ADM worked together to develop a clean, enzymatic process for the interesterification of oils and fats by interchanging saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The result is commercially viable products without trans-fats. In addition to the human health benefits of eliminating trans-fats, the process has reduced the use of toxic chemicals and water, prevents vast amounts of byproducts, and reduces the amount of fats and oils wasted. Bio-succinic acid In 2011, the Outstanding Green Chemistry Accomplishments by a Small Business Award went to bioamber Inc. For integrated production and downstream applications of bio-based succinic acid. Succinic acid is a platform chemical that is an important starting material in the formulations of everyday products. Traditionally, succinic acid is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks. Bioamber has developed process and technology that produces succinic acid from the fermentation of renewable feedstock s at a lower cost and lower energy expenditure than the petroleum equivalent while sequestering CO 2 rather than emitting it. Laboratory chemicals Several laboratory chemicals are controversial from the perspective of Green Chemistry. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has created to help identify alternatives. Ethidium bromide, xylene, mercury, and formaldehyde have been identified as "worst offenders" which have alternatives. Solvents in particular make a large contribution to the environmental impact of chemical manufacturing and there is a growing focus on introducing Greener solvents into the earliest stage of development of these processes: laboratory-scale reaction and purification methods in the pharmaceutical industry, both GSK and Pfizer have published Solvent Selection Guides for their Drug Discovery chemists. Coclusion Green Chemistry is neither politics nor a public relations ploy nor a pipe dream. We are able to develop chemical processes and earth-friendly products that will prevent pollution. Through the practice of Green Chemistry, we can create alternatives to hazardous substance we use as ours. Source materials, we can design chemical processes that reduce waste and Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 211

212 reduce demand on diminishing resources. We can employ processes that use smaller amount of energy. We can do all this and still maintain economic growth and opportunities while providing affordable products and services to a growing world of population. This is an open field for innovation, new ideas, and revolutionary progress. This is the future of chemistry. This is magic of Green Chemistry. References E. J. Woodhouse and S. Breyman, Green Chemistry as Social Movement? Science, Technology and Human Values, 30 (2): (2005). "Green Chemistry". United States Environmental Protection Agency. June 28, Retrived March 23, Green nanotechnology. J. A. Linthorst, An Overview: Origins and Development of Green Chemistry, Foundations of Chemistry, J. H. Clark, Green Chemistry: Challenges and Opportunities, Green Chemistry, 1:1 (1999). J. H. Clark, R. Luque and A. S. Matharu, Green Chemistry, Biofuels, and Biorefinery, Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 3: (2012). J. Sherman et al., Solvent Replacement for Green Processing, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 106, (1998). K. Sanderson, Chemistry: It s not easy being green, Nature, 469 (7328): 18 (2011). K. Van Aken, L. Strekowski and L. Patiny, EcoScale, a semi-quantitative tool to select an organic preparation based on economical and ecological parameters, Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2 (1): 3 (2006). Paul T. Anastas and John C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice (Oxford Unversity Press: London and New York, 1998). Poliakoff, M. and P. Licence (2007). Sustenable technology: Green Chemistry Nature. 450 (7171): doi: /450810a. PMID Prat, D. et al., Sanofi s Solvent Selection Guide: A Step toward More Sustenable Processes. Org. Proc. Res. Devel. 2013, 17, doi: /op R. A. Sheldon, I. W. C. E. Arends, and U. Hanefield, Green Chemistry and Catalysis (2003). ISBN: R. Cernansky, Chemistry: Green refill, Nature, 519 (7543): 379 (2015). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

213 Sociological Perspective on Mass Media Dr. Pradip Parajuli ] Abstract Compared with the four and a half century long history of world media, the history of development of mass media in Nepal is undoubtedly a recent phenomenon. Mass media is being the strongest variables to deliver the social message in the mass population. It plays a significant role to aware the people about incurred activities in the society. It is clear that media plays a catalictic role to aware the people. Since last few years, the habit of people has been changed through media. People are very much confident towards the effectiveness of media. Keywords: Knowledge, information, Public-discourses, opinion. Introduction Communication is the exchange of ideas, information and knowledge between two or more persons and institute, which may be written, oral or in the form of gesture. Communication is a tool enabling the transfer of knowledge, information and opinions. It is that process by which opinion formation, decision making and general participation within a Social context are held. Communication through mass media has become so universalized today that the whole world has been transformed into a large single community. A man living in a remote corner of the earth cannot isolate himself from the rest of the world. Neither can anybody attain social, political, economic and cultural development of individuals and societies without communication in his/her own surroundings and with the rest of the worlds (Upreti, 1990). Wilbur Schramm, (1964) states, "In the service of national development, the mass media are agents of social change, change in attitudes, beliefs, skills and social norms." In today s world, mass communication occupies an important space on socialization. It has contributed towards emergence of mass society, public opinion and image on various important issues. Mass Society is characterized by greater reliance on mass media for information and news of the environment in which people live. The news media are the main ] Parajuli is Lec. of in the Dep. of Rural Development in Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 213

214 sources for local, national and international news. They set their agenda for public debate and create issues. In short, mass media helps emergence of public opinion and building of images through news reporting, expressing views, public information through advertising and there by facilitating public discussions on issues of wider concern. In fact, mass media plays a significant role even in socialization of its members influencing their attitude, performances and manner. In the circumstance, mass media occupies an important place incorporate communication and productivity in the Social life (Yadava, 1990). Mass media are an integral part of the Social system. According to Peterson, media are seen as model of Social interaction of various sorts amongst individuals, between individuals and institutional order of Society, among institutions themselves. New Era of Communication in Nepal Compared with the four and a half century long history of world media, the history of development of mass media in Nepal is undoubtedly a recent phenomenon. Until 1950, Nepal was completely isolated from the outside world. It remained protected from foreigners by its mountains at the North, Malaria in the South and closed to outsiders by its rulers. A feudal state was ruled by the Rana family, which was finally overthrown in 1951 with the restoration to power of the historical monarchy. Nepal was later opened to foreigners (Parajuli, 2000). With the restoration of democracy in 1950, new era of communication started. So mass media of Nepal is undoubtedly a recent phenomenon. Only a few works has been done by the government to explain the impact of mass media (Parajuli, 1996). It is fact that liberal theories accept the intermingling and interdependence of media and democracy as inevitable. In that respect, the media industries in Nepal grew manifold in the post 1990s. The advent of multiparty democracy and adoption in liberal economic policy had its underpinning in the development of media. Nepal is doing tremendous progress in the field of communication. After restoration of democracy in 1990 AD, various media houses have been mushrooming in the country. After granted authority to the local body by the government, various private companies emerged in media field. Democracy became fruitful to the media field (Parajuli, 2000). However, irrespective of the apparent advancement, the role and responsibility of the media in its watchdog garb is altogether a different aspect to go with. The case is equally glaring given media s role in relation to conflict resolution in Nepal. Media s duty in informing, educating and entertaining people has found its space in public discourses. Media, as an advocacy tool, has also been practiced and discussed upon. As a civil society entity it has also garnered certain acceptance. Its space in a functioning democracy has been duly recognized (Parajuli, 2016). Nepal has indeed realized the importance of communication as a vital development resource as reflected in the adoption of a national communication scheme in 1971 with emphasis on the central theme "Communication for Development". The achievements of the planned efforts made for only were however limited to the streamlining of the institution related to communication including the establishment of a separate Ministry of Communication. The 214 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

215 network has developed in broadcasting, news service; print-media, films, telecommunications and postal service have mostly benefited the urban centers (Parajuli, 2000). Role of Mass Media For poorly conscious society, mass media plays a vital role in village development. Therefore, it is useful to review the basic meaning of mass media. According to Everett M. Rogers (1962), " Mass media are all those means of transmitting messages that involve a mass medium, such as radio, television, films, newspaper, magazines, and so on, which enable a source of one or a few individuals to reach on audience of many." On the other hand, Westley C. Clark (1958) has accepted that newspapers, the magazines, the books, radios, televisions and documentary movies are principal instruments of mass communication. It is evident that rural area of developing country needs better mass media for its development. Agricultural productivity of Nepal is very low due to the lack of scientific knowledge of farming. Mass media directly and indirectly help to promote the agriculture sector, industrial area and elevates the consciousness of people, which shapes the human attitude (Khanal, 1989). Throughout human history man has been utilizing this capacity to generate information and share it with others to other mutual advantage to ward of danger, to inform about new opportunities, etc. in brief, information/communication is the key to organize human life. Human has only his voice, gesture, engraving and paintings in the cave to communicate his ideas and massages. But as human society progressed, it discovered more efficient methods and technologies to multiply his voice, sign and writing for simultaneous sharing with large number of people. The result is the emergence of the mass media press, radio, film and T. V. and a close knit Society. Theory of media and development has several variants. The contribution of mass media can take several forms. They can help promote diffusion and adoption of many technical and social innovations, which are essential to modernization, they can teach literacy and other essential skills and techniques. They can encourage a state of mind favourable to modernity especially the possibility to imagine an alternative way of life. Mass communication was seen as essential to the development of national unity in new nations and of participant democracy polities, especially by way of election (McQuail, 1994). However, the socialization effect of mass media cannot match the power of the home, the neighborhood and school where interpersonal relationships exist. In contrast, socialization through mass media is depersonalized and hence, effective only in the peripheral areas of life. One would expect a national outlook to follow from a wide exposure of national news in the mass media. But communalism continues to hold out against all attempts at national integration through the mass media so deep rooted were our attitudes and beliefs. Likewise, social evils like the dowry system, child marriage, caste conflicts and the like persist. The mass media are not a panacea for social or under-development: they are only the means, not the solution itself. Two vital processes have been identified as important for empowerment. The first is Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 215

216 social mobilization and collective agency, as poor women often lack the basic capabilities and self-confidence to counter and challenge existing disparities and barriers against them. Often, change agents are needed to catalyze social mobilization consciously. Second, the process of social mobilization needs to be accompanied and complemented by economic security. As long as the disadvantaged suffer from economic deprivation and livelihood insecurity, they will not be in a position to mobilize (Parajuli, 2016). With the above brief conceptual understanding of empowerment, what strategies can be used effectively to empower women? In many developing countries (especially in South Asia), mass media can play a vital role for their empowerment. Mass media is fast becoming effective means for empowerment of women at various different levels. But, before broadcasting and publishing such programme which empowerment rural, they should know about their literacy rate, health status, work load, tendencies, mobility, social responsibility, house hold status, role in decision making, commitment for social reform etc., (Guleria, 2010). On this regards, media can play vital role for promoting empowerment of women. Considering the reach, impact and influence of mass media in any given society should not be ignored. As far as, the issues of empowerment of women and role of mass media became emerging issues of the era of communication. Information, consensus, advertising, entertainment and development are main five functions of the mass media, it does not necessarily follow that audiences go to them for same reasons. Besides these functions, other functions are socialization, motivation, education, cultural promotion, integration, knowledge, modernization, etc. So, whatever functions the mass media have, the people will continue to use them in the way they like. It is in this sense that audiences are 'active' rather than 'passive' receivers (Parajuli, 2016). The mass media can serve as both guardians of the status quo and powerful vehicles of change. Black & Whitney (1988) write: "Sociology and social psychology come into play insofar as the media's involvements with and effects upon large and small audiences. Psychology encompasses the media's effects upon the individual. Political science and economics are involved because media are instruments of political socialization and are at the same time profit-motivated " Economics plays and additional role in the relative affluence upon which the mass media are so dependent, and in the expanding technology responsible for this development. Most recently, mathematics and engineering have influenced media and communications, not only because of computerization but also because of instantaneous transmission and feedback of individualized, localized and global information (Kharel, 2007). Transmission of information is very necessary for individual, society and nation. Information makes people aware, provide knowledge about new things and situation, build confidence, and make people dynamic and energetic. In society, transmission of information helps co-operation, share social development, influence social attitude and traditional practices and sometimes create and develop conflict within society and split it in different fractions. 216 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

217 Nation is the combination of people, society, geography, ideology and recognition, without transmission of information these things may not combine in one and never exists nation. After existence of a nation, its further development and identity depend on nation s information flow. The transmission of information is also necessary for nation s daily performance and maintenance (Ayadi, 2001). Mass Media in Different Society Modern society has grown large and complex. Society is composed of massages of individuals who are segregated and isolated from most social segments. This is especially the case in rich and industrialized countries. Fast growing urban centers in the developing world are also facing similar situations. When mass media messages are encoded, the nature and characteristics of the target audience should be considered for good results (Kharel, 2007). As individual, political and press freedom increases, social conflict also increases and as freedom diminishes, conflict decreases. Underdeveloped or traditional societies have very little conflict; traditional and early modern societies have the most, and late modern societies have almost none. The social conflict cycle is, therefore, highly correlated to the general political cycle. In traditional society, conflict (friction) is mainly within the autocratic of elite leadership group; communication, then, is of a personal nature, designed to inform the active agents in governmental, military, and institutional hierarchies, and to stabilize society. Since there are no true mass media designed to bring the people into a sharing of policy, conflict exists principally among competing elite persons who might be competing for power (Parajuli, 2000). In transition society, there is likelihood of considerable political power conflict, class conflict, conflict between parties and institution conflict. Communication becomes less supportive and monolithic and increasingly becomes more competitive, ideological and pluralistic. Communication is considered a political weapon or tool- a way to gain power for some and dissipate competing and conflicting power for others. In the later phase of this stage, liberalism develops and the media units themselves have maximum self-determinism: competition and pluralism grow, government control decreases, individual freedom expands and governmental democracy dominates. The mass media spread their general information to medium-sized and large populations (ibid). Actually, in a modern society, there are two main phases of development. A kind of early phase where individual and media freedom is still extolled; where ideological conflict among factions, classes and parties is widespread; where the mass media increase dissonance and provide a catalyst for change, and a pluralism of news and views to all citizens. Then, there is a later phase flowing into authoritarianism and finally totalitarianism where conflict is discouraged (or banned) and what little there may be is among political faction and strong leaders and where mass media are mainly used for internal social control and external propaganda. The overall purpose of the media is to stabilize and direct society and to propagandize other societies (ibid). Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 217

218 Conclusion We are living in the age of communications where mass media are the main instrument of mass communication. The most important channels of the mass communication that we have are radio, television, newspapers, magazines, journals, periodicals, books and motion picture. In recent years some new means of media have been developed which make use of the home television screen like cable television, communication satellites, video disk, internet and information retrieval system. Urbanization, industrialization and modernization have created the societal condition for the development of mass communications. After the scientific development of mass communications, societies are highly dependent on mass communication. So, whether the government is democratic or totalitarian the need for mass communications is there. The only difference, which is also vital, is that in the case of totalitarian countries mass media function under a system of total control, while in democratic countries free expression of opinion is allowed and mass media serve as the fourth organ of the state. References Aditya, A. (ed.) (1996). Mass Media and Democratization: A Country Study of Nepal. Kathmandu: Institute for Integrated Development Studies. Black, J & Whitney, F. C. (1988). Introduction to Mass Communication. Second Edition, lowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. Guleria, N. (2010). Print Media and Women Empowerment. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Punjabi University, India. Kharel, P. (2007). Dimensions of Communication. Kathmandu: Nepal Association of Media Educators. Khanal, C. (1989). The Study of Use of Mass Media in Village Balkot of Bhaktapur. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. McQuail, D. (1994). Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction. (4th ed.). London: Sage. Parajuli, P. (1996). Evolution of Mass Media in Nepal. Kathmandu: Saujanya Publications. Parajuli, P. (2000). A Study of FM Radios Performance and Audiences Attitude in Rural and Urabn Area of Kathmandu. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Parajuli, P. (2016). Role of Mass Media for Promoting Women Empowerment in Nepal. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Singhania University, India. Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. New York. Free Press Schramm, W. (1964). Mass Media and National Development: The Role of Information in the Developing Countries. Paris. UNESCO Upreti, G. (1990). Structure and Process of Communication in the Village. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Yadava, J. S. (1990). Social Effects of Mass Media and Their Policy Implications for Third World Plural Societies. In Communication 2000 AD (pp. 7-16), New Delhi: Indian Institute of Mass Communication. 218 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

219 Local Perception towards Tern Species Conservation around Koshi River in East Nepal Prava Pandey ] Reeta Singh q Abstract This paper reveals to document the population of Tern species in Koshi River, east Nepal, from March 2012 to November Terns are a long lived widely distributed wetland bird, which are primarily distributed in wetland habitats. They are increasingly being settled, degraded and converted into other landforms. The population of Tern is declining throughout its range. To date, no detail study has been carried out to find out its status, distribution and conservation in Nepal. Different educational activities and meetings were carried out for three months in local schools and local communities. Socio-economic status of the local people was very poor and about 70% of respondent have seen Tern species. Wetland destruction, human settlement, hunting for food, changing agricultural practices, construction of aquaculture facilities and increased use of pesticides in agricultural fields were the potential threats to the species that was identified by the study.this study helped to raise awareness among the local people towards Tern species and their conservation. A total of hundred people of the local communities, particularly, school students, fish farmers, cattle herders and communityforest users groups were participated in conservation awareness program of Tern Species. Keywords: Tern species, water bird, conservation, the simsar. Introduction Wetlands are considered as fertile land for agriculture and rich from the biodiversity point of view. These wetlands provide habitat for several species of wildlife and they lie within various ecosystems of high-mountain and lowland plains. The Nepalese term for wetlands is ] Fac. Mem., Dep. of Environmental Science, Patan Multiple Campus, TU q Lec. and Co-ordinator in the Dep. of Environment, Patan Multiple Campus, Lalitpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 219

220 simsar, which means land with perennial source of water. The swampy rice fields, water logged areas and ponds are also understood as wetlands. In Nepal, three major types of habitat have been recognized for birds, forests, grasslands and wetlands (Inskipp et al. 2011). The wetlands in Nepal comprise approx. 743,500 ha and are particularly important for threatened species not only for birds but also for other taxa. Wetlands provide homes to a huge diversity of wildlife: birds, mammals, fish, frogs, insects and plants (Buckton, 2007). Among 869 birds, 193 (22.5%) are wetland dependents where the Terai wetlands support as many as 187 species (Thapa, 2006). Water birds comprise significant portion of avian fauna of Nepal. A recent assessment of bird species in Nepal was found out that one hundred and forty-nine are threatened at national level (Inskipp et al. 2011). Of these wetland birds are regarded to be in the critical stage, especially the terns. Koshi Wetlands are the most important wetlands of Nepal. Due to the presence of diverse types of wetlands, floodplain and large forest cause high species diversity. It has also the largest heronry in Nepal. Maximum numbers of gulls and tern species have been recorded from Koshi wetland (Inskipp et al. 2011). Generally seven species of such type have been recorded from the Koshi River Basin. Wetland habitats at Koshi are threatened by the large population of subsistence farmers and fishermen living in close proximity to the area. Furthermore, drainage for conservation to agriculture, grazing by domestic animals, disturbance and poisoning are the other causing factors for the wetland (Anon 1992a; Petersson, 1998, and Giri, 2002). This study aims to find the current population status, distribution, potential threats and conservation status of the tern species in Koshi River. Study Area in the Pictorial Representation Fig 1: Study Area 220 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

221 The area defines the dotted small houses, settlements, heavily grazed grassland and small wetland as well as stretches over 15km of Koshi River in the north of KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve. Kosi Bird Observatory (KBO) was chosen for the study sites. KBO refers as the center for grassland and wetland studies in Jabdi, Sunsari, Nepal. It is flanked by two important bird Areas: Dharan s Forests and KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve, and is an ideal place for studying birds and other biodiversity of Nepal. The station is in a prime migratory corridor with coordinates 'N latitude and 'E longitude on the floodplains of Sapta Koshi River. The area defines the dotted small houses, settlements, heavily grazed grassland and small wetland and stretches over 15km of Koshi River in the north of KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve. It covers more than ten hectares of land. The climate of this region is subtropical-monsoonal and experiences four distinct seasons: the spring, summer-cummonsoon, autumn and winter. Methodology To gather the information and local perception about tern species, potential threats and conservational status semi-structured questionnaire survey was prepared. One hundred people were the questionnaire with semi-structured questionnaire, different tern pictures, guides to identify the tern species with fishermen, birders, hunters and trappers, who spend a considerable time walking in and around study area. The questionnaire survey made inquiries on different Tern species, their population in the past and present, frequency of encounters (rarely, sometimes, and frequently), location etc. Results The socio-economic status of the local people in and around KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve was poor. Almost all houses were made up of mud and dung. Most of the household had poor electrical facility. Few of the houses had sanitary facility with simple latrine. About the local perception towards Terns, especially, their habitat, population, behavior and population was: about seventy per cent of the respondent have recognised the Tern species where as thirty per cent of them claimed they did not see the species. Fig2: No. of people seen Tern Fig 3: Weather on which Tern was seen Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 221

222 Out of total viewers, sevety-five per cent people observed the species in the monsoon season and twenty per cent of the people observed the Tern in the winter season. Likewise, fifty-three per cent of the people observed five to ten number of the Tern during their life time, whereas twenty per cent of the people have seen fifteen to twenty in numbers (Fig 2&3). Fig 4: Population of Tern Fig 5: Recognization of Tern by its body part About eighty-nine per cent of the local people identified the species from its body structures, claimed to be seen in the early morning, and three per cent people identified it from head, sound, flight pattern as well as head and body both (Fig 5). About ninety-seven per cent people observed that Terns fed on fish and they were on wetlands and three per cent observed that they fed on crabs and rodents and they were seen on lands (Fig 6). On the subject of habitat characteristic of the species, about fifty-three per cent of the respondents informed that species was seen into wetlands. In the same way, thirty-eight per cent informed that they were occasionally seen and only nine per cent claimed they have seldom seen the species. Fig 6: Feeding behaviour of Tern Fig 7: opinion about the population of the Tern To know the local perception on the population trend of Tern, sixty-eight per cent of the total people answered that the population was increasing whereas twenty-six per cent answered it was decreasing. Only three per cent said it was same as before and the other three per cent said that they were not sure about the population change. To the query on ways to conserve the species, seventy-five per cent of the people said that by prohibiting to hunt the species and not poisoning in the water bodies, the species could 222 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

223 be conserved. The three per cent of the people responded that it could be conserved by raising awareness, the three per cent said that by implementing strict legal rule it could be conserved, and the nineteen per cent said they did not know about their conservation. Fig 8: Local perception to conserve the Tern Conclusion The result of the study concludes that wetland destruction, human settlement, hunting for food and fur trade, changing agricultural practices, construction of aquaculture facilities and increased use of pesticides in agricultural fields were the potential threats to the Tern species. Most people could easily identify the species and they were more aware to conserve the species.they knew well the ecological importance of the species. References Anon,1992a. Hunting persists in koshi Area. Nepal Bird Watching Club Newsletter1 (3):2. Buckton, S Managing Wetlands for Sustainable Livelihoods at KoshiTappu. Danphe. 16 (1/4). Giri, T Threats to Birds at Koshi. Danphe11(1) Inskipp, C., Baral, H. S. and Inskipp, T The State of Nepal's Birds Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Bird Conservation Nepal and Bird Life International, Kathmandu and Cambridge. Petersson, D What is happening at Koshi Tappu Wilddlife Reserve? Danphe7 (1/2):6-7 Thapa, I Wetland Avifauna of Ponds of Kathmandu Valley: World Wetlands Day 2006 Celebration Report. Friends of the Bagmati, Kathmandu, Nepal. Acknowledgements I express my sincere gratitude to Water Bird Society, USA, for Nisbet Research Grant and Himalayan Nature to conduct this study. I also thank to the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) for granting permission to carry out this research work. In and Kosi Bird Observatory, District Development and Village Development Committees, Local Youth Clubs, Koshi Camp for their help and guidance. My most sincere thanks go to the Co-ordinator of the Department of Environment, Patan Multiple Campus (TU) to give the full shape of this article. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 223

224 SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF DALITS IN EASTERN NEPAL Raju Kumar Rai ] Abstract Social exclusion is an important issue that has fascinated scholar s attention in social sciences. It is a dynamic process of progressive multidimensional rupturing of the social bonds which consists of social relations, institutions and imagined identities of belonging constituting social cohesion, integration or solidarity. Social exclusion precludes full participation in the normatively prescribed activities of a given society and denies access to information, resources, sociability, recognition and identity, eroding self-respect and reducing capabilities to achieve personal goals. Poor people are always socially excluded when institutional mechanisms distinguish people and allocate resources and values in disproportional ways. It privileges certain group of people and denies other group of people to involve in different activities of the society. In the same way, deprivation perspective of states, that if the people are deprived of the basic needs and their rights at the same time, indicate poverty and social exclusion. Finally, it confirms that multiple forms of social exclusion are the main causes of poverty and poverty is the main cause of social exclusion of Dalits. Keywords: Social exclusion, discrimination, Dalit, deprivation, marginalization Introducton Social exclusion is an important issue that has fascinated scholar s attention in social sciences. It is a "dynamic process of progressive multidimensional rupturing of the social bonds." According to Silver, the social bond consists of "social relations, institutions and imagined identities of belonging constituting social cohesion, integration or solidarity. Social exclusion precludes full participation in the normatively prescribed activities of a given society and denies access to information, resources, sociability, recognition and identity, eroding selfrespect and reducing capabilities to achieve personal goals" (Silver, 2007:1). It takes into account those formal and informal institutions and practices that work to disconnect groups and individuals from social relations and create barriers to their ability to fully participate in the ] Faculty member in Socio/Anthro. Dep. of Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur 224 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

225 activities that would be normal and accessible for other groups in the same community (Power and Wilson, 2000; Bennett, 2008 cited in Pradhan, 2014:43). The concept of social exclusion was originated in Europe in response to the crises of the welfare state and the fears of social disintegration caused by social and economic crises. Now, it has gained wide currency worldwide, including in Nepal, especially in the literature on development and social policy and popular discourses. It is used to refer to various types of social disadvantage, related to the new social problems like unemployment, ghettoization and fundamental changes in family life (Cannan, 1997 cited in Haan, 1999:2). Social exclusion is contested concepts differentially defined from different social science paradigms (Silver ; de Haan 1998 cited in Pradhan, 2006). Exclusion of individuals or groups can be based on several dimensions or a multiplicity of disadvantages such as those related to caste, class, ethnicity, race, gender, age, religion and location based disadvantages faced by different categories of the population (Sen, 1992; Jordan, 1996, and Hills et al. 2002). In the similar way, Kabeer argues that social exclusion reflects that the social and cultural devaluation of people based on "who they are" (or rather who they perceived to be) as well as "where they are" (Kabeer, 2000, 2006). Social exclusion is a multidimensional concept. People may be excluded, e.g. from livelihoods, employment, earnings, property, housing, minimum consumption, education, the welfare state, citizenship, personal contacts or respects etc. (Silver, 1994; also CESIS, 1997 in de. Haan, 1999). But the concept focuses on the multidimensionality of deprivation, on the fact that people are often deprived of different things at the same time. The notion of relative deprivation is more closely related to a concept of social exclusion, and it is often noted that the rising inequality in various countries have contributed to the popularity of the notion of social exclusion. Walker (1997) has pointed out that social exclusion is more comprehensive formulation. It refers to the dynamic process of being shut out, fully or partially, from any of the social, economic, political or cultural system which determines the social integration of a person in society. Social exclusion may, therefore, be seen as the denial (or non-realization) of the civil, political and social rights of citizenship (Walker, 1997:8, see Byrne 2005:2, cited it Bhattachan, 2009). Social exclusion implies a focus on the relations and processes that cause deprivation. People can be excluded by many different sorts of groups often at the same time; landlords exclude people from the access to land and housing; elite political groups exclude others from legal rights; priests in India may exclude scheduled castes from access to temples; minorities may be excluded from expressing their identity and so on (ibid). Having above discussions, this can be said that social exclusion as a "process through which individuals or groups are wholly or partially excluded from full participation in the society in which they live" (European Foundation, 1995 cited ibid). Social exclusion approach studies the structural characteristics of society, which engender processes and dynamics that exclude individuals or groups from full social participation. It makes particular reference to the distribution of opportunities and resources needed to overcome exclusion, and to the promotion of inclusion in both the labor market and social processes. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 225

226 In Nepal, the concept of social exclusion gained considerable currency in both official and development discourses (Rawal, 2008). In these discourses some of the caste, ethnic and other oppressed social categories are regarded as the ones which have been excluded from being participated in some of the important spheres of institutions of society. Among them, Dalits are regarded as the most excluded and marginalized category of people. They are literally called oppressed and exploited groups in Nepal. Dalits are basically known as a group of people who are religiously, culturally, socially and economically oppressed who could belong to different languages and groups (Koirala, quoted in Bhatt, 2005). Given these social issues assumed by Dalits of Nepal, this study attempts to understand patterns and processes of exclusion among Dalits focusing the case of a village of eastern Nepal. Research problem Several studies (Pandey, 2006; Camron, 2007; Bhattachan, 2009; Kisan, 2009, and Dahal, 2010) have tried to discuss the poverty, exclusion and discrimination related experiences of the Dalit people living in different parts of Nepal. Those which have focused to discuss their experiences of exclusions have identified that they have not received adequate opportunities to participate in social spaces. Dalits falling in the lower rank of the Hindu caste system, implies that its members have to bear multiple exclusionary experiences. The most important among them is their "untouchable" status. Historically, they were not permitted to participate in many spheres of social life. They were restricted from access to public places. They were prohibited from access to common property resources, services, entry and participation in the socio-cultural spheres. They had to perform some specific occupation. They had no share in decision making processes (Bhattachan, 2009). Some scholars denote that Dalit represents a condition that is characterized by castebased discrimination including untouchability. Some other experts argue that Dalit is not a caste, it is a condition. It is used to refer to all oppressed and suppressed groups in the contemporary Nepalese parlance (Rantawane and Kisan, 2009; Dahal, 2010, and Camron, 2007). In this way, studies have identified that Dalits are excluded from social bonds due to the caste based discrimination and "untouchability". Indeed, the exclusion of Dalit is not a problem of caste based discrimination per se; it is rather a condition of suppression and oppression faced by member of a human community. The exclusion is one of the major problems faced by Dalits. Numerous previous researchers (Bhatt, 2005; Bhattachan, 2009; Kisan, 2009; Dahal, 2010, and Camron, 2007) have concluded that Dalits are economically poor, socially excluded, marginalized and so on. But there is no serious study that highlight on the way through which the mechanism of exclusion of Dalits operates. The issues related to the mechanism and processes of social exclusion has not been adequately discussed and explained by the study conducted so far for the case of Dalits of Nepal. However, this study has a different focus from these earlier contributions. The main focus of this study is to explore the way through exclusionary processes of Dalits. The discussion of this study is especially guided for seeking 226 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

227 answers to the following research questions: how Dalit people are excluded and ruptured from the social bonds? How are they excluded and isolated from the access to public places, access to common property resources, entry and participation in the socio-cultural sphere, political rights, government policies and programs? Is there any role of poverty to exclude the Dalits from the social and public participation? What factors have lead to poverty of Dalit people? Objectives of the study Based on the research questions raised above this study has the following specific objectives. 1. To highlight the ways through which Dalit are excluded from the opportunity to share social life around their community, and 2. To identify the process and mechanism of social exclusion of Dalit. Research methodology This study, methodologically, has employed a combination approach qualitative and quantitative to examine the ways through which Dalits are excluded from the opportunity to share social life around their community and the mechanism of social exclusion of Dalits. For this purpose, it also required me to go in the field and collect primary information of their experiences related to exclusion. The study is based on the data collected from filed work carried out on June 2015 in Lungin village, ward no. 4 of Ranibas VDC of Bhojpur District in Estern Nepal (See Annex- II). The household heads, both men and women belonging in this Dalit community are the primary informants from which I have gained much of their experiences. The study primarily explores a community perspective, interprets peoples knowledge of their lives and the world. The following tools and techniques, like, structured interview schedule, observation, focused group discussion, key informant interviews and case studies are used to collect data. Some key informants belongings in non-dalit community are also consulted in this regard. I, now, immensely state the experiences of Dalits of the study areas based on primary data about the dimensions and ways through which they are excluded or included in sharing the social life of their locality. It further explains the issues by focusing mainly an area like their relationship with members of other caste groups in the context of their domestic domains, business domains, and exclusion in educational attainment, employment, identity and mechanism of social exclusion in general. Caste, untouchability and exclusion: an introduction Caste is a hierarchical system under which human groups are placed in hierarchical order in terms of the conception of purity and pollution of their ritual status. In this research, Dalits are placed in the button order and hence, are regarded as impure or untouchable. This position is located in the button of the order of the caste hierarchy. It has made several Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 227

228 implications on the ways through which Dalits have found or faced constraints to participate in the social life of their communities. Since they are traditionally regarded as the impure or untouchable caste by members of other caste categories, it is obvious that they are excluded in many contexts to share the social life with their village community. The practice of caste and untouchability-based exclusion of Dalits involves the low access to participate in various fields in society. Caste and untouchability-based exclusion reflect the inability of individuals and groups to interact freely and productively with others and to take part in the full economic, social and political life of a community (Bhalla and Lapeyre, 1997 cited in Thorat and Sabharwal, 2010). The practices of caste-based exclusion and discrimination in Nepal are related to denial of entry of Dalits by higher castes into their houses, temples, hotels and restaurants, teashops, work places, food factories, dairy farms and milk collection centers, etc. (Bhattachan, 2005). Non-Dalits deny providing services related to milk, health, religion as well as food and drink. High caste people have denied them to get access to common resources including drinking water sources, community forests, and religious places. Caste-based discrimination is not only limited between Dalits and non-dalits but also inside the Dalit community. Dalit castes are ranked among themselves in a hierarchical order and those in the upper rank do not allow their lower-ranked neighbors to share their kitchen and even the drinking water as well. In the context of Nepal, more than 205 types of castebased discriminatory practices have been identified. Bhattachan et al. (2003) concluded that discrimination is inherent in the denial of entry, denial of services, denial of access to common resources, denial of kinship and/or social relationships, denial of participation, forced labor, dominance, atrocities, social boycott, attitudinal untouchability, and discrimination. Exclusion and discrimination in the domestic domain The information available from the field shows that all respondents are not allowed to enter into the non-dalits houses and restaurants. Most of the non-dalits households do not allow the Dalit members to eat food together sharing the common kitchen (see Annex: I). Such types of exclusion, discrimination and untouchability are not exercised only in the case of relationships between the members of Dalits and non-dalits. It is practiced within the Dalits as well. Dalits are also ranked in a hierarchical order and those in the upper rank do not allow their lower rank neighbors to share their kitchen (Pandey et al. 2006). For instance, Damai are untouchables for Sarki and Sarki have a lower rank compared to that of the Kami. This research reveals that Dalits cannot have food by sitting together with non-dalits people. The practice of caste based untouchability and discrimination is still experiencing in their day to day life. They have been excluded and discriminated through sharing a social life in their localities. They have clear-cut ranking of status among themselves. During my field work, it was clearly observed that Damai people are not allowed to share the Kami s kitchen. Kami didn t accept cooked rice and water from Damai people. Tek Bahadur Darjee says: 228 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

229 Aitaman B.K. is my friend. We are still close friends in the village. We usually used to visit our home. But one day, I touched their oven and cooked rice abruptly. I was scolded much by his parents regarding my impurity. They didn t eat that cooked food. They repeatedly scolded me very badly by saying nonsense and like marna nasakeko damai, that is, the impure who couldn t die. I really felt very bad with that situation. I have never been in my friend s house from the date. But my friend was free to move every corners and stairs of my house. Exclusion and discrimination in the business domain Exclusion and discrimination are practiced in the economic filed through denial of jobs and access to the market. Dalits of study area are excluded from equal economic and employment opportunities. They are excluded and discriminated from many jobs, professions and business opportunities. Bearing an untouchable status, they are not permitted to work in enterprises such as grocery shops, tea stalls, restaurants and hotels. These activities are not viable option for Dalits in the study area because non-dalits do not buy these things from the Dalits people. Such practices have discouraged the Dalit people to participate in business spheres related to the production and sale of things including vegetable also. All kinds of domestic animals and productions are regarded as an impure and polluted for the non-dalits. All kinds of economic actions are embedded in ongoing structures of social relations. As a result, Dalits are excluded from access of local markets to sell their own domestic products. One of my respondents, Ramesh Darjee said: Sometimes I feel why I took birth in this caste group where I am always discriminated, excluded and marginalized in each and every social, cultural, religious and economic sphere. We are excluded and discriminated from many jobs, professions and business opportunities. We are not permitted to work in enterprises such as grocery shops, tea stalls, restaurants and hotels. It is not a viable option for us because non-dalits do not buy anything from our shops. Such practices have discouraged the Dalit people to involve in business spheres related to the production of milks and vegetable. All kinds of domestic animals and productions are impure and polluted for the non-dalits. Exclusion in Eduacational Attainment Interviews and discussions showed it clearly that Dalits are less advanced with regard to education in the study area. The respondents have held the view that their children are not interested to go to school of its reason is the discriminatory practices against Dalit children. In school, Dalits' children are denied to access of school water supplies. They are segregated in class rooms. Dalit children are forced to perform manual scavenging on and around school premises. There are indirect discriminations as well. They are repeatedly labeled as Dalit students. The financial hardship is another major cause for their failure to pursue education. In many cases, young boys and girls have to give priority to earn for their living than to attending school. Parents also prefer their children engaging in income generating works and assisting Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 229

230 household earnings. It seems that the low educational status of Dalits is not only the cause of discriminatory behaviors of Dalits children in the school but the poverty is also playing an important role for illiteracy of Dalits and poor performed of their children. Many parents cannot afford their children to send school due to poverty. One of my respondents, Dil Bahadur Darjee says: Education is very important in this modern era. But, I am just literate. I can just read and write my name. However, I want to send my child to the school for better future and proper knowledge. But we are always discriminated and excluded from the school and faculties. My younger son is an example of it. Due to the unfavorable behaviors and attitudes of his friends and teachers, he couldn t continue his school after standard five. Non-Dalit students perform unusual behaviors and tease him at all times in the school and out of school premises. They frequently used to say the word "Dumra", it is a very vulnerable word which gives very low level of identity and no one is willing to sit on the same bench in the classroom. May be more than three times within a month, I went to school and complained the headmaster about all the problems but it could not get solved. Finally, my son left the school due to the hostile circumstances there. Then he engaged in the domestic work and wage labor. It is just an example of exclusion and discrimination of Dalit. In the same way, other respondent Padam BK said, "Our children are always excluded and discriminated in the school. They don t get any opportunities to participate in the school s programs. Dalit are always excluded from scholarship and award." Exclusion in employment and public domain Agriculture is the main occupation and source of income for Dalit in the study area. However, some occupations are based on castes categories. The son of a Blacksmith will be a blacksmith just as the son of a warrior will be a warrior (Bougle, 1991:64). As reviewed by Papola (2012), if people are prejudiced and discriminated based on socio-economic status, age, gender and caste/ ethnicity, they are socially excluded and unlikely to get job (cited in Khanal, 2014). Dalit are also excluded and discriminated from getting employment based on their Dalit identity and lack of social networks. The social exclusion and discrimination is practiced in the labor market. Dalit are denied to sale and purchase of commodities and consumer goods. Dil Darjee shared his experiences: "My son s name is Bhim Pariyar. He has passed SLC examination two years ago. One day, I got information about vacancy for primary school teacher post in a government school. Then, I thought, my son is also eligible to apply for the post. I was fully confident that my son will be selected as the concept of inclusion was highly debated issues in the public spheres. Finally, he applied. But he was not selected. All decision makers were non-dalit like Rai, Thapa, Brahmin and Chhetri, so called the upper castes. A Rai boy was selected for the post. Dalit are by the non-dalit like Brahmin, Chhetri and Rai and so on. This event has caused frustration and discouragement to the Dalit students to go for higher education. There 230 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

231 is no history of the incident in which Dalit people have got any job by evaluating their ability and performance. As per my knowledge, this school may have a history of more than fifty years, but no any Dalit teacher has been appointed here. My son had tried to represent of Dalit but he was excluded." Identity: strong sense of exclusion The term Dalit or Dalit identity means that they are not in similar status compared to other non-dalit people. Dalit identity has been perceived in the form of lower caste, inferior, untouchable and impure. Kisan (2009) explains that the term Dalit has been used to refer to a common identity of a group of people, who are legally the former-untouchables, but whom in terms of existing social behaviors and practices they are still untouchables. Dalit are often believed that their identity is lower status in comparison to non-dalit people. In some cases, Dalits are excluded and marginalized not because of their poverty and lack of skills but because of their inferior identity. As noted by Bennett (et al. 2013) Nepal s Dalit are in the process of re-defining and re-constructing their identity. Relying on the statement of Gopal Guru (2001), Dalit s identity not merely expresses who Dalit are, but also conveys their aspirations and struggle for change and revolution (Cited in Kisan, 2009). Most of the Dalit in the study area are engaged in unpaid work in their Wista and other non-dalit houses. Over a long time of this professional identity has contributed to their lower and neglected social status. They want to move beyond this professional identity, but it is almost impossible due to social and economic reasons. In this context, a key informant Shyam Kumar Rai said: Dalit have been socially, culturally, religiously and politically excluded and marginalized due to their inferior identity. They are not allowed to enter the non-dalit houses, hotels and temples. They basically don t get any chance to participate in the local politics and related to the health and other types of developmental programs. In the Dalit community, there are not all economically poor Dalit some of the people like Dil Bahadur, has quite high status than others. He is economically and academically also quite sound in comparison to some of the non-dalit. But he has been excluding from the social bonds as like other Dalit due to the Dalit identity. He had given more than three times nomination for the member of school management committee. But he is not selected. Identity is a very strong sense of exclusion for Dalit in this community. They are not getting such opportunities and facilities in terms of health, education, and employment sectors. Most of the NGOs and INGOs are working together with the local community but Dalit are still not informed and chosen for their programs due to their inferior and impure identity. Poverty: as a source of exclusion According to above discussions, the situation of Dalit with regards to domestic domains, business domains, education, identity and employment are vulnerable. I found that Dalit were Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 231

232 excluded, discriminated and deprived of different public spaces. According to de Haan s (1999) deprivation perspective, if the people are deprived of the basic needs and their rights as the same time that indicates poverty and social exclusion. Therefore, it can be said that Dalit are poor and poverty is the main cause of their social exclusion. Moreover, it is better to discuss this issue in reference to some case studies. The case of sharing benefit from a Hydro Power Project. Some non-dalit and Dalit of the study area are excluded from getting facilities of the Kawa Khola hydro power services due to lack of money to buy share of the project. Aitaman BK interestingly explains about it in this way: Our poor economic condition is a main cause of our social exclusion. Poverty has been pushing us towards exclusion and marginalization. For example, we are totally excluded from sharing the facility of the Kawa Khola Hydro Power Project. It supplies electricity to all households of ward number 4 and partially for those of 1, 2, and 3 wards of Ranibash VDC. They have been benefited from this project by initiating and consuming the electricity services and facilities. But, some of us are excluded from the project due to our poor economic condition. We couldn t deposit such required amount for share of the project. Some of few non-dalit households and we thirteen households are not benefited from the hydro power services. Therefore, poverty is a major reason behind the exclusion and marginalization. Conclusion Discussions and analysis of above statements of this study show it is apparent that Dalit are highly poor, excluded and marginalized. Caste-based discrimination and social practices of untouchability within and between Dalit and non-dalit are the main causes of social exclusion. It has induced the poverty among Dalit. It has made them poor and marginalized groups in the society. This study reveals that poverty is a major reason behind the social exclusion and marginalization. Moreover, the processes of social exclusion have induced and indulged the poverty among Dalit. It affects and impoverishes their wish and underestimated their possible contribution and creativity for their community and locality. References Alam, M. S., "Understanding Social Exclusion." Pp , Apporajita Chattopadhyay (ed.), Poverty and Social Exclusion in India: Issues and Challenges. New Delhi, Rawat Publications. Atkinson, A. B., "Social Exclusion, Poverty and Unemployment." Atkinson, A. B and John Hills (eds.) Exclusion, Employment and Opportunity. Houghton Street, London. Bennett, L., Sijapati, B. and Thapa, D Gender and Social Inclusion in Nepal. Kathmandu, Himal Books. Bhattachan, K. B "Discourse on Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Nepal: Old Wine in a New Bottle." Identity and Society: Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Nepal. Kathmandu, Mandala Book Point. Bhattachan, K.B Caste Based Discrimination in Nepal. Working Paper Series 3. New Delhi, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies. 232 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

233 Bhatt, Umesh Dalits: From Marginalization to Mainstreams. Delhi, Vista International Publishing House. Biswokarma, T "Incentives for Inter-caste Marriage between Dalit and Non-Dalit in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities." Pp , D. D. Tamang, and M. R. Maharjan (eds.), Citizens, Society and State: Crafting an Inclusive Future for Nepal. Kathmandu, Mandala Book Point. Camron, Mary "Many Dalits: Debating Identity in a New Nepal." Guneratne Arjun (ed.), Dalits of Nepal: Towards Dignity, Citizenship and Justice. Kathmandu, Himal Books. CBS Poverty in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal Living Standard Survey. Choudhary, B. K "Development, Poverty and Social Exclusion." pp , Apporajita Chattopadhyay (ed.), Poverty and Social Exclusion in India: Issues and Challenges. New Delhi, Rawat Publications. Dahal, D "Inclusion/exclusion in Nepal: Issues of Dalit Empowerment and Development." Pp , R.B. Chhetri, T. R. Pandey & L. P. Upreti (eds.), Anthropology and Sociology of Nepal: Taking Stock of Teaching, Research and Practice. Kathmandu, Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Folmar, S "Identity Politics among Dalits in Nepal." in Guneratne and Cameron (eds.), Dalits of Nepal: Towards Dignity, Citizenship and Justice. Kathmandu, Himal Books. Gurung. O., Tamang, M. & Turin, M Perspectives on Social Inclusion and Exclusion in Nepal. Kirtipur, Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Haan, Arjan de Social Exclusion: Towards a Holistic Understanding of Deprivation. London, Department for International Development. Kabeer, N Social Exclusion, Poverty and Discrimination: Towards an Analytical Framework. Pp , IDS Bulletin Vol. 31, No. 4. Kabeer, N Social Exclusion and MDGs: The Challenges of Durable Inequalities in the Asian Context. Session 3: Realizing the potential for poverty reduction parallel group 3A: topic Paper 4. Institute of Development studies, Brington, Univeristy of Sussex. Kisan, Y. B "Inclusion of Dalits in Nepali State." Identity and Society: Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Nepal. Kathmandu, Mandala Book Point. Lawoti, M "Introduction: Ethnicity, Exclusion and Democratic Nepal." in M. Lawoti, and A. Guneratne, (eds.), Ethnicity, Inequality and Politics in Nepal. Kathmandu, Himal Books. Pandey, T. R Forms and Patterns of Social Discrimination in Nepal. UNESCO, Kathmandu, Nepal. Pradhan, R Understanding Social Exclusion and Social Inclusion in Nepalese Context: Some Preliminary Remarks. Pp. I-XI, The Organization, 9 (3). Pradhan, M. S "Perspectives on Multiple Dimensions and Intersections in Social Inclusion." Pp , Perspectives on Social Inclusion and Exclusion in Nepal. Gurung, Tamang, Turin (eds.), Kathmandu, Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Rawal, N "Social Inclusion/Exclusion: A Review." Pp , M. Khatri (ed.), Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 2, Baglung, Department of Sociology and Anthropology Dhaulagiri Multiple Campus. Sen, A Social Exclusion: Concept, Application and Scrutiny. Social Development Papers No. 1, Office of Environment and Social Development, Asian Development. Silver Hilary The Process of Social Exclusion: the dynamics of an evolving concept. Department of Sociology, Brown University /5/6 Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms. International Labor Review, 133: Tamang, M. S "Perspectives on Social Exclusion and Inclusion and Implications for Research in Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 233

234 Nepal." Pp , Gurung, Tamang, Turin (eds.) Perspectives on Social Inclusion and Exclusion in Nepal. Kirtipur, Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tribhuvan University. Thorat, S. and Sabharwal, N.S. 2010, Caste and Social Exclusion: Issues Related to Concept, Indicators and Measurement. Working Paper Series Indian Institute of Dalit Studies and UNICEF, India. ANNEXES Annex-I: Denial of Dalits participation in different fields of domestic domains. Domestic domains To touch and the use of sources of drinking water Entry into house, and hotels/restaurants Having food with high castes people Mix up with high caste people at the time of public programs Sitting at the courtyard of the non Dalits Allowed to access No. of Respondents in percentage Not allowed to access No. of Respondents in percentage Source: Field Survey 2015 Total respondents Annex: II, Ethnic/caste composition and population by sex of the study area. S.N. Ethnic/Caste Groups Total HHs % Total Population Male % Female % Total Pop. % 1. Rai Damai Kami Magar Chhetri (Thapa) Source: Field Survey / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

235 Participation of Grass root Citizens in Development Process of Rural Area of Dang District Ram Bahadur K.C. ] Abstract This article focuses on participation of grass root citizen in planning process and implementing allocated budget for target groups of rural villages of Dang District. Using negotiated social exchange as a dimension, this study tries to reveal the increasing participation of grass root citizen in negotiating with privileged groups for allocation of total budget provisioned by government. Negotiated exchange at local level is enhancing inclusive society as well as empowering nation as empowering women, children, poor and marginalized citizen is to empower whole nation. Keywords: Participation, exchange, governance, social-mobilization. Introduction Human society itself reflects the citizen s participation, but the question is nature of participation. Participation could either be direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives (UNESCAP, 2009). Society in its initial stage, was more participatory in almost spheres of social life as citizen had limited aspirations, was limited in numbers and division was very preliminary. As the society became complex, in terms of numbers of members and varied aspirations, direct participation in their concerns extended to delegation of power, voluntarily or involuntarily, to a few citizen consequently started to be formed recent type of society and state previously known as DESHA or DES. In this process, society established the form of leadership which was legitimated with respect to different kinds of authority, proprietary, ritual or ancestral (Burghart, 1984). The state emerged out of society as a historical construction with the process of compromising between ruling group, citizen and social forces about power and governing institution for governance and development of society (Dahal, 2004). Though, the king in larger level and chieftain or headperson in smaller level were supposed to incorporate people s aspiration. In South Asia, Kautilya, in his treatise Arthashastra, propounded the traits of good governance by the ruler-king, as follows: in the happiness of his subjects lies his happiness; ] Lecturer, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 235

236 in their welfare his welfare, and whatever pleases himself he shall not consider as good, but whatever pleases his subjects, he shall consider as good (Barthwal, 2003). Governance is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (UNESCAP, 2009). State, as a socially accepted governing institution, involves always and everywhere in making and implementing decision made for betterment of its citizens. But the question is whether the decision and its implementation are based on citizen s interest or not. Thus, it is expected that the state should focus on incorporating citizen s interest in the process of governance: good governance. So, good governance is known as a process of executing a coherent governing plan for the nation based on the interests and priorities of citizens. Good governance is the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a country s affairs at all levels (UNDP, 1997). And good governance comprises mechanisms, processes and institutions, through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences (UNDP, 2004). Thus, governance is a means of human development as citizens and group through which it could have better ground for articulating their interest by making decision as well as implementing decision made by exercising legal rights and consequently could mediate their differences. Good governance is of crucial importance for effective governance at all levels central, regional/province, and local. It implies that decisions, at all levels, are taken and implemented in a manner that is free from abuse and corruption, and with regard for the rule of law, it is participatory, transparent, responsive, consensus-oriented, equitable and inclusive, effective and efficient, and accountable (Nikolov, 2006). Good governance at local levels refers to the decision-making procedures, their inclusiveness, their transparency, and their accountability and the manner in which power and authority are exercised for quality, effectiveness and efficiency of local administration and public service delivery. Participation is both, political concept and process. Participation as a political concept refers to the inclusion of citizen in development activities whereas a political process through which citizens and groups can articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences (UNDP, 2004). Both, good governance and participation have dialectic relation. Effective decentralization requires the local participation and the process of decentralization enhances the opportunities for participation of citizens by placing more power and resources at a closer. If citizens became actively involved as participants in development process, the governance that emerged from this process would be more democratic and more effective (Irvin and Stansbury, 2004) Thus, the nature of democratic state depends on what level of devolution of powers it bestows on the local bodies. Moreover, the nature of citizen s participation in public spheres of given area reflects the state of exclusion as well as a way heading to inclusiveness. Study area Dang is one of the inner Tarai districts of Nepal and Dang valley is known as one of the largest valleys of Asia (Top Nepal, 2013). In terms of Human Development Index (HDI), 236 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

237 which is a composite of health, education and per capita income, Dang is ranked 29 th, geometric mean, out of Nepal s 75 districts (NPC & UNDP, 2014). Dang is home of majority of Tharu, and other migrated hilly major groups are Chhetris, Magars and Brahmans. It is the second largest district where Tharu have a significant presence. Tharu constitute 29.5 per cent of the district population-163,116 out of the total population 552,583 of the district (CBS, 2014). Selection of Village Development Committees (VDCs) Two village development committees, namely Sisaniya and Saudiyar, were purposively selected. Saudiyar VDC is located at the south-west from the district headquarter, Ghorahi, and Sisaniya in the eastern part of district, and east-west highway crosses it from east to west. Saudiyar is considered one of the richest VDCs with medium concentration of disadvantaged group as well as higher population density whereas Sisaniya is categorized as low concentration of disadvantaged group and medium population density (UN RCHCO, 2015). Disadvantaged group ranking is derived from composite index score using 7 indicators 1 used by UN RCHCO. In both VDCs, Tharu are in majority but proportionately they are out number, per cent, in Sisaniya in comparison to Saudiyar, 53.18% per cent. Similarly, Saudiyar has higher literacy rate, 73.82%, than Sisaniya, 65.51% (CBS, 2014). Methods The main techniques of data collection employed in this study were focus group discussion and key informants interview. Altogether eight FGDs, three from each VDC and two FGDs at the District level, were conducted. Youth, Women, Janajaties/Adibasi and Madheshi and representative of Ward Citizen Forum were the participants of the focus group discussion at VDC level, and DDC personnel and representatives of line agencies were the participants of district level. Approach If sociology is the study of society, and governance is the activity of managing or ruling human affairs, then the sociology of governance is the study of the societal dimensions of managing human affairs (Ansell, 2007) as the development is collective activity then it should include all citizens as well as put more focus on minorities and the needs of the weak for collective values. The formula of good governance and development should be empowerring poor and marginalized people, you empower whole nation. Governance process that excludes women, poor and marginalized citizens can neither be enduring nor produce a self-sustaining development and participation of grassroot citizen is a key cornerstone of good governance 1. Households with food sufficiency less than 3 months, 2) Concentration of marginalized households, 3) Condition of primary schools, 4) Condition of health posts, 5) Participation of Women, Dalit and Janjati in planning, execution and decision-making, 6) Prevalence of gender discrimination, 7) Prevalence of vulnerable households Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 237

238 (UNESCAP, 2009). Thus, grassroot citizens should be the centre of governance process. Interaction and information sharing between grassroot citizens and other stakeholders in local level is crucial for streamlining participatory development as participation needs to be informed and organized (UNESCAP, 2009). The need of participatory development itself reveals the imperative of social exchange between privileged groups and socially and economically marginalized sections of the society. Exchange increases social integration by creating trust and developing collective values (Blau, 1964) among the stakeholders as the situation of less inclusive or excluded development process underpins social stress as well as less integration in the society consequently affects the lives of privileged sections too. The differential power for making decision and implementation of development programs leads to the potential for conflict. Literature on voluntary organization affiliation reveals that high levels of economic and industrial development are positively associated with high levels of voluntary organization affiliation (Curtis, et al. 2001). Size of group and homogeneity also matter in efficiency of participation, Irvin and Stansbury found that collaborative decision-making works best when the group is small and homogenous (Irvin and Stansbury, 2004). Similarly, the economic class also differentiates the participation of citizen, middle class group that has the highest propensity for participation in community organizations and this is true in both rich, western countries and in the relatively poorer countries (Curtis et al. 2001). Since citizen participants are not paid for their time, committees may be dominated by strongly partisan participants, whose livelihood or values are strongly affected by the decisions being made, or by those who live comfortably enough to allow them to participate regularly (Irvin and Stansbury, 2004). Citizen with lowincome bracket seem less likely participate as their main priorities are to provide for their families, not spend time in meetings. Social Mobilization for Effective Participation Social mobilization furthers the self-understanding, solidarity and capacity for collective action of excluded groups. Women, poor and marginalized citizen, through the social mobilization, come to understand the systematic causes of social exclusion and to rethink and reformulate their own identity in the process of making and implementing decisions that affect their lives. In social mobilization, social mobilizer visualizes the social position of socially excluded groups through realization of their rights and responsibilities as citizen. It is a process of interaction between privileged groups and socially and economically marginalized citizen with empowerment which is leading to social exchange in institutional set up. Influencing decisions, procedures and policies of institutions are crucial to equity and prosperity as the policies establish the distributional rules of the game whereas procedures allow citizen to meet their needs, manage risks, and make progress towards achieving their aspirations (Appadurai, 2003). The distributional rules of the game may vary with individual and group based largely on their position in the society. Historically, women, poor and marginalized citizen have been prevented from access to market economy as well as education and still been sidelined from the procedures. The inequitable distributional rules of the game is 238 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

239 in the verge of change as all stakeholders becoming sensitized on the causes of social exclusion and rethinking about the social exchange in local level development process. Indeed, inclusive development process is negotiated exchange which incorporates collective decision-making, advance knowledge of terms, mutual assent, and binding agreement (Molm et al. 2003) and it is also socially constructed and can be changed through negotiation with agency. Empowerment is about social transformation as well as about power (Beteille, 1999) to breakdown social barriers as target groups are becoming aware of own rights and responsibilities. The process of social inclusion works through the social exchange between excluded group with agency and privileged group. To remove the institutional barriers and to create incentive structures to increase the access women, children, poor and marginalized citizens are in negotiated exchange. Social transformation requires social exchange between and among them from both above and below to change the structural barriers, moreover, it is a process of social exchange for collective values. The approach of social mobilization has also shifted to transformational from transactional. Social mobilization, for empowering citizen, engaged citizen in plan/program formulation and implementation. Establishment of ward citizen s forum in each ward and at least one citizen s awareness center in VDC level are the outputs of social mobilization which enhance the access to procedure. Target groups are becoming aware about the budget allocated through Citizen s awareness center and ward citizen s forum enabling citizen to participate in planning process with prioritizing project at ward level. Demanding and Utilizing Allocated Budget Participation of women, poor and marginalized citizen is a key cornerstone of good governance. All target groups are found to be aware about allocated capital budget to them and also claim that it is their rights. Women are found to be more empowered in negotiating with men for 10 per cent budget, whereas men argue that if the exact budget is allocated to all groups, there would not be adequate budget for development, that is, physical development. Target groups disburse the allocated budget, though they usually do not get total budget, based on priority given by most of the stakeholders as well as in the interest of elites from target group in some cases. Men as traditional establishment of the VDC and having hegemonic power seemed keen interested to allocate budget for physical development. They used to convince all target groups that physical development such as road to link market, drinking water and constructing ring well, and road for fetching water road are for all. Moreover, 10 per cent budget of children is also found to be used in constructing school building which, principally, it has to be used for their empowerment. The procedure for allocating 15 per cent budget of poor and marginalized groups is not clear as government has not developed context based frame for defining poor and marginalized groups. Tharu outnumber in Sisaniya have better economic condition but they are disadvantaged group in government s frame. This VDC is categorized as low concentration of disadvantaged group but economically sound farmer Tharu are allocating the budget of poor and marginalized group in agriculture Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 239

240 development as they have better access to VDC in terms of dominant group and big voice as well as having procedural knowledge to receive budget. Dalit and other migrated ethnic groups are found to be in voice less condition as they are less aware about the procedure of planning as well as unable to develop the proposal for receiving budget. Moreover, poor marginalized group seems less likely participate in such voluntary activity. The inadequate representation of Ward Citizen s Forum in VDC council was also affecting the prioritization of programs selected from ward level planning process. Enhancing the better ground for incorporating prioritized programs, now, head of the Ward Citizen s Forum has been allowed to participate in VDC council. At district level, District Development Committee (DDC) disburses the budget of target groups which is largely accessed by the district level alliance of target groups. Ministry has developed the procedure for district level coordination committee of target groups without clear provision of real stakeholders of that committee. The elites of target groups, who have easy access to district headquarter and can demand the budget, have been able to mobilize budget in the programs and target groups prioritized by themselves which sometimes seems not incorporating the demands of the real needy citizens. State of participation Broad participation of all citizens in development process is based on freedom of association and speech in their life related aspects as well as empowerment to constructive participation. Since the government has launched the provision of allocating budget for target groups, women, children, and poor and marginalized groups gradually becoming aware about the participatory planning process and budget allocated to them and its utilization. History, long hegemonic power of men and elites, is in question in these days and they are becoming receptive towards the voice of target groups and are in the position of negotiated exchange. Making aware the target groups are constantly negotiating with men and elites for budget allocation. They have been able to increase budget each year gradually. In the initial year, these dominant groups were able to convince for not allocating full budget and disbursement to physical development. Despite getting low budget, target groups have been able to plan and implementation of the projects immediately concerned to their life. Concurrently this is enhancing the participation of grassroot in the development process and lessening the socially constructed differentiation. Conclusion Budget allocation for target groups is enhancing decentralization at local level as they have been aware about the participatory planning process and budget allocated to them as well as its utilization. Social mobilization has been effective for empowering citizen, engaged citizen in plan/program formulation and implementation. Target groups, particularly, women are in negotiation with the men in large extend. The negotiated exchange between privileged group and target groups is leading to inclusive development process as well as inclusive society, lessening vulnerability of conflict. The unfair distributional rules of the game is in the verge of 240 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

241 change as all stakeholders are found to be rethinking about negotiated exchange in local level development process. References Ansell Christopher K Sociology of Governance in Encyclopedia of Governance edited by Mark Bevir, SAGE Publications Appadurai, Arjun The Capacity to Aspire: Culture and the Terms of Recognition. In Culture and Public Action. Vijendra Rao and Michael Walton, eds., Pp 59-84, Washington, DC: The World Bank. Barthwal, C.P E- Governance for Good Governance, The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 64, No. ¾ Indian Political Science Association Beteille, Andre Empowerment. Economic and Political Weekly 34 (10/11): pp Mumbai, Sameeksha Trust Blau, Peter M Exchange and power in social life, New York, London and Sydney, John Wiley & Sons Burghart, R The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal, The Journal of Asian Studies, 44(1), Cambridge University Press Central Bureau of Statistic (CBS) Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume 02, Social Demography, Kathmandu: CBS and National Planning Commission (NPC) Secretariat. Curtis, J.E., Douglas E. Baer, and Edward G. Grabb Nation of Joiners: Explaning Voluntary Association Membership in Democratic Societies, American Sociological Review 66:6,pp Dahal, Dev Raj The state, society and development: competing theories, In Mukti Rijal edited Readings on government and development, volume 3, Kathmandu, Institute of Governance & Development (IGD) Irvin, R. & Stansbury, J Citizen Participation in Decision Making: Is It Worth the Effort? Public Administration Review, 64(1), American Society for Public Administration Retrieved from Molm, Linda D., Gretchen Peterson, and Nobuyuki Takahashi In the Eye of the Beholder: Procedural Justice in Social Exchange, American Sociological Review, Vol. 68, No. 1 pp National Planning Commission and Government of Nepal and United Nations Development Programme Nepal Human Development Report 2014 Beyond Geography Unlocking Human Potential. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal and United Nations Development Programme Nepal Nikolov, Dimce Decentralization and decentralized governance for enhancing delivery of service in transition conditions viewed 21 February documents/un/unpan pdf. Top Nepal viewed 20 october 2016 UNDP, Governance for sustainable human development A UNDP policy document, United Nations Development Programme UNDP, Decentralised Governance for Development, A Combined Practice Note on Decentralisation, Local Governance and Urban/Rural Development, United Nations Development Programme UNESCAP, What is Good Governance? Bangkok, Thailand, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and t he Pacific, Accessed June 23, 2016 UNRCHCO District Profile of Dang, United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator s Office, UN House, Pulchowk, Kathmandu District%20Profile_dang.pdf viewed 7 September 2015 Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 241

242 Myth Making about Women: A study of Badi in Western Nepal Reeta Rana ] Abstract The aim of this work is not to outgrow myth, but to enrich and empower with its ancient potent and still relevant language. The myth serves as windows to our soul and provides us with insight of the world around us. There are many types of truths, some are objective, some logical, intuitive, cultural, universal yet, some are based on evidence while others depend on faith. Myth is truth which is subjected, intuitive, cultural and grounded on faith. It is essentially a cultural construct, a common understanding of the world that binds the individual and the community together. It is, therefore, not surprising to say that mythology has been a rich source of inspiration to the writers of all times. Myth tells us interesting and fundamental stories and its influence has been evident ever since the ancient Greeks and Romans in the West and the Mahabharata and Ramayana in the East began telling stories about gods and goddesses. This work also mentions about the Badi who entered Far-West Nepal before India lost its independence. Keywords: Myth, Badi women, Judeo-Christian, archetype, Indian Independence, Far- Western Nepal. Myth Making Writers refer to mythological characters or scenes to add flavor to their work. Since we are frequently referring and studying classical mythology in literature, we enjoy finding illusions to it in books and stories. Myths shape modern national identities. American identities have long been tied to the American dreams: the idea that anybody can be successful if they try hard enough. Scholars originate this myth in literature written by the original pioneers who came over on the Mayflower. Those pioneers believed, if they work hard enough, they could create a new life for themselves in America. John Gould, in "Law, Custom and Myth: Aspects of the Social Position of Women in Classical Athens," states that whether we define: myth in terms of charter, archetype, fantasy or whatever else, we are dealing ] Asso. Prof. Dep. English, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur 242 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

243 with something recognizable different from what we have so far considered and which, however, dream like, can serve as vehicle for the mapping and understanding of experience in terms which are not available to a society more explicit roles and customary norms. (John Gould: 52) He continues myth "can supplement these things, and may draw our attention to what is not otherwise visible to us, not even in all probability, continuously grasped by the tellers and hearers of it." (52) Hence, the writers work with myth in many different ways. Some of them refer to mythological characters or scenes to add authenticity and meaning to their work whereas others rework mythological styles themes, yet others use ancient means as a starting point for their work. Considering the importance of myth in the past and present, this paper focuses on the making myth about women referring to the Badi women in the Far-Western region of Nepal. Women s role is disputed with position ranging from status equal to men to constrain. The subject of the status of women is complex. Kate Miller, a feminist writer, asserts that although the women may have been allocated a role no significant than that of the man by ancient societies with their cult of fertility over time, the role of women is in procreation was de-emphasized and new religion emerged in which the supremacy of male God, became the basis upon which patriarchal social system, rooted in notions of female inferiority was constructed and validated (P. 37, Miles, 1999). The stories of origin in Greek Mythology and Judeo-Christian tradition are very similar and Kate Miller observes, "Patriarchy has God in its (man s) side." In Hesiod s Theogeny, it is recorded that Pandora, the discredited goddess is sent to mankind by the supreme god Zeus, carrying a sealed jar forbidden to open it, but her curiosity got the better of her, and released into the world chaos, evils of old age, poverty and sickness. Millet opens that from Pandora springs, "the damnable race of women-plague which men must live." (Millet, 1969 and Miles, 1999:37) In the Holy Bible, God existed and he was perceived as a male. Therefore, God created Adam, the first male, in His own image. Woman (Eve), on the other hand, was apparently, an afterthought was created from one of Adam s ribs. But woman (Eve) succumbs to the temptation of the serpent (Satan), and eats the fruit forbidden by God, and also persuading Adam to do likewise. Consequently as a punishment, God throws Adam out of paradise into the world of pain, suffering and hardship: "to till the earth he was taken from" (Genesis: 3-23). God committed the woman to pain and suffering, motherhood under the authority of her husband who will dominate her and she will always be under his power (Genesis: 3-16). Kate Miller describes the story of the fall as: " The central myth of the Judeo-Christian imagination and therefore of our immediate cultural heritage. This mythic version of the female as a cause of human suffering, knowledge and sin is still the foundation of sexual attitude." (Millet, 1969) Thus, all women are felt to be Eve, or in Pandora; and the characteristic ascribed to the mother are deemed to be inherited by the daughters. As Millet observes: "Patriarchy has Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 243

244 still more tenacious or powerful hold through its successful habit of passing itself as nature." (Millet, 1969). Both sexes have become acculturated to accept the patriarchal fictions of female inferiority and degradation as real and natural. Reading myths and fairytales from a female perspective reveals how much women are victimized by these cultural texts which are defining parameters of language. Most of the characters, events and ideas related to Bible have been transmuted into symbols and metaphors that naturalize the subordination of women in the society. Patriarchal religion constructs an identity for women without appearing to do so. Positive and negative role models are presented for women in the Bible. The Christian ideal, Virgin Mary, the embodiment of submission, is held up for reverence as a role model whereas Mary Magdalene, with an irrepressible nature is projected as a weeping sinner. Women can silently accept their sufferings and be ideal figures like Virgin Mary or be unfeminine and enterprising like Mariam, the prophet and the leader and face eternal retribution. Eve is the symbol of woman s innate sinfulness, her power to degrade and corrupt, a symbol of divine punishment laid on womankind." (Haughton, 1985: iv) Eve s rebellious act in the Garden of Eden is one of the primary myths that western civilization makes use of to subjugate women. Kate Millet describes the story of the fall as "the central myth of Judeo-Christian, imagination and, therefore, of our immediate cultural heritage" (1970:52). The myth of Eve is well exploited by patriarchy to project women as a secondary creation. Women we come across in myths are either angels or monsters. Venus of Hellenic myth and Cinderella from the fairy land symbolize the angelic attributes of women. Medusa with her deadly stare and her mysterious hair, and Medea are the different faces of monstrous women. Pandora the trouble maker, and Hellen the beautiful deceiver, are the other moulds available to patriarchy from Greek mythology to categorize women. Myths have a psychological existence. From Jungian perspective, myths are the "culturally elaborated representations of the deepest recess of the human psychic; the world of archetypes" (Walker, 1995:4). According to Carl Jung, the archetypes in myths are already stored in our collective unconscious minds. So myths transcend the personal and establish links with the wider culture. Frieudian psychological use of myth of Oedipus confirms that myths tell the story of every man. Frieud argues that Oedipus, the man whose faith is to kill his father and marry his mother, actually tells the story of the childhood experience of every boy. Jung s theories, that relate archetypes to the unconscious, suggest that these archetypes continue to haunt us. They generate and shape our thinking. The archetypal mother helps us recognize a certain relationship that of "mothering". Myths are part of unconscious and they constitute personal material as well. Myths "take root in a specific society and provide for that society a network of shared allusion and experience." (1976; 19) Women are used as symbols of temptation. Women in Odyssey are seen as temptresses. But they are dependent on actions of man and gods proving ultimately they will have to submit to men. The Sirens are a perfect example of a powerless female using her charm to control 244 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

245 men. Even when their alluring song drives men wild, they are immovable and are fixed to the rocks. In Mahabharata, Draupati was marginalized. She has no say in the power, and politics of the nation. She was denied the right to select even a match for her. Though it was Arjun who won her hand, she was first to be the wife of all five brothers. Unlike man, who can make things happen, women is at the receiving end: things happen to her. It is difficult for woman to have an individual identity in a culture where men dominate. The hegemonic use of language has pushed women to obscurity and has subjected her to a forced silence. About Badi in Nepal This paper tries to appropriate the myths and assign the new meanings to suit the need in discussing about the Badi of the Far-Western Nepal. During the reign of Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, before India lost her independence, many Hindu left India and settled in various parts of Nepal as refugees. Among those refugees, there were many musicians, entertainers and courtesans of royal courts who came in search of better life and future. They came to Nepal in the Fourteenth century and settled in the Western part of Nepal. The name Badi is derived from the Sanskrit word Vadhyabadak which means one that plays musical instruments, referring to the period when they were a cast of nomadic entertainers in the neighbouring Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Lack of recorded history and absence of interest to trace back their origin have made people from this caste unaware of their actual descendents. These Badi people made their living as entertainers, travelling in groups from one community to another, performing songs and dances, and telling stories from the Great Hindu epics, Mahabharat and Ramayana. They, though untouchable, were thought to be auspicious as they sang and danced at festivals, weddings and private parties. The main source of livelihood was patronage by rulers of principalities or wealthy high caste landlords. Until the mid twentieth century, these patrons provided for Badi s basic needs such as housing, clothes and food, and in return, the Badi offered entertainments and served as their courtesans. The ending of the Rana regime in 1951 and subsequent establishment of the Panchayat system curtailed the local elite s ability to raise revenue from taxes or land. They were unable to sustain their patronage to the Badi. In addition, the emergence of radio and television at that time drastically reduced the demand for the traditional form of entertainments provided specially by the Badi. In compensation for this sudden financial loss of support in earning their living, a number of Badi women began to prostitute themselves to the public, further encouraged by the increasing demand of the growing population of the Tarai districts in the west. Here, we have to distinguish between the introduction of Badi institution and the degeneration assuming that sexual factor was a later development among them. Whatever the individual Badi woman thought about herself, the status of such women was that in many cases she after all was a prostitute. A Badi girl from a very young age is aware of the fact that a life of prostitution is before her as it is a tradition in their community they are ready to accept their destiny. The young girls are constantly informed and encouragingly told by their parents as well as other Badi women that prostitution has always been and will remain to be the work Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 245

246 of women. From a very young age, these Badi girls see their sisters and mothers prostituting themselves on daily basis which is the main source of income for them. Most of the women from this community take the profession to be a part and parcel of their life. Because of all these factors, the Badi girls are not allowed to go to schools and have contacts with outsiders, and thereby not exposed to any informative ideas or values that contradict their own belief that prostitution is the only option for the women of their society. The initial state of a girl child is controlled by the mother who plays the major role to mould her life. Mainly the mothers initiate their daughters into prostitution and also offer the services of their own daughters to the prospective clients and even personally handle the bargaining part as well. There is a puberty ceremony performed before entering into this profession. For this, the girl has to take a ritual bath dress up with colorful clothes and jewelries. This ceremony is also known as Nathiya Kholne (taking off her nose-ring) and is performed by the girl aged eleven or twelve years alongwith the man who has been chosen by the parents. The man gives some clothes, jewels and money from rupees ont to five thousand to the girl during this ceremony. Then vermilion powder (sindoor, a symbol of Hindu marriage) is smeared to each other by the girl and the man. It is only after this ceremony that the girl can be invited by the man whose bid is the highest. It is after this that the girl can now prostitute who so ever she wants. This is the life-long profession of sex-trade for the girl. Gradually these girls are taught to learn tactic and the trade of their profession from their mothers, sisters and other Badi women of the community. They are taught to allure men, how to dress and to know the art of sex and slowly, learn the trick of the trade and begin prostituting themselves without the help of their parents. We cannot ignore the fact that the Badi were courtesans, who sang and danced in royal courts and were patronized by the rulers and the landlords. Their presence was considered auspicious during rituals and religious ceremonies, but today situations have changed. They have been degenerated to untouchables. They are not allowed to enter many houses, nor can they touch water and food, yet they no doubt, can warm the bed of men and entertain them. Many high caste Nepali men are found to be spending nights with the Badi prostitutes inspite of the restrictions of the orthodox Hindu religious values and norms. Once, the world of the courtesans was a peaceful world of riches and luxuries, of capricious costumes, a world which was dominated by diversion and entertainment. They were admired, loved and praised, but today they are degenerated and have no honour nor any respect, as seen through Badi of Nepal. They have learned to suffer; silence and sufferance specially extolled among young girls of thirteen or fourteen years of age. Therefore, prostitution demonstrates lack of self-determination. In "Subordination of Women", B. Walker observes that the subordination of Hindu women is: believed by many authorities to be entirely due to the lawgivers. To some scholars it is in conceivable that the healthy minded people would have subjected their women to the fate they later suffered under the legalistic dispensation, or indeed women would have allowed themselves to suffer the general contumely in which they came to be held. It was 246 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

247 inevitable that the patriarchal social system of the Vedic age should place some restrictions upon the female sex but these were nothing compared to the terrible degradation of their later state (cited from Kluas Bruhn s The Predicament of Women in Ancient India, 4). This above statement clearly states the deterioration of the status of women in the contemporary society which moved from a healthy social system to a system which is marred by the social evils. It can be said that women can have only two kinds of existence: the paragon of all virtues or the demon of all vices. This is a biased representation far removed from reality. As said that in myths woman becomes the embodiment of the "extremes of Otherness" which the culture of the male "confronts with worship or fear, love or loathing." This is a "symbolic ambiguity". Euphemistic myths and tales camouflage reality and create a cultural mindscape that shuts out all the possibilities of self-assertion and growth of women. The Badi women, therefore, are believed to have brought the falls of morals within the society that they live in. She is both vulnerable and a temptress herself, a threat to mankind and herself. They are seen to disregard authority and her nature and as a result, the woman, her sexuality and her reproductive function must be controlled by man in certain actions which can be unpleasant for the individual as well as the society. Works cited Akca Catherine and Gunes, Ali. (2009). "Male Myth-Making: The Origin Of Feminism." (Online). Retrieved September, 2013 from: Bennet, Lyn. (1983). Dangerous Wives and Secret Sisters: Social and symbolic Role of High Caste Women in Nepal. New York: Columbia University Press. Bruhn, Klaus. (2008). The Predicament of Women in Ancient India. Published: Here Now4U. Berline. Germany.(Online). Retrieved: 14 September, 2013 From De/mediapool/57/575086/predicament-geerdes.pdf Cox, Thomas. (1990). "The Badi: Prostitution as a Social Norm among an Untouchable Caste of West Nepal." Fitzgerald, J.L. (2004). The Mahabharata. Chicago Millet Kate. (1969). "Theory of Sexual Politics." Sexual Politics.St. Albans: Granada Publishing. Chapter 2.(Online).Retrieved Nov.17,2013. From authers/milletkate/theory.htm Olivelle, P. (2005). Manu s Code of Law. Oxford University Press. The Holy Bible Douay (1956). London:William Clowes and Sons. Woolf, Virginia. (1966). "Professions of Women." Collected Essays. Ed.Leonard Woolf. London: Chatto and Windus. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 247

248 Hybridized Consciousness in Anita Desai s The Village by the Sea Dr. Sanjay Kumar Mishra ] Abstract The paper examines Anita Desai s novel, The Village by the Sea to explore the theme of hybrid consciousness that results from the postcolonial upshot. It scrutinizes the novel that tells of a story of a poverty-stricken family of Thul a village located on the western coast of India. The family overcomes hardships and hurdles by the efforts of the siblings, Hari and Lila who take the family responsibilities to look after their two younger sisters and bedridden TB patient mother as their alcoholic father turns indifferent towards the family liabilities. Keywords: Hybridity, consciousness, contradiction and Orientalism. Set in the postcolonial era of India, the novel deals with the subject of hybrid consciousness by carving out a picture of how Hari, the protagonist, is suspended between two cultures: the rural and the urban. In the former, he is disappointed and sees no hope of success and economic progress but in the latter, he looks forward to winning and changing his family condition which is desolate. Hari, a young boy of twelve makes a journey from his village, Thul, to Bombay with the expectation of improving his family condition through prosperity. He is in-between condition. On the one hand, he is emotionally attached to the village and the life style of Thul. On the other, he suffers from economic crisis and, thus, is inclined to leaving for Bombay. W. E. B. Dubois uses a phrase double consciousness by which he means "sense of always looking at one s self through the eyes of others. (3) The phrase, hybrid consciousness, refers to the state of having knowledge first the subject knows who s/he is in origin and the second how s/he is affected by the new experience and becomes somebody else different from the original one. Hari undergoes the similar condition. He is aware of his plight in Thul and, at the same time, he sees possibilities of bringing about a change in it by earning money in Bombay. Hari s family is in dire need of money, that is, the feature of capitalism and the consequence of the colonialism. His mother is sick and his father ] Associate Professor, Dep. of English, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur 248 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

249 is a heavy drunkard, and thus, the entire family undergoes various problems. Desai states that family bonding energizes one to overcome the predicament it suffers. Hari resolves his dilemma by giving priority to the family than to his studies. He quits school and decides to earn money to free his family from economic crisis. He is backed by his elder sister, Lila, who makes equal efforts to cope with poverty their family is inflicted with: "She [Lila] had given up going to school long ago, so that she could stay home and do the cooking and washing and look after the others. She got up to start." (8) Lila knows their reality. They ate only dry bread or dry rice every day. Unless they sold coconuts to the Malabar, they could not buy anything from the bazaar. They could not afford medicines for their mother... Lila had given up school long ago and stayed at home, did marketing, cooking, and washing... undertakes responsibility as a mother and takes care of her two sisters Bela and Kamal. (12-13) Lila possesses a blended consciousness rural and urban. Like urban people, she thinks that money can help her to erase all sufferings. However, she is not ready to give up the rural values: "But he [Hari] no longer fished, he had sold his boat to pay his debts, her mother was too ill and weak to get out of her bed, and it was Lila who came to begin the morning with an offering of flowers to the sea."(3) Hybridity and contradictions, being reflected in both Hari and Lila, can be well understood by referring to what Robert Young asserts: Hybridity in particular shows the connections between the racial categories of the past and contemporary cultural discourse: it may be used in different ways, given different inflections and apparently discrete references, but it always reiterates and reinforces the dynamics of the same conflictual economy whose tensions and divisions it re-enacts in its own antithetical structure. There is no single, or correct, concept of hybridity; it changes as it repeats, but it also repeats as it changes. (27) Hari finds himself in conflicting situations. He is determined making money that, according to him, is possible only in the city. He cannot help being frustrated and alienated in the city, Bombay. He is split between his temptation for economic prosperity in the city and his emotional attachment for the rural customs and values. Dialectic between these two troubles him but matures him at the same time. Cultural encounter happens when the respective cultures meet each other on a more nearly equal or roughly comparable basis. According to A. Jacobs, "The concept of hybridity implies postcolonial effects that are no longer only unconscious byproducts of colonialist constructs. They are the creative remaking of the colonial past by the colonized in the service of a postcolonial present/future." (28) The causes of migration are implicitly linked with several cognitive realms, languages and worldviews in the written text. Hari finds almost all people in Bombay busy and self- Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 249

250 centered. In the initial phase, when he gets Bombay, he visits some people and requests them to provide him any job but he is behaved rudely, which indicates individualism predominant in the urban life. Since there is no way out, he negotiates with the urban life in Bombay to turn his dream into reality. Hari, in Bombay, is deprived of personal identity and is emotionally too, incapacitated to encounter social, economic and spiritual problems. His emotional desertification is the consequence of his failure to achieve authentic location in Bombay. He is rather treated as commodity. Being not rich, he fails to attain the authentic location in Bombay. He realizes that he is an odd number in the materialistic world of Bombay. His rural spiritual values confront the materialistic metropolitan setting of Bombay, thus, doubling his consciousness. There is an irony in the life of Hari, when he is in Bombay. In fact, culture creates identity humor, and behavior of individuals but he loses all there. He, in the beginning, neither can leave Bombay nor can feel comfortable to work there. Despite many challenges, he stays there till he earns the amount of money that can help him buy a few clothes and save even a little amount of money for his mother s treatment. Hari works in the stony fields that yield little crops and the family often starves. He often dreams of Bombay, the dreamland: "Bombay! He stared out of the window at the stars that shone in the sky and wondered if the lights of the city could be as bright, or brighter. It was a rich city: if he could get there, he might be able to make money, bring home riches, pieces of gold and silver with which to dazzle his sisters." (45) Hari feels his all worries will end the moment he steps into Bombay. He does not see any prospect in Thul for himself and his poverty-stricken family: "Everything belonged here, everything blended together except for himself. With his discontent, his worries and his restlessness, he could not settle down to belonging. He knew in his heart that he would leave one day. Thul could not hold him for long at least not the Thul of the coconut groves and the fighting fleet." (60) Hari finds Bombay in contrast to what he dreams of it. He shudders to witness the penury and plight of people dwelling in Bombay. He gets a job in Jagu s Eating House: "The shabbiest and the cheapest restaurant Hari had ever seen under the layers and layers of grime and soot with which the walls were coated. The ceiling was thick with cobwebs that trapped the soot and made a kind of furry blanket over one s head. The floor and the wooden tables were all black, too." (146) Hari s vision of splendid life in Bombay get shattered. He is shocked to see dilapidated slums made of tin, can, rags and plastic sheets in Bombay. He sleeps on a wooden bench surrounded by pots, pans, boxes and bundles of rags. Hari works hard. He earns a rupee per day in the restaurant. He suffers terribly from the arrival of monsoons. His dream of living a splendid life in a metropolitan city gets shattered. He learns that poverty is not only in the village, but also in the city. He is shocked to see the dilapidated slums made of tin, rags and plastic sheets: "All the rain and slush as well as mud from outside had crept in the door and through the cracks in the walls and the ceiling as well. In fact, the mud was awash 250 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

251 with rain water and debris it brought along... family was huddled on a string bed as if it were a raft." (115) Thul contrasts with mechanical and artificial life of Bombay where "the incessant sounds coming from factories, honking of horns, and the rubbing, squeaking and cracking sounds of the machineries penetrate through the ears."(74) Far from the maddening urban crowd, Thul has "the birds flying out of the shadowy, soft-needled casuarina trees and the thick jungle of pandanus, singing and calling and whistling louder than at any other time of the day. Flute voiced drongoes swooped and cut through the air... it was the voice of the village Thul as much as the roar of the waves and the wind in the palms." (9) Hari internalizes the urban cultural assumptions economic prosperity, individualism, self-centeredness, rationality, calculation, pretension and business. His colonial domination shows that the nature and impact of inherited power relations between the colonizer and the colonized that accepts the colonized people as inferior and it believes the colonizer s discourse that the native people are irrational, barbaric, emotive and primitive. Urban technology is inherent in a discourse that defines the identity of non-urban people in relation to the urbane and it deliberately produces other in order to impose the colonial power over rural people: "I m not the factory, the man laughed. It s not going to be just one factory anyway-it is going to be a whole city of factories. Factories, housing colonies, shopping centers, bus depots, railway heads, engineers and workers-a whole city is going to be built here." (61) The colonial legacy exists in India. The world of capitalism and urbanity is the legacy left by the East India Company. The British colonizers created a class of colonizers that continues there even at the moment. Bombay is the representative of the colonial world where colonizers in the guise of Indian citizens are working to accomplish their mission. Colonizers create a hierarchy between superior and inferior and articulate the Orient. This articulation is the prerogative, not of a puppet master, but of a genuine creator whose life giving power represents animates. Thus, colonial mentality has always represented the urban as intellectual, superior, civilized masters of the world and apostle of light and the rural as degenerate and inferior. People cannot assimilate into new culture that creates identity crisis in people s lives. The culture that is supposed to be superior dominates, authenticates, legitimates, denotes and validates others who are assumed to be inferior. Hence, Hari is postulated to be inferior since he belongs to the village, and people well settled in Bombay, are we and the rest are others. Ambivalence treats the relation among urban and native, self and other in terms of co-presence, interaction, interlocking understandings and practices, often within asymmetrical relation of power that is inscribed and reproduced within hybridity. The legacy of subjugation is positioned for remedying and mutual recognition in which to create reciprocal understandings, knowledge, and claims in the world that they can bring into the in-between situation. Likewise, the superiority of new culture, especially, urban one dominates people from the rural area. Hence, Hari is under domination of the urban culture that attributes selfishness, individuality, self-centeredness, business, calculation, corruption and sexual perversion. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 251

252 The post-colonial theory deals with the issues like representation, hybridist, Diaspora, nationalism, problem of migration and so. Post-colonial theory is a single index of linguistics, philosophy, literature and culture but also a mixed identity, ideology and hegemony that dominate the orient world. Edward Said in his Orientalism claims: "the relation between occident and orient is a relationship of power, of domination, of varying of a complex hegemony." (5) Said avers that cultural discourse and exchange within a culture is commonly circulated, is not truth but only the misrepresentation. Urban discourses always outline images about the East and aim at ruling and dominating the Orient. In this way, the agents of representation always play a discursive and hegemonic role. In other words, the very essence of the notion of representation is desecrated by the vested interest of the urbane. It is the colonial mentality that creates twofold opposition to establish a relation of supremacy. Likewise, the novel illustrates a tension between the urban and native cultures. Desai advocates the postcolonial culture: that is of hybridized in nature and this space is the space of negation and interaction between different cultures. Most of the problems that Hari encounters are the implication of the postcolonial condition of ambivalence. While talking about the cultural identity, it can be said there is nothing as such which is completely original in the world. Desai has attempted to adopt the new culture, custom, and language and value systems of such society. However, she makes efforts to convey the message that original and native culture is much required. Desai celebrates hybridity, impurity, intermingling, transformation that comes from new and unexpected combinations of human beings cultures, ideas, and politics: "The struggle over this symbolic heart of empire piece of real being locked out of one of the most rapid and dramatic periods of restructuring and properly speculating ever seen in the city and its surrounding" (Jacobs, 38). Hari gets a hope in the apprenticeship given to him by Mr. Panwallah. He returns to Thul with no intention of going back to Bombay, and with entrepreneurship to start a poultry farm and a watch-mending shop. He reunites with the place of his origin: "The wheel turns and turns... and how birds and men were united in this great turning of the wheel, and how the birds, if we understood them, could show us and teach us many important things." (257) Thus, Hari s story is the consequence of his inability to go beyond the gap between cultures and inhabit this space as a hybrid. He is a by-product of the postcolonial culture is conditioned to deal with the two cultures the rural and the urban. He bears the legacy of hybridity, and embodies the in between persona, and learns some methods of the world of capitalism that is the contribution of colonialism. Works Cited Desai, Anita. The Village by the Sea. New Delhi: Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd, Print. Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Chicago: A. C. Mcclurg & Co., Print. Jacobs, A. Edge of Empire: Postcolonial and the City. London: Routledge, Print. Said, Edward. Orientalism. London: Vintage, Print. Young, Robert. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. New York: Routledge, Print. 252 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

253 Population Study of Marsh Crocodile (Crocodilus paulistris) Lesson, 1831 in Rapti and Narayani Rivers of Chitwan National Park, Nepal Sunil Lal Rajbhandari ] Paras Mani Acharya q Abstract A study was carried in the river systems of Chitwan National Park (Rapti, Buddhi Rapti and Narayani) during the months of February and March, 2013 and 2014 for Narayani River and February 2011 for the Rapti and Buddhi Rapti Rivers to determine the distribution pattern, population status and habitats of marsh crocodile. The survey was carried out from the boat with two observers to record the crocodiles on both banks. The study recorded altogether 20 muggers in the Narayani River belonging to the different age groups including 8 juveniles, 10 sub-adults, and 2 adults. Likewise, 9 crocodiles were recorded in the Rapti River. The population census included 2 hatchlings, 4 juveniles, 2 sub-adults and 1 adult. In the Buddhi Rapti River, 17 muggers were counted which included 4 hatchlings, 6 juveniles, 6 sub-adults and 1 adult. The Rapti and Buddhi Rapti support the stable population of mugger crocodiles with Narayani River having only few muggers. The increasing human disturbances in the Rapti, Buddhi Rapti and Narayani Rivers have threatened the habitats and population of muggers. There is a need of regular monitoring on population and habitats and to control the illicit activities including overfishing. Keywords: Narayani River, Rapti River, Chitwan National Park, marsh crocodile, mugger. Introduction There are 22 species of crocodiles found in the world, out of which, 2 species, the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and marsh (Crocodilus palustris) are found in the rivers, ] Professor, Amrit Science Campus, TU, Nepal Corresponding author q Professor, Dep. of Zoology, Patan Multiple Campus, TU, Nepal Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 253

254 lakes and fresh water marshes, swamps and irrigation canals of Nepal (Rajbhandari & Acharya, 2013).The marsh crocodile, Crocodilus palustris is listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data List and Appendix 1 of CITES. The marsh crocodile was widely distributed in Nepal. Their habitat range included in most of the Terai wetlands, the East and West Rapti, the Narayani and the Kosi River systems (Andrews & McEachern, 1994). In the Karnali, Narayani and Babai, they co-existed with the gharial. In these areas, when found together with the gharials, the marsh crocodiles tend to bask in the midstream, on rocks or muddy banks (Groombridge 1982; Rajbhandari & Acharya, 2013). Currently, the marsh crocodile is fragmented to isolated populations, primarily in the protected areas, such as Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Bardia and Chitwan National Parks which contain the last viable populations (Whittaker & Andrews, 2003; IUCN, 1998). A limited number have been reported from the Kosi River area. The Mahakali and Bahuni Rivers adjacent to Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve represent excellent habitats and are contiguous with areas in Uttar Pradesh, India where an effective conservation program is in operation (Andrews & McEachern, 1994). During winter, they usually spend the day basking on the rocky, sandy and clay banks with mouth open to control the heat. The marsh crocodiles inhabit in the burrows, generally made on the bank of lakes, rivers, at the foot of trees or below rocks (Acharya & Rajbhandari, 2013; Rajbhandari & Acharya, 2013). There are less than 2,500 muggers left in the wild, there are over 3,000 in captivity at the various state government rearing centers and at the Madras Crocodile Bank, India (Whittaker & Andrews, 2003). In Nepal, the estimated wild population of mugger is around 200 (Andrews & McEachern, 1994). The marsh populations are threatened by intensification of agricultural activities and industrial development, loss of habitat, drawing in the fish nets, egg predation by people, the use of crocodile parts for medicinal purposes, high human disturbances in the river basins, damming and mortality in fisheries have effected crodilus palustris populations and recruitment in the wild (Whitaker, 1987; Whitaker, 1989; Groombridge, 1982; Rajbhandari & Acharya, 2013; Acharya & Rajbhandari, 2012; McEachern, 1994; Whittaker & Andrews, 2003; Rao & Gurjwar, 2013; Upadhyay & Sahee, 2013). Study Area The study was carried out in Narayani river of Chitwan National park ( ' to ' N and ' to ' E) including the buffer zones from northern boundary of park (Sikrauli) to Tribeni barrage at international border with India. Chitwan National Park (CNP) is renowned for the conservation of some of the world s most endangered species, including rhinoceros, tiger, gaur, and gharial in their natural habitat (CNP Management Plan ). The Park occupies an area of 932 km 2 in the Rapti Valley of the Siwalik physiographic region, while the buffer zone ( ' N to ' N and ' E to ' E) extends 750 km 2 areas (Fig. 1). The Narayani River is a snow fed river, formed by the large tributary of Kaligandaki 254 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

255 and Trisuli rivers. The total length of this river is about 338 km, and the average flow ranges 1000 to 1700 cum/s but maximum flow ranges from 10 to 700,000 cum/s during the monsoon season from June to September (Panday, 1987; Maskey, 1989). The Narayani river flows southwest for 30 kilometers from a gorge in the Mahabharat Range to the Rapti confluence and then flows westward for a further 25 kilometers along the base of the Someswar Hills before turning south through a very narrow gorge in the Siwaliks between the Daunney and Someswar Hills until it reaches the Nepal-India border (Laurie, 1978). The bed of the Narayani River is very broad consisting of a large number of channels and islands with a width of up to 4 kilometers. The floodplain varies with the altitude ranging from 250 meters to 150 meters. The climate of Chitwan is subtropical with a summer monsoon from mid-june to late September and a relatively dry winter. The average annual rainfall is about 250 cm, with the most occurring between June and September. The post-monsoon season between November and January is cool with the daily average temperature reaching 24 0 C during the day and droppings to about 7 0 C at night (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Study area, Chitwan Nation Park Materials and methods Survey The survey of marsh crocodile was conducted in the months of February and March, 2013 and 2014 in the Narayani River (Sikrauli to Gandak barrage). Another survey was carried out in the Rapti River (Sauraha to Belsar) and Buddhi Rapti River during the months of February The survey was conducted in the dugout canoes with experienced fishermen. The Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 255

256 details of the marsh crocodile sighted by Olympus binoculars were recorded with their habitat features and GPS location. The marsh crocodiles were classified into different size classes with 30 cm increments. The individuals < 90 cm long were considered as hatchlings, > cm as juveniles, > cm as sub-adults and those > 300 cm as adults (Khadka, 2011). Abundance and distribution pattern The census of marsh crocodile was conducted to evaluate the population abundance in the different sections of the study area. The details of the sighted crocodiles such as substrate type, river width, mid-river depth and degree of human disturbances were estimated. Basking The study of basking activity was conducted in the downstream water courses (Velaunji). The details of the sighted marsh crocodiles on both banks of the river as well as the midsandbars and islands were noted. These include approximate size, basking site topography, substrate characteristics and the mid-river water depth and width. GIS study The field data such as GPS locations of sign survey and riverine habitat features have been visually interpreted from the Google Image 2010 after ground truthing. The data were generated by the screen digitization in Arc GIS 10.0 version. Result and discussion Pattern of distribution The mugger crocodiles in the Narayani River were mostly congregated in downstream water courses (Malebagar to Gohigajara section). The areas provide suitable habitat conditions such as deep water, rocky cliffs with patches of sand banks, stagnant condition of the river due to the effect of Gandak barrage and availability of food resources in deep waters (Acharya & Rajbhandari, 2012; Rajbhandari & Acharya, 2013) (Table 1 & 2). The large dam, the Gandak barrage impedes the fish migration and constraint the fishing activity of otters including the mugger and gharial crocodiles (Kruuk, 1995; Holmquist et al, 1998; Collares-Pereira et al. 2000). In the Velaunji area, the muggers (3 sub-adults) were seen basking together with the adult gharials on the sloppy sand bank. Co-existence of these species was also seen in the Rapti and Narayani rivers (Acharya & Rajbhandari, 2011; Khadka, 2011). Habitat Use The muggers showed different habitat preferences. The gharial are seen basking on the sand banks and sand bars (Hussain, 2009; Rajbhandari &Acharya, 2013). The muggers mainly bask on mudflats, mud banks, and on the fallen logs and wood debris and rocky areas 256 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

257 (Rajbhandari & Acharya, 2013; Khadka, 2012) (Fig. 2). During the monsoon season the muggers are seen in the village fish pond in the vicinity of the protected area due to flooding of the mainstream river habitats ( Amaltari Sector record, 2014). The gharials use small tributaries during the rainy season, away from the flooded river mainstream. During the flood, the fish population move into the tributaries for breeding purpose (Acharya & Rajbhandari, 2011; Khadka, 2011). In the Narayani River, the mugger crocodiles were seen basking on the bank with the river depth that ranged from m (Fig. 3). Figure 2: A mugger crocodile in the Rapti River Figure 3: River depth in Narayani River Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 257

258 Table 1: Marsh crocodile count in Narayani River, February 2014 S.N. Latitude Longitude No. Size m Depth m River Habitat width m ]3.5, rock sand , mud , Wood , debris sand rock rock sand rock , sand sand sand Mean ±SD Table 2 : Marsh crocodile count in downstream course of Narayani River, January 2013 S.N. Latitude Longitude No. Size m Depth m River Habitat width m grass sand , rock Mean ±SD Rapti River In Rapti River, the marsh crocodiles used grass and mud banks followed by sandy, rock and the wood debris. These crocodiles were seen basking alone. The sizes of the marsh 258 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

259 crocodiles are m (1.64±0.657, N=9), the water depth is m deep (1.405±0.725, N=8) and the water channel is m wide (63.82±22.84, N=8) (Table 3). Table 3: Marsh crocodile count in Rapti River S.N. Latitude Longitude No. Size Depth River Habitat (m) (m) width grass/mud mud/dead logs mud/debris , mud/dead logs grass / sand open water/ (m) mud Rock sand Mean ±SD Buddhi Rapti River In Buddhi Rapti River, the marsh crocodiles were found on the mud and sand banks with Sachharum grass followed by wood debris and pebbles. The group basking were not seen, but 2 juveniles and 2 sub-adults were found together at different places (Fig. 4). The sizes of marsh crocodiles are m (2.083±0.65, N=18), the water depth is m deep (0.95±0.32, N=13), the water channel is m wide (27.845±4.51, N=13) (Table 4). Table 4: Survey results of marsh crocodiles in Budhi Rapti River S.N. Latitude Longitude No. Size Depth River Habitat (m) (m) width , sand , mud/grass (m) Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 259

260 , mud mud Mud/sand Mud/sand grass , pebbles grass/sand pebbles/mud wood debris Grass/mud , Wood debris Mean ±SD DNPWC regular monitoring of crocodiles in the rivers Rapti and Narayani during 2010 and 2012 estimated 53 and 55 mugger crocodiles respectively. In 2010 mugger count, all the individuals observed were non-hatchlings. During 2012 count, 4 were hatchlings, 7 juveniles, 6 sub-adults and 38 were adult mugger crocodiles. A total of 55 Muggers were observed; 4 hatchlings and 22 non-hatchlings in the Rapti River, and 29 non-hatchlings in the Narayani River. Similar numbers (21and 32 non-hatchlings for the Rapti and Narayani Rivers respectively) were sighted in November 2010 (Khadka 2011) (Table 5). The presence of hatchlings indicates some successful nesting, but overall the population appears to be stable. However, spotlight surveys would provide more detailed information on size structure, particularly for smaller individuals that are less likely to be sighted during the day. Figure 4: A juvenile mugger in Buddhi Rapti River 260 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

261 Table 5: Mugger count in the Rapti and Narayani Rivers, November 2010 and February H: hatchlings, J: juveniles, SA: sub-adults, A: adults, NH: non-hatchlings. Location Distance (km) H NH Total H J SA A (M.F) Total Rapti River Khagendarmali-Sauraha (1.2) 5 Sauraha-Gharial Ghat (2.6) 14 Kasara-Rapti/Naryani con (2.5) 7 Total (5.13) 26 Narayani River Sikrauli-Amaltari (South) (1.1) 3 Sikrauli-Amaltari (North) (2.4) 9 Amaltari-Bagban (1.3) 5 Bagban-Tribeni (3.5) 12 Total (7.13) 29 Grand Total (12.26) 55 Source: Khadka, B.B. (2012) Size classes of crocodiles Altogether 20 muggers were recorded in the Narayani River belonging to the different age groups including 8 juveniles, 10 sub-adults and 2 adults. In Rapti River 9 crocodiles were recorded including 2 hatchlings, 4 juveniles, 2 sub-adults and 1 adult. In Budhi Rapti River, a total of 17 crocodiles were recorded including 4 hatchlings, 6 juveniles, 6 sub-adults and 1 adult (Table 6). Table 6: Marsh crocodile counts and their age classes in the Narayani River,2013/ 14 and Rapti and Buddhi Rapti Rivers, 2011 River/Location Hatchlings Juveniles Sub-adults Adults (M.F) Totals Remarks of sightings Narayani River Rapti River Budhhi Rapti River Grand Total Percentage 100 In the Rapti and Budhhi Rapti rivers, the marsh crocodiles prefer to bask mostly on the muddy and grassy river banks along with the presence of dead logs or wood debris. Few of the crocodiles used the rocky substrate for basking. A marsh crocodile survey by Bhatt et al (2012) recorded four adult marsh crocodiles basking on sandy and muddy bank of Rani Tal of Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, but it differed in the selection of habitat use where the lake Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 261

262 basin is characterized by the muddy substrate. In the Rapti and Budhhi Rapti Rivers, during the flood season, the crocodiles move to the adjoining marshes and swamps to avoid the unfavorable condition. The marsh crocodiles in Rapti and Buddhi Rapti Rivers were found basking at the edge of the rivers having depth that ranged from Human disturbances The marsh crocodiles in the Rapti and Narayani Rivers are threatened by high human disturbances such as overfishing, grazing, sand and boulder extraction, egg stealing, industrial pollution, intensification of agricultural activities and the construction of Tribeni dam (Acharya &Rajbhandari, 2010; Acharya & Rajbhandari, 2012; Rajbhandari & Acharya, 2013; Rajbhandari & Acharya, 2014) (Figure 5). Overfishing has reduced food resources and effected crocodile numbers. They become entangled in nets and are either drowned or are killed by fishermen. The fishermen view them as competitors for a limited resource needed to feed people. Figure 5: Human disturbances in the Narayani River Conclusion The Rapti and Budhi Rapti rivers within the Chitwan National Park support the largest population of mugger due to availability of food and suitable habitat. On the other hand, the Narayani River supports very few populations, mainly in the downstream areas. There is inadequate research and monitoring of habitats and population of muggers in the river systems and oxbow lakes in the Chitwan National Park. This study stresses the need of periodic population monitoring and habitat improvement activities and regulation of fishing activities to safeguard this species from local extinction. Acknowledgements The authors extend their special thanks to the IUCN Netherlands Committee for funding in carrying out this study in the rivers of Chitwan National Park. They are thankful to the 262 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

263 Society for Wetland Biodiversity Conservation and Gharial Conservation and Breeding Center for their support in the implementation of the field activities. References Acharya, P.M. & Rajbhandari, S.L. (2011). Crocodile Conservation Action Plan for Beeshazari Lake Complex (Ramsar Site). A report submitted to Chitwan National Park/ Mirgakunja Buffer Zone Committee/ WBC/Nepal and IUCN/Netherlands. 38 pp. Acharya, P.M. & Rajbhandari S.L. (2012). Investigation of population status and habitats of Lutrogale perspicillata in Narayani River, Chitwan National park. A second phase research report submitted to Rufford Foundation, U.K. 50 pp. Andrews, H.V. & McEachern, P. (1994). Crocodile conservation in Nepal. IUCN/Nepal and USAID NGO Environmental Management Program. 28 pp. Bhatt, H.P., Saud, T.B. and Thapa, J.B. (2012). Status and Threats to Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus palustris Lesson, 1831 at Rani Tal, Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. Groombridge, B. (1982). The IUCN Amphibia Reptila Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 426 pp.hmg/mofsc/dnpwc Royal Chitwan National Park and Buffer Zone Management Plan ( ). DNPWC. 155 pp. Holmquist, L.G., Schmidt-Gengenbach, J.M., and Yoshioka, B.B. (1998). High dams and marine-freshwater linkages: effects on native and introduced fauna in the Caribbean. Conserv. Biol. 12: pp. Hussain, S. A. (2009). Basking site and water depth selection by gharial Gavialis gangeticus Gmelin 1789 (Crocodylia, Reptilia) in National Chambal Sanctuary, India and its implication for river conservation. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19: pp. Khadka, B.B. (2011). Gharial and Mugger Monitoring in the Narayani and Rapti Rivers of Chitwan National Park, Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter, Vol. 30, no.1, pp. Kruuk H. (1995). Wild otter s predation and population. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 290 pp. IUCN. (1998). A study on conservation of Beeshazari Lake (Compiled by Bhandari, B.). IUCN, the World Conservation Union. Laurie, A. (1978). The ecology and behavior of the greater one horned rhinoceros. Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. Cambridge. 450 pp. Maskey, T.M. (1989). Movement and survival of captive reared gharial, Gavialis gangeticus in the Narayani River, Nepal, A dissertation presented to the graduate school of the University of Florida in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. McEachern, P. (1994). Interim results of the IUCN Nepal Crocodile survey. In: Crocodiles, Proceedings of the 12 th working meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. Vol. 2. IUCN, the World Conservation Union pp. Panday, R. K. (1987). Effect of Altitude on the Geography of Nepal. Cent. Altitude Geography. Kathmandu. Rajbhandari, S.L. & Acharya, P. (2013). Study of Habitat and Population of Endangered Gavialis gangeticus in Narayani River of Chitwan National Park, Nepal. A fist phase research report submitted to Rufford Foundation, U.K. 25 pp. Rao, P.J. & Gurjwar, R.K. (2013). Crocodile Human Conflict in National Chambal Santuary, India. Proceedings of old crocodile conference 2 nd working meeting of the IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialists Group, pp. Upadhyay, J.N. & Sahee, R.K. (2013). Study on Crocodilus palustris: co-existence of men, animal and population survey at Kheda Anand District in Gujarat, India. Proceedings of old crocodile conference 2 nd working meeting of the IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialists Group, pp. Whittaker, R. & Andrews, H.V. (2003). Crocodile Conservation Western Asia Region: An update. Journal, Bombay Natural History Society. 100 (2 & 3), pp. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 263

264 Ecological Studies on Zooplankton of Some Fresh Waterbodies in Kathmandu Valley Dr. Sunil Ram Vaidya ] Abstract The present investigation was carried out in Bagmati river, Taudah lake, Nag pokhari pond, Siddha pokhari pond and Godavari fish pond of the Kathmandu Valley from May 2014 to April Monthly samples of zooplanktons were collected from those sites and analyzed for the entire twenty four months period. Only three groups of zooplankton, viz: Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda were collected from the lotic and lentic water bodies. A total of seventy one species of zooplankton were recorded. Keywords: Zooplankton, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda Species diversity index. Introduction Zooplanktons play a vital role in the community nutrition of the fresh water system and hence, assume importance in aquaculture activities. Fresh water zooplankton is dominated by four major groups of invertebrates: Ciliated protozoans, Rotifers and two subclasses of the Crustacea; the Cladocera, and Copepoda. A number of Ciliates are common to the zooplankton, although they usually do not dominate except in certain situations, which contributes significantly to their greater dispersal and higher feeding rates. Ciliates are holozoic and feed on bacteria, algae, particulate detritus, and other protozoans. A few are carnivorous, and feed on small metazoans. Smaller ciliated protozoans (< 30 µm) graze upon bacteria sized particles, whereas rotifers utilize both bacteria and small algae. Larger crustacean zooplanktons are primarily phytophagous on small algae. Nutrients released when macrozooplankton graze on algae can enhance bacterial growth, and thereby, provide food for ciliated protozoans and small rotifers. As such, the ciliated protozoans can serve as functional links in fresh water planktonic food chains. Method Monthly zooplankton sample was collected from May 2014 to April 2016 by using a ] Deparment of Zology, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur 264 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

265 plankton hand net. Two hundred and fifty litres of water collected from the surface was filtered through the plankton net with the mesh size of 60 µm. The filtered sample was suspended in 50 ml of water and brought to the laboratory. The plankton were fixed and preserved in 5 % formalin to avoid deterioration of the materials. The quantitative analysis of the zooplankton was done by using Sedgewick Rafter Cell (Welch, 1948).The preserved plankton samples were filtered and made up into 1ml of water was counted and recorded. The total number of zooplankton in one cubic meter of water (m 3 ) was estimated. For the qualitative analysis of zooplankton, formaline preserved samples were observed under compound microscope of magnification 10 x 15. The identification of the zooplanktonic organisms was done to generic level. Results and Discussion The distribution of all zooplanktons recorded from Siddha pokhari, Nag pokhari, Godavari fish pond, Taudah Lake and Bagmati river are shown in the table 1. Two densities are given for the species; abundant if the average density exceeded 25 and below 15. The occurrence of the species varies sporadically and in very low numbers are given special designations indicated in the table (1). The seasonal variation in Zooplanktons of Godavari fish pond, Taudaha Lake, Nag pokhari and Siddha Pokhari were traced in percentage. Rotiference, Cladocerence and Copepodence were recorded from the both lotic and lentic water bodies in the Kathmandu Valley. Rotifers were more diversed than the Cladocerons and Copepods in all fresh water bodies except Nagpokhari. Table 1: General frequency and abundance of Zooplankton recorded in the Siddha pokhari, Nagpokhari, Godavari fish pond, Taudah lake and Bagmati river in the twenty four monthly samples Bagmati river SN Zooplankton Siddha Nag Godavari Taudah Up Mid Down Pokhari Pokhari Fish Pond Lake Str Str Str 1 Asplanchan brightwelli I - - Tho Asplanchnopus sp. IA - Two Brachionus bidentata Fio - IA B. calyciflorus amphiceros Fro - Tho I B. calyciflorus V. dorcas Tho So B. calyciflorus Tho I Two f. annuraeiformis 7 B.calyciflorus - - Tho B. caudatus v.acculeatus IA B. caudatus f. masculusju Two - I B. caudatus f. vulgatus Two B. falcatus v. lyratus So - - IA B. forficula f. minora Fro B. Patulus - Two - IA Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 265

266 14 B.quadridentatus Fro v. clunor bicularis 15 B.quadridentatus - - So meltheni 16 B.quadridentatus I I Fio f. rhenanus 17 B.quadridentatus I B.rubens Fio Fro Fro IA B.urceolaris Tho Euchlanis dilatata So Keratella lenzi Fro Keratella tropica So Tho I So Keratella valga - I I Lepadell sp Fio Platyias leolopi So - - So P.trgonnellus Fro Lecane (L) curvicornis So - So L. (L) luna So L. (L) ungulate So Tho Lecane sp. - - Two Cephadella sp - - So So Embata cornmensalis So Filinia longiseta - IA So F. terminalis So Pompholyx sulcata So Trichocera sp. - - So Bosmina longirostris - - Tho Acroperus harpae So Acroperus sp Two Alona puchella Two - Tho A. rectangular So - Fro So Chydorus parvus - Fro - So Chydorus ventricocus So Chydorus sp. - - Tho IA Kurzia longirostris Two - - Fro 46 Pleuroxus laevis - - IA IA P. trigonellus Tho Pseudochydorus sp I Ceriodaphnia cornuta - - IA C. laticoenis Two So - Fro Ceriodaphnia sp. - Fro Daphnia carinata So IA IA IA Daphnia lumholtzi So Tho IA - Tho Daphnia pulex - So Fro Moinadaphnia macleyi - Two Moina micrura Tho I So - - Tho Two 57 Simocephalus laticornis - Tho S. ventulus Fro - Fro IA / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

267 59 Scapholeberis kingisars Fro Fio IA IA Macrothrix goeldii - - Tho M. laticornis - Fio Fio So M. spinosus - - Fro I Diaphanosoma sarsi - - So Cyclops vicinus IA RA RA RA Two Tho Fro 65 Mesocyclops hyalinus - IA IA I M. leuckarti I - - I Diaptomus sp. - Fro Heliodiaptomus viduus Two Fio Tho So Neodiaptomus handelli Fro Two So - 70 N. schamackari - Tho Nauplii larvae RA IA RA RA RA Regular and abundant Fio Recorded on five occasions I Irregular Tho Recorde on three occasions IA Irregular but abundant Two Recorded on two occasions Fro Recorded on four occasions So Recorded on single occasion Of the total zooplanktons collected from the Bagmati River, higher number of zooplanktons (45.59 %) was recorded in the up-stream zone than mid-stream (25.00 %) and down-stream zones (29.4). Cladocerons predominated and alone constituted about 56 %, Copepodes 38% and Rotifers 6% of the zooplanktons. Rotifers were collected only from the up-stream zone of the Bagmati River. Of the total Cladocerons collected from the Bagmati River, up-stream zone alone supported about 61%, mid-stream zone about 13 % and downstream zone about 26 %. Of the total Copepodes collected from Bagmati River, mid-stream zone alone constituted about 46 %, up-stream zone 15 % and down-stream zone 39 %. Of the three groups of zooplanktons collected from the lentic water bodies, Copepods alone represents about 47 % of the total zooplanktons. Cladocerons formed about 30 % and rotifers about 23 % of the total zooplanktons collected. In Taudah Lake, the number of Cladocera was found comparatively high (about 36 %) than Copepoda (about 34 %) and Rotifera (about 30 %). But in Nag Pokhari, Copepodes dominated and alone formed about 71 % of the zooplanktons. Cladocerons were the next dominant group and formed about 20 % of the total zooplanktons collected from Nag pokhari. Rotifers formed only about 9 % of the total zooplanktons collected from Nag pokhari. In Siddha pokhari, Copepodes were also recorded as the dominant group which formed about 57 % of the zooplanktons. Rotifers were the second dominant group and formed about 35 % of the total zooplanktons collected from the Siddha pokhari. Cladocerons formed only about 8 % of the zooplanktons in Siddha pokhari. In Godavari fish pond, Cladocerons were found as the dominant group and constituted about 56 % of the collected zooplanktons. Copepodes formed about 24 % and Rotifers about 20 % of the total zooplanktons collected from the Godavari fish pond. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 267

268 Comparatively the number of zooplanktons was found high (45.71 %) in winter season than in warm dry season (25.50 %) and rainy season (28.79 %) in the lentic environment. In Taudha Lake, comparatively the number of zooplanktons was found high in rainy season (36.35 %) than winter (34.89 %) and warm dry seasons (28.75 %). In Nag Pokhari, the number of zooplanktons was found very high (58.73 %) throughout the winter season than warm dry (19.16 %) and rainy seasons (22.11 %). In Siddha Pokhari the number of zooplanktons was found comparatively high in rainy season (49.12 %) than winter (30.92 %) and warm dry seasons (19.97 %). In Godavari fish pond, the number of zooplanktons was comparatively found high in winter season (43.55 %) than warm dry (33.98 %) and rainy seasons (22.47 %). In up-stream zone of the Bagmati River, zooplanktons were found in all three seasons whereas in mid-stream and down-strream zones zooplanktons were collected only from winter and warm dry seasons. In rainy season zooplanktons were not found in mid-stream and down-stream zones. In up-stream zones, comparatively the number of zooplanktons was found high in warm dry season (70.97 %) than in rainy season (12.90 %) and winter season (16.13 %). In mid-stream zone, comparatively the number of zooplankton was found high in winter season (64.71 %) than warm dry season (35.29 %). In down-stream zone, the number of zooplanktons was found slightly higher (55.00 %) than in warm dry season (45.00 %). Ecological Dominance In Taudah lake an average ecological dominance of zooplankton recorded was Comparatively the ecological dominance of zooplankton was found high during winter season (0.3829) than warm dry season (0.3046) and rainy season (0.3045). It was found that there was inverse relationship between ecological dominance and species diversity of zooplankton over the twenty-four months. The ecological dominance of zooplankton was found lowest (0.1097) whereas the species diversity was found highest (1.0038). The maximum value of ecological dominance (1.00) was found in November and December with zero value of species diversity. Thus, the value of ecological dominance increases with the decreasing species diversity and vice versa. Comparatively the ecological dominance of Copepoda was found high (0.3835) than Rotifera (0.1544) and Cladocera (0.1490). The values of species diversity and ecological dominance of Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda also showed inverse relationship in the Taudah Lake. In Nag pokhari, an average value of ecological dominance of zooplankton was The value of ecological dominance of zooplankton was found higher in rainy season (0.5062) than winter (0.3474) and warm dry seasons (0.3502). The lowest value of ecological dominance of zooplankton recorded was in April 2001 and highest value of 1.00 in July and December During other months it varied between and Comparatively the value of ecological dominance of Copepoda was also found high (0.3638) than Rotifera (0.2145) and Cladocera (0.2556). The values of ecological dominance and species diversity of zooplankton also showed the inverse relationship in Nag Pokhari. 268 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

269 In Siddha Pokhari, an average value of ecological dominance of zooplankton recorded was Comparatively the value of ecological dominance of zooplankton was high in warm dry season (0.4232) than rainy (0.3832) and winter seasons (0.3540). The highest value (1.00) of ecological dominance of zooplankton was found in July (2014) and March (2016) and lowest value (0.0848) in May (2016). During other months it varied between and Comparatively the ecological dominance of Rotifera was found very low (0.0934) than Cladocera (0.2297) and Copepoda (0.4463). The values of ecological dominance and species diversity of zooplanktonalso showed inverse relationship. In Godavari fish pond, an average value of ecological dominance of zooplankton recorded was Comparatively the value of ecological dominance was found high in winter season (0.3916) than warm dry (0.3432) and rainy seasons (0.3267). The highest value (1.00) of ecological dominance of zooplankton was found in June and November 2000 and lowest value (0.0682) in March During other months it varied between and The value of ecological dominance of Copepoda was found much higher (0.3977) than Rotifera (0.1262) and Cladocera (0.1587). The values of ecological dominance and species diversity of zooplankton like other water bodies also showed inverse relationship. This study indicates more or less similar values of zooplankton diversity in all three investigated zones ( in up-stream, in mid-stream and in down-stream) of the Bagmati River. Lentic water bodies support much higher species diversity of zooplankton than the Bagmati River in the Kathmandu Valley. Among the investigated water bodies, the number of zooplankton species was found slightly more in Godavari fish pond (36 species) than Taudah Lake (35 species) and Siddha Pokhari (34 species). The number of zooplankton species was found lowest (26 Species) in Nag Pokhari. Rotifers were found comparatively more diversified in Siddha Pokhari (20 species) than in Taudah Lake (16 species) Godavari fish pond (16 species) and Nag Pokhari (8 species). Cladocerans were more diversified in Godavari fish pond (16 species) than Taudah Lake (14 species), Nag Pokhari (11 species) and Siddha Pokhari (9 species). Copepodes were more diversified in Nag Pokhari (7 species) than in Taudah Lake (5 species), Siddha Pokhari (5 species) and Godavari fish pond (4 species). Some of the Rotifers collected can be categorized as: Eutrophic species: Brachionus calyciflorus, B. caudatus, B. falcatus, B. rubens, Keratella tropica, Asplanchna brightwelli, Pompholyx sulcata and Filinia longiseta and Mixohaline species: Brachionus urceolaris. Species common in alkaline waters are Brachionus caudatus, B.rubens, B. calyciflorus, B. falcatus, Keratelal tropica, Asplanchna brightwelli, Pompholyx sulcata and Filinia longiseta; those in Warm-sternothermal species are: Brachionus bidentata, B. falcatus, B. forficula and Keratella tropica and those in Eurythermal species are: Brachionus calyciflorus and B. rubens. The number of zooplanktons showed an erratic fluctuation in all the investigated lentic water bodies. The high numbers were usually recorded from Janaury to May. Similar high Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 269

270 peak of abundance of zooplankton was obtained in spring season by Dijik and Zanten (1995). Khatri (1992) also obtained a high abundance of zooplankton dominated by Copepods and Rotifers during same season. Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr.R.K sinha,head of the environmental Biology, Department of Zoology, Patna Universty, Patna for providing me the Laboratory facilities required during investigation. References American public Health Association Standard methods for the examination of water and Waste water 16th ed, APHA, New York, 1268 pp. Arora, H.C Rotifers as indicators of pollution CPHERI Bull. 3(4): 24. CBS popuation Monograph of Nepal. Volume I. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Cunningham, W. P. and Cunningham, M. A., Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications (Second Edition) Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. DISVI Pollution monitoring of Bagmati river, Preliminary report. DISVI, Kathmandu. Dumont, H. J. and Van de Velde, Report on a collection of Cladocera and Copepoda from Nepal. Hydrobiologia, 53 (1): Edmonson, W.T Reproductive rate of planktonic rotifers as related to food and temperature in nature. Ecol. Monogr. 35(1): Hutchinson, G. E.,1957. A treatise on Limnology Vol. I. John Willey and sons. London: 1015p. Karmacharya, A.P Water Pollution Assessment n the Bagmati River and its tributaries in Kathmandu Town section. M.Sc. Thesis. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. Loffler, H. (1969) : High altitude lakes in Mt. Everest region. Vern, Internal Verein Limnol. 17: p. Needham & Needham, P.R.,1962Guide to the study of fresh water Biology. Holden day Inc. sanfrancisco, 106 pp. Shrestha, S Comparative study on the effect of some physico-chemical parameters on the production and seasonal distribution of zooplanktons in the pond no. 1 and pond no. 2 of Central Fish Hatchery, Balaju, Kathmandu. Swar, D.B. and C.H. Fernando Seasonality and fecundity of Daphnia lumboltzi Sars in Lake Phewa, Nepal. Hydrobiologia 64: Swar, D.B. and C.H. Fernando Some studies on the ecology of limnetic crustacean zooplankton in Lakes Begnas and Rupa, Pokhara Valley, Hydrobiologia 70: Swar, D.B. and C.H. Fernando Seasonal abundance of limnetic crustacean zooplankton in Lake Phewa, Nepal. Ver. Inst. Ver Limnol.21: Welch, P.S., Limnological methods. WHO, Guidelines for drinking Water Quality. Volume 1. Recommendations. Second edition, world Health Organization (WHO) Geneva. Yadav, U.K.R., Study on physico-chemical environment and biological components of Bagmati River and application of macrophytes to reduce the level of water pollutants. Submitted to Institute of Science and Technology, T.U. Central Department of Environmental Science, T.U. Kathmandu, Nepal. 270 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

271 He 2+ impact single ionization of Fe Suresh Prasad Gupta ] Abstract: Theoretical calculations of He 2+ impact single ionization cross sections for ground state Fe atoms have been performed in the binary encounter approximation(bea) in the energy region ranging from respective near threshold kev. The accurate expression for (cross section for energy transfer ) including exchange and interference as given by Vriens and Hartree Fock velocity distributions for the target electrons have been used throughout the calculations. Our He 2+ impact single ionization cross sections of Fe atoms are in good agreement with the experimental observations. Key words: Single ionization, Binary Encounter Approximation, Hartree Fock velocity distribution, Fe atoms. Introduction Ionization of atoms by ions is one of the fundamental processes in atomic physics. The cross-section for alpha particle impact single ionization of atoms is of considerable importance as it has wide application in different fields of interest. Theoretical investigations of these processes are also quite complicated due to existence of several mechanisms responsible for the ionization. Knowledge of single and multiple ionization cross sections for atoms and ions finds wide applications in plasma kinematic problems, mass spectroscopy and gas lasers. Cross sections of alpha particle impact ionization are required for modeling structure and dynamics of all kinds of high temperature plasma. In the case of nuclear fusion research, knowledge concerning the behavior of impurities in the plasma is important. If neutrals or ions low charge states are suddenly exposed to high electron temperatures, multiple ionization processes strongly influence the charge states evolution. In the last decade, experimental works on multiple ionization of metals by alpha particle impact, have received much attention. There are several difficulties in determination of ionization cross sections in the case of metals. Electrons can be ejected during the collision as the result of the correct interaction of the projectile with the target electrons or as a result of postcollisional relaxation of the residual target. In the first case, process of direct target ionization with or without electron capture can contribute to multiple ionization. In the second case, inner cell vacancies produced in the first step of the ] Dept. of Physics, Patan Multiple Campus,Tribhuwan University, Nepal Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 271

272 reaction can be followed by intershell Auger or intrashell Coster Kronig electron emission [1]. Several experiments using variants of coincidence counting technique have provided extensive data, identifying the relevant collision processes leading to the formation of multiply charged ions, particularly on the case of rare gas targets bombarded with a wide variety of projectile [2-4]. On the otherhand, studies of multiple ionization of metallic atoms by ion impact are limited. In spite of this, a detailed understanding of collision processes involving many stages of ionization of such species is important in astrophysics and in the physics of controlled thermonuclear fusion plasmas [5]. Among different experimental investigations on metals, McCartney et al [6] of the Belfast group have used a crossed beam technique incorporating time-of-flight analysis and coincidence counting of the collision products to carry out an interesting work on processes involving electron capture and multiple ionization in collisions of fast H + and He 2+ ions with ground state lead atoms. Measurements of this type are complex and difficult and hence, experimental data have been obtained in the limited energy ranges. These measurements are important because iron is a major constituent of a fusion reactor chamber. Recent past Belfast group [6] has calculated He 2+ impact single ionization of Fe using cross beam technique where collision products have been selected by time of flight spectroscopy with a pulse beam used to study pure ionization of Fe by 70 kev to 1440 kev/amu. These measurements which were considered in terms of a model involving electron capture from particular subshells, provided a useful insight into the mechanism of multiple ionizations of heavy metallic species by ion impact. There is an interest in the collisional formation of both Fe and Cu in all stages of ionization in the astrophysics and in controlled thermonuclear physics. Measured cross sections for single ionization are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the calculated result in which electron removed from 4s, 3d, and 3p subshells are considered. Obejectives To the best of our knowledge no other experimental work is available in the literature for comparison with above mentioned measurements. The theoretical description of He 2+ impact multiple ionizations of atoms/ions remains a relatively unexplored domain. Due to extreme difficulties there have been no theoretical attempts to calculate triple and higher multiple ionization cross sections. Theoretical Methods In the present work, we have used the accurate expression of (cross section for energy transfer ) as given by Vriens [7] for heavy charged particles incident on atoms. Following Catlow and McDowell [8], we have introduced two dimensionless variables s and t defined by and, where and are the velocities in atomic units of the incident particle and the target electron respectively, and is the ionization potential of the target in Rydbergs. All other energies involved are also expressed in Rydbergs. In terms 272 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

273 Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 273

274 Result and discussion The calculated results of the He 2+ impact single ionization of Fe along with the experimental data have shown in the Table 1 and Figure 1. Table 1. Alpha impact single ionization cross section of Fe in the unit of cm 2 E (kev) 4s 3d 3p Total Expt Figure 1.Alpha particle impact single ionization cross section of Fe 274 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

275 In the case of the alpha particle impact single ionization of Fe, we have considered the contributions of 4s, 3d, and 3p shells only. Since the contributions of 3s and other lower shells having magnitudes very small, we have not taken into consideration of these shells. In this calculation, we have calculated the cross sections from energy range 35 kev/amu to 360 kev/amu and compared the results with experimental results of Patton et al [13]. The contribution of 4s shell is highest at lowest energy while contribution of 3d shell has gradually increases and then decreases slowly with the energies. In the experimental results, slight fluctuations have been seen at the energy 40 kev/amu having magnitude cm 2. Except from lowest energy to higher energies, the cross section gradually decreases with the increase of energy and at highest energy 360 kev/amu it becomes cm 2. Similar trends have been seen in the total calculated results. At the lowest energy 35 kev/amu the magnitude of the cross section is cm 2 while at highest energy 360 kev/amu it becomes cm 2. The experimentally measured cross-section overestimate throughout the calculated cross-section except at energy 360 kev/amu. At this energy, the magnitude of the calculated cross sections and the experimental data are cm 2 and cm 2 respectively. From the entire energy range which we have taken into account for the calculation, it is found that with the increase of the energy both the cross-sections gradually comes closer to each other and it becomes all most similar at the energy 360 kev/amu. At this energy, the ratio of the calculated cross section to the experimental data is The experimental cross-section at lowest as well as highest energy have magnitude cm 2 and cm 2. Magnitude of the experimental cross-sections at lowest energy is almost three times greater compared to at highest energy, but in the case of calculated result, the magnitude of cross sections at lowest energy is cm 2 while at highest energy considered is cm 2 and it is more than two times greater. If we make comparison between such a trend of experimental as well as calculated cross sections, it is found that the experimental cross sections decreases very rapidly with the increase of energy as compared to the calculated cross sections. Conclusion Experimental data of cross-sections of Fe with He 2+ impact were obtained under crossed beam technique by Patton et al. [13] for energy range of kev/amu and the results have been compared with our theoretical investigations. There observed that with the increase of the energy, both the experimental and theoretical, cross sections gradually come closer to each other and it becomes all most similar at the energy of 360 kev/amu. Experimental results dominate over calculated results throughout the energy range except at the highest energy. Overall theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental results throughout the energy range. References M. E. Galassi, R. D. Rivarole and P. D. Fainstein, Multiple electron emissionfrom noble gases colliding with proton beams, including postcillisional effect. Phys. Rev. A (2007). Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 275

276 E. Salzborn and A. Muller, NATO: Advanced Studies Institute Series B. (ed.) by F. Brouillard Plenum, New York, Vol. 145, p 357 (1996). C. L. Cocke and R. E. Olson, Collisions of fast moving heavy ions with a neutral atomic target and use of recoil ions beyond second ionization state by beam with specific energies above 0.5 Mev/ amu. Phys. Rep. 205, 152 (1991). J. H. McGuire. Atoms and their Spectroscopic properties. Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 29,217 (1991). M. B. Shah, C. J. Patton, M. A. Bolorizadeh, J. Geddes and H. B. Gibody, Electron capture and transfer ionization in collisions of fast H + and He 2+ ions with Cu atoms. J Phys. B 1821 (1995). P. C. E. McCartney, M. B. Shah, J. Geddes and H. B. Gibody, Processes involving electron capture and multiple ionization in collisions of fast H + and He 2+ ion with lead atoms. Phys. Rev. A 60, 4582 (1999). L.Vriens, Binary encounter Proton-atom collision theory. Proc. Phys. Soc (1967). G. Catlow and M. R. C. McDowell, A classical model for electron and proton impact ionization. Proc. Phys. Soc (1967). A. Kumar and B.N.Roy, Application of the Binary encounter theory to proton impact double ionization of atoms. J. Phys. B (1977). C. C. J. Roothaan, L.M.Sachs and A.W.Weiss, Explicity correlated wave functions in chemistry and physics. Rev. Mod.Phy (1960). E. Clementi and C. Roetti, ROOTHAAN-HARTREE FOCK ATOMIC WAVE FUNCTIONS. Basic functions and their coefficients for ground and certain excited states of neutral and ionized atoms: Z less and equal to 54. At. Data and Nucl. Data Tab (1974). J.P. Desclaux, Atomic Physics Z from 1 to 120, calculated relativistic Dirac-Fock Eigen values. At. Data Nucl. Data Tab (1973). C.J.Patton, M.B.Shah, M.A.Bolorizahdeh, J.Geddes and H.B.Gilbody, Ionization in collision of fast H + and He 2+ ion with Fe and Cu atoms. J. Phys. B (1995). 276 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

277 Role of Muslim Women in Household Decision in Banke District: An Analytical Study Tulasa Dulal ] Abstract Muslim women live in more miserable condition than other women. By culture, they are limited to the household only. Majority of them are illiterate in Nepali language and unskilled which have compelled them to pass their time in no substantial economic activities. And a few of them, who are educated, have not got equal opportunity to do any job in comparison to other women in Nepal. Women contribution to the household economic activities are: cooking and feeding family members and cleaning dishes, taking care of the children, old as well as sick members in the family, tutoring just going to school children, cleaning the household and compound and washing the clothes. Research Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies and Administration (CNAS) collected data suffices the ground to conclude that the Muslim women have miserable life compared to males in that area and women in the other area of the country. Keywords: Muslim, economy, sex, gender, women, deprivation, discrimination, domination, household work. Introduction Nepalese women are underprivileged and disadvantaged in terms of their socioeconomic, religious and cultural standing compared to their male counterparts. Nepalese women who constitute slightly more than half of the population are still confined within the four walls of their houses. They work nearly 25 per cent more hours than those of men but their consistent workload is never counted in Nepal Account Estimation. The reason being the work that women do in their households are seen as "household works" and lie outside the economic activity frame. Gendering is not a single or single process but highly complex involving both psychological events and socialization, starting almost at birth. All discriminatory performances from birth to death are example of gendering people who are born without gender but with sex. The condition of women in the Muslim community is similar to the ] Dulal teaches at department of Population Studies, Patan Multiple Campus, TU. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 277

278 fundamental thought and perception of the demarcation between women and men. They are less treated biologically and socially. The social perception seems to count more regarding the women and men in the community. Originally, Muslim had patriarchal family system. So Muslim women have double disadvantages, being women of patriarchal society and being subordinate member of the Muslim family and society which is most rigid and conservative (CNAS,2009). They are a subaltern in the literary language. Muslim in the Context of Nepal Literally, the word Muslim means "one who surrenders and subjugates to the will of God." (Bhatkali, Nadvi Muhammad Ilyas: 2005). The Muslim of Nepal comprises 4.4% percent of the total population in Nepal (CBS, 2011). This population has been mainly concentrated in the outlying areas along the Indian border. However, they are found in all other districts, i. e., they are present in 74 out of 75 districts of Nepal. In the five Terai district, Muslim form the largest single population group Banke (21.10 per cent), Rautahat (19.47 per cent), Kapalvastu (19.42 per cent), Parsa (15.41 per cent), and Bara (13.43 per cent) and are the second largest group in five-other districts Dhanusha, Mahottari, Sarlahi, Sunsari and Siraha (CBS,2002).The average per capita income of Muslim is Rs. 10,200 even lower than Terai Dalits's Rs. 13,200 (UNDP, 2009 cited by Ansari, 2011). The history of Muslim settlement in Nepal is traced back to 15 th century. But some argue their existence long before referring to the history of trade relations between Nepal and Arabian countries since 789 AD (NMIS, 1996 cited by Hachhethu, 2009) and Muslim invasion of Simrongadh by Gayasuddin Tughlaq in 1324 AD., and other invasion of Kathmandu valley in 1349 AD by Sultan Shamsuddin Ilyas. The Muslim entered Nepal after the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent (Siddika,1993). The Muslim rulers in India had begun in the 13 th century and it remained up to 1857 before the British came in the power and controlled the sub-continent. So, the history of Muslim migration in Nepal coincide with the Muslims rule in south Asia (CNAS, 2009). The first Muslim settlers in Nepal were those traders migrated from Kashmir in the medieval period. Majority of the Muslim people of Banke district have been facing hand to mouth problem. Majority of the males are also illiterate. The literacy rate of Nepal is 65.9 per cent in the 2011 census. Likewise, the male literacy rate is per cent and female literacy rate is per cent. Among them, the total literacy rate of Muslim is per cent: the male Muslim literacy rate is per cent and female Muslim literacy rate is per cent in 2011 census. Male and female literacy has also increased significantly, although female literacy has lower almost half than males throughout the censuses in 2011 (CBS, 2014). Senior Muslim women are more illiterate than youngsters. Now-a-days, parents also think their daughters should go to schools as their sons, however, it is not in practical (CNAS, 2009). Though the legal age of consent is 18 years for marriage, many Nepalese girls are usually married off at tender age. The average marriage age at first is 15 to 17.5 years and the total fertility rate varies from 4 to 6 children. Depending upon the combination of lack of 278 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

279 knowledge about reproductive health and unavailability of family planning service leads those young anaemic women to suffer from chronic energy deficit due to intra household food discrimination and heavy work load. Those women have no institutional and/or familiar prenatal and post-natal care and support, leading to one of the highest maternal mortality rate in the world (Khan, 2013). The total fertility rate declined dramatically from 4.6 birth per women to 3.1 between 1996 and though it remains high for Muslim at 4.6, Dalit at 3.9 and the poorest at 4.7 child per women (UNDP, 2009). Muslim of Nepal is also guided by their religious and cultural values. The living way, treating others, etc. follows the holy Qur an and Hadith. There is a tradition of wearing veil in Muslim women. Teenager Muslim girls rarely go to colleges for higher education as they are guided by religion, i. e., Islam. So, majority of them get married without doing higher education (Ansari, 2011). Women empowerment must involve women making choices that enhance their individual well-being. Further, enhances their families and their communities. Integrated empowerment programs result in measurable behavioural changes in women. The women, who have participated in such programmes, often become more actively participated in their household and communities and, as a result, they contribute more to the growth of the Nepalese economy (BBC, 2004). Nepal is a signatory to almost all of the international conventions on human rights, women rights, and children rights as well as to those agreements on international goals regarding education, health and poverty eradication. As a signatory to the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly, the government of Nepal promises non-discrimination, gender equity, and social justice as mandated by the 1990 constitution of Nepal. In spite of these efforts, Muslim commonly have less power than in about their own lives. Their low social status has been identified as a barrier towards national population policy progress in Nepal. Women position and degree of empowerment is defined by gender and gender relations in society. Although, sex differentiated roles, rights and obligations vary by class and lifecycle stage, they exist in every spheres of human functioning (domestic, communal, labour market, religious etc.). This inequality in gender relations is embodied in various societal institutions but it is reproduced in the daily in the household. Equality of men and women and non-discrimination on the basis of gender constitutes one of the vital human rights concern, finding expression in all international instruments as well as in the Muslim communities. In reality, however, Muslim women in Banke district constitute one of the most deprived groups who are unable to fully enjoy their equal rights. Objectives * To analyze the role of Muslim women in household Decision in Banke District. * The main objective of this study is to investigate the status role of Muslims women of Banke district. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 279

280 Research Methodology This research paper is based on secondary data generated by Research Centers for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS), Tribhuvan University on Social Exclusion and Group Mobilization in Nepal. The survey was conducted in 2008 among Yadav and Madheshi, Dalits in Dhanusha, Tamangs in Sindhupalchowk, Hill Dalits in Surkhet, and Muslim in Banke districts (CNAS, 2009). The field study in Banke district has covered 17 Villge Development Committee (VDCs) and 3 wards of Nepalgunj municipality. For each selected VDC a total sample size of 33 households was fixed for the survey. This consisted of 22 households from target group, i.e., Muslim, and 11 households from other groups from the same VDC. Among the households, the total respondent was 4,177, among them 2,218 (52%) were males and 1,959 (48%) were females. Among whom, 3,108 (65.3%) were Muslim and 1,069 (34.3%) were others. Results 1. Water Collection as Women's Responsibility The study shows that most of the female had to collect water. Only 2.9 per cent of males reported that they collected water. Muslim female water collector s percent is higher (49.4%) than that of than non-muslim females (46.2%). Female water collection percentages were higher in both cases. Only (2.6%) of Muslim males and (3.5%) of non-muslim males collected the water. Table 1: Percentage Distribution of Water Collector in a Family in Muslim and non- Muslim Communities in Bake. Water Collector in Family Muslims All Others Total N % N % N % Male Female Child Boy Child Girl Male Female Both Boy Girl Both Other Total Source: Social Inclusion Survey Data File, CNAS, / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

281 Table 1 shows that total respondents, 47.1 per cent respondents said that both male and female are jointly to collect water. It means higher number of non-muslims male helped to collect water than Muslim males. 2. Preparation of Food in Families Table 2 shows that about 93.0 per cent of women were found to be preparing food in family. Only 4.7 per cent of men prepared food in families. Among Muslim, 95.1 per cent female and 3.1 per cent of males prepared food in family. Table 2: Percentage Distribution of cook in Family in Muslims and non-muslims in Bake district Cook of family Muslims All Others Total N % N % N % Men Women Children boys Children girls Mixed together Others Don't know Total Source: Social Inclusion Survey Data File, CNAS, Among non-muslim, higher percentage of females and a small number (8.3) per cent of male prepare food in family in both castes. High percentage of females used to prepare food in family in both communities. It means small number of males helped in the kitchen work. This figure shows that only women took work responsibilities of kitchen in both of the communities and they spend much of their all time in kitchens. 3. First Person to be Served Food Among all study population, 26.7 per cent of male elderly and adults were first to be served food but only 2.3 per cent of females elderly and adults were served first. Most of the 37.5 per cent of all together served food in the family. Some 13.9 per cent of children sons and brothers were first served but only 8.1 per cent of children daughters and sisters were first to be served. It refers that high discrimination has been between males and females in terms of serving the food. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 281

282 Table 3: Percentage Distribution of First Person to be Served Food among Muslim and non-muslims in Bake. First person to be served Muslims All Others Total N % N % N % Males Elderly and Adults Females Elderly and Adults Children sons and brothers Children daughters and sisters School going kids Daughter in laws All served together Others Total Source: Social Inclusion Survey Data File, CNAS, Among Muslim, 26.7 per cent of males, elderly and adults and 2.3 per cent of female, elderly and adults were first served, 12.2 per cent male children and brothers and 10.1 per cent of female children have that opportunity of being served first. Among non-muslim, 26.8 per cent of male elderly and 2.4 per cent female elderly are first persons to be served. Comparison of boys (17.9%) and girls (3.6%) in other cases, are also not equal. High percentages female have taken responsibilities of families and they prepared food but they did not have the chance to have it first. This information depicted that the women s position in most of families was miserable and vulnerable compared to males. This further indicated that the family as the first institution of teaching discrimination. 5.Household Money- Keeper Table 4 shows that in total household money was kept by both: the females (36.4%) and females (34.6%). Both males and females need to be equally responsible for household s activities and equally share the benefits in families. Table 4: Percentage Distribution of Household Money-keeper in Muslim and non- Muslim in Banke 282 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

283 Household Money-keeper Muslims All Others Total N % N % N % Men Women Both Others Total Source: Social Inclusion Survey Data File, CNAS, 2008 It has been observed that among Muslim 34.0 per cent of females keep their money but only 27.6 per cent of males and non-muslim females 35.9 per cent keep their money under their ownership. Among non-muslim, 29.4 per cent of males and 35.9 per cent of females kept their money in household activities. It means Muslim males are slightly more responsible for household money. This indicates that females have access to money for household activities. 5. Bazaar to Make Purchase Table 5 shows that about 58.4 per cent of men and 12.8 per cent of women and 28.3 per cent of both did go to the market. Among Muslim, 58.8 per cent of men and 12.3 per cent of women and 28.4 percent of both male and female did go to shopping. Table 5: Percentage Distribution of Bazaar to Make Purchase in Muslim and non- Muslims in Banke District Bazaar to make purchase Muslims All Others Total N % N % N % Men Women Both Others Total Source: Social Inclusion Survey Data File, CNAS, Among non-muslims, 57.3 per cent of men and 14.0 per cent of women and 28.1 per cent of both male and female go to shopping. Men and women s participation in making purchase in bazaar were not equal in both communities. However, non-muslim women are slightly better than Muslim women. In both communities, female participation is comparatively lower than the males. It means female was dependent on their husband. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 283

284 6. Decision-Maker It is observed that 30.4 per cent of males, 11.7 per cent of females, and 57.1 per cent of both male, and female have been decision maker in families. Among Muslims, 32.7 per cent of male and 12.0 per cent of females and 54.5 per cent of both males and females made decisions in family. Table 6: Percentage Distribution of Decision- Maker in Muslim and non-muslims in Banke District Decision Maker Target Population Muslims All Others Total N % N % N % Men Women Both Others Total Source : Social Inclusion Survey Data File, CNAS, Among non-muslims, 25.1 percent of males, 11.1 percent of female, 63.2 percent of both males, and females made decision maker in families. Men and women s participation in making decisions are not equal in both communities. 7. More than One Wife in the Family Out of total respondents, 3.4 per cent of men have more than one wife. Table 7: Percentage Distribution of More than One Wife in Family in Muslim and non-muslim in Banke District More than one spouses Target Population in family Muslims All Others Total N % N % N % Yes No Total Source: Social Inclusion Survey Data File, CNAS, / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

285 Among Muslim, 3.4 per cent males have more than one wife. Among non-muslim 3.5 per cent of men have more than one wives. Thus, polygamy still exists in that society. 8. Women Ownership of Land Table 8 shows that majority of the 81.2 per cent of the respondents reported that women did not own any proper land. Among Muslim, higher per cent of (81.6%) women are landless. Only 18.4 per cent women have own land. Table 8: Percentage Distribution of Women Ownership of Land in Muslim and non- Muslim in Banke District Women Ownership of Land Muslims All Others Total N % N % N % Yes No Total Source: Social Inclusion Survey Data File, CNAS, Conclusion Muslims of Nepal are also guided by their religious and cultural values. The living way, treating others, etc. follows the holy Qur an and Hadith. Majority of Muslim daughters get married without doing higher education. For women, they have burden with domestic works in both Muslim and non-muslim communities in Terai districts. In fact, this also holds even for the other communities in Nepal. Only (2.6%) of Muslim males and (3.5%) of non-muslim males collected the water. More than 90 per cent of family food was prepared by the women in both communities. Universally, women take care of kitchen work and men are the 'breadwinner'. Females have access to money for house-holds activities. But women are less decision maker in the family. Encouragement to males to share the domestic chores to run the family is the most important task of NGOs and GOs in the Banke district. If newly generated program will cover the agricultural sector only, again women will be made responsible to accomplish that activity. Therefore, secondary or tertiary sectors of employment generation are for the women Banke. References Ansari G. (2011).Status of Muslim women in education: The case of Parsa District. Final Report Submitted to: SIRF, Secretariat, SNV Kathmandu, Nepal. CNAS, (2009). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. Social Exclusion and Group Mobilization in Nepal. Journal of CNAS Volume 36, Special Issue 2009, Kathmandu. CBS,(2014). Population Monograph of Nepal. National Planning Commission (NPC). Kathmandu, Nepal. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 285

286 Hachhethu K.(2009). Social Exclusion and Nepali Muslim : A Case Study of Banke District. Journal of CNAS Volume 36, Special Issue 2009, Kathmandu Khan, I. (2012). Impact of Female Education on Fertility: A Case Study of Muslim Community of Ramnagar Bhutaha of Sunsari District" Social Inclusion Research Fund ( SIRF), SNV Nepal, 2012 Bakhundole, Lalitpur Kathmandu, Nepal. Khan S.(2013). Role of Married Muslim Women in Household Decision-making. An Unpublished M A Thesis Submitted to Central Department of Sociology, Humanities and Social Sciences, T.U., (2006). Nadvi B., Muhammad I.,( 2005).The fundamental of Islam, Raibareli, MuhammadAl- Hasani Trust, India. NMIS (1996). Social, Economic, Religious, Cultural and Educational Situation of Nepali Muslim Community. Kathmandu : NMIS. Siddika, S. (1993). Muslim of Nepal. Kathmandu. Gazala Siddika. 286 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

287 The Kernel of the Joint of Two Operators Yogendra Shah ] Introduction The German Mathematician David-Hilbert ( ) is known for his pioneering work in the field of functional analysis. One of the cornerstones of functional analysis, the notion of a Hilbert space emerged from Hilbert s effort to generalize the concept of Euclidean space to an infinite dimension space. The theory of Hilbert-space that Hilbert and others developed has not only greately enriched the world of Mathematics but has proven extremely useful in development of scientific theory, particularly in Quantum mechanics. Much of the deep understanding behind Hilbert space theory is often lost in the translation from the mechanical world to the world of physicists. Given the importance of Hilbert space theory to Quantum mechanics, a thorough Mathematical understanding of Hilbert-space theory that underpins much of Quantum mechanics will likely aid in the future development of Quantum Theory. Mathematically defined as the complete normed space, is known as the Hilbert-space. Hilbert statements were not precise enough to specify a particular problem but were suggestive enough so that certain problems of more contemporary origin seem to apply. Still other problems, such concern what now flourishing mathematical subdisciplines are like the theory of quadratic forms and real algebraic curve. Also to prove the Kernel of two operations and their related problems is here. Objectives and applications For finding the dim ker (AB) = dim ker B + dim (ker A)"B!)), whether the conditions on A and B which are sufficient to provide dim ker AB> dim ker A. Also dim ker AB> dim ker A is valid for all linear operations over finite dimensional space through A, B B (!) < = > dim! <. Suppose if! be the Hilbert space. Let A,B B (!) be the algebra of hounded linear operators on the Hilbert space H. This gives the conditions on A and B which are sufficient to imply that dim Ker AB dim KA (i) This conditions are stated as Statement (1): Suppose B B (!). Then (i) holds for every A B (!) if and only if dim ] Lecturer, Dep. of Maths, Patan Multiple Campus, Patan Dhoka, Lalitpur Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 287

288 K dim Ker B for every closed subspace. K! such that K B! = {0} (where K be the closed subspace of!) (1.1). Statement (2): Let B B (!) have closed range. Then (i) holds for every A B (!) if and only if dim (B!) dim ker B (2.1) Statement (3): The inequality (i) holds A, B B (!) if and only if d m! <. Statement (4): A B(!) then dim Ker AB dim Ker A for every B B (!) if and only if (a) Ker A = {0} or (b) dim A! < dim!. The following example shows that some restriction of the pair A,B is necessary. Ex 1 Let B B (!) be one to one but not onto. Let K {0} be a closed subspace of! such that K B! = {0}. Then (1) fails for every A B(!) with kernel K. Although we have not characterized the pairs (A,B) for which (i) holds it is obvious, we have found that the set of B such that (i) holds for every A in B (!) and the A'S such that (i) holds for every B. The utility A (i) may be illustrated by its application in [1], However, there it is stated as though it were true for all A, B B (!). The one aim of this paper is to justify the application if (1) actually made in [1] perhaps the most surprising feature of this note is its involvement with feature of non closed operator ranges. For this we construct a closed space of maximal dimension which meets the range of a given operator in {0}. Some useful facts Our first fact. Simply lists some routine facts we will need. Fact (2): Suppose A, B B (!) and let K, L be closed subspaces of! then dim Ker AB = dim Ker B + dim (Ker A B!) (2.1) dim [KŸ (K L] dim L (2.2) dim Ker A + dim A! = dim! (2.3) Fact (3): Let B B (!) then closed subspaces K, L such that K L (3.1) dim K = dim L (3.2) K B! = {0} (3.3) and L B (!) (3.4) The main Results The Proof of statement (1): Suppose (1) holds for every A B (!). If not, a closed K such that K B! = {0} and dim K> dim Ker B. Let A have kernel K. Then dim Ker A> dim Ker B = dim Ker AB. Conversely: Let K and L be as in the fact (3) then by hypothesis, dim K dim Ker B; and so by (2.2) and (3.2) we have dim [Ker A Ÿ (Ker A L)] lim L 1 = dim K dim Ker B (4) Since Ker A = (Ker A L) [Ker A Ÿ (Ker A L)] it follows that dim Ker A dim 288 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

289 (ker A B!) + dim Ker B = Ker AB by (3.4), (2.1) Proof of Statement (2) Setting K = (B!) 1 shows that (1.1) implies that (2.1) Conversely: Suppose K is closed and K B! = {0} since B! is closed it can play the role of L in (2.2). Hence by (2.2) and (2.1) we have dim K dim (B!) 1 dim Ker B. Remark: We actually showed that (2.1) is necessary even when B! is not closed Proof of statement (3) The example given in (1) shows that dim! < is necessary even if is to hold " A, B B (!) with B! closed. Conversely It dim! < then (2.3) and subtraction (which cannot be justified when dim! = ) show that equality holds in (2.1). Next we consider the case where A is fixed. Proof of statement (4) Suppose the inequality holds for every B B(!) to prove that (a) or (b) must be hold, we shall show that if (b) fails (a) must hold. if (b) fails, dim (Ker A) 1 = dim A! = dim!, So there exists an isometry B B (!) of! onto (Ker A) 1 then dim Ker A dim Ker AB = {0}. This statement will also extendable to the other spaces like as normed space, and their basic features or related problems. The statement plays a central role in the pretty much area of Mathematics or applied Mathematics that deals with continuous quantities, including general analysis, probability, Quantum mechanics, most engineering disciplines and optimization theory. It is not so much used for generating algorithms, but rather for proving that algorithms behave well in some sense. Also for defining the joint kernel from this theory proves the way of higher study of Algebra or real analysis. Conversely: If (a) holds, the inequality is trivial for every B. Suppose (b) holds and let B B(!). Let P be the orthogonal Projection with Kernel Ker A and range (Ker A) 1. Then by (2.3) dim B! = dim Ker (P BH ) + dim (PB!) = dim (Ker A B!) + dim (PB!) dim (ker A B!) + dim (Ker A) (5) If dim Ker B = dim! the validity of the inequality is clear: so assume dim Ker B < dim!. From (2.3) if follows that dim B! = dim! (except in the case that dim! <, where the statement (3) tells us that (1) holds for all A,B B (!). then since dim (Ker A) 1 = dim! < dim!. We can conclude from (5) that dim (Ker A B!) = dim!. then (2.1) completes the proof. Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 289

290 Remark: Equation (2.1) shows that we there (i) is valid for A, B depends only on Ker A, Ker B, B! and their position!. Conclusion: The question of [2] holds is more naturally a question of vector spaces and linear transformation than a question about Hilbert spaces. For example, (i) is valid for all linear operators over a finite dimensional space although statement (i) suggest that Hilbert space structure plays some role. It has been convenient to confine the analysis to Hilbert space because the necessary information about non closed operator ranges is available for them [5]. We expect that our theorem will be readily extendable to other spaces where the strut rue of certain of their basic feature such as non closed operator ranges is sufficiently clear References [1] Crazy Erwin, Functional Analysis. [2] C.H. Davis, Beyond the Minimax Principle. [3] L. Sario, A Linear Operator Method Trans, Amer Mathematics Soc (7). [4] P. H. Falban, A New Concept of Linear Operators (Wiely and New York, 1964). [5] P.A. Filmore and J.P. Williams, On operator ranges, Adv. In Mathematics / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

291 Book Review Constitutional Law of Nepal : an eye-view The author of the book Constitutional Law of Nepal, Dr. Chandrakanta Gyawali, is a constitutional lawyer. The latest-2073 BS version of the book is with interpretation of the amendments and the modification of previous editions (2070 and 2068 BS). This third edition of the book includes the analytical description of Nepal s latest constitution-2015 AD. The acknowledgement and contents cover thirteen pages constituting total five hundred and eightyfive pages. The content of the book has twenty-five chapters and nineteen appendices which are posteriorly added. Interpretation, classification of the country s constitution, constitutional history of Nepal and constitutionalism respectively follow in the first, second, third and fourth chapters. The first chapter deals with definition of constitutional law, meanings and origins of constitution and the historical backgrounds of the USA, France and India alongwith their relevant sources. Likewise, the second chapter describes nature or variety of constitution, viz. the written and unwritten, rigid and flexible, federal and unitary, separation and unitary, separation and fusion of powers, and parliamentary and presidential, and monarchial and authoritative. The third chapter explains in detail about the constitutional history of Nepal from The Government of Nepal Act-1948 and Interim Constitution-1951, The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-1959, The Constitution of Nepal-1962, The Constitution of kingdom of Nepal-1990 and The Interim Constitution of Nepal The reader can get benefit by the Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 291

292 detail explanation of various provisions included in The Interim Constitution-2007 and The Constitution of Nepal-2015AD. Similarly, the fourth chapter widely explains the theoretical and conceptual clarity about the constitutionalism, its types and practice in the context of Nepal. Mention of rule of law and separation of power, check and balance are included in the fifth and sixth chapters respectively. These two chapters clearly spell out the theoretical aspects of the aforesaid titles. The chapter seven is designed for explanation of various provisions of unitary system of governance including meaning, nature, definition, merits and demerits. Chapter number eight is dedicated to the theoretical explanation of federalism that includes meaning, concept, mode, essential feature, merits and demerits etc. in a wider perspective. It includes the major principles to be considered while adopting federal system of governance in Nepal as well as detail explanation of the restructuring of state of Nepal with various affecting factors also. The chapters nine, ten and eleven explain the state policy and directive principles; fundamental rights and legislature-parliament in greater detail. The executive and judiciary are included in chapters thirteenth and fourteenth respectively. The reader can find out the comprehensive theoretical knowledge on these issues respectively. The chapter fifteenth lucidly expresses the political parties which include meaning, types, functions and systems of them which are more interested for the newcomers in politics. This includes the constitutional practices and provisions relating political parties in Nepal. Similarly, amendment of the constitution is included in chapter sixteenth which includes methods of provisions. The reader can find meaning, practice and provision relating emergency power in chapter seventeen. Constitutional principles, fundamental principles of constitution, standards of such principles and basic principles in the constitution of Nepal incorporate in chapter eighteen. The reader can find the formation and practices of constitutional court in Spain, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovakia and South Africa in detail in chapter nineteen. Others are jurisdiction of the constitutional court relation between federal and provincial parliament foundation of federal constitutional court etc. Theoretical and practical experience of independent, competent and impartial federal judiciary system of Canada, Venezuela, America, Germany, India and recently formed in Nepal are dealt comprehensively here. The issue of citizenship is placed in chapter twenty-first. The detail of acquisition of citizenship, statelessness provision of citizenship of children and women are in chapter twentysecond. Detail explanation of what the plurality/majority electoral system, concept and method of proportional representation, single-transferable vote system, semi-perpetual system, and non-proportional multiseat system, national-international conventional and legal provision enrich this chapter. Various facts and factors related to bar and bench relation and independence of judiciary and the role of the Supreme Court are explained in depth in chapter twenty-third. Chapter twenty-four is dedicated to the theoretical explanation of the role of the Supreme Court on public interest litigation including the various provisions made in various constitutions promulgated till now. The last chapter, twenty-fifth, is about anthropology and sociology of law and social interest litigation. 292 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

293 Out of twenty-five chapters, the author has not written conclusion in chapters one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, nine, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, seventeen and eighteen but the rest chapters have the conclusion. The author has some noble suggestions in chapter eleven. This shows that the author could not maintain the consistency. Number of coclusions made in various chapters show the national interest based on socio-economic, political, cultural etc. aspects of the country where in some of them, only the author perception exists. The book is quite useful for theoretical and practical knowledge regarding constitutional development and process of formulation in the present context. Therefore, the reader can be benefitted to enrich their knowledge. Book : Constitutional Law of Nepal Author : Advocate and Lecturer Dr. Chandrakanta Gyawali (Department of Sociology) Language : Nepali Publisher : Pairaviprakashan, Kathmandu, Nepal [email protected] First print : 2068 BS, Second in 2070 BS and the latest in 2073 BS (the latest version includes the constitution of Nepal promulgated in 2072 BS/ 2015AD) Price : NRs. 795/- Reviewed by : Asso. Prof. Rabindranath Bhattarai (Department of Population Studies) (The author and the reviewer are colleagues at Patan Multiple Campus, Tribuvan University, Nepal) Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 293

294 A Short Communication About Applied Research Tika Ram Bhusal ] Searching the searched thing or finding out new thing is research. We do research for internal satisfaction but in this age, we can divide research into three parts: Research we do because we get money: Such type of research only gives formality, the outcome result may be effective but most of the cases are ineffective because most of the proposals which you give are not fundamental in nature. Thus, nearly two-third researches in the world are useless and a wastage of our money. Research we do because we have got social justice: Such type of research inturn also needs to give justice to the people of society. In such case, researchers do its activities in its rational way, i.e., as the resources of it are available. The researchers accept that money which they believe to be coming from social justice channel. The outcome of such research is very strong in nature and it greatly helps in achieving our goal. Research we do because we are lucky: Here, lucky means researcher has received grant (financial support) from different agencies and thinks s/he has got social justice. In such cases, researcher sometimes gives good result. In most of such cases, biasness affects the grant of money. On research methodology What the agencies do? Research method applied by, for example, the ragpicker, the kabadee, is the one. In such case, the ragpickers pick up the plastic bags from the garbage as main job. They clean the environment but no agencies even United Nations Development Project (UNDP) takes care of their health. So, under United Nations, we did only the ragpicker-research. We have received money (and got value) of many martyrs and soldiers of different countries in the name of research. In sum total, we have a great financial and time lost in such research even than the World War II. Anyhow in our region (Indian sub-continent, the Bharat Varsha), we should continue to do research taking care of all parameters. ] Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Patan Multiple Campus, Lalitpur 294 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal

295 Some important facts about research methodology are as given: Methodology can be considered as framework within which the research is conducted. Such methodology is developed by or can be developed by a group of people. We should trust such people. We should learn about them, their history and then start to do research. The framework gives the easy way to do research that what will happen if we go out of frame work? Its answer is not easy. I think one should not forget the objective of the research and what the group of people suggest is important. For example, the methodology should be appropriate to achieve objective of the research and it should be made easy to understand by any other researcher in short span of time. You can develop framework yourself and give a proposal or you can consult some researchers and see the previous works done. For example, you can just give topic and do research in your own way and then present paper to experts. There is a risk that your paper to be used by somebody other will misuse the labour. This is the main problem in our region. Most of the researches are done by data collection and their analysis. In Mathematics, especially certain problem is considered and several verifications are done to reach the conclusion. Anyhow following points are important to conduct the research: i) You should clarify the philosophy you have chosen to work on. ii) You should choose the research approach, e.g., by asking questions and by testing hypothesis. iii) Analysis of data is important. Indicate whether it is quantitative or qualitative one. iv) Test of some variables of data should be done so that we can match/compare it with real existence. v) Moral conduct is necessary to perform any kind of research. Many agencies need proposal for a research but later they make us write the whole work. Now, you can follow these frameworks for a Mathematical research : 1. Introduction/ Background One should introduce and give background of the problem. 2. Statement of the problem One should completely stake the problem so that any other person can take interest in it. 3. Objective What is the aim behind research work? 4. Literature review What kind of books will the researcher see? What history to see or has been studied? 5. Method of research In simple language, how will one incorporate the research work: consulting various books or consulting the experts/journals/ internet source? Or, what else? Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal / 295

296 6. Research What outcome will one get after research? If possible, guessing is a work here. 7. References Write consulted texts in American Psychological Association (APA) or the preffered international style of your subject. Sources: and from various readings on research. (Mr. Bhusal has presented this idea and general view as an action-paper in the annual schedule of Patan Multiple Academic & Research Centre, PARC, on March 06, 2016/2072 Falgun 23 B.S., Sunday.) 296 / Intellectual Integrity & Research Journal