NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA)

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1 NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA) (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Draft Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (for Disclosure) for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh February 2014 The Energy and Resources Institute Consultant * This report is not for public disclosure and the contents herein are not to be published, forwarded or copied without permission of the authors.

2 Table of Contents Executive Summary...1 Chapter 1 Introduction Ganga Clean up Initiatives The Ganga River Basin Project World Bank Assistance Project Components Component One: Institutional Development Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments Structure of the Report...13 Chapter 2 Project Description About the City Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP-I) Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II On-going works in Sewerage District D Under JNNURM Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A City Sewerage Plan Necessity of this project Location of Proposed Sewerage Project Proposed Sewerage System Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Implementation Schedule Financing...28 Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology Methodology Project Screening Conclusion of Screening Activity...44 Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework Applicable Laws and Regulations Environmental Legal Framework of Government of India Key Environmental Laws and Regulations Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social National Policies and Acts...50 ii

3 4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) Forest Rights Act Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP.52 Chapter 5 Baseline Status Baseline Environmental Physiography and Topography Climate Geological and Geophysical features Ambient Air Quality Noise Environment Water Environment Storm Water Drainage Waste Water Management Solid Waste Management Biological Environment Details of Social Survey...86 Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts Potential Environmental Impacts Design and Development Phase Impacts during construction phase Impacts during operation phase Potential Social Impacts Conclusion Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan Environmental Management Plan Environmental Monitoring Plan EMP Budget Social Management Plan Social mitigation plans during construction phase Social mitigation plans during operation phase Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan iii

4 7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues Social Development Outcomes of the sub project Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project Chapter 9 Conclusion Annexure 1 Questionnaire Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders Annexure 3 Census Data iv

5 List of Tables Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad*...20 Table 2.2 Projected Populations for Allahabad Sewerage District A...22 Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD)...23 Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening...33 Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations...47 Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process...51 Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad...56 Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time...57 Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample...58 Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011)...59 Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in db (A)]...62 Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district A...64 Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m 3 /s)...65 Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage district A...74 Table 5.11 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Naini STP...74 Table 5.12 Solid waste generation in sewerage district A...75 Table 5.13 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad...81 Table 5.14 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use Table 5.15 Ward wise population density of Allahabad...84 Table 5.16 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table...88 v

6 Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments Table 7.2 Social Management Plan Table 7.3 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation Table 7.4 Cost information of EMP vi

7 List of Figures Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city...21 Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District A in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment...30 Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District A...42 Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (mg/m 3 ) in Allahabad during Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad...61 Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years...66 Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years...67 Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district A...72 Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district A...77 Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city...79 Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate...80 Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A...85 Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers...87 Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase...88 Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high...98 vii

8 List of Plates Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna bridge (right)...15 Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right)...16 Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors...31 Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community...32 Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna bridge, where residents have had complaints related to flooding due to the low lying location Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and re-instated road (foreground)...43 Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad...44 Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (top) and flooding upon rainfall in sewerage district A (bottom)...71 Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom) Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area...78 Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery during Kumbh...86 Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha...97 Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors...99 viii

9 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 Executive Summary Introduction As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this initiative, the World Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of several phases of support aims at: i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for Allahabad sewerage district A has been recently proposed, as this area has only 45% sewerage coverage. As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA, 2011), the implementation of such river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems. Therefore the study of environment and social sector is required for analyzing the impacts of proposed project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative impacts. The Detailed Project Report for the above components has been prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them for preparing the Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (ESAMP). Project Description Allahabad city s main land is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions (North, South and East). The sewerage system in the city was first introduced in the year Sewerage district A forms the core of the city. Considering the density of population, absence of complete sewerage network (not 100% covered), proximity to the Yamuna river and hence its impact at the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district A. Sewerage district A has 3 zones and 27 wards. Old sewers are egged shaped brick sewers. Some of the important sewers are: 62 X 93 in Atala area 42 X 72 & 32 X48 in Darashah Ajmal area 1

10 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad X 57 on Jahawar Lal Nehru Road 39 X45 on GT Road 18 X24 on Lowther Road 18 X24 & in Lukarganj area Sewage from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 MLD with expansion). Population densities in this area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently good to support full coverage with sewerage. Sewage that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. Status of sewage treatment in Sewerage District A With the growing population, the total waste water generated in this district during the year 2040 would be mld against the installed capacity of 60mld, thus an additional unit of around 20 mld is needed. District Existing STP Capacity (MLD) Required STP in 2025 (MLD) Required in 2040 (MLD) Total STP Capacity by 2040 (MLD) District A Proposed Capacity for Subproject (MLD) The modification of STP capacity is already taken up under a separate package for NGRBA funding. The UPJN along with NMCG has prepared an Environment and Social Due Diligence Report along with EMP for the following project components: Expansion of existing STP from 60 MLD to 80 MLD at Naini; Expansion of SPS at Gaughat; Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala; Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer; and, Desilting & rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer 2

11 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 The evaluated proposed project system is designed for 30 years period. The major components of the proposed project include: Approximately km long sewerage network Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment As per DPR, total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be Rs Lakhs.i. e. Rs Crores. Approach and Methodology The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary data analysis, carrying out scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter, environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was developed based on the aforementioned. The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included environmental factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive region in and around the project area, clearance of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated noise and dust levels, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included factors such as requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes, loss of livelihood and gender issues. Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District A in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which do not have any fresh land acquisition and has an overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater which was earlier polluting the river Ganga. 3

12 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 Environmental and Social Baseline status As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district A was prepared to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality, waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the study, wastewater generated from sewerage district A is observed to be mostly from residential with limited commercial and no industrial wastes. As mentioned earlier, most of sewerage district A area has limited sewer system (45%) and wastewater flows to the river through drains. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Ghaghar and Chachar nala located in sewer district A indicates that some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the general discharges standards laid out by CPCB. As reported in DPR, BOD (5dat Sat 20 C) is 32 mg/l at Chachar Nala and 67 mg/l at Ghaghar nala as against the CPCB standard of 30mg/l. They may worsen the water quality, causing direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. Even the recorded temperature as per DPR is higher than the prescribed standard of CPCB of 5 C. Ghaghar nala recorded 28 C and Chachar nala recorded 29 C. As far as air quality is concerned, Allahabad city doesn t fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60 micro gram/m3. The concentration of both sulphur- dioxide and nitrogen-dioxide are within the permissible standards of CPCB. For Allahabad, limited noise level monitoring has been carried out by JICA at three locations; Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office. Out of these 3 sites, only Sulem Sarai comes in District A. At this site the noise level was higher than the desirable level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area. With respect to solid waste it was observed that the waste is not properly handled and is dumped to open sites at different places in the district. As a result of such practices, the entire 4

13 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the environment and to public health. While in the baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic composition of the population, general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage district. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. The identified environmental impacts were further classified under the heads of low lying area near Kydganj that are vulnerable to flooding and crowded/congested areas such as Muthi ganj, Rambagh area that are susceptible in to impacts of poor air quality, noise levels and contaminated water resources. Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is foreseen in the project. Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss of livelihood is noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected parties will be compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome any nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. A strong suggestion which was identified from the consultations was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents, shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is a clear mention and highlighting if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also present. 5

14 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 Environmental Management Plan For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and if the measure is not included in the DPR, lumpsum cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The table below briefly describes the Environment Management Plan. Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures Environmental Construction Phase Environmental sensitive areas There are no environmental sensitive areas in the proposed project area. Further the small residential parks and road side trees which will not be affected, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. - Air quality Probable increase in the dust levels (RSPM and SPM), during the construction may temporary deteriorate the air quality, causing health problems like respiratory ailments, eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Sprinkling of water at regular intervals to control dust especially places where soil is stockpiled and provision of top cover for vehicles involved in disposal of the excess soil material Emissions from fuel use in construction equipment and vehicles deployed at the site Ensuring use of low fume emitting. Newer generators and vehicles with wellmaintained engines and control devices. Noise levels Increased noise levels due to construction activities like plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc, may cause general disturbances to the human habitations like sleeplessness in case construction activity is extended into the night hours. Providing curtains or sound barriers (polysheets/ sheets) all around the construction site. Proper maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles Water resources Contamination of nearby water bodies via storm drains (during rainfall) by un-managed construction related material like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, There may also be temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. Suggestion to ensure proper handling and disposing off construction wastes at identified refusal sites. Proper stock piling of excavated soil and not in any storm drains or any other areas where water would naturally accumulate 6

15 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 causing flooding. Operation Phase Noise air quality Water quality No air and noise problem from sewer line as they will be laid underground. Inappropriate handling at IPS Proper handling and regular maintenance of operating machines at SPS including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc. Social Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no impact on livelihood of any permanent shop-owners, licensed kiosks Land acquisition Inconvenience to public Health issues-due to dust, noise pollution No impact, as no fresh land is required for any construction There will be some minor inconveniences to the public due to construction like access to their premises, etc. During construction dust and noise generated, can cause nuisance to people especially elderly and children, but impact is very limited. But suggested if noticed during construction, then should be compensated according to ESMF - Public notice to be circulated, construction should be completed in the given time, debris should be cleared in time Use of acoustics and water sprinkling These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. In order to implement the Environmental Management and Monitoring a budget of Rs /- has been estimated and this is also integrated the DPR cost. Social Management Plan: Implementation of EMP: In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESAMP are carried out. Though the project envisages to have some environmental and social impacts, however they are temporary in nature can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and Social management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the 7

16 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 implementation. The larger environmental value of the project greatly outweighs these impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river. 8

17 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 Chapter 1 Introduction The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga main stem which also extends into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh accounts for 26 per cent of India s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin. Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious activities along the river, agriculture and livestock as well as poor solid waste management are the main causes for pollution in river Ganga. 1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initiatives in the past. The most prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented by a similar plan for the Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little effort made in addressing systemic weakness in the critical sectors of urban wastewater, solid waste management, environmental monitoring, regulation and water resources management; and (3) inadequate scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of consultation, participation and awareness-raising. 9

18 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach: Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions); Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan, implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and, Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on sustainable operations and mobilization of community support) 1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project As a major first step in achieving the above, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA will adopt a river-basin approach and has been given a multi-sector mandate to address both water quantity and quality aspects. The NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluents will be discharged into River Ganga. Building on the high-level dialogue with GOI on Ganga, The World Bank has been formally requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program development under the proposed project will focus on the entire Ganga main stem, the initial emphasis of the specific investments under the first project will focus on main stem of Ganga flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal in India. Specifically, pollution abatement programs in cities on the banks of these States which would include a range of municipal investments such as sewer networks, waste water treatment facilities, industrial pollution control measures, river front management and solid waste disposal in the river through improved management in these cities and other required supportive improvements. This is expected to be enabled through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of such several phases of support aims at; 10

19 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 i) Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program and; ii) Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. To achieve the above, the proposed World Bank assisted National Ganga River Basin Project (NGRBP) envisages two main components World Bank Assistance The Government of India is implementing program with the assistance from the World Bank to support the NGRBA in the long term. This project is, first operation, and aims to support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing priority investments. 1.3 Project Components The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments funded by the second component Component One: Institutional Development Objective The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA s operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under this component are grouped under the following sub-components: (a) Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management (b) Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers (c) Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments 11

20 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad Objective The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river Four Investment Sectors The majority of investments are expected to be in the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. Investments will also be supported in industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. common effluent treatment plants), solid waste management (e.g. collection, transport and disposal systems), and river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement of small ghats and electric crematoria, and the conservation and preservation of ecologically sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of these sectors The Framework Approach In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA program Investment Execution The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA PMG and SPMGs, while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected existing and qualified state-level technical agencies Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be included on priority, due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the Ganga. 12

21 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad Structure of the Report The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the Environment and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in Sewerage District A of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It rolls out the baseline status of the existing sewage situation and analyzes the situation if the proposed project is implemented, with its possible implications and to negate those implications management plan is advised which is as per the Environment and Social Management Framework. The present ESAMP report is described in following 9 chapters as given below: Chapter 1 is an introduction about the programme to clean up River Ganga and various mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the institutions involved in the project. Chapter 2 details put specific project description pertaining to the proposed sewerage project in District A of Allahabad. Chapter 3 of the report talks about the methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment. Chapter 4 of the report presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of projects. Chapter 5 presents detailed baseline scenario of the information available for city and for sewerage district A for both environmental and social aspects. Thereafter, Chapter 6, discusses associated environmental and social impacts. For the identified impacts, mitigation measures have been suggested in Chapter 7 of the report. Chapter 8 is a presentation of social development outcomes of the proposed project and related issues. Chapter 9 finally concludes the inferences brought out from the environmental and social analysis of the project activities in Allahabad District A. It also highlights the conclusion based on the analysis which shows that the proposed project can be categorized as Low Impact. 13

22 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 Chapter 2 Project Description 2.1 About the City Allahabad city lies on the North latitude and East longitude. Main land of the city is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions i.e. North, South and east direction. The river Ganga flows on the north and east boundary of the old city while river Yamuna flows on south boundary of old city as shown in the Figure 2.1. Allahabad is among the largest cities in Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated at the auspicious confluence (Sangam) of three holy rivers 'Ganga', 'Yamuna' and the river of enlightenment, the mythical 'Saraswati'. There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around the world, which is described in ancient scriptures as Prayag -Prayagraj or Teerthraaj (the holiest pilgrimage centre). With the additional magnetism of Maha Kumbh Mela, hailed as the world's largest congregation of devotees, attended by millions of pilgrims, its importance can hardly be over emphasized. Over the centuries that followed, Allahabad remained on the forefront of national importance - more so, during the days of the Indian independence struggle. The chequered history of Allahabad with its religious, cultural and historical ethos also gave rise to several renowned scholars, poets, writers, thinkers, statesmen and leaders. The city being an important cantonment during the British Raj has some beautiful remnants of colonial architecture. In the early 20th century, Allahabad University was the foremost center of learning in the country. Allahabad, today has served as commercial, academic, tourism and industrial centre of eastern Uttar Pradesh and adjoining parts of the nearby States. 14

23 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna bridge (right) Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City The Sewerage system in the Allahabad city was first introduced in the year The facility was subsequently extended in a number of developing areas according to the need and financial position of the local body. The collection system covers about 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city. The total amount of wastewater measured in drains and at the STPs in the year 2000 was about 210 mld of which 89 mld was diverted into the sewer collection system. The wastewater flowing into the SPS (Sewage Pumping Station) is greater than the existing treatment capacity of STP, leading to overflow of untreated wastewater into the river as shown in Plate 2.2. Further the existing sewers have outlived their design life and suffer from insufficient hydraulic capabilities, heavy silt deposition, severe choking due to ingress of solid waste and poor structural conditions in most of the stretches. Presently there are 57 drains/ nalas which discharge into the rivers Ganga & Yamuna at Allahabad. Out of 57 drains, 2 drains fall in the cantonment area under the control of the defense ministry. Out of remaining 55 polluting drains, 7 major drains have been intercepted under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP - I), 2 drains have been tapped under Ganga Action Plan Phase II (GAP - II), further 16 drains will be tapped under the ongoing scheme under JNNURM, 10 drains are proposed to be tapped under a scheme pending for approval and new DPR s are under preparation for tapping of the remaining 20 drains. UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal 1 Allahabad district government website, < 15

24 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 Nigam) is responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for sewerage. UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and collection of revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ on-going/ approved sewerage projects in Allahabad city are described below. Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right) Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP-I) With the objective of abatement of pollution to improve the river water quality and to reduce the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad city are summarized below: Renovation of Gaughat Main Sewage Pumping Station Renovation of Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations Relieving sewer in Kydganj area Daraganj sewer and Sewage Pumping Station Relieving sewer in Daraganj area Tapping of Mumfordganj nala Tapping of Chachar nala Partial tapping of Ghaghar nala 16

25 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad mld sewage treatment works at Naini based on Activated Sludge Process Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II In continuation with the pollution abatement programme, Ganga Action Plan-II was started in 1993, which planned to cover 59 towns located along the river in the five states of Uttarakhand, U.P, Jharkhand, Bihar and West-Bengal. Nearly 319 schemes have been taken up under the plan, out of which 200 have been completed. An expenditure of Rs crore has been incurred so far creating sewage treatment capacity of 130 mld. Later in 1996, this plan was expanded into the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which presently covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers in 20 States in the country. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad are summarized below: Renovation/ Rehabilitation of Chachar nala SPS Tapping Salori nala and Construction of Sewage pumping station 29 mld Salori STP with land acquisition Construction of Morigate Sewage Pumping Station On-going works in Sewerage District D Under JNNURM In order to encourage the cities in taking up the initiative steps to bring about improvement in the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Allahabad city, the under mentioned works have been approved by the Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC) of the Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India in Completion period of the approved works is 3 years. Construction of new Trunk Sewer 7.20 Km Replacement of old Trunk Sewer Km Lateral & Branch sewers Km Desilting and Rehabilitation of existing old Trunk Sewer Km Renovation & Upgradation of Alopibagh SPS and its rising main Renovation & Upgradation of Morigate SPS and its rising main 17

26 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 Renovation & Upgradation of Allahpur SPS Renovation & Upgradation of Daraganj SPS 55 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Mumfordganj 25 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Rajapur 60 mld Sewage Treatment Plant at Rajapur Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga, keeping with sustainable development needs, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February The prime objectives of the NGRBA program are to finance infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads at priority locations on the river Ganga. The investments are intended to exemplify, among other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and implementation, sustainability of operations, and public participation. With reference to Allahabad city, DPRs amounting to Rs Crore, has been approved under the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment & Forest Govt. of India. Following sewerage works are going on in sewerage District A under the Sewerage & Non sewerage Scheme for Pollution abatement of river Ganga at Allahabad. This scheme, amounting to Rs Cr was approved by the NRCD, MoEF, Govt. of India in May a. Sewer Laying works i On MG marg from High Court to Rambag Railway crossing 3.80 km ii. On attersuiya road, Meerapur, Hatia etc km b. De-silting & Re-habitation of old trunk sewer c. Renovation & Up-gradation of Chachar Nala Sewage Pumping Station. d. Renovation & Up-gradation of Gaughat Sewage Pumping Station. e. Up-gradation of Naini STP by 20 mld. The proposed work in District A has following major components: Approximately km long sewerage network Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment 18

27 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad City Sewerage Plan As per the recent master plan of city development, Allahabad city has been divided into seven sewerage districts A-G as shown in Figure 2.1. The District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of sewage treatment in Allahabad is given in Table 2.1. District A: District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS and Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). Population densities in this area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently good to support full coverage with sewerage. Wastewater that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. District B: From Lukerganj SPS to Ghaghar nala SPS, conveying sewage upstream of Yamuna River to Numaya Dahi STP. This district is located to the west of district A from Ghaghar nala to Sasur Khaderi river. District C: Area north of cantonment conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP. Wastewater from Allapur area has been reassigned to the Salori STP catchment since crossing the bridge to Phaphamau as previously proposed was not possible. At present the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP constructed under GAP II. District D: Alopibagh SPS area will convey sewage to proposed Rajapur STP. This zone is experiencing rapid growth and projected populations indicate that densities will be much greater than 300 persons per hectare before District E: West Allahabad conveying sewage to Kodara STP and Ponghat STP in Sulem Sarai area. This district is divided into three nala catchments, namely Ponghat nala to the west, Kodara nala (central), and Nehru Park nala to the east. District F: Phaphamau area conveying sewage to Phaphamau STP. At present the area has no sewers but in future sewers will be laid as per requirement. 19

28 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District A -Allahabad 2014 District G: South of Yamuna river conveying sewage to proposed Mawaiya STP. Proposed sewerage District G is largely un-sewered at present. In addition to the seven sewerage districts, the Master Plan has identified two future service areas (FSA) which are outside the municipal limits but have or will have, within the design horizon, a population density of more than 120 person / ha. Hence, the sewerage system needs to be extended to FSAs in the future. Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad* Sewer Service Areas Population in 2001 Projected Population Projected Sewage Flow in MLD District A* District B District C District D District E District F District G Total Source: Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam, *Population figures include daily floating population but do not include population of Kumb Mela. 20

29 Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Niga 21

30 2.3 Necessity of this project NGRBA is the authority working under the nodal Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). NGRBA has formulated a mission named Mission Clean Ganga for preventing, controlling and effective abatement of pollution happening for river Ganga and is taking measures for controlling pollution. Under the Mission Clean Ganga, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged into the river Ganga by the year Allahabad city is part of Ganga River Basins and sewerage system does not exist in many part of the city. At present there is no sewage collection system in many parts of sewerage District A and existing sewerage system is not capable to tackle the present sewage generation. Most of the houses have individual soak pits for collecting sewage and sullage is discharged in open drains which ultimately meets Yamuna River which finally meets the river Ganga in the downstream side called holy Sangam. Soak pits are required to be cleaned periodically. People living in this area are facing problem of odour and nuisance and leading to unhygienic condition and health concerns. With view to Mission Clean Ganga objective of NGRBA, it is proposed to provide sewerage system of laterals, branches and trunk sewers in Sewerage District A in this DPR. By this system entire sewage of this sewerage district A will be collected in integrated manner and brought it up to Gaughat SPS from where it will be diverted to Naini STP for treatment before discharging into Yamuna River. It will improve sanitation level and prevention of untreated discharge of sewage into river Yamuna and finally in Ganga River. Table 2.2 Projected Populations for Allahabad Sewerage District A Method/Year Arithmetic Increase 13,64,123 15,11,527 16,44,190 Geometrical Increase 15,05,092 18,61,813 22,54,612 Incremental Increase 13,79,334 15,57,160 17,30,208 Graphical 17,03,814 21,72,480 27,03,560 Average of above 14,88,091 17,75,745 20,83,143 Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam,

31 Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) District Existing STP Capacity (MLD) Required STP in 2025 (MLD) Required in 2040 (MLD) Total STP Capacity by 2040 (MLD) Proposed Capacity for Sub-project (MLD) District A **DPRs approved Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam, 2013 Under other sanctioned project of NGRBA following components are aleady taken up in Allahabad A, namely: Expansion of existing STP from 60mld to 80 mld at Naini; Espansion of SPS (Sewage Pumping Station) at Gaughat; Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala; Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer;and, Desilting and Rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer As part of the present design of the sewage network these details are considered and the present project has been proposed with: Approximately km long sewerage network Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment 2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project Sewerage District A of the City of Allahabad covers central core and conveys sewage to existing Gaughat Main Pumping Station (MPS) and Naini Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) (refer figure 2.1). This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as There are totally 27 wards falling under this project area, having a total population of as of The area is mostly residential with some main markets, institutes and hospitals. The state of existing sewers is summarized below: Most of the existing sewers are old brick sewers which have outlived their design life The structural condition of sewers in most stretches is poor 2 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam,

32 Hydraulic capacities are insufficient even for the present flows All existing lines have heavy silt deposition Sewers are severely choked due to ingress of solid waste All lines have large variations in constructed slopes Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. The existing capacity of Gaughat MPS does not get fully utilized because of extensive daily power cuts. MPS has a single supply source and often the diesel is inadequate to operate the pumps during long power cuts. MPS is also facing problems due to the large load of solid waste being carried in with the wastewater. The wastewater flowing into the MPS is greater than the treatment capacity at Naini STP and hence, large amounts simply overflow untreated into Yamuna River. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). The sewer connection ratio in the district is around 45%. Wastewater that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. 24

33 Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District A in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh. Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam 25

34 2.5 Proposed Sewerage System The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UP Jal Nigam and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. The proposed sub-project aims to provide complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district A of the Allahabad city. The sub-projects covered under this present sewage projects of district A includes: Approximately km long sewerage network Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for sewerage district A to cover the remaining area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment before discharge into Ganga river via Nallah. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period with design year The 240 km stretch will be divided into 3 zones of approximately 80 Kms each. A. Sewer System (i) Sewer Pipes: It is proposed to lay 240 km long sewer network in sewerage district A of the city. In proposed system, laterals are proposed along the roads to connect sewage from individual houses and it is connected to branch sewers. Branch sewers are joined to trunk sewers and finally to trunk main. The proposed sewers are of RCC pipes (Class NP3) for all the diameters. The provision is also made for HDPE pipes for 200 & 250 mm dia. in the congested and narrow lanes to speed up the construction work at site. The table below presents the size and length of the proposed sewers in the 3 zones of District A. 26

35 Size/ Dia in mm Zone wise Length (m) Zone I Zone II Zone III Total Length (m) Total Length (ii) Manholes: The ordinary circular manholes of brick masonry are proposed at all the junctions, change of diameters, and change in pipe gradients and on straight run of sewer at 30m interval for dia. upto 900mm. Drop manholes are proposed where the difference between invert level of lateral / branch sewer and maximum water level (at design peak flows) of main sewer is more than 600mm. RCC precast manholes (for depth upto 2m) are considered in congested areas with narrow roads for speedy construction. (iii) House connection: The sewer house connections are progressive work and expected to be achieved more than 95% by year 2020 House connections are proposed along with sewerage system. Single and multiple connections are proposed. 100% house connections are proposed for District A since these areas are mostly un-sewered. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% is proposed to be achieved by year B. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations a) Proposed New Bairahana SPS of MLD capacity The proposed SPS in New Bairahana area in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone I is designed to pump the sewage of Zone I to manhole no. M

36 From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. b) Proposed Kydganj SPS of 12 MLD capacity The proposed SPS in Kydganj area along bank or Yamuna river in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the sewage to manhole no. M From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. c) Proposed Bargadghat SPS of 60 MLD capacity The proposed SPS at Bargad Ghat on the bank of river Yamuna in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the sewage to manhole no. M From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. C. Sewer Cleaning Equipment For proper maintenance of the sewerage system, provision has been made for one no. Jetting cum suction machine, one no. tractor trolley, mounted tanker and one no. submersible dredger pump Implementation Schedule It is anticipated that entire work will be completed within 36 months from the date of approval and allotment of funds Financing Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam, 2013 under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme amounting to Rs Crores. Under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), the Central Government will provide financial assistance of 70% of the total project cost. The remaining 30% of 28

37 the project cost will be borne by the State Government of UP and the ULB/ Allahabad Municipal Corporation. The share of the Central Government shall accordingly be Rs crore. Balance amount of Rs crore will be shared by the Govt. of UP. The State Government has given its commitment to bear their share of the cost and accordingly tripartite MoA has been executed in between NMCG, State Government and Allahabad Municipal Corporation. ABSTRACT COST ESTIMATION (Rs. In Lakhs) Sl.No Description Estimated Cost (Rs. In Lakhs) Civil Work E/ M Total Works A Sewerage work in Zone I 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method New Bairahana SPS Rising Main Kydganj (Gate No.9) SPS Rising Main Sub Total (Zone I) of A B Sewerage work in Zone II 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method Bargadghat SPS Rising Main Sub Total (Zone II) of B C Sewerage work in Zone III 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method Sewer Laying by Trenchless method Desilting& CIPP lining Sub Total (Zone III) of C D Communication & Public Outreach E GAAP F ESAMP G Total of (A+B+C+D+E+F) H Centage charges of (G) 1 Cost of Project 4% (maximum) Cost of supervision of 4% as per NGRBA PROGRAMME guidelines (maximum) I Sub Total of H J Provision for sewer cleaning equipment s K Five Years O & M Cost L Sub Total of (J+K) Total cost (G+I+L) Total cost in crore Cr. 29

38 Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology 3.1 Methodology The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011) 3, the river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social problems. Hence, an environmental and social assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of sewerage works in sewerage district A of Allahabad City has been conducted using the following methodology: Secondary data analysis Brief description & analysis of the sub project activities Detailed environmental profile of the project influence area Field survey and stakeholder consultation Discussion with host population and key stake-holders Screening activity Identification and assessment of environmental/ social impacts Developing mitigation plan Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment a. Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project 3 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 30

39 Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary sources including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution Board, Water Quality Management Plan of Ganga River Report of JICA and NRCD, City Development Plan of Allahabad and many others. Through this secondary information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline environmental profile of the project influence was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of required information was drafted before conducting the field survey. b. Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team undertook the field survey and transect walk of the sewerage district A area to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer Plate 3.1, 3.2). GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social and environmental issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the magnitude and severity of adverse impacts. Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors c. Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in District A including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their 31

40 awareness of the project, their response to it and if the project is affecting them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public grievances. Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire used for the survey is attached as Annexure (1). Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community d. Discussion with the key stakeholders: Most of the interactions with important key stakeholders were through both informal and formal discussions with them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (2). e. Conduct Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out no significant impacts from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process using the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA, which is described in subsequent section. f. Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered from field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources, issues related to the environmental and social sectors were been identified. The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline environmental and social condition of the study region. The impacts of the activities are mostly positive with few adverse impacts. 32

41 g. Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the environmental and social issues identified, measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance were recommended. The mitigation plans is suggested in all three stages: designing phase, construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase. 3.2 Project Screening The project screening was carried out to understand the nature, scale and magnitude of environmental and social issues associated with the project. The screening activity was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011) 4 and on the secondary data analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation. The detail of screening is summarized in the Table 3.1 below. Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening Environment and Social information format for screening Project Title: Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A in Allahabad City of Uttar Pradesh Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad Project cost: Rs Lakhs Project components: a). Sewer System (~240 km long) b). 3 Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station c). Sewer Cleaning Equipment Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District A in Allahabad District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS AND Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Screening Criteria Assessment of category Explanatory note for categorization Evidence and references 4 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 33

42 1 Is the project in an ecosensitive area or adjoining an ecosensitive area? (Yes/No) If Yes, which is t h e area? Elaborate i m p a c t accordingly. No There are no ecosensitive areas such as water bodies, or protected forested areas surrounding the project. The only ASI monument in sewerage district A namely Kydganj Cemetery will not be impacted also the proposed sewage line passes more than 200 m away from the cemetery. Figure 5.8 : Map showing the Ecosensitive areas closest to Allahabad District A. Field visits, secondary information and interaction with U.P. Jal Nigam, ASI official and other Government officials. 2 Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts? 2.1 Land acquisition resulting in loss of income from agricultural land, plantation or other existing land-use. No social impacts Land acquisition is not required. As per the first hand observation in the field and through interviews of key stakeholders, residents, local people, and other sources like DPR, CRR, it is clear that no private land would be acquired for either laying of sewer network or for SPS. Sewer line would be laid on the public roads. So there is no loss of income from agricultural land. Moreover there are no agricultural fields in the district. Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the premises which will get affected due to it 2.2 Loss of livelihood No Loss of livelihood would not take place and since mobile vendors can shift their position only minor disruption in terms of access to shops would occur. Figure 5.10: indicating that the sewer line will pass through the residential colonies, commercial areas of the district and would not enter or pass through agricultural fields. Field visits, consultation with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. Consultation with stakeholders, like (for JNNURM projects), DPR & CRR 34

43 2.3 Land acquisition resulting in relocation of households. 2.4 Any reduction of access to traditional and river dependent communities (to river and areas where they earn for their primary or substantial livelihood). 2.5 Any displacement or adverse impact on tribal settlement(s). 2.6 Any specific gender issues. No social impacts No social impacts No social impacts No social impacts Land acquisition is not required. As per the first hand observation in the field and through interviews of key stakeholders, residents, local people, and other sources like DPR, CRR, it is clear that no private land would be acquired for either laying of sewer network or for building up new SPS. The project land is already available with the government and also Revenue department has confirmed the ownership. Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the premises which will get affected due to it No access problem to river There are no tribal settlements in the project area. No gender issues were reported during survey Field survey, Consultations with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. DPR & CRR Field visits and consultations with the shop keepers, mobile vendors, expert opinions Consultations with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. Consultations, interviews, which were taken up with females specifically. 3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 35

44 3.1 Clearance of vegetation/ treecover 3.2 Direct discharge of construction runoff, improper storage and disposal of excavation spoils, wastes and other construction materials adversely affecting water quality and flow regimes. No environmenta l impacts Limited The major land use pattern of sewerage district A is mostly residential and commercial, with no agricultural and no forested areas. Also no tree cutting is involved in the pumping station sites Vegetation and tree cover were insignificant in the proposed project area. Also, sewer lines will be laid in the centre of the roads hence no impact on trees (which are aligned along the sides of roads) Possibility of temporary flushing away of unmanaged spoils and construction wastes during rainfall to river Ganga via storm water drains. If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporarily affecting storm water flows by obstruction to flows and blockage of drains, especially during rainfall. This may cause floods. Field visits and Interaction with UP Jal Nigam, Nagar Nigam department. Figure 5.10 GIS map of ward localities in District A. Figure 3.2: Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District A. Figure 5.7: GIS map of identified parks in District A. Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials and consultation with local residents of sewerage district A. Figure 5.7: GIS map showing the drainage network of District A. 3.3 Flooding of adjacent areas Limited For sewerage works in the entire sewerage district A, flooding could be an issue during the monsoons, since the drainage system in sewerage district A covers approximately %, which is further ineffective due to blocked drains and poor City Development Plan for Allahabad, Final Report by Feedback Ventures. Plate 5.1: Image showing flooded streets of Allahabad District A after rainfall.. 36

45 solid waste management. The areas which are expected to face temporary flooding issues include slum area in Kydganj 3.4 Improper storage and handling of substances leading to contamination of soil and water Limited Additionally, if water pipes are inadvertently breached, flooding will result. The storage of construction related material will not cause any contamination since these materials would typically include: Concrete, pipes, masonry, rubber pipes. Plate 3.4: Image showing a typical sewage construction area with material. Figure 5.6 highlights the drainage network. 3.5 Elevated noise and dust emission Limited There are no water bodies within the study area. However, with other finer materials such as powders, fluids and greases, if not appropriately managed or in the event of an accident, there may be potential for temporary contamination of the river Yamuna and Ganga via the various drains and nalas in sewerage district A, during rainfall. For sewage works, construction is likely to increase dust and noise levels temporarily. Temporary impacts may especially be felt at educational facilities like schools/colleges Allahabd Degree College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing Section provides details about agricultural land in sewerage district A. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District A, Volume I, for clearance of site after construction period and unforeseen items Consultation with local residents, and interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. 37

46 Christian College, Shiv Charan Das, Kanhaiyalal Intermediate College Provided that construction works near schools and colleges are carried out during vacations and works near hospitals are completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.), the impacts may be limited. If construction schedule is followed, then impacts will be temporary as 1 km of sewer line is approximated to be completed within 3 days. 3.6 Disruption to traffic movements Limited Sewer construction leads to the temporary tearingup of roads and increase in large construction vehicles, which might impair traffic movement, especially in the narrower roads and lanes as seen mainly in Muthiganj, Rambagh. Figure 6.1: GIS map distinguishing road network of District A with majority of roads in the Narrow category (<=5 units). Plate 6.1: Image showing a typical busy street at Rambagh Chauraha in District A 3.7 Damage to existing infrastructure, public utilities, Limited If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporarily Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District A, Volume-I for diversion of traffic/regulation during construction period Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other 38

47 amenities etc. affecting the existing public utilities like water supply, telephone, electricity cables etc. Records and layout plans of existing underground utilities and cable networks (like telephone, electricity water etc.) were unavailable. Government officials. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District A, Volumefor shifting & reinstatement of utilities 3.8 Failure to restore temporary construction sites 3.9 Possible conflicts with and/or disruption to local community Limited Limited From field visits and as per JNNURM project reinstatement of dismantled roads after filling and proper compaction was observed. Although temporary, concerns regarding failure to restore construction sites including failure to close and appropriately fenceoff open pits were cited as safety concerns especially for children. For the laying of sewer works, there will be temporary disruption to the local community in terms of access to roads (narrow roads), shops and residences. Conflicts/disruption to local community was inferred as limited based on survey responses which indicated the community s ability to adapt to temporary disruptions, and their Field visits and interaction with U.P. Jal Nigam and other Government officials and consultation with local residents. Plate 3.5: Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase sewerage project in Allahabad. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District A, Volume I, for clearance of site after construction period and unforeseen items Consultation with local people. 39

48 overall preference for the project Health risks due to unhygienic conditions at workers camps Limited Field visits and as per JNNURM project no worker camps were seen. However there might be small camps within which, if hygienic conditions are not maintained, there may be temporary impacts Safety hazards during construction Limited From field visits and as per JNNURM project practices for safety precautions such as fencing-off construction areas, sign posts etc. were observed. If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporary hazards such as injuries and damage to property during the construction phase. Consultation with local residents of sewerage district A and interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Plate 3.5: Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase sewerage project in Allahabad. 4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 4.1 Flooding of adjacent areas Limited Due to the construction of sewer lines, raw sewage that currently flows into the river and/or overflows into the streets will now be routed to the STP. This will prevent flooding of adjacent areas. However, accidental leakages during the operational stage will lead to flooding. Additionally, Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Refer to Plate 5.1 for area which has been flooded 40

49 4.2 Impacts to water quality due to effluent discharge No impacts overloading and blockage of sewage lines will also lead to backlogging of sewers and flooding of branch sewers. There will be a significant improvement in water quality due to effluent discharge being treated. Table 5.11: Sewage flow quality values before and after existing STP. section Gas emissions No impacts There will be reduction in gas emissions from open sewage drains since the proposed sewage networks will be underground. 4.4 Safety hazards No impacts There will be minimum safety hazards since the pipes will be underground. 5 Do projects of this nature / type require prior environmental clearance either from the MOEF or from a relevant state Government department? (MOEF/ relevant State Government department/ No clearance at all) No clearance at all Project such as these have an overall positive impact for the environment and society. Hence no clearance would be required under the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, Refer to Figure 5.8 Refer to Figure Does the project involve any prior clearance from the MOEF or State Forest department for either the conversion of forest land or for treecutting? (Yes/ No).If yes, which? No As the project is in urban provinces and does not cover any forested area (protected nor reserved forest area), hence no prior clearance is required from relevant authorities (MoEF and State Forest Refer to Figure 3.2 Refer to Figure

50 departments) under the Forest (Conservation) Act, The following figures and pictures given below provide substantial insights into potential problems during construction which have been addressed in screening checklist. Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District A (Source: Google Earth) 42

51 Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna bridge, where residents have had complaints related to flooding due to the low lying location. Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and reinstated road (foreground) 43

52 Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad 3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011) 5 has grouped the pollution abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area (including land acquisition). This category projects will also include mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification. Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts on human populations. Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District A in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which do not have any land acquisition. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social 5 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 44

53 Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project. Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences. 45

54 Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework 4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations Environmental The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social aspects of the investments implemented under the programme: Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI) Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments Legislations applicable to construction activities Legal Framework of Government of India The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)/ State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) Key Environmental Laws and Regulations The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be accessed at 46

55 Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations S. No Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Yes/ No 1 Environment To protect and Yes Protection Act- improve overall 1986 environment 2 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 14th Sep Municipal Wastes(Manageme nt and Handling) Rules, Coastal Regulation Zone(CRZ) Notification 1991 (2002) 5 The Land Acquisition Act 1894 (As amended in 1985) 6 The Forest (Conservation) Act To provide environmental clearance to new development activities following environmental impact assessment To manage the collection, transportation, segregation, treatment, and disposal of municipal solid wastes Protection of fragile coastal belt Set out rule for acquisition. of land by government To check deforestation by restricting conversion of forested areas into non- forested areas No No No No No Reason for Authority Applicability As all environmental MoEF, Gol, notifications, rules and DoE, State Gov. schedules are issued CPCB, SPCB under this act. The present project is MoEF, EIAA only a sewerage network project and hence as per the notification including its amendments does not attract requirement of environmental clearance as per the notification. The present project MoEF, EIAA, does not involved CPCB, SPCBs solid waste management measures. The project does not fall within CRZ areas. This act will be applicable only if there will be acquisition of land for investments but no land acquisition is involved in the project. No forest land diversion is required in the project. Revenue Department State Government Forest Department, State Government and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India 47

56 S. No Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Yes/ No 7 Wild Life To protect wildlife No Protection Act through certain of 1972 National Parks and Sanctuaries 8 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act Public Liability and Insurance Act Explosive Act 1984 To control air pollution by controlling emission of air pollutants as per the prescribed standards. To control water pollution by controlling discharge of pollutants as per the prescribed standards The standards for noise for day and night have been promulgated by the MoEF for various land uses. Conservation of cultural and historical remains found in India Protection form hazardous materials and accidents. Safe transportation, storage and use of explosive material Yes Yes Yes Reason for Applicability The project does not pass through any national park/sanctuary are nor fall within 10km radius of such protected areas. This act will be applicable during construction. This act will be applicable during construction. This act will be applicable for all construction equipment deployed at worksite. No Kydganj Cemetery, the only ASI recognized structure in sewerage district A is more than 200m away from the proposed sewer line. Hence the act is not applicable for the project. Yes Contractor need to stock hazardous material like diesel, Bitumen, Emulsions etc. Yes For transporting and storing diesel, Oil and lubricants etc. Authority Chief Conservator Wildlife, Wildlife Wing, State Forest Department and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India SPCBs SPCBs SPCBs Archaeological Department Gol, Indian Heritage Society and Indian National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage (INTACH). SPCBs Chief Controller of Explosives 48

57 S. No Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Yes/ No 14 Minor Mineral and For opening new No concession Rules quarry. 15 Central Motor Vehicle Act National Forest Policy, 1988 To check vehicular air and noise pollution. To maintain ecological stability through preservation and restoration of biological diversity. 17 The Mining Act The mining act has been notified for safe and sound mining activity. Yes No No Reason for Applicability Regulate use of minor minerals like stone, soil, river sand etc. This rule will be applicable to vehicles deployed for construction activities and construction Machinery. This policy will be applicable if any eco sensitive feature exists in and around the investments The construction activities for investments will require aggregates. These will be procured through mining from approved quarries Authority District Collector Motor Vehicle Department Forest Department, State Government and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Department of mining, State Government 4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under: National Policies and Acts i) National Tribal Policy, 2006 ii) National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007 iii) Land (Acquisition) Act 1894 (as amended) iv) Forest Rights Act,

58 However for the present project, none of the above policies and acts are applicable National Policies and Acts The National Tribal Policy (2006) The Policy has the following objectives: Regulatory Protection Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development with these. Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of wrongfully alienated lands. Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages into revenue villages. Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property (NPV). Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self-rule as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal peoples in political bodies at all levels National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families 2007 The national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation represents a significant milestone in the development of a systematic approach to addressing resettlement. The policy establishes a Guideline for extending additional assistance to project- 50

59 affected families, over and above the compensation for affected assets provided under the Land Acquisition (LA) Act. This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new policy are available to all Affected Persons (AP) and families whose land, property or livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition, involuntary displacement due to natural calamities, etc Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land Acquisition (LA) Act of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public purpose. It is used at the State level with State amendments made to suit local requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other immovable assets are carried out under the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private land for public purpose. The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement including income restoration aspects. Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process Legal Provision Section 4 Declaration of Public purpose Section 5(a) Enquiry Actions Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law, printing and proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local newspapers; post notice locality No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested parties (one month) Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose Declaration is published Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue Department, State Government Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month) Enquire objections to LA Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if objections are raised (one to three months) 51

60 Section 6 Section 9 Section 11 and 12 State government issues notices LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government s intention to take possession of land Time and place set for claims to LAO Public notice given Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months) LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable LAO determines compensation (12 months) Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State Government after inquiry of total valuation Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing agency (14 months) Forest Rights Act 2006 The Act basically does two things: Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws. Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in forest and wildlife conservation 4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia, the following: 1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment); 2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years); 3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly contributions by the employer plus workers); 4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.); 52

61 5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour); 6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act); 7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers); 8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against Female employees); 9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages); 10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing down the establishment); 11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules governing the conditions of employment); 12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities); 13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and Construction Industry); 14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and back, etc.); 15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work and 53

62 employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace, etc.); 16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to designated authorities); 17. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste); 18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended 1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and offsite emergency plans). All the laws and regulations set by different authorities (MoEF, NGRBA, CPCB, etc.) have been reviewed to understand the applicable laws in the context of this proposed sub-project in Allahabad District A. All the applicable laws enlist the responsible authority and reasons for its applicability. It is therefore proposed that during the implementation of this project responsible authorities should be contacted acted by the implementing agency for monitoring the law and regulation. Conclusion: The applicable laws and regulations pertaining to environment and social safeguards for the present project are listed below: 1. Environment Protection Act 1986; 2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, Public Liability and Insurance Act Explosive Act Central Motor Vehicle Act Other legislations are mentioned in section

63 Chapter 5 Baseline Status The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake-holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work in Allahabad city, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam, Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area. 5.1 Baseline Environmental Physiography and Topography Allahabad city as a whole occupies the inter-fluvial belt of Ganga River in the north and the Yamuna in the south. The confluence (Sangam) of the two rivers lies in the south east of the city. These rivers are perennial rivers, which carry huge volumes of water during the rainy season. Sewerage district A is located in the southern part of the city, adjoining the river Yamuna in the south side. Allahabad district is mainly characterized with Ganga, Yamuna alluvial plain and Vindhyan Plateau. Geological Survey of India (2001) has identified the following geomorphic features, Active Flood Plain: It is quite localized and confined only to the river system. Older Alluvial Plain: It is characterized by depositional and erosional terraces found in patches along the active plain. Rocky Surface (Denudational hills): These are prominent in trans-yamuna area formed mainly of quartzitic nature. 55

64 Allahabad district may be divided into three distinct Physical parts, the trans-ganga or the Gangapar Plain, the Doab and the trans-yamuna or the Yamunapar tract which is formed by the Ganga and its tributary, the Yamuna, the latter joining the former at Allahabad, the confluence being known as Sangam. The master slope of trans-ganga is towards east or south east, with the altitude ranging from m above MSL Climate Climate of Allahabad district is continental. The climate of Allahabad is tropical with moderate winter and severe extended summer. The nearest large body of water i.e. the Bay of Bengal is more than 700 km eastward. Due to this, there is a large range of variation in temperatures of day and night. Allahabad experiences both very dry hot summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north winds in winter are common. The average normal maximum temperature has been observed as 41.8ºC during May and minimum of 8.9ºC during January. The highest relative humidity in the morning is 85% during August and the lowest being 32% in April. The district receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to September. The average rainfall being mm takes place normally in 53 days. The climate information of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad is given in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad Month Temperature ( o C) Mean rainfall in mm Humidity (%) Maximum Minimum 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs January February March April May June July August September October November December Source: India Metrological Department data from (except Humidity data which is ) 56

65 5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features The sewerage district A and whole city of Allahabad occupies the inter-fluvial sediment of the Ganga River and Yamuna River. These sediments are essentially a sequence of clays, sands, silts with inter-spread bands of Kankar having limited extent. Broadly these fluvial sediments are grouped as younger and older alluvium. The younger alluvium is generally confined to a depth of 60 m below the ground and it occupies the present day flood plain area. The older alluvial sediments marginally differ in lithology from that of younger alluvium sediments, with presence of sandy clay and lenses of gravel/pebbles and Kankar. The older alluvium overlies the Siwalik group of formations, which in turn overlies the pre-cambrian formation. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. The age of these formations range from Proterozoic to recent. Granite of Bundelkhand massit group forms the basement in the area which is unconformably overlain by Quaternary alluvium. Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time Time Unit Formation Rock Unit Thickness (m) Recent to 0.01 m year Newer Alluvium Sand & Clay Sand, clay, pebble, gravel Holocene < 1m year Older Alluvium and Kankar Unconformity Pleistocene & Conglomerate, sandstone Siwalik Above 350 m Pleocene shale etc Unconformity Pre Cambrian Vindhyan Sand stone, Limestone Not known Unconformity Bundelkhand Archean Granite Basement massit Source: CGWB, 2009 and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Soil Soils in sewerage district A usually comprises a layer of clay on the top surface, with a thickness ranging between m. Thick sandy horizon occurs beneath the top clay layer having sufficiently large thickness. The soil in this area, i.e., Doab has three distinct types. Sandy soil is found on the the banks/ flood plain of the rivers (Yamuna bank of District A), clay is found in the depressions and loam, a mixture of 57

66 sand and clay that is usually a rich and rather dark soil, the less fertile variety. Chemical analysis study of the soil for Allahabad city carried out by JICA has been presented in the Table 5.3 below: Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample S. No. Parameters Range of test results 1 Type Silty Clay 2 ph Bulk density (g/cm) Conductivity (µmhos/cm) Water holding capacity (% by mass) Organic matter (% by mass) Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Ambient Air Quality Air quality is a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose. Presently, air quality monitoring is conducted by the NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme-CPCB) and UP Pollution Control Board at two locations: Bharat Yantra Nigam Limited office and Square crossing near Laxmi talkies in Allahabad City. Although, Allahabad city does not fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60µg/m 3 from 2007 to The sulphur-di oxide (SO2) concentration have gone down with reduced sulphur content in the fuels from 2007 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.1 and is well within the permissible standards of 50 µg/m 3. The nitrogen-di-oxide (NO2) concentrations, though not violating the standards of 40µg/m 3, may exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular activities. 58

67 Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) Location Landuse Sulphurdi-oxide Square crossing circle of Laxmi talkies Nitrogendi-oxide Respirable Suspended particulate matter (RSPM) Mixed Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Bharat Yantra Nigam Ltd. Residential Source: UP Pollution Control Board,

68 SO2 25 Concentraiton ( mg/m³) Annual avg std. 50 mg/m³ (RSPM) Concentraiton ( mg/m³) NO2 Annual avg. std. 40 mg/m³ Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (mg/m 3 ) in Allahabad during Source: NAMP, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India Concentraiton ( mg/m³) An nu al av g. PM10 std mg/ m³ Seasonal Variation Month-wise variations of NO2 and RSPM concentrations at the two monitoring stations are presented in Figure 5.2. Both the stations violate the permissible standards of RSPM during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions. The effects of inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals now include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects, and premature death. 60

69 Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad (Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011) Noise Environment Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Limited noise level monitoring was carried out by JICA at three locations: Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office, is as shown in Table 5.5 below. Although, the monitoring stations do not come under sewerage district A except for Sulem Sarai but provide a probable idea of expected noise levels. The noise levels at Numaya Dahi village are well within the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time), whereas the noise levels at Sulem Sarai and near DM office are higher than the desirable level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area, respectively. 61

70 Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in db (A)] S.No. Location Levels in db(a) Leq* Day Night Average 1 Numaya Dahi Sulem Sarai Near Office DM Note: Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time), Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time)and Industrial area (75 day time and 70 night time) * db(a) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified time period Source: The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, CPCB, and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Seasonal Variation The more recent results of monitoring carried out by the UP Pollution Control Board, during on various days and at various locations in Allahabad city are presented in Figure 5.3. Results are averaged for various locations in different area categories (residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive). It can be seen that overall, day noise levels are higher than the night ones and are above the standard at most of the locations. From Figure 5.3, it can be seen that for residential area like in most parts of District A the noise levels are almost within the permissible limits for most of the days. 62

71 Night Day Mar Oct Aug Apr Mar-10 26th April Nov Feb Jan Dec Sep Jul Jun May-10 26th April 2011 Res Com Ind Sens 28-Mar May Nov Jul Feb Jan Dec Sep Jun Apr Mar Oct Aug-10 Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, Water Environment Both ground water and surface water sources are utilized to provide for the drinking water requirement of sewerage district A and Allahabad city in general. Allahabad Jal Sansthan is the responsible agency for drawing surface water from river Yamuna and installing tube wells for supply to residential/ commercial and industrial sector. The raw water from River Yamuna is being tapped for water supply at Karelibagh raw water pumping station which is pumped to Khusro Bagh water works for treatment before it is supplied to the consumers. As of 2003, about 217mld of water was supplied by Jal Sansthan department to entire Allahabad city. In addition to this, there is sizable amount of unaccounted water supply from private/ institutional bore wells. Considering the per capita water consumption of 190 litres (including UFW allowance and institutional demand), as provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer works in sewerage district A by Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), the total water consumption in sewerage district A is approximately million litres as shown in Table 5.6 below. This consumption is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization. 63

72 Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district A Location Population (as of 2010) Per capita water consumption per day as per DPR Sewerage District A of Allahabad city Total water consumption in million litres Surface Water An important surface water system of the city is the easterly flowing Yamuna river which lies south of the main city. The Ganga is second important source of surface water which flows easterly and then abruptly turns south wards close to eastern end of city and finally meets Yamuna River close to celebrated temple of Lord Hanuman in Sangam area of the city. River Yamuna lies to the southern side of the district A and River Ganga is towards eastern side of sewerage district A, The maximum discharge of river Ganga at Sangam is about m 3 /s mainly during the months of August and September and the minimum discharge is 366 to 339 m 3 /s during April and May as shown in table 5.7. A lack of water in river increases their susceptibility to water pollution, due to discharge of untreated waste water especially during the dry season. 64

73 Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m 3 /s) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme 65

74 Surface Water Quality Water quality status of river Ganga at two places in Allahabad is shown in Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.5. As per the monitoring results, a slight increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentrations has been observed during last few years. The values have crossed the 3 mg/l mark and depicts that the quality is not within permissible limits. But, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in the river have been sufficiently high and consistent over the past few years (Figure 5.5). In recent years, there had been an increasing trend of BOD concentrations in incoming water (Rasoolabad ghat) and more evident trend observed in the outgoing water (Sangam). From the year 2004 to 2008 an increase in BOD of around 0.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l in outgoing water of river Ganga has been witnessed. This increase can be attributed to the untreated sewage that has been directly discharged to the river Ganga including some proportion from District A also. Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years 66

75 Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Source: Ganga water quality trend, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela creating high stress on public utilities. Table 5.8 shows the water quality of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) It is quite evident that during events like Khumb Mela, the pollution levels are very high with Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration more than 6mg/l, crossing the permissible limit (standards as per IS Code ) of 2mg/l for drinking and 3 mg/l for bathing as per CPCB. The biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and fecal coliform levels were all elevated during bathing 6. 6 Srivastava, R. K., Sinha, A. K., Pande, D. P., Singh, K. P. and Chandra, H., Water quality of the River Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad)- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 11:

76 Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 Location BOD DO (mg/l) (mg/l) Yamuna at Naini Bridge (U/s Sangam) Ganga at Shstri Bridge (U/s sangam) Sangam Yamuna at Karella Bagh Ganga at Phaphamau u/s Sangam Ganga at Diha Ghat d/s Allahabad Recent Data As per the latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board (Table 5.9), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at all stations are often above the permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters and also above 2.0 mg/l limit for the drinking water standard, as set by the Indian Standard code. However, the water quality parameter of dissolved oxygen (DO) seems within permissible limits. The minimum DO levels for water as per the Indian standard code ranges from mg/l for drinking and bathing respectively. Total coliform and fecal coliform were present at all stations, indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. The presence of fecal coliform in the water also indicates a greater potential of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, which may cause waterborne diseases, leading to detrimental impacts on the health of the community. During summer, the river flow reduces and at increased temperature the bacterial activities increases to oxidize the organic matter discharged into it from various domestic and industrial sources. Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April 2011 Parameters U/S Rasoolabad Ghat, Ganga Rasoolabad Ghat, Ganga Main Sangam Temp ( C ) ph DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) D/S Ganga on Mawaiya Ghat 68

77 COD (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) Alkalinity CaCO 3 (mg/l) Hardness as CaCO 3 (mg/l) Calcium as CaCO 3 (mg/l) Magnesium as MgCO 3 (mg/l) Conductivity (umho/cm) Total Coliform (PN/100 ml) Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) Source: Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Ground Water As discussed before, in addition to Jal Sansthan tube wells, there are many other private/ institutional tube wells which are unaccounted for in the region. According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the groundwater problems of Allahabad are not very serious although, due to rapid urbanization and increasing population levels, the dependence on groundwater has increased over the years. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of CGWB and state tubewell department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones at Allahabad city i) Shallow aquifers ranging from 20 to 50 mbgl 7 ii) Middle aquifer ranging from 70 to 120 mbgl and iii) Deeper aquifer lies below 150 down to depth 300 mbgl. The extension of individual zones is variable over the district. The ground water generally occurs in unconfined state within the first shallow aquifer within 50 m from the ground while in deeper aquifers it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions. The ground water flow is towards the river Ganga in the north and river Yamuna in the south i.e., both the rivers are effluent in nature. 7 Meters below ground level 69

78 Ground Water Quality 8 Pre Monsoon water quality The ph at all the locations in residential area is ranging between which is well within the standard limit indicating thereby that the water in this area is suitable for drinking. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are ranging between 281 to 1372 mg/l and the Conductivity ranges between 475 to 1875 mmhos/cm, which shows that both TDS and conductivity are slightly on the higher side in the residential area. The BOD ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/l in the residential area and COD ranges from 1.0 to 6.0 mg/l, which though being negligible is slightly higher than the industrial area, indicating thereby that this increase is due to higher organic content in the effluents from residential area. The values of Fluoride are ranging between 0.24 to 1.03 mg/l and Hardness between 180 to 1128 mg/l which are within the specified limits at all the locations in district A. The value of Phosphate is ranging between 0.38 to 0.61 mg/l at all the locations, which is acceptable. Also no pesticides were found in this area. However, Iron is found to be on the higher side at most of the locations, the highest being 6.25 mg/l at the hand pump at Zero Road Post Monsoon water quality The average value of ph, of pre and post monsoon period, at all the locations in the residential area is almost neutral ranging between which is well within the standard limit for drinking water indicating thereby that the water in this area is suitable for drinking. In regard to sewerage district A the values of TDS are higher than the desirable limit at Keetganj, Zero Road but within the permissible limit at this location. The average values of Phosphate are ranging between 0.24 to 0.55 mg/l at all the locations in District A, which is acceptable, though no limit has been specified for phosphate in the IS for drinking water. The average values of Fluoride are ranging between 0.23 to 0.93 mg/l, the maximum being 1.03 mg/l at Keetganj during pre-monsoon period and Hardness between 154 to 1092 mg/l. None of the samples showed the presence of Pesticides Storm Water Drainage Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Allahabad city. The city has been divided into the six storm water planning zones (Morigate, Mumfordganj, Rajapur, Chachar 8 Source: Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar 70

79 Nala, Gate No. 9 and Gate No. 13); each zone is identified by the pumping station or the channel dealing with its discharge. As per the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, approximately percent of area in sewerage district A has storm drainage system as shown in Figure 5.6. Rainwater flows through these drains to nearby nallas, eventually falling into river Ganga and Yamuna. The human and animal waste accumulated on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these drains thereby polluting river waters. As these drains pass from residential areas, they create foul smell and unhygienic conditions. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon. Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (top) and flooding upon rainfall in sewerage district A (bottom) 71

80 Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district A 72

81 5.1.8 Waste Water Management As already explained in section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Allahabad city is old and covers only 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city i.e. District A and D. As of 2010, about 232 million liters of waste water is generated every day in Allahabad city with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 152 liters. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections for whole of Allahabad city. Sewerage district A is located in the southern part of the city, with river Yamuna on its southern side and Ganga on its eastern side. As per the detailed project report, most of sewerage district A area has around 45% coverage of sewer system as of year Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar. Wastewater generated from sewerage district A is mostly residential with limited commercial and no industrial wastes. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Chachar and Ghaghar nala located in sewer district A is provided in Table 5.10 which indicates that some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding little above the general discharges standards laid out by CPCB. The major issue of waste water disposal is the associated environmental impact which is derived from worsening of water quality and causing direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. 73

82 Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage district A Parameter Chachar Nala Ghaghar nala General standard for discharge on inland surface water as per CPCB BOD(5 day sat 20 C) (mg/l) COD (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) ph to 9.0 Temperature ( C) shall not exceed 5 C above the receiving water temperature Source: DPR for Sewerage district A 9 As per 2010 population data, nearly mld of wastewater is generated from sewer district A which generally flows in the open drains. 60 mld capacity Naini STP has been constructed in sewerage district A for tapping and treating the wastewater flowing in such drains. Table 5.11 provides information about the wastewater treatment characteristics of STP at Naini, monitored by both the UP Jal Nigam and the State Pollution Control Board. Significant reduction in pollution load occurs due to treatment of wastewater in the STP. It is further projected that the total sewage generation in this sewerage district will increase to mld by the year 2025, thus creating a gap of mld. Table 5.11 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Naini STP Parameter Influent Effluent Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) BOD (5 day sat 20 C) (mg/l) Source: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad Solid Waste Management 9 Draft Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District A of Allahabad City,

83 As per Nagar Nigam, about MT of solid waste is generated every day in Allahabad city. It has been assumed that the local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of about 400 grams per capita per day on an average. This average generation of solid waste includes local inhabitants (comprising the wastes generated by the resident population, shops and commercial establishments, vegetable and fruit markets, construction and demolition and hospital wastes non-infectious and non-hazardous) and the floating population in the town. The solid waste from sewerage district A is mainly from residential areas and very little comes from commercial areas. As per the data provided by Nagar Nigam, the total solid waste generated from sewerage district A is approximately MT as shown in Table With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase thereby increasing the solid waste. Table 5.12 Solid waste generation in sewerage district A Location Population (as of 2010) Average solid waste generation per Total solid waste generated in MT capita per day Sewerage District A of Allahabad city The solid waste management in sewerage district A is handled by Allahabad Nagar Nigam, which involves primary collection, storage at source of generation, segregation of recyclable materials, transportation, and treatment & disposal. Recently a new solid waste management plan for the entire Allahabad city has been prepared and is being implemented under JNNURM scheme. Practically, the wastes are not being treated properly as the solid waste is not being collected and transported to the current waste processing plant at Baswal. Further, the waste generated is being transported to different sites for open dumping on land. Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district A are shown in Plate

84 Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom). As a result of such practices the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of wastes also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city Biological Environment Green cover 1. Gardens/ Parks: There are no important or archeologically identified gardens/ parks in sewerage district A. However the region has small residential parks as sited from the 76

85 GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, which will not be threatened by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. The location of these parks in sewerage district A is be represented in Figure 5.7. Some of the residential parks include Habib Park, Guru Teg Bahadur Park, Jaagriti Park Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district A Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district A. Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are planned to be laid as shown in Plate

86 Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area Agriculture: There is no agricultural practice in sewerage district A of Allahabad city. This district is the core city area with mix of residents, commercial areas, institutes, hospitals etc Flora Allahabad district as a whole has around hectares of reserved forest area falling under the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Until the beginning of the present century, patches of 'dhak' were found in the trans-ganga tract mostly between Phulpur and Sarai Mamrez, along the bank of the Sasur Khaderi, but most of them were cleared for agricultural purposes during the following decades. Patches of Baul could also be seen towards the right bank of the Ganga. Forests now exist mainly in the trans-yamuna tracts in Bara tahsil and the southern tracts of tahsil Meja. Presently there is no forest cover in and around the sewerage district A of Allahabad city. The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest area. The site also does not fall under India s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is 78

87 evident from Figure 5.8 a, which shows the closest eco-sensitive zones (points A, C and D) and their average distance from Allahabad. Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city Source: Google Maps Fauna The number and species of wild animals are much greater in the trans-yamuna tract than elsewhere in the district. The Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Boar (sus secrofa), which do much damage to the crops, are also found in the flood plain of the Ganga and the doab. The Fox (Kulpus bengalensis), the Hare (Lepus rufica udatus), and the Sahi or Indian porcupine (Hystrix leucura) are found throughout the district. Apart from these, the Gangetic Dolphins were once found in abundance in the river Ganges. But over the years a steady increase in pollution in the river has reduced the population of Dolphins. The River Dolphin was declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India and on January 19, 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) included it in Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act, As mentioned in section above, there is no eco-sensitive zone in and around the sewerage district A and Allahabad city as a whole as shown in Figure 5.8a. The proposed 79

88 project will have a positive impact on aquatic life, as it intends to tap all the waste water discharge into the river and this will directly improve the river water quality. 5.2 Baseline Social Status Allahabad city been growing continuously and there has also not been much variation in the growth rates over the past few decades except for the decade In this particular decade the growth rate of the city had fallen to 19.11%, the reasons for which are unknown. Apart from that Allahabad has been growing at a pace faster than the state. Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate Source: City Development Plan report Allahabad district is a large, rural district with a very vulnerable population. Its Scheduled Tribe population (21.58%), consisting primarly of the Chamar and Pasi casts. It also has a relatively low literacy rate of 62.11% in which, predicatbly, women fall far below the average at 46.38% while men bouy the average with a rate of 75.81%. Women are also at a disadvantage in terms of sex ratio, though this appears to be improving as the age 0-6 population shows an increase of 38 females (from 879 to 917) per 1,000 males. Most people in the city are unemployed (~66%); among those that are employed, 33% are marginal workers while the rest are main workers. In terms of education, only 6% of the district s population has no education at all, while a little less than 35% has a Diploma-equivalnt or above. This distribution leaves the vast majority of the population somewhere in the middle with only a basic education; for example, the percentage of the population (43%) with Primary or less than Primary education exceeds those with Diploma or above, making these former two groups the largest segment of the population. This lack of education contributes 80

89 to populations overall vulnerability. In the distrct, roughly half of all houses are permanent, while nearly all of the rest are semi-permanent; only a small percentage are considered temporary. Table 5.13 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad Drinking water facilities, safe drinking water, and power supply are quite common; electricity access if more common for domestic uses than agricultural ones. Fitting with the educational background of the area, primary schools are common while institutes of higher education are very few. Medical facilties also appear to be in relatively short supply. Paved and mud roads are nearly equal in prominence, and both appear fairly common. For more details refer to Annexure (3). Allahabad has 185 slums spread all over the city. The total population living in slums is 318,000 which is about 30% of the entire city population. It is estimated that one-third of the slum population can be categorized in the urban poor category. Meera Ganj slum is located in the middle of Allahabad city. The population in the low-income group is mainly found in Wards 11, 34, 41, 57, 66, 71, 75 and 77, which includes localities such as Malakraj, Minhajpur, Nai Basti, Sarai Garhi, Narayan Singh Nagar, Meera Gunj, and Bashi Bazar. Meera Gunj slum is located at the centre of Allahabad city. Apart from the slums, there are many people who live in housing that falls under the categories of S.D.P. (Integrated Housing 81

90 and Slum Development Programme), S.C.S.P. (Schedule Caste Sub Plan), and I.L.C.S. (Integrated Low Cost Sanitation). 10 Allahabad s sewage system dates back to 1910 and covers 45% of the city. The city has two STPs: Naini (60mld) and Salori (29mld; will be expanded by 14mld under proposed project). Allahabad sewerage district A comprises of 27 wards. Most of the land use in District A has been identified as residential and commercial, through the field survey. The existing population and the projected population for the design period year are described in the table below; Table 5.14 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use. Ward Ward Land use observation in field Population Projected Population Ref. No Civil Lines Mix Residential/Commercial, High income groups, heavy traffic, roads comparatively wider and better. Posh colony with a mix of commercial and residential. Not congested. Sewer line had been laid down before the rains causing a few problems to residents, shop keepers and pedestrians. The dug up area has not been properly laid back 11 Malakraj Mix Residential/Commercial, middle and low income groups. Congested 17 Nyaymarg Mostly Institutes and Government offices, not congested 23 Krishna Mostly residential, some shops and institutes, Nagar banks, etc. Very congested 31 Medical Institutional area, not congested, few residents College 34 Minhaj Pur Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low income groups, very congested 41 New Basti Residential with slums near the Yamuna Banks, Middle and low income groups, very congested 51 Katghar Mix Residential/Commercial, middle income groups, congested 55 Chaukhand Residential with markets, congested i 57 Sarai Garhi Middle and low income groups, extremely Congested Source: - Allahabad City Profile February

91 58 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested Muthi Ganj Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in floors above shops), extremely congested Khalashi Mostly residential, extremely Congested Line 63 Shahganj Mix Residential/Commercial, Congested Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested Moht Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low income groups, Congested 67 Rambagh Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in floors above shops), congested 68 Muthi Ganj Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in floors above shops), very congested 71 Narain Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low Singh Nagar income groups, Congested 72 Sultanpur Commercial with mix of residential, very Bhawa congested 73 Malviya Mostly residential, Congested Nagar 74 Bahadur Extremely Congested Ganj 75 Meera Middle and low income groups, Slums, Ganj Congested 77 Bakshi Commercial, Middle and low income groups, Bazaar congested 78 Atala Residential, Middle to low income groups, larger Muslim population, Extremely congested 79 Attar Suiya Mostly residential, very congested Dayra Shah Mix Residential/Commercial, Very congested Azmal Sub Total (A) Population density in Allahabad Sewerage District A: Allahabad sewerage district A accounts for the central city core and as a result is very dense (300 persons/ha). 83

92 Table 5.15 Ward wise population density of Allahabad The table shows that out of twenty seven wards only four wards i.e. Civil Area, Nyaymarg, Medical college and Rambagh are in the category of under 200 people per hectare. However it was observed during the field visit that Rambagh had areas that were very congested. As per the analysis done by District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) all of the six wards that had a density of more than 600 people per hectare including all the six wards with a density of people per hectare fall in district A. 84

93 Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A 85

94 Cultural Significance Allahabad or City of God in Persian is also known famous by the name of Prayag and Sangam. Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi are the three holy towns which attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters. Allahabad stands at the confluence of two of India s holiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sangam, as the confluence is called, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela. A third mythical Saraswati river, believed to flow underground towards the Sangam, gives the confluence its other name 'Triveni'. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at this town to take a dip in the Ganges (Plate 5.5), which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. During festival of Chatth, Ganga ghats attracts thousands of devotes and tourists. Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery during Kumbh Details of Social Survey The approach and methodology followed for social baseline study as well as the social survey has been discussed in the Section 2.6. Group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned stakeholders. Household owners in all the 27 wards were consulted, additionally other important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-owners, mobile 86

95 vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, etc. Some of these 27 wards have academic and government institutions and most of them are residential in landuse. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas and it is in agreement with the fact stated by census of India also. All these people are already witnessing the construction impacts happening during ongoing execution of JNNURM project. General perception about the ongoing project of JNNURM and upcoming project of NGRBA was good. All the local stakeholders accepted the project with positive gesture and have just given few suggestions based on their experience with the ongoing project, which could help in better execution of the project. Households surveyed were from both rich and poor colonies and was a heterogeneous group of male and females. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not. Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers One of the important question that was asked to communities was on the consequence of construction of this project on certain factors like traffic, health, noise, livelihood etc. showed the following result; 87

96 Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase The figure clearly shows that traffic congestion is the most highly ranked problem. 50% of the respondents feel that construction will lead to more traffic congestion. This is followed by noise as a problem during the construction phase. Pollution in terms of dust generation is the next problematic area according to the respondents and finally 10% of the respondents mentioned that basic services like water and electricity lines will be damaged. Table 5.16 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table Consultat Place Date No. of Nature of Key issues raised ion no. Participants participants 1 Civil Lines 22/8/11 4 Residents, shop keepers, women Execution to happen in time Construction should not happen in monsoon 2 Malakraj 22/8/11 4 Mix residential and commercial. Traffic congestion 3 Nyaymarg 22/8/11 3 Officials visiting institutional area Noise and dust during construction 4 Krishna 22/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, dust Nagar generation 5 Medical 22/8/11 4 Members of Noise and dust pollution. 88

97 College institutions, hospital staff Debris is not cleared on time 6 Minhaj Pur 22/8/11 3 Residents : females Traffic congestion. But overall impact will be good 7 New Basti 22/8/11 3 Residents Inconvenience to daily life routine 8 Katghar 22/8/11 4 Residents: females Traffic congestion, no prior information is provided to the residents 9 Chaukhandi 22/8/11 3 Shop owners Congestion and dust generation 10 Sarai Garhi 22/8/11 4 Residents, mobile vendors 11 Dariyabad 22/8/11 5 Residents, and pedestrians Traffic congestion, piles of excavated soil which is not disposed off Traffic congestion and inconvenience to daily life 12 Muthi Ganj 22/8/11 5 Show owners Already congested area, so will be more chaotic 13 Khalashi Line 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion 14 Shahganj 23/8/11 5 Mix group (residential and commercial) 15 Dariyabad 23/8/11 3 Residents: female Traffic congestion Traffic congestion, dust, inconvenience in daily routine life 16 Moht 23/8/11 3 Shop owners Dust generation 17 Rambagh 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion 18 Muthi Ganj 23/8/11 5 Shop owners Traffic congestion 19 Narain Singh Nagar 20 Sultanpur Bhawa 21 Malviya Nagar 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust generation 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise pollution 89

98 22 Bahadur Ganj 23/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, noise pollution 23 Meera Ganj 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, Dust generation 24 Bakshi Bazaar 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust generation 25 Atala 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise pollution 26 Attar Suiya 23/8/11 3 Residents: Female 27 Dayra Shah Azmal 23/8/11 6 Mix group (residential and commercial) Traffic congestion, Dust generation Traffic congestion 90

99 Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts Pollution abetment projects may prove beneficial for the environment and society or they may have some adverse impacts as well. Planners and decision makers have realized the importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental and social sectors, and have started taking steps to avoid any adverse impacts. Based on the major findings obtained from the field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible environmental and social issues with reference to the proposed sewer works in sewerage district A of Allahabad city is been discussed in these sections. 6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district A would influence the environment in three distinct phases: During Designing phase During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term; During the operation phase which would have long term effects Design and Development Phase Sewer lines All sewer lines including trunk, lateral and branch sewer lines must be designed considering the future population and waste generation rate. Otherwise the constructed sewer may not carry the waste load, leading to failure and financial loss. The alignment of sewer lines and sewerage pumping station must be properly planned; else it may lead to both technical and social problems along with environmental issues of back flow creating foul smell and unhygienic conditions Impacts during construction phase The proposed sub-project consists of the following activities which include: Approximately km long sewerage network 91

100 Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment The construction activities would generally include earthworks (excavation, filling, shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction (sewer lines, STP, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these construction stage activities on the various environmental parameters are examined below: i) Environmental sensitive areas Based on observations and findings from field visits, interaction with government officials and consultation with local residents, an assessment of the environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas was made (Refer to screening checklist Table 3.1). As explained in section of baseline environment status, sewerage district A area of Allahabad city does not have any flora and fauna components. As seen in Figure 5.8a, the nearest eco-sensitive areas such as the Panna National Park, Dudhwa National Park and Jim Corbett National Park are at a minimum distance of about 150 km away from the proposed project site. However the region has small residential parks (Figure 5.7) and road side trees (Plate 5.4), which will not be affected by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. With regard to sensitive aquatic areas and water bodies, there are none. It was also observed that the major land use pattern of District A is residential, with no agricultural and no forest areas. There are no major tourist areas falling under sewerage district A, except Sangam area which is mainly utilized by tourists/ pilgrims for conducting aarthi Pooja or homm-havans and for having a holy bath especially during festival times. Out of the four ASI (Archeological Survey of India) monuments in Allahabad city which include Allahabad fort, Alfred park, Khusrau Bhag, and Cemetery at Kydganj, only 1 is within the boundary of sewerage district A which is the cemetery in Kydganj. This will not be affected by the proposed sewer works as the sewerage lines will pass through considerable distance (more than 200m away) away from the cemetery boundary. As the Central Government has declared upto 100 meters from the protected limits to be prohibited area and further beyond it up to 200 meters to be regulated area for purposes of both mining operation and construction. 92

101 So, as per ASI official, permission would be required if the construction of the sewer line falls within 200 m distance. ii) Air quality Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon monooxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction phase mainly because of: Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved roads (increases dust level) Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2). Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO). With reference to sewerage district A, the air quality with respect to dust level has already violated their annual average standards (60µg/m 3 ) from past three years as described in section of baseline chapter. Further these construction activities cause temporary deterioration of the air quality, causing health problems of respiratory ailments such as bronchitis and asthma due to increased suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air. A high concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern. iii) Noise levels The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities will occur round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations, particularly during the night time. Increase of noise level at night may produce disturbances, causing sleeplessness in people in the vicinity of the site in case construction activity is extended into the night hours. As per the baseline environmental status, the noise levels in sewerage district A, are expected to be within permissible limits as the area is mostly residential and has limited commercial, and no industrial area. Facilities that are expected to 93

102 feel the temporary impacts more than others include schools/colleges (Allahabad Degree College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing Christian College), hospitals (Swarup Rani Nehru Hospital. Jeevan Jyoti Multispeciality Hospital) and cultural centres like Shree Swami Narayan Temple, Masjid e- imam Sajjad, etc. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the construction period. iv) Water resources From field visits, interactions and consultations, it was found that there were no water bodies in the project area. The natural drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected in the following ways: Direct discharge from construction activities If the construction wastes and construction related material are not properly handled/ managed, then certain impurities like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, may find their way to the river Yamuna via storm drains during rainfall. (refer to Figure 5.6 for drainage network of District A). There may also be temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed and redirected by the debris (noted during field visits and as per the Section of baseline environmental status); this concern was also voiced by residents. During construction of sewerage works in District A, there may be flooding due to the already blocked state of drains and nalas, due to poor solid waste management (refer to Plate 5.3). Areas that are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Civil Line area, Kydganj, etc. The excavation activities will be carried out up to a depth of 15 m or so, and will not impact the groundwater levels of the region since a provision for dewatering and lowering of water table has been made in the detailed project report Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam,

103 As explained in Section of per the baseline environmental status, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels, Total coliform and faecal coliform in the rivers are often above the permissible limits indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. Therefore this new sewer project will be have a positive effect on the river Ganga and Yamuna, as the untreated sewage would now be diverted to sewerage district A (Naini STP) and would not be let into the Yamuna 12. Improved water quality provides cleaner water supply to the city of Allahabad, safer irrigation water for the farmers around and downstream of the city, and an improved bathing experience for the religious pilgrims that visit the city. v) Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this has been suggested Impacts during operation phase i) Water environment Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation project since additional sewage will now be routed to the STP. Therefore proper operation and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include unpredictable events such as: Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due to blockages and backlogging of lines. Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/ overflows from the sewer lines Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate /inefficient sewage treatment process. 12 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad 95

104 ii) Noise and air quality Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity. There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during operation, most of the works will be laid underground. iii) Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station It is possible that during the operation of pumping station sludge generated may not be properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect. 6.2 Potential Social Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district A would influence the social sector in a distinct phase of construction period which would be temporary and short term. Social Impacts i. Impact on human health One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the dust generated during excavation and tunneling. The amount of dust generated will depend upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects. Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as the elderly and children. Some of the residential colonies are Krishna Nagar, New Basti, Chaukhandi, Khalashi Line, Dariyabad, Atala, Attar Suiya, etc. ii. Traffic Congestion Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-routing of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Few residents at Civil Lines also complained that 96

105 they were unable to move their cars due to the excavation outside their house. Commercial areas such as Rambagh, Muthi ganj, etc. are very busy congested areas; any excavation in this area will inhibit traffic movement. Diversion of traffic maybe required for such areas. This issue is discussed in the DPR. Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha 97

106 Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high iii. Impact on livelihood The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey. As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors are welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved living and working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary 98

107 inconveniences caused by construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner. However, the same interviewees felt that they had little confidence in the ability of the agency to execute a project in an efficient manner. They had grievances with the long duration of construction work. Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors iv. Impact on existing utility services The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs. Flooding of areas could also occur. Officials of UP Jal Nigam stated that they receive some complaints about water line brakeage during the construction phase. With no other alternative source readily available, people have to buy water from private tanks or buy bottled water for drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on utility services as a potential issue. v. Safety hazards There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there have been reports, gathered during the field visit and interviewing that, of children falling into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen playing around active construction sites. Resident of locality Allahabad stated that they have 99

108 witnessed such causality during construction. Safety equipment for workers is provided as part of the DPR. vi. Elevated Noise Levels Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially schools and institutes in and around Civil Lines area, Medical College area, etc. For elderly and students, noise is disturbing and affects their comfort. This could be a problem especially in sensitive areas like school and hospitals. vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems related to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and debris clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern. viii. Affect to daily life Resident of Civil Lines colonies complained that during construction in JNNURM projects, they were not able to take out their vehicles from their house premises and even there was no space outside for parking. ix. Land Acquisition Consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam officials, Revenue Department, community, other sources 13 and first-hand observations during the field visit no additional land is required for the project, as sewage construction will not result in land seizures of any kind. Moreover, the SPS compound would need around 1000 m 2 of land. The land on which the SPS is proposed to come up belongs to the government and has no habitation. Hence, no relocation would be needed, as per the dialogue with UP Jal Nigam officials. Moreover there would be no loss of community assets during the construction as noticed during field survey and interaction with the local people. Also Figure 5.10 indicate that the project construction 13 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam,

109 will happen in public land, there will be no agricultural or forest community land requirement for laying sewer lines. 6.3 Conclusion Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid waste Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health hazards within the cities/towns Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial risks and other health hazards Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences. 101

110 Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan 7.1 Environmental Management Plan Table 7.1 summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category investment that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in sewerage district A. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social assessment study. In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved institutes are described below Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN The role of UPJN in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities: EMP clearance from NMCG and World Bank and disclosure as required; Integrating the EMP in the bid document of contractor as an addendum; Specific activities by Contractor The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the EMP shall comprise the following: Implementation of EMP The contractor shall be responsible to implement the EMP primarily in assistance with the Project Management Consultant team. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the design drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval. 102

111 The State, local Government will be responsible for Coordination, Monitoring and evaluation of the Environment Management Plan. It should ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. Contractor shall report the implementation of the Environment Management Plan to the Environmental Expert and the Project management consultant as well as to UP Jal Nigam through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and required to be given to National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) for the progress made in implementing the Environment Management Plan. Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the contractor s report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at construction site to check the implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the contract. Broad Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 7.1 below: State Pollution Control Board Chief Engineer-Allahabad Zone UPJN GM-Ganga Pollution control unit PM-1 PM-2 PM-3 Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation) Team Leader (Supervision Consultant) Project Manager (Contractor) Environmental Expert (Supervision Consultant) Environmental Officer (Contractor) Figure 7.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP 103

112 Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments Activity Potential Negative Impact/Concern Duration of impact Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Sewerage and Sanitation Investments A. Design and Development Phase Sewerage Accidental leakages/ bursts Due to accidental burst or leakage of sewers, flooding of the nearby areas could take place Backlogging due to unexpected heavy flow rates Sewage Pumping Station Pumping of sewage from District A to STP Noise and odour nuisance to surrounding areas. Temporary Permanent Designing sewers with adequate capacity and flow velocity Regular inspection and maintenance of the sewers Selection of appropriate location away from sensitive locations such as schools and hospitals. However, if appropriate location is not available then extra precautions can be taken. Ensure that the pumping station is within a noise reducing structure or in an enclosed space (such as concrete/brick structure) Use of less noise generating equipment with regular maintenance. Tree plantation around SPS Solid waste should not be kept for more than 24 hours and herbicide should be sprayed. UP Jal Nigam Design consultants Allahabad Jal Sansthan UP Jal Nigam Design consultants Jal Sansthan (for O and M) 104

113 Solid waste can be disposed at disposal sites, preferably a sanitary landfill B. Construction phase Sewerage (laying of sewers) Excavation, cutting, back filling and compaction operations Damage to underground utilities like water, gas line, electricity and telephone conduits, etc due to construction activities. Temporary Review all available drawings, notes, and information on the existing underground lines and structures in determining the location of the existing facilities. Concerned authorities should be informed and their assistance sought to remove, relocate and restore services of these utilities prior to commencement of construction. All these underground utilities encountered in excavating trenches carefully shall be supported, maintained and protected from injury or interruption of service until backfill is complete and settlement has taken place. Minimize time for replacement operations; and appropriate scheduling as necessary especially for water supply line. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan 105

114 Accidents/ damages due to erosion/ sliding of vertical sides of excavated trenches while places the pipes Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring trench sides by placing sheeting, timber shores, trench jacks, bracing, sheet piling materials to resist pressures surrounding the excavation Exposed surface will be resurfaced and stabilized by making the sloping sides of trench to the angle of repose at which the soil will remain safely at rest. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan Dust Generation due to excavation, cutting, back filling and compaction operations Temporary The dust levels in sewerage district A are already above the permissible limits, further this construction activity may increase the dust causing nuisance to local residents and vendors. Dust is generated due to the disturbance of soil and roadways. It is recommended to minimize dust generated by wetting all unprotected cleared areas and stockpiles with water twice a day, especially during dry and windy periods. Water tankers will carry the water and labourers will spray on the dusted land Additionally, it is recommended to wet and cover excavated material transported by trucks. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan 106

115 Noise and vibration disturbances to residents and businesses Temporary Noise is a temporary nuisance caused due to construction activity. It is recommended that construction activities be carried out only during normal working hours after providing prior intimation to local residents and shop keepers. Construction works near schools and colleges should be carried out during vacations and works near hospitals should be completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.). Wherever possible, the use of less noise generating equipment for all activities is recommended. Construction noise is not only a nuisance for the local community, but can also be a health hazard to construction workers due to prolonged exposure. Provision of protective equipment like ear muffs and plugs for operating personnel is recommended. It is recommended that where feasible, a sound barrier be provided in inhabited areas, particularly if there are sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan 107

116 Temporary flooding due to excavation during monsoons or blockage of surface drains Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer travel times, blockage of access) Temporary Temporary Ensure that excavated soil material is stored on the higher lying areas of the site and not in any storm water run-off channels or any other areas where it is likely to cause erosion or where water would naturally accumulate causing flooding. The areas where excavated soil will be stockpiled must be bordered by berms to prevent soil loss caused by rain. Excess soil is to be transported to dumping location within 24 hrs of completion of task in vehicles which have top cover that will prevent dust dispersal. Since most of the roads in the project area are narrow there will be some traffic congestion, hence alternate traffic routing must be adopted in consultation with concerned traffic police authorities. Traffic dislocations also have some adverse impact on trade and commerce, hence works at business and market area must be completed earlier. Care should be taken to minimize congestion and negative impacts at schools and hospitals Provide temporary crossing/ bridges to Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Traffic police 108

117 facilitate normal life and business Settlement of backfilled area after construction Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Temporary The backfilling material shall be free from petroleum products, slag, cinders, ashes and rubbish, or other material. Backfilling activity should follow the construction schedule, as recommended by the DPR, which estimates that a 1 km stretch of construction work is to be completed in approximately 3 days. Proper compaction as per the soil condition and retain the original level/ alignment and grade as it was before the work commenced. Store tanks and drums for excess capacity; forbid pouring into soils or drains; enforce adequate equipment maintenance procedures Excess soil is to be transported to dumping location in vehicles which have top cover that will prevent dust dispersal Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Sewage pumping station Excavation Damage to topsoil due to excavation activities. Temporary To prevent excessive disturbance of natural vegetation, the top soil excavated should be stored and utilized for revegetation after completion of work. Topsoil and subsoil must be placed on opposite sides of the trench and must be kept separate throughout construction and rehabilitation. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Allahabad Jal Sansthan 109

118 Construction waste Temporary All the associated construction waste should be properly managed by storing and disposing off at identified refusal sites. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan Soil erosion during excavation/ filling operation (while constructing foundation of structure) Temporary Proper stock piling of excavated soil and must be bordered by berms. Shoring trench sides by placing sheeting, timber shores, trench jacks, bracing, piles, or other materials to resist pressures surrounding the excavation Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan Dust Generation due to construction activities Temporary Excavated material transported by trucks will be covered and/or wetted to prevent dust nuisance. Suppressing dust generation by spraying water on stockpiles Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan 110

119 Temporary flooding due to uneven dumping of construction waste Temporary The construction waste material should be stored on the higher lying areas of the site and not in any storm water run-off channels or any other areas where it is likely to cause erosion or where water would naturally accumulate causing flooding. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Jal Sansthan General: Air Environmen t due to all construction activities General: Noise Environmen t due to all construction activities Air pollution due to particulate matter emissions from excavation, construction material handling, transportation of materials Temporary Providing curtains (polysheets/ sheets) all around the site to control dust spreading beyond the site. Sprinkling of water at regular intervals to control dust especially places where soil is stockpiled. Preventive maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles to meet emission standards Noise hazards Temporary Noise attenuation with sound proof insulation for noise generation sources like pumps, generators or using less noise making equipment Proper maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles to keep them with low noise. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam 111

120 General waste during construction General: safety during construction Nuisance due to solid waste disposal Safety hazards to labours and public Temporary Temporary Ensure that no litter, refuse, wastes, rubbish, rubble, debris and builders wastes generated on the premises must be collected in rubbish bins and disposed of weekly at registered refuse facility sites. Toilet facility must be provided at construction site and should be maintained properly. Toilets must be emptied regularly at treatment plants and every effort must be made to prevent the contamination of surface or sub-surface water Comply with the Occupational health and Safety act of India Ensure that the contact details of the police or security company and ambulance services nearby to the site. Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent dangers. Provide adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam 112

121 Constructio n camps (if adopted) Nuisance due to absence of facility of sanitation and solid waste management Temporary Labour camps are not required, if the labours are from the native place. If labours are not from native place, than following measures must be undertaken: 1) The camps must be not be in an environmentally sensitive area such as in close proximity to a watercourse, on a steep slope or on erosive soils. 2) Camp sites will have adequate provision of shelter, water supply, sanitation and solid waste management as far as practicable. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam C. Operation phase Sewer line Leakage/ overflows Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line Permanent There is a temporary concern of leakages and overflows leading to flooding of adjacent areas in the sewerage district A (screening checklist). However this can be mitigated and managed by: Regular monitoring of sewer line and manholes for visible leakages/ overflows. Immediate repair operation for the damaged portion of sewer line. De-siltation of blocked sewers/ manholes with sewage pumping machines-storing and disposal at appropriate refusal area after treatment. Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam 113

122 Sewage pumping station Sewage pumping station Noise pollution from operation activities Solid waste Contamination of water resources, blockage, bad odour, Health hazard and public nuisance Permanent Permanent Ensure proper covering of manhole and avoid dumping of solid waste to prevent chocking of sewer line. Proper handling and regular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, noise monitoring, etc. Solid waste should not be kept for more than 24 hours Solid waste can be disposed at disposal sites, preferably a sanitary landfill Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam Allahabad Municipal Corporation General Waste General Safety Sanitary conditions at construction camps and site. Workers exposed to toxic gases in sewers and hazardous materials in sewage during maintenance work Workers exposed to Contamination of water resources, blockage of storm drains, bad odour, Health hazard and public nuisance Serious/health/ safety hazards The toxic gases are likely to contract communicable Temporary Temporary Ensure regular monitoring of provision of water supply, excreta and solid waste management. Waste should be emptied regularly at disposal area until the work is completed. Maintaining proper hygienic environment in and around camps and site by regular surveillance and monitoring of waste. During cleaning/ maintenance operation, the sewer line will be adequately vented to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases are present in the line. Gases present in the sewer line should be analysed for hazardous/toxic gases before commencing cleaning operation. Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam 114

123 electrical hazards diseases from exposure to pathogens present in the sewage. Medical casualty due to electric hazards Provision of adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. during maintenance operation For more details refer to CPHEEO manual on sewer cleaning equipment and procedures Encasing the on & off switch and electrical hazards from monsoon 115

124 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 7-2. Successful implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following: The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with UPJN to request the Contractor to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt); The PMC along with UPJN to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out; Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring tests, and subsequent analysis of results; Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to: o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency); o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations; o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required; o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and, o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels. Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment All issues related to negative environmental impacts of the Contractor's Facilities, Plant and equipment are to be controlled through; The Contractor's self-imposed quality assurance plan; Regular / periodic inspection of the Concessionaire / Contractor s plant and equipment; Monthly appraisal of the Contractor. Other environmental impacts are to be regularly identified and noted on the monthly appraisal inspection made to review all aspects of the Contractor's operation. The officer is to review all monthly appraisal reports, and through the team leader is to instruct the Contractor 116

125 to rectify all significant negative environmental impacts. 7.3 EMP Budget The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the ESMP is detailed in Table 7-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in Table 7-4. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under engineering costs are listed below: Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance to surrounding area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city sewer Alternate traffic re-routing, Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas Solid Waste Management 117

126 Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Env. Component Air Quality Stage Construction Operation Parameter PM 10 μg /m 3, PM 2.5 μg/m 3, SO 2, NO X, CO PM 10 μg /m 3, PM 2.5 μg/m 3, SO 2, NO X, CO Standards/Method s CPCB Institutional Responsibilities Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision Sewer Construction Sites Sewer Construction Sites Once in every season (except monsoon Once in a year except monsoon for first 5 years. Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab PMC, UPJN and SPMG PMC, UPJN and SPMG Meteorology Construction Rainfall, humidity, Wind Speed, Wind direction, Temperature USEPA's Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications One location within Allahabad A district Once in every season Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab PMC, UPJN and SPMG 118

127 Noise Levels Operation Construction Operation Rainfall, humidity, Wind Speed, Wind direction, Temperature Leq db (A) (Day and Night) Average and Peak values Leq db (A) (Day and Night) Average and Peak values USEPA's Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications Ambient Noise Standard CPCB One location within Allahabad A district Sewer Construction Sites Sewer Construction Sites Once in a year Once in every season (except monsoon) Once in a year except monsoon for first 5 years. Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab PMC, UPJN and SPMG PMC, UPJN and SPMG PMC, UPJN and SPMG Soil Construction Physical Parameter: Texture, Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Chemical Parameter: ph, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio Consider the following methods: IS-2720 (Various part); Soil Chemical Analysis by M.L. JACKSON. Soil Test Method by Ministry of agriculture Sewer Construction Sites and SPS Once in every season Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab PMC, UPJN and SPMG 119

128 Operation Physical : Texture, Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Chemical Parameter: ph, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio Consider the following methods: IS-2720 (Various part); Soil Chemical Analysis by M.L. JACKSON. Soil Test Method by Ministry of agriculture Along sewer construction sites, SPS Twice in a year (Pre-monsoon and Post monsoon) for first 5 years, Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab PMC, UPJN and SPMG 120

129 Table 7.3 Cost information of EMP Phase Component of EMP Design and Develop ment Provision for accidental leakages / bursts in SPS Mitigation measure Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area Cost included in the DPR (Yes/no/not clear) Yes (not specific but included as a part of associated construction activity) Cost in Rupees (or Details if provided in DPR) DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, Remarks The proposed DPR includes these activities Construct ion Location of SPS Excavation, Cutting and filling operations Damage public utilities Dust generation Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance to surrounding area Review of existing infrastructure, shoring trenches, reinstatement/ resurfacing Proper reviewing of existing drawing s of utilities, informing concern authorities and reinstatement of public utilities Water sprinkling on excavated material to suppress dust and provision of top cover when transported through vehicles Yes Yes Yes No DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, Water tanker: Rs. Approximately Rs. 28,80,000 /- Top cover for dumper truck: Rs /- The proposed SPS will be indoor which will prevent noise and enclosed nature and appropriate cleaning and maintenance will prevent odour nuisance The proposed DPR includes these activities The proposed DPR includes these activities According to DPR 80Km stretch in each zone will be completed in 3years. This means approximately 75 m will be covered per day. 750 L of water will be consumed for 75 m using sprinkler average 2 times a day Labour cost-rs. 150/day 121

130 Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost included in the DPR (Yes/no/not clear) Cost in Rupees (or Details if provided in DPR) Remarks Rs. 300/tanker+Rs150/labourer = Rs. 450 Per meter cost = Rs. 450/75m = Rs 6/- Total cost for 80 Km= Rs Keeping a 2 day margin for construction and reinstatement of the site 2x480000= Rs /- For 240km stretch: Rs. 28,80,000/- Top cover: Approximately 30 Sqm of top cover may require for each vehicle. Assuming 5 such vehicle involved in transporting excess soil to dumping location (considering construction schedule and max excavated earth disposal). Hence 5 trucks* required top cover 30 Sqm* Cost of Tripol cover at Rs. 75/ Sqm 122

131 Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost included in the DPR (Yes/no/not clear) Cost in Rupees (or Details if provided in DPR) Remarks Noise and vibrations Usage of sound barriers or sheets. No. Rs. 9,29,850/- As per the schedule, the construction of 80km in 3zones each has to be executed in 36 months For providing sound barriers like GI sheets, 4Km out of 80 Km of stretch of sensitive zones in sewer work is considered assuming excavation, construction and backfilling activity will take place simultaneously at different stretches. Considering 302 GI sheet of 3 x 8 would cover 75m length (both sides) of construction activity daily. (150 sheets are needed of for one side of 150 m stretch, so for 2 sides 300 sheets and 2 more sheets to enclose one open side of the barricading; 150 m is taken as a safer option as it will not be possible to shift the barrier to another site same day) Hence 302 sheets* Cost of GI sheet Rs.1000 per sheet (Rs per Kg)* labour cost ( two labours at avg. rate of Rs. 150 per day) = Rs

132 Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost included in the DPR (Yes/no/not clear) Cost in Rupees (or Details if provided in DPR) Remarks Labour camps (if adopted) Temporary flooding or, water logging Increased traffic inconvenience Safety hazards to workers and residents Health hazards and nuisance due to absence of facility for sanitation or solid waste management Alternate traffic re-routing, Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas Yes DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, Putting fences or other barricades to demarcate the area And for 240 Kms = Rs. 9,29,850/- No Rs Assuming a stretch of 75m per day, 150 rods will be Rs. 75/- per rod. Sanitation No Cost of construction of pit and toilet building & cleaning approximately Rs. 15,12,000/- Total no. of labour is estimated assuming 35% of total project working for 36 months.the labour camps can be divided into 1 camps for each zone, for appropriate management and maintenance work. So per day each camp will have around 950 labourers A toilet with septic tank is been suggested for sanitation facility at labour camps. Septic tank of capacity 45 m 3 will be used. For 950 labourers 63 m 3 of total pit capacity would be needed. Hence 124

133 Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost included in the DPR (Yes/no/not clear) Cost in Rupees (or Details if provided in DPR) Remarks 2 pits will be needed. Cost of one pit is Rs. 1,20,000. Cost of 2 pits would ne Rs. 2,40,000/- For this 3 toilet buildings of 15 closets will be needed. Cost of one toilet building is Rs. 80,000. So for 3 toilet building total cost is Rs. 2,40,000. Therefore, total cost of toilet construction at one camp site would be Rs 4,80,000/- For constructing toilet at 3 camps expenditure would be Rs. 14,40,000/- Water Supply No Approximately Rs /- Cleaning of pit cost Rs 4000/-. And after 9 months cleaning is needed so thrice cleaning is needed. So for 2 pits X 3 camps X 3 times cleaning the cost will come as Rs.72000/- As estimated 950 labourers will be at one camp, so approximately 190 families will be placed at one camp. Around 10 standposts will be needed at one camp. One standpost construction cost is Rs 6250/-. So for 3 camps total cost 125

134 Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost included in the DPR (Yes/no/not clear) Cost in Rupees (or Details if provided in DPR) Remarks will be Rs for construction. At the rate of 135 LPCD, L of water is needed for each camp. At the rate of Rs 2.5KL, the cost of water provisioning would be Rs per day. Total cost for 36 months would be Rs and the total cost for all camps would be Rs Dust bins No Approximately Rs /- Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs /- excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan. Total cost of construction and provisioning would be Rs Solid waste generation: Generally about 200 grams of solid waste is generated per 5 persons every day. Hence two cluster dustbin (one for biodegradable waste and one for non-biodegradable waste of 1 cum size at the rate of Rs. 2000/-) may handle solid waste generated. 126

135 Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan Allahabad-A SEWERAGE SCHEME, UP Total no. of Item Location Season Year samples Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage Unit Cost Total Cost Air quality Monitoring , , Metrological data , , Noise / vibration , , Soil analysis , , Travel and Transportation of monitoring Team Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage) Lumpsum 240, Sub total 1,212, Air quality Monitoring , , Metrological data , , Noise / vibration , , Soil analysis , , Sub-Total 605, Travel and Transportation of monitoring Team Lumpsum 400, TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 2,217, ,03,296 Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 7.3 and Table 7.4) Say 90 Lakhs 127

136 7.4 Social Management Plan Social mitigation plans during construction phase Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for social development of the project and the concerned stakeholders. i. Impact on human health Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed sites Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction sites. These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging. They will also provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. According to the interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that contractors are doing water sprinkling in the construction area. ii. Traffic Congestion Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic movement. Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already included in the DPR. iii. Impact on livelihood Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect shops on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to a similar location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption. 128

137 Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions. In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of the roads and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently mandates compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for livelihood loss of mobile vendors. Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into this category. These vendors are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed project. However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report. iv. Impact on existing utility services Mitigation Measure: Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site. Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already budgeted for in the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive detailed layout plans of existing underground structures to prevent accidental water/electricity supply disruptions. The relevant departments should also be made aware of the timing and location of digging near supply lines so they can make the necessary preparations to respond swiftly to disruptions. 129

138 v. Safety hazards Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards. As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in place even if construction is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains. Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field visits to JNNURM sites, some had fences while others did not. vi. Elevated Noise Levels According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with school function. Beyond that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid unnecessary noise pollution. vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already included in the DPR. viii. Public Notice: according to the suggestion given by locals during the interview. Government and contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help them better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions. ix. Health Programme for Workers: If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp, health programmes for their well-being should be implemented Social mitigation plans during operation phase Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring residents. 130

139 7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded; Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening Laying wooden plank over the excavated pits for making access route to house or shops Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate construction area for the time when construction is on Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period. The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation measures to sewage construction projects. Public Grievances Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials. Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences. However the proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as mentioned in the Environment and Social Management Framework. 131

140 Table 7.5 Social Management Plan Activity Potential Negative Impact/Concern I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects A. Design and Development Phase Land Acquisition for NA new pumping station B. Construction Phase Laying of sewer network * Safety hazards to workers and residents Dust generation, with resulting implications for human health Reduced pedestrian and vehicle access to residences and businesses, with inverse effects on livelihoods Mitigation Measures SPS is planned on land already owned by the government and confirmed by the Revenue department Provide workers with adequate safety equipment such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, etc. Fences/temporary enclosures should be put around construction sites (even inactive ones, if hazards, like open pits, remain); enclosures should be properly marked with caution signs Water sprinkling, removal of excess materials, cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. Construction of temporary enclosures to entrap dust. Work should proceed on schedule so as to minimize road closures Upon project completion, quick clearance of NA Cost Issues Safety gear already provided by contractor Putting fences or other barricades to demarcate the area, is already being done DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District Water sprinkling NA Debris clearance budgeted for in DPR 132

141 Activity Potential Negative Impact/Concern Mitigation Measures debris, etc. will facilitate access by customers to local business and residents to their households Cost Issues DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, Volume.-I Temporary water, electricity, supply interruptions Circulation of layout plan for all underground infrastructure to ensure that contractor is aware of water/electricity lines in construction zones Local utilities should be made aware of timing/location of all construction, enabling them to respond swiftly to supply disruption, especially in the event of flooding, etc. Provision for temporary shifting of water/power lines, etc. already in DPR DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, Volume.-I Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer travel times) Impact to daily life Use of alternate traffic routes; signage should clearly indicate dates of road closures and new routes so residents can plan accordingly Placement of traffic officers at busy intersections to facilitate easy of movement Prior public notice indicating the date of start of construction and end date of construction should be provided road-wise to the locals, allowing them to make adjustments accordingly Provisions for traffic diversion, with signage already in DPR DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District A Allahabad, Volume.-I Note: *** denotes Significant Impact; ** Denotes-Moderate Impacts and *- Minor Impact. 133

142 7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback solicited from the community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders government officials, relevant NGOs, etc. could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, third party audits should be taken up so as to evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to the construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction. Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan include; All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of vulnerable households; decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and citizens, NGOs etc; staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and Representatives of the various state government departments, as required Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity for better implementation and operation of the project. There should be synergies and continual interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the relevant departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc. Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise continued development will not be sustainable. 134

143 Table 7.6 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the mitigation plan is implemented well Ensuring funds for mitigation plan execution Executing agencies (UP Jal Nigam, Ganga Pollution Control Unit) Jal Sansthan Implementation of the project by awarding the project to the suitable contractor and regional coordination Informing the relevant departments about the progress of the project While execution of projects related to sewerage line, Jal Sansthan is responsible for the damage caused to the public utility functions like drinking water pipe lines Ensuring that the relevant departments are available for mitigation plan Enough safety provisions are available for the project implementation. Should ensure that the basic amenities are in order during the construction and operational phase of the project Municipality Ensuring better access to households Should ensure all the households envisaged at project planning phase gets access to the services. Weaker section of the society should get equitable share. State, local Government NGOs, CSOs, Research Institutes ( Allahabad University) Coordination Monitoring and evaluation Awareness creation about the project activities Community participation for better project implementation Coordination Monitoring and evaluation Ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. Public participation and coordination Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the indicators are listed below; Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network) Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river) 135

144 Proper sites for industries, building etc. Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society Increase in public toilet Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value) Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area 136

145 Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues 8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project Access to sewer network: This service will cater to the projected population until the year According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from in 2010 to by In this time, waste water generation is expected to increase from MLD to MLD. Hence the increase sewerage will prevent outflow of waste water to the Ganga. Better hygienic conditions: The sewerage network will provide improved environmental conditions due to the contained handling of wastes, leading to improved public health conditions and will likely reduce the average medical expenses of the residents in the project areas. According to DPR this area has sewerage system but the sewers are very old, under capacity and deteriorated condition, which causes significant flow of untreated sewage into river and also this sewage gets accumulated on road/drain sides. These areas suffer from powerful odors and greater amounts of flies/mosquitoes, which will be mitigated with the sewerage connection and overall improvement in environment and health is anticipated from this project. Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste water will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment will be disposed off to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river. Due to current pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of Allahabad. As the water enters Allahabad (at Rasoolabad) from Kanpur, it has a BOD much higher than the safe bathing limit of 3mg/L at about 4.5 mg/l. Downstream from Allahabad (post Sangam and before Assighat, Varanasi), the BDO reduces to below the safe bathing limit 14. Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater discharge to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This will eventually lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site. The support for this 14 Source: SanjivSwarup 2007, Affidavit of status report as on October 31,2006 filed on behalf of NRCD as per orders of the SC dated Oct 10, 2006, New Delhi January, mime 137

146 statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in areas with only nalas (bad odor, insects, etc.). Reduction in cost of implementation: According to DPR, wherever possible development of sewerage will be integrated with existing GAP infrastructure to reduce the overall investment cost. Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality. As the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water quality would connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during KumbhMela better water quality for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. At present as recorded by UP State Pollution Control Board river water at Allahabad has high fecal coliform concentration, and it has been reported that some sadhus and saints protest against the river pollution and boycott the ritual bathing 15. This could be sorted out with better river water quality. 8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project The social benefits of the proposed project are given above. The social services required to ensure that these benefits are realized are given below: Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents complained that they did not feel they personally would benefit from the project as their houses did not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household connections will ensure that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for increasing connections are detailed in the DPR that is by 2025 coverage would increase to 75% from 45% of 2010 ratio. Special care should be taken to ensure access for backward and vulnerable sections of the society. Full benefits of the facilities proposed under DPR cannot be realized unless a programme to improve coverage of branch sewers and household connection is carried in parallel. Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly increasing public toilet facilities will ensure that residents of Allahabad without permanent housing and tourists (especially visiting during Kumbh Mela are able to benefit from the increased sewerage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open

147 Defecation. This eventually would lead to better water quality and would have better environment and social ramifications. Targeting of economically weaker communities: for construction jobs related to sub-project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt by those in need, those from backward communities should be specifically targeted for relevant jobs. Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and ensure that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must be performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing, pedestrian pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean area will also enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the area. Sanitation for slum dwellers: Allahabad district has many slums, as mentioned above around 185 slums spread across the city. District A also has number of slums. All these slums have no legal rights over land so it is not possible to provide such services to them. But their unsanitary condition is an impediment for over all sanitary development. Hence they should be provided with the scheme of low cost sanitation technologies without sewerage connection. 139

148 Chapter 9 Conclusion The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage district A of the Allahabad city after environment and social analysis concludes that the project falls in low impact category and have overall positive benefits on the life and environment of the people. There has been no reported land acquisition or livelihood losses to be caused under this project. As per environmental and social management framework guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard Management Plan was conducted for addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed project. Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse environmental or social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for which appropriate mitigation plans have also been suggested. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social analysis study. All the social and environmental issues were appropriately studied and have been substantiated using appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the issues of public grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm transparency during the project implementation. Report also ensures that well defined institutional mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction, implementation and operation phases. Stakeholder consultations, and interviews helped to understand the general perception of public towards the project and it can be determined that the people of the project site are happy and welcome such an initiative for their betterment. It was also pointed out that the large overall environmental benefits of the project such as prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga, improvement in sewerage collection and treatment, prevention of untreated liquid waste infiltrating into ground water and soil, improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity greatly outweigh the temporary inconveniences faced during the implementation stages. 140

149 Annexure 1 Questionnaire TERI-Water Resources Division Date: / /2011 NGRBA Project Impact Assessment Interviewer: Site: Interviewee: Location: Residential Public Place For PP: Park Office Market School Store Religious place Classification: Resident ShopKeeper StreetVendor Officeworker School pedestri an Religious figure Other 1. Are you aware that this project will be constructed? 2. Do you think it is necessary to have this kind of project? You feel connection to sewerage is important? 3. Will your household be connected to sewer line? 4. What do you think will be the consequences of the construction this project on the following: (classify as short term and long term impacts) a. Traffic blockages? b. Parking? c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood/ environment sanitation d. Health e. Access to river water source f. Noise? g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages h. Smell/flies, etc.? i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. j. Livelihood? (temporary or permanent) 141

150 k. Family? l. Daily Life? m. Impact of worker s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.) n. Other? 5. What do you think will be the consequences of this project, post completion? a. Pollution? b. Smell/flies, etc.? c. Access to river water source d. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. e. Livelihood? f. Family? g. Daily Life? h. Other? 6. Are you aware of similar projects (prompt Jnnurm projects) in your area/neighbourhood? 7. How are you coping up with these difficulties? a. Traffic blockages? b. Parking? c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood d. Health e. Access to river water source f. Noise? g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages h. Smell/flies, etc.? i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. j. Livelihood? (Temporary/permanent) k. Family? l. Daily Life? m. Impact of worker s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.) n. Other? 142

151 8. Have you/or anyone you know of have complained on any similar projects in the past? 9. What are your suggestions on improving the project construction/operation phase? 10. Are you aware of what will happen in the absence of the project? 11. Do you think this is a no regret investment by GoI (explain what is no regret investment) and more such projects should be implemented? 12. Do you perceive any conflicts during implementation/construction of the project? (get details) 13. Do you know of any conflicts in the past due to similar projects? 14. Do you know of any land acquisition for this project? 15. Do you know of any rehabilitation/resettlement that might be required during project implementation phase? 16. Do you think these projects; will help in improving Ganga river quality, if replicated and upscaled in different areas or not? 17. Are you aware of any community/social movement against this upcoming project? 18. Are you aware of any community/social movement/ cultural issues/security threats (due to labour migration) against similar projects in your area in the past? 8 Are you willing to cope with the temporary disruptions/disturbances during the construction/operational phase? (prompt and get reason for willingness to cope, if answer is yes/no) 143

152 9 Do you believe that the authority will implement the project in a timely and efficient manner? 10 Have you/or anyone you know of approached the public grievance authority in the past regarding similar projects? (note down details) 11 Do you feel this project has minimal/no impact in comparison with some other projects/programmes you know of in the region? 144

153 Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders Allahabad th April 2011 S. no 1 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting According to rough estimates the project in District C would help in treating 2.61 MLD of sewage, and in District A around 7 MLD of sewage. This will help prevent flow of approximately 10 MLD of sewage into River Ganga. During construction work, they make sure appropriate safety equipments are available along with proper caution signage and contact number of the concerned project coordinator. Also proper shuttering to be placed as excavation commences; water to be sprinkled through tankers, twice a day, to avoid dust pollution. Work in front of schools and hospitals to be prioritized and finished urgently. Work could be conducted during day/night shifts. Upstream/downstream water quality data can be retrieved from the MoEF public domain. There are no forested areas or protected monuments being threatened by the projects. There is no threat to Groundwater Resources since digging for sewers does not go below 6-7 meters. 2 Mr. R S Singh, State Said that he dealt mainly with 145

154 Pollution Control Board, Allahabad the Operation and Maintenance phase of the projects. Introduced TERI to Mr. Rohit for all necessary information. TERI submitted a letter of request to Mr. R.S Singh, requesting relevant data for ESIA. Allahabad 5 th August 2011 S. Name and designation no 1 MoEF, PMG,World Bank team, U.P. Jal Nigam, Nagar Nigam, Tata Consulting Engineers (TCE), TERI Venue: Jal Nigam, Training Centre, Sangam Hall Minutes of Meeting There was a verbal agreement between the Nagar Nigam, UP Jal Nigam and other offices that each construction site for laying of sewer lines will be completed and restored in maximum period of 1 month. It was brought to the attention that since no maps, plans of underground utilities exists, damage to them will be inevitable. It was agreed upon that a Social publicity Programme would be launched, the budget for which was to be prepared by Jal Kal department. There was a suggestion to use SewerCad and it was recommended that all sewer maps and details should be mapped using it. The issue of providing sewer lines to unauthorized colonies was brought up. One solution was to provide sewerage to all habitations and unauthorized colonies except where public land has been encroached. Another suggestion was to provide network in all areas where a water connection already exists. This matter is still under review and consideration. Suggestion was made by the World Bank to initiate a plan to involve and motivate local residents to install sewer connections in their homes. One such idea for a scheme would provide a free connection to all those who applied in the 1 st six months. 146

155 Allahabad 23 rd - 26 th August 2011 S. no 1 Mr. A.K Mittal, General Manager, Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), UP Jal Nigam, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting 2 Mr. J.P Mani, Project Manager, Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), UP Jal Nigam, Allahabad, Uttar 3 Dr. Mukesh Sharma, Envrionment Officer, Project Implementation Unit, Allahabad Nagar Nigam He shared basic information on the existing sewerage system in Allahabad city and provided contacts of important officials required for the environmental and social assessment study. Important issues such as damage to public utilities, traffic congestion, dust pollution etc. were highlighted. Data and Maps related to Water Supply, Solid Waste management, storm drainage, health and social issues were not available with UP Jal Nigam and would be with the Nagar Nigam. As secondary data on Allahabad A report on subsoil exploration for design foundation of sump well at Gaughat, Allahabad (U.P.) Stated that most of the data is with the UP Jal Nigam Shared statistics about solid waste management in city. Overall the SWM plans are have reached only 20% implementation in all wards. 400 gm/head solid waste is collected adding up to a total of 540 Million Metric Tonnes per day. Door to Door Collection (DTDC) is followed in 18 wards of District A. No slums are included in the DTDC plans. The major dumping sites are Allahpur, Govindpur and KarelBagh. The major 147

156 4 Mr. Tiwary, Social officer, Allahabad Nagar Nigam. 5 Mr. P.K Mishra, Land Officer, Nagar Nigam. 6 Mr, K.K Srivastav, JE, Gaughat Pumping Station, Allahabad. processing plant is at Baswar. With regard to waste water, BPCL is a major industry that dumps waste water into the Simraha Ghat. Other industries in NAINI area are Baidyanath, AREVA and RECRON. Provided information on water supply for the city which included pumps, tube wells and overhead tanks (18 under JNNURM, each storing 2000KiloLitres). There are also 3 underground reservoirs in District A (2 are complete, 1 is 30% constructed) Informed that there is not much data that exists on social issues at the moment. Provided TERI with a photocopy of wards in Allahabad district and a list of slums. Informed that there is no landuse data or maps available for Allahabad due to lack of recording and poor response from locals Provided important information with regard to the Gaughat pumping station and overall sewage system in Allahabad. The current pumping capacity of the Gaughat MPS is 72MLD and it has the capacity to handle extra increased levels of 7 to 8 m. The MPS was built in 1988 and is very old, it should have been changed in 2003 (after 15 years). There is no provision to handle high flows/excess flows during the monsoon. During these times, backlogging leads to 148

157 7 World Bank, TCE and UPJN flooding of the sewage network. It was suggested that storm water be bypassed to the river to avoid this kind of flooding. There have been no complaints from the residents neighboring the MPS about noise or air quality. Polythene is a major issue at the pumping station. Approximately 2 trucks per week are transported to dumping sites from Gaughat MPS. All 3 parties discussed the day s field visits and the World Bank gave their impression and expectations of the project work. The following points are to be mentioned: As per JNNURM, by March 2012, water supply is targeted to be 100% in Allahabad. The main concern for finishing the project in time is the upcoming Kumbh Mela in 2013 at Prayag. GIS maps are to be acquired from TCE in the form of a CD. The UPJN agreed to provide field assistance to all field going teams, as suggested by the World Bank. 149

158 Annexure 3 Census Data District Allahabad (45), Uttar Pradesh (09) Population Persons 4,936,105 Males 2,626,448 Females 2,309,657 Growth ( ) Rural 3,729,320 Urban 1,206,785 Scheduled Caste Population 1,065,097 Percentage to total Population Literacy and Educational level Literates Persons 2,506,942 Males 1,635,387 Females 871,555 Literacy rate Persons Males Females Workers Total workers 1,671,349 Main workers 1,106,596 Marginal workers 564,751 Non-workers 3,264,756 Scheduled Castes (Largest three) 1. Pasi 304, Chamar etc. 402, Kol 106,164 Religions (Largest three) 1. Hindus 4,284, Muslims 627, Christians 9,114 Important Towns (Largest three) Population 1. Allahabad (M Corp.) 975, Allahabad (CB) 24, Lal Gopalganj Nindaura (NP) 22,992 House Type Type of House (% of households occupying) 150

159 Permanent 50.7 Semi-permanent 45.5 Temporary 3.8 Number of households 740,941 Household size (per household) 7 Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 879 Sex ration (0-6 years) 917 Scheduled Tribe population 4,273 Percentage to total population 0.09 Educational Level attained Total 2,506,942 Without level 152,585 Below primary 536,398 Primary 542,568 Middle 404,832 Matric/Higher Secondary/Diploma 616,060 Graduate and above 254,138 Age groups 0-4 years 586, years 1,374, years 2,598, years and above (incl. A.N.S.) 376,447 Scheduled Tribes (Largest three) 1. Generic Tribes etc. 3, Tharu Jaunsari 57 Amenities and infrastructural facilities Total inhabited villages Amenities available in villages No. of Villages Drinking water facilities 2,783 Safe Drinking water 2,783 Electricity (Power Supply) 2,289 Electricity (domestic) 1,066 Electricity (Agriculture) 703 Primary school 1,733 Middle schools 613 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 214 College 61 Medical facility 651 Primary Health Centre 53 Primary Health Sub-Centre 66 Post, telegraph and telephone facility

160 Bus services 201 Paved approach road 1,956 Mud approach road 1,