Tecan Symposium Biologics-From Benchtop to Production

Transcription

1 Tecan Symposium Biologics-From Benchtop to Production Cellular products to improve haemopoietic stem cell transplants David Haylock Australian Stem cell Centre

2 Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation Bone marrow Mobilised blood stem cells Umbilical cord blood

3 50,000 transplants worldwide in 2006

4 Haemopoietic recovery Haemopoietic recovery Long-term outcome of patients given transplants of mobilised blood or bone marrow: a report from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry and the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation ; Schmitz N et. al. Blood 108, 4288, patients with leukaemia Neutrophils 0.5 x 10 9 /L Platelets 20 x 10 9 /L PBSC* Bone Marrow* * Median time in days to reach level

5 Cord Blood Transplantation is Increasing Cord Blood Transplantation is Increasing

6 Haemopoietic Recovery with Cord Blood Transplantation Outcomes of transplantation of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood and bone marrow in children with acute leukaemia: a comparison study Eapen M et al. Lancet 369, 1947, Centre for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research and the National Cord Blood Program of the New York Blood Centre. 503 cord blood compared to 282 bone marrow transplants

7 Cord Blood vs Bone Marrow Cord Blood vs Bone Marrow Neutrophil recovery as 0.5 x 10 9 /L for 3 consecutive days Platelet recovery as 20 x 10 9 /L without plt support for 7 continuous days. Neutrophils 0.5 x 10 9 /L Platelets 20 x 10 9 /L Cord Blood* 25 (9-90) 59 (12-237) Bone Marrow* 19 (9-33) 25 (12-285) * Median (range) time in days to reach level

8 Engraftment with cord blood is slow Neutrophil Recovery Median days Platelet Recovery Median days Rubinstein et al. NEJM, 1998, n=562 patients

9 Improving outcomes with Cord Blood Transplants New strategies are needed to improve haemopoietic recovery and reduce early transplant-related mortality after cord blood transplantation..including the following Multi-unit transplants Co-infusion of MSC Co-infusion of T depleted haploidentical PBSC Injection of CB into the bone-marrow Expansion culture of CB Growth factors for in vivo expansion and improved homing; niche manipulation Safer preparative therapies

10 Improving outcomes of HSCT: The rationale for cell therapies HSC Long-term haemopoietic recovery Months - years Committed Progenitors Blood Precursors Short-term recovery Weeks - months Immediate Days

11 The biological potential of HSC is well recognised A single HSC can reconstitute the haemopoietic system of a mouse Osawa, et al (1996) Science 273:

12 Outcome of Cell Therapies Depend on: Outcome of Cell Therapies Depend on: Cell Type Function Number

13 High dose chemotherapy results in; severe neutropenia and. ANC (x10 6 /ml) Neutrophil recovery following CTP therapy; 49 patients, 124 cycles Metastatic Breast Cancer 6 days Day Post PBPC Transplant

14 Outcome with mobilised blood stem cell transplants PBPC graft contains 2 x 10 6 CD34 + /kg days Neutrophils 2 x 10 8 MNC/kg T, B, Monocytes days Platelets

15 How might transplantation with ex vivo expanded CD34 + cells improve HR? CD34 + HSC HPC Myeloblast 4-8 weeks 2 4 weeks days 5 7 days Neutrophil precursors Promyelocyte Myelocyte 2-5 days Neutrophil

16 Aim for ex vivo culture of CD34 + cells Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Neutrophils 2 x 10 6 CD34 + /kg Platelets

17 Stericell Flask CD34 + cells X VIVO-10 G-CSF SCF MGDF 0.5% Buminate 12 days Culture 10 x 1 litre Waste HaemoLite 2 Expanded cells Product

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20 Impact on neutrophil recovery Impact on neutrophil recovery Expanded unmanipulated p value historical N=21 n=6 n=106 D of ANC < D to ANC > D to ANC > Feb Neut 0% 83% (5d) % (4d) Admissions 0% 83% %

21 Does ex vivo expanded cell dose correlate with duration of severe neutropenia? correlation with cell dose and days with ANC <0.1 days ANC <0.1 x10 9 /L R 2 =0.5446, p= cell dose x10 9.a dose of 1 x expanded cells would be sufficient to improve neutrophil recovery Haylock et al. Blood 1992

22 What about HSC expansion? What about HSC expansion? Is it really needed? How can this be achieved? Can we assess expansion of human HSC? Is it commercially viable?

23 Haemopoietic Stem Cells Haemopoietic Stem Cells CD34+ Thy-1+ Lin- The most extensively studied and well understood population of adult stem cells in vertebrates Cell surface molecules Cellular interactions Growth factor requirements Transcriptional regulators In vivo models In humans, x neutrophils are produced every day!!

24 HSC proliferation and differentiation is regulated by the HSC niche HSC HSC do not live alone, they exist in close association with cells and ECM

25 Location of the HSC niche Location of the HSC niche Where are HSC? Bone Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Osteocytes Blood Vessels Blood cells Mesenchyme Fat cells Fibroblasts Stromal cells Nerves

26 In situ tracking of subpopulation of Haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells CFSE label Endosteal Region Endosteum Central Marrow WBM HSC 0-15 hrs Perfuse fixation Periosteum Analysis of spatial distribution Nilsson et al. J Histochem Cytochem 1996, 44:1069, Nilsson et al. Blood 1997, 89:4013 Nilsson et al. Blood 2001, 97:2293

27 HSC reside at the endosteum HSC reside at the endosteum Bone Endosteum Periosteum % Cells in endosteal region Time post-transplant (hours) Nilsson et al Spatial localisation of transplanted hemopoietic stem cells: inferences for the localisation of stem cell niches. Blood 97:2293, 2001.

28 Osteoblasts are a key component of the HSC niche Osteoblast Jagged 1 PPR Parathyroid hormone PTH-related protein Notch activation HSC Osteoblast cells regulate the HSC niche Calvi and Adams et al. Nature October 2003 Identification of the HSC niche and control of the niche size Zhang et al. Nature October 2003 Cancellous/trabecular bone.spindle-shaped N-cadherin+CD45- osteoblasts (SNO cells) lining the bone surface function as a key component of the niche to support HSC. SNO cells HSC N-cadherin β-catenin

29 HSC and their Niche: Signalling via cell-cell contact is critical Key interactions mscf and c-kit Notch ligands and Notch Ang-1 and Tie2 SDF-1 and CXCR4 Osteopontin and integrins Collectively regulate HSC fate Osteoblast

30 HSC Expansion by mimicking the Niche HSC Expansion by mimicking the Niche Surface provides biological signals of the HSC niche

31 Micro niche: topology and biology Micro niche: topology and biology

32 Ligand Immobilisation Strategy for Proof Of Concept Studies Biotinylated biologicals and NeutrAvidin surface HSC or Factor-dependent cells Surface Bound Ligand Ligand Combination Stem Cell Factor (SCF) Thrombopoietin (TPO) Flt-3 ligand Mimics of natural compounds Novel synthetic compounds Slide generously provided by Bryan Coad, CSIRO, Australia

33 Surface immobilisation strategy Plasma-Treated Surface PEG-biotin- Grafted Biotin Biotin Biotin PEG-biotin- NeutrAvidin (Eu) PEG-biotin- NeutrAvidin- Protein (Eu) PEG 5000 Biotin ( ) PEG 5000 Biotin ( ) PEG 5000 Biotin ( ) o o o NH 2 NH 2 NH 2 Neutravidin Slide generously provided by Bryan Coad, CSIRO

34 Surface Characterisation Surface Characterisation Plasma-Treated Surface PEG-biotin- Grafted PEG-biotin- NeutrAvidin (Eu) Methodology Toolbox X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Binding studies using tagged proteins Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) PEG-biotin- NeutrAvidin- Protein (Eu) Slide generously provided by Bryan Coad, CSIRO

35 Immobilised biotinylated Stem Cell Factor (bscf) is as effective as soluble rhscf Live Cells Dead Cells bscf 10 ug/ml rhscf 10 ug/ml 0.1ug/ml (bscf) 0.1ug/ml (rhscf) 1ug/ml (bscf) 1ug/ml (rhscf) 10ug/ml (bscf) 10ug/ml (rhscf) x 100 cells/well

36 Immobilised TPO mimic supports cell proliferation FDCP-1-mpl cells, Pierce NA plates, biotinylated Cwirla Dimer 150, ,000 Cells/Well 90,000 60,000 30, TPO TPO dose response B-CD dose response Immobilised b-cd Dose response

37 What about HSC expansion? What about HSC expansion? Is it really needed? Not for BMT or MPB, Maybe UCB To generate cells for blood cell farming How can this be achieved? Novel approaches are required Can we assess expansion of human HSC? Poorly, current models are limited Is it commercially viable? Probably not, depends on technological advances

38 Cellular products to improve haemopoietic stem cell transplants: Take Home Messages Specific problems need specific cells Must ensure cell function Number of cells transplanted effects outcome Better ways to grow cells to scale

39 Acknowledgments ASCC: Susie Nilsson Jess Andrade Melonie Storan Gemma Haines Cheang Ly Be Brenda Williams Genevieve Whitty Sarah Ellis Jochen Grassinger Rebecca Neaves Andrew Vinson Ian Jennings CSIRO: Bryan Coad Laurence Meagher Helmut Thissen Kjiana Schwab Glenn Condie Dave Winkler CRC-Polymers Daniel Day, Swinburne University