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1 AmyP.Felty1,DouglasJ.Howe1,andFrankA.Stomp2 ProtocolVericationinNuprl? whileretainingexistingadvantagesofthesystem,anddescribesapplicationoftheprovertoverifyingthescicachecoherenceprotocol.the interactivetheoremproveramoreeectivetoolforprotocolverication vericationisbased,inpart,onformalmathematicsimportedfromanothertheorem-provingsystem,exploitingaconnectionweimplemented Abstract.ThispaperpresentsworkdirectedtowardmakingtheNuprl signicantbecausenuprl'spowerfulconstructivetypetheorybuysmuch eectivelyappliedbythesystem'sautomatedreasoningfacilities.thisis annotationschemefornuprl'slogicthatallowstypeinformationtobe betweennuprlandhol.wehavedesignedandimplementedatype 1Introduction ofitsexpressivepowerandexibilityatthecostofgivingupthemore manageablekindsoftypesystemfoundinotherlogics. ofitsmaindistinguishingcharacteristicsisitshighlyexpressiveformallogic,a constructivetypetheorywhoseclassicalvarianthasexpressivepowerequivalent toconventionalsettheory(zfc)[12,6]. Nuprl[2]isaninteractivetheorem-provingsysteminthelineageofLCF.One shallowandrepresentationallysimple. tobeasubstantialadvantageinavarietyofdomains,butlittleworkhasbeen specicallydirectedtowardeectivenessforthekindoflarge-scalepracticalapplicationswherethebulkoftheformalmathematicsishighlycomplicated,but Nuprlhasbeenextensivelyapplied,anditsexpressivepowerhasbeenshown ofnuprltoprovesafetypropertiesofthescicachecoherenceprotocol[8]. Modelcheckingsystemsthathavebeenappliedtotheprotocolsuerfromstate ofthescaleofalgorithmswhichcanbecurrentlyhandledbymechanizedtools. Thispaperdescribesourworkinthisdirection,andfeaturesanapplication explosionatasmallnumberofprocessors,thoughevensosomebugshavebeen found[11].asecondreasonforchoosingitisthataproofmethodandsupported WechoseSCIasanexamplepartlybecauseitscomplexityisrepresentative compromisingexistingadvantagesofthesystemby,e.g.,addingrestrictionsto thelogic.therearethreepartstothiswork. invariantshavealreadybeenworkedout[3].?inproceedingsofthetenthinternationalconferenceoncomputer-aidedverication,june1998. OurworkhasbeentoimproveNuprlforthesekindsofapplicationswithout

2 andmodels.buildingitistime-consuming,andislargelyduplicationofeort sincethesebasicfactstendtobesimilaracrosssystems.toavoiddoingthis quiresagreatdealofbasicformalmathematicsaboutelementarydatastructures ourselves,weimportsomebasicmathematicsfromhol[5],asystemthathas, Importedmathematics.Vericationusinganinteractivetheorem-proverre- applicationtoamoderatelydicultprobleminmetamathematics.ourwork, thoughjustarststep,establishesthatsharingmathematicscanbeusefulin forsoftware/hardwareverication.thepaper[7]givesthebasicdesignofthe connectionbetweenholandnuprl,and[4]givesanextensiontoitandan overtheyears,accumulatedalargecorpusofmathematicsofthekinduseful software/hardwareverication. ditionalaspectsoftypesystems.inparticular,thetypetheory'sexibilityisin largepartduetothefactthattermsareuntypedinthesensethatonecannotdeterminefromthesyntaxofanexpressionwhat,ifany,typeitisamemberof.in thisway,nuprlissimilartosettheory,withtypesbeinganalogoustosets.this TypeAnnotation.Nuprlbuysitsexpressivepoweratthecostofsometra- isaproblemforautomationfortworeasons.first,itisoftenimportantforterms tocomewiththeirtypes;forexample,intermrewriting,typeinformationcan enableausefulformofconditionalrewriting.second,typingpropertiesrequire proof,so,forexample,everytimealemmaisinstantiated,theinstantiatingobjectsmustbeprovedtohavetherighttypes.wehavedesignedandimplemented anannotationschemewheretermsaredecoratedwithtypesinsuchawaythat tunately,theimplementationwasn'tcompleteduntilpart-waythroughthesci typescan(almostalways)beecientlymaintainedduringinference,butnonew of10speedupintermrewriting(themainworkhorseinnuprlproofs).unfor- syntacticrestrictionsareplacedonthelogic.wehaveobtainedroughlyafactor toimplementasuiteofautomatedreasonersspecializedtothismodel. kindofembeddingofaunity-likelanguage.weusednuprl'stacticmechanism eort,soagooddealofworkwasdonewithoutitsbenet. OnemightaskwhynotjustuseHOL(forexample)?Theansweristhatwe Tacticsupport.Werepresenttheprotocolanditsspecicationusingafamiliar areaimingtomakenuprlaneectivetoolforawiderangeofformalproblems relatedtoprotocolverication.forexample,wewanttobeabletoreasonabout expressivepowercanbeagreatadvantage.ofcourse,thereareverication abstractionandrenementmethods(see[1]foranexample),anareawhere restrictionsthataecttherstkind. tasks,suchascheckingthattheatomicstatetransitionsofasystempreservea eectivenessofbasicinferencemechanisms,suchastermrewriting,iscrucial. property,whereexpressivepowermaybelessimportantandwherethespeedand applicationforthisfactinthisparticularcase,itisnoteworthythatconstructivityhasnotgottenintheway.itmaybepossibletoengineerconstructiveproofs simulationsoftheprotocolandproduceinterestingdataaboutthecurrentstate. ofprotocolsfromwhichonecansynthesize,forexample,programsthattrack Ourproofiscompletelyconstructive(bychoice).Whilewedon'tseemuch Onegoalofourworkistoenhancethesecondkindofreasoningwithoutimposing 2

3 paper.detailsofthecompletedformalizationwillbeavailableonthewebat completion.adescriptionofwhatremainstobedoneisincludedlaterinthe provementswemadetonuprl.theproofisnotyetnished,thoughitisnearing IntherestofthepaperwedescribetheSCIcorrectnessproofandtheim- ThissectiongivesanoverviewoftheSCIcachecoherenceprotocolanditsformalizationinNuprl.Beforeproceedingtotheoverview,wegiveabriefdescription ofnuprl.formalmathematicsinnuprlisorganizedinasinglelibrary,whichis displayforms,theorems,commentsorobjectscontainingmlcode.denitions termsandpreviouslydenedoperators.displayformsprovidenotationsforde- brokenintolessimulatingatheorystructure.libraryobjectscanbedenitions, 2SCICacheCoherenceanditsFormalizationinNuprl usesstructureeditors.theoremshavetreestructuredproofs,possiblyincomplete.eachnodehasasequent,andrepresentsaninferencestep.thestepis nedandprimitiveoperators.thesenotationsneednotbeparsablesincenuprl derivedfromthatoflcf,asishol's. someexampletypes:n2n:bn!bn, justiedeitherbyaprimitiverule,orbyatactic.nuprl'snotionoftacticis denenewoperators,possiblywithbindingstructure,intermsofexistingnuprl fx2nlistjx6=nilg;n2n:bn;(x;y):zn+==(x1y2=y1x2): Nuprl'stypetheoryhasarichsetoftypeconstructors.Thefollowingare numbersrepresentedaspairsofintegerswiththeusualequivalencerelation. ann-arybit-vectortoann-arybit-vector.thesecondisthetypeofnonempty Therstofthesecanbethoughtofasthetypeoffunctionsmappingannand isann-arybit-vector,andthelastisaquotienttyperepresentingtherational listofnaturalnumbers,thethirdisthecollectionofpairs(n;b)suchthatb 2.1SCICacheCoherence thatprotocol.adetaileddescriptionofourmodelcanbefoundin[3]. presentaveryhigh-leveldescriptionofourmodelofthecachecoherencepartof multiprocessorsinasharedmemorymodel[8].duetothespacelimitationswe TheSCIprotocolisanIEEEstandardforspecifyingcommunicationbetween trackof,forinstance,itsviewofthecache(cvp),knowledgeofwhetherornotits forthelinkedlist.insteadeachprocessorphasasetoflocalvariableswhichkeeps arise.theprotocolisdistributed;thereisnoglobalcacheorglobaldatastructure canbethoughtofasprioritizingprocessorssothatreadandwriteconictsdonot Processorswhichtrytoaccessthestoreformadoublylinkedlist.Thislist thelinkedlist,ifany.allcommunicationisviapoint-to-pointmessagepassing. Sinceaverylargenumberofprocessorscouldbeonthenetwork,ahugeamount viewisvalid(csp),anditscurrentsuccessor(succp)andpredecessor(predp)on 3

4 formalizingprovesthecorrectnessforanarbitrarynitenumberofprocessors.) IEEEstandardspeciesanupperboundof64,000processors.Theproofweare ofconcurrencyispresent,complicatingtheunderstandingoftheprotocol.(the lowingisanactionexecutedbythememorycontrollerm. Theprotocolisspeciedasasetofguardedactions.Forexample,thefol- buf[m]?readcachefreshq(p)! ifstatusm=gonethenbuf[p]!readcachefreshr(m;headm;cvm;gone) Here,theguardindicatesthatthisactioncanbeexecutediftherstmessage elsebuf[p]!readcachefreshr(m;headm;cvm;ok); inbuf[m](m'smessagebuer)hastypereadcachefreshqwhichindicatesthat headm:=p;ifstatusm=homethenstatusm:=fresh senttop.(argumentokindicatesthatnoprocessorsareonthelistwhichhave toprocessorp,ifsomeprocessoronthelisthadissuedawritequery(indicatedby theargumentgone).otherwise,responsereadcachefreshr(m;headm;cvm;ok)is processorpwantstoread.themessageisremovedfromthequeue(received)and requestedtomodifythestore.)localvariablestatusmisusedbymtorecord thebodyisexecuted.amessagereadcachefreshr(m;headm;cvm;gone)issent whethersomeprocessorisonthelistwhichhasissuedawritequery itsvalue isthengone;orwhetherprocessorsonthelisthaveissuedreadqueriesonly bebooleanconditions. containassignments,conditionals,andsends.inadditiontoreceives,guardscan itsvalueisthenfresh;orifnosuchquerieshavebeenissuedandhencethelist bymtorecordtheheadofthelist.asshownbythisexample,bodiescan isempty itsvalueisthenhome.finally,localvariableheadmismaintained aboveand17foreachprocessor.communicationisvia14typesofmessages, processorthatisalreadyonthedoublylinkedlistbecauseitisreading,andone madeupof7pairsofquery(q)andresponse(r)messages.inadditiontothe aboveaction,memoryhastwoactionsrespondingtowriterequests,onefroma Theprotocolisrepresentedas21actions:4formemoryincludingtheone fromaprocessorthatisnotyetonthelist.italsohasanactionrespondingtoa processorthatwantstogoothelist.the17actionsforeachprocessorinclude onereadrequest,twowriterequests,actionsforrequestingtogoonthelistor togoothelist(forexample,afterithas\accessed"thestore),anactionfor Severalroundsofmessagesmustbeexchangedbeforeaprocessorisonthelist Thishighdegreeofcommunicationisamaincomplicatingfactorintheprotocol. aswellasactionsthatrespondtoeachkindofrequestfromanotherprocessor. anddecidedthatitisindeedgoingtodoso,actionsformodifyingthecache, purgingothersothelistwhenithasbeengivenpermissiontowritethestore modiedandconstitutesanabstractionofthestructurewhicharisesduringan actualcomputation.avariablestatuspkeepstrackofaprocessorp'sstatewith respecttothelistandcantakeononeof8possiblevalues. withsuccpandpredpproperlyset.thus,thedoublylinkedlistisconstantly 4

5 2.2FormalizationinNuprl Ourformalizationofcorrectnessfollowscloselytheproofin[3].Ourembedding Wedeneastateasapairwheretherstcomponentistheusualmappingfrom ofthesemanticsofstatetransitionsystemsinnuprlisfairlystraightforward. identierstovalues.thesecondcomponentisahistoryvariablethatrecords dardnuprllibraries. execution.thishistoryvariableisimportantforreasoningabouttheprogram's givenbelow.booleans(b),atoms,integers(z),andlistsaredenedinthestan- thesequenceofmessagesthathavebeensentandreceivedduringtheentire PId=={k:Z k0} communicationbehavior.thenuprldenitionsofthecomponentsofstateare Forsimplicity,thevaluesofallidentiers(id)areassumedtobeintegers.The id==atompid mesg==zzlist state==(id!z)hist hist_el==bpidzmesg rstcomponentofanidentierisitsname(typeatom)andthesecondisthe ==hist_ellist processidentier(typepid)towhichthevariablebelongs.therstcomponent encodesthearguments. encodedasintegersastherstcomponentofamessage.thesecondcomponent ofahistoryelement(hist_el)isabooleanvalueindicatingwhetherthemessage isasend(tt)orareceive(ff).theremainingcomponentsarethesender, receiver,andmessage(typemesg).messagetypessuchasreadcachefreshqare x:=e==s.<y.if(x=y)then(es)else(ys),s.h> com==state!state wegivethedenitionoftheassignmentcommand. Expressionsandcommandsaredenedasfunctionsonstate.Asanexample, uationdenedas(es)and(ys)mapsidentierstovaluesandisdenedas Nuprl'sdisplayformsareusedtodene:=andasinxoperators.Thedot rstcomponentofthestate.thesendcommandupdatesthesecondcomponent commandsaredenedsimilarly.notethattheassignmentstatementupdatesthe (s.1y)(where.1denotestheprojectionoftherstelementofapair).other isusedforevaluationinastateandisoverloaded.hereesisexpressionevalementtothefrontofthehistory,butismorecomplicatedbecauseitcomputes thiselementfromthecontentsofthecurrenthistoryh.itusesanoperation arerepresentedinreverseorder.)thereceivecommandalsoaddsahistoryel- componentandthenewmessageasitslastcomponent.(historiesandbuers bysimplyaddingahistoryelementtothefrontofthehistorywithttasitsrst queue(p;h)whichltersoutthosehistoryelementsthatcontainmessagesthat projectedout. Inthiscase,themessagecomponentsoftheelementsoflistqueue(p;s.2)are havebeensentandnotyetreceivedbyprocessp.itthenchoosesthelast(oldest) ofaprocesspinstates,denoted(buf[p])s,isalsocomputedusingqueue. elementandcreatesanewcopywhoserstcomponentisff.themessagebuer conditionwhichisapredicateonstate(oftypestate!p1wherep1isthe Aprogramisdenedasapaircontainingalistofcommandsandaninitial 5

6 typeofnuprlpropositions).inourmodel,acommandisenabledifitchangesthe statewhenapplied.thuscommandswhoseguardsaretruebutdonotchange thestateareconsidereddisabled.atraceisdenedintheusualwayasafunction fromnaturalnumberstostatessuchthatforanyn,thereisanaction(enabled ornot)suchthatwhenappliedtostatenresultsinstaten+1. cache,thenmemoryistheowner.otherwise,theownerroughlycorrespondsto distributednatureoftheprotocol.ifnoprocessorhasrequestedtowritetothe temporallogicformulas.therst,forexample,expressesthatthereisalwaysa uniquecacheowner.thenotionofcacheownerisfairlycomplexbecauseofthe ThecorrectnessoftheSCIcachecoherenceprotocolisstatedasvelinear Inordertoshowthatthisuniquenesspropertyandtheotherfourproperties theprocessorpwhosevariablecsphasvaluedirty.however,therearevarious hold,weproveaseriesofcomplexinvariantsfromwhichthesepropertiesfollow. todirtyortosomethingelsemakingitorsomeotherprocessortheuniqueowner. alwaysamessageinsomeprocessor'sbuerthatwillcauseittosetitsvalueofcsp caseswhere0ormorethan1processorhasthisvalue.insuchcasesthereisa Theseinvariantsareexpressedas14lemmas(spanningseveralpagesin[3]), eachwithseveralinterdependentclauses.therearealsomanyauxiliaryconcepts thatappearintheinvariants.forexample,thereare6predicatesonprocessors indicatingtheirdegreeofprogressingettingonorothedoublylinkedlist.the mostcomplexconceptisafunctioncalledrankwhosevaluereectshowclosea processistogettingpermissiontowrite. smallerexample.themodeltheyusedwasextractedfromtheccodedescribing employsexplicitstateenumeration,toanalyzescicachecoherence.theirlargest oneaddressandtwodatavalues,andtheyreportedndingseveralerrorsusinga exampleincludedthreeprocessorswithonecachelineeach,onememorywith Inrelatedwork,SternandDill[11]useMur,avericationsystemthat theprotocolin[8],whereasourmodelhasbeenconstructedfromtheinformal Englishexplanation.Byabstractingatthislevel,inconsistenciesinthelowerleveldescriptionwereremoved.Ourmodelalsodiersfromtheirs(andfrom thesciprotocolstandard)inthatwehaveassumedthatmessagessentfrom cache.theotherisessentiallythesameasaninvariantinoneofoursupporting anddillcheckforcertainsafetyproperties,twoofwhichareformulatedas propertiesstatingthatprocessorsinacertainstatehaveaconsistentviewofthe invariants.oneoftheirinvariantscorrespondstooneofourvecorrectness oneprocessortoanotherprocessorarealwaysreceivedintheordersent.stern lemmasstatingatwhatpointaprocessorisattheheadofthelinkedlist. notbeapplicabletosci. seemssimpler,andalsoitseemsthattheabstractionmethodtheyemploymay BecausetheprotocolusesdirectoriesinsteadofthedistributedlistofSCI,it In[10],ParkandDillusePVStoverifytheFLASHcachecoherenceprotocol. 6

7 marizehowitwasusedinourproof. 3ImportedMathematics InthissectionwedescribetheconnectionbetweenHOLandNuprl,andsum- 3.1TheImportationMechanism sharable,includingtheoriesofbasicdatatypes,andalsoagooddealofthe Webelievethatmuchofthemathematicsusedinpracticalvericationishighly level.anholtheoryconsistsofsometypeandindividualconstants,some mathematicsrelatedtosoftwaremodelingandsemanticconnectionstoexternal tools.wehavetakenarststeptowardthiskindofsharingbyborrowingsome axioms(usuallydenitional)constrainingtheconstants,andasetoftheorems ofthemathematicsweneededforourvericationfromhol. theory,oneinterpretsthetypeconstantswithnuprltypesandthetermconstants followingfromtheaxioms(andtheaxiomsofancestortheories).toimporta ImportationofmathematicsfromHOLintoNuprlisdoneatthetheory isdone,thetheoremscanthenallbeacceptedimmediatelyasnuprltheorems. mustbeprovenexplicitly. withmembersoftheappropriatetypes,andthenprovestheaxioms.whenthis TypecheckingisundecidableinNuprl,sothewell-typednessofinterpretingterms mathematics,consideranexamplefromlisttheory.thefollowingisarawimportofaholtheoremstatingthatanon-emptylistisacons.becausenuprl erquantiesoverthetypesofall(small)non-emptytypes(thisquantieris currentlyhasasingleatnamespace,thenamesofallimportedconstantshave an\h"prependedtoavoidconictswithnuprlobjects.theoutermostquanti- 8'a:S"(hall(l:hlist('a). theoremsintothedesiredformispossible,andislargelyautomatable. uselessfordirectapplicationinnuprlproofs.itturnsoutthatmassagingthe Toillustratewhatkindoftransformationsareneededondirectlyimported TheoremsdirectlyimportedfromHOLareusuallyofaformthatmakesthem implicitinhol). portedconstants.thetransformed,\nuprl-friendly"theoremgeneratedfrom Apartfromtheoutermostquantier,thelogicalconnectivesthemselvesareim- himplies(hnot(hnulll)) theaboveis (hequal(hcons(hhdl)(htll))l))) theseconnectivesusebooleanlogicdenedwithinnuprl.thebooleanconnectivesarerewritteninthesecondtheoremtonuprl'snormallogicalconnectives, whicharedenedusingapropositions-as-typescorrespondence.theoperator ThelogicalconnectivesinHOLareallboolean-valuedfunctions,possiblytaking functionalarguments,asinthecaseofthequantiers.theinterpretationsof 8'a:S.8l:'aList.:mt(l))hd(l)::tl(l)=l. 7

8 importedlisttypeisinterpretedasnuprl'slisttype,andtheimportedtailfunctionisinterpretedasnuprl'stailfunction.notehoweverthathtlisapplied,asa "intheimportedtheoremcoercesabooleanintoanuprlproposition.the function,toitsargument,whilethenuprltlisadenedoperatorwithasingle importedtheorem.eachoftheimportedconstantsinthetheoremactuallyhas operand(nuprlalsohasanoperatorforfunctionapplication,ofcourse).we atleastonetypeargument.intherewrittentheorem,therearenohiddentype arguments(thenuprloperationsare\implicitlypolymorphic"). haveusedanotationaldevicetosuppresstypeargumentsinthe(pre-rewrite) list.inhol,thisisatotalfunctiononlists.whenweimportitintonuprl, not.sincehhdispolymorphic,givenanarbitrarytypeandtheemptylistasan argument,itmustchoosesomearbitrarymemberofthetypeasoutput.thus wemustprovethattheinterpretationreturnsavalueoneverylist,emptyor Themostinterestingpointinthistranslationisthefunctionforheadofa wemustgivehhdanoncomputabledenitioninnuprl.however,wecanprove givesusaconditionalrewritewhichgoesthroughforthisexampletheorem. 3.2HOLMathUsedintheSCIVerication thatthisfunctionisthesameasnuprl'shdwhenthelistisnon-empty.this oftheoremsaboutlists.listsareimportantintwocentralareasoftheproof. sophisticatedlistmanipulationsince,asmentioned,theyarecomputedfromthe ThemainsourceofHOLtheoremsusedintheSCIvericationisalargebody First,thedenitionandproofofpropertiesaboutthecontentsofbuersrequire thatbut_last_el((buf[p])s)isthecontentsofp'sbuerafterpreceivesa itsbuerbecomesm::((buf[p])s)where::istheconsoperator.theproof isstraightforwardtoprovethatwhenamessagemissenttoprocesspinstates, messageissignicantlymorecomplex.theoperatorbut_last_elisdenedin historycomponentofastate.forexample,fromthedenitionofbuer,itfairly anhollibraryintermsofthelastnoperator(theoperationwhichextractsthe reasoningabouttheseoperators.theexistingholtheoremsabouttheseanda lastnelementsofalist)whichisalsodenedinhol.thesnocoperator,which useofthismachineryisessentialforalargeproofsuchasthesciverication. providespowerfulautomationfortheapplicationofrewritelemmasandgood varietyofotheroperatorsweredirectlyusableinthisandotherproofs. historiesandbuers.avarietyofothertheoremsabouthistoriesandbuers Weprovedandmakeextensiveuseofnumerousotherrewritelemmasinvolving Theabovetwotheoremsareexamplesoflemmasusedasrewriterules.Nuprl havealsobeenprovedandusedassupportforotherkindsofrewritelemmas. q'sbuer,orthereis0or1rmessagesinp'sbuer,butnotboth.ourrewrite QmessageforwhichaprocessoriswaitingforthecorrespondingRmessage. Thismeansthatthereiseither0or1Qmessagesfromaprocessorpinsome oneoutstandingmessage.inparticular,foranyq/rpair,thereisatmostone Oneinvariant(partofLemma9[3])statesthatanyprocessorhasatmost 8

9 notionofrank.rankroughlycorrespondstotheorderinwhichprocessorshave lemmasalongwithvariousotherlistoperatorsandpropertiesfromholplaya requestedtoreadorwritetothecache.itisonlydenedforactiveprocessors, centralroleinprovingthisfact. importantpropertyisthefactthatforanyprocessor,itsrankdoesnotincrease. apropertyofprocessorsthatareonor\mostlyon"thedoublylinkedlist.an Thesecondareaoftheproofinwhichlistsareimportantisindeningthe Thispropertyinsuresthatthelistdoesnotcontaincircularities.Aslongasa eachactiveprocessorintheresultinglist.therstoccurrencecorrespondstoa processstaysactive(andafewotherpropertieshold)itsrankwilldecreaseuntil processor'smostrecentrequest.weproveavarietyoflemmasdescribinghowa hasreceived,projectingoutthesender,andkeepingonlytherstoccurrenceof isdenedbylteringfromthehistoryallreadandwriterequeststhatmemory itbecomes0atwhichpointitisallowedtowriteifithasrequestedtodoso.rank 4ATypeAnnotationSchemeforNuprl processor'srankchangeswithchangesinthestate.theselemmasarealsoused asrewriterulesinprovinginvariants. meetsthefollowinggoals. Ourtypeannotationschemeisawayofattachingtypeexpressions,whichwe callannotations,toall(oronlysome)ofthesubtermsofaterm.ourscheme 2.IfatermtisintroducedintoaproofasamemberofatypeT,andtoccurssomewhereinthecurrentgoalwithacompatibleannotation,thenthe themaretreatedasbeforebynuprl'stactics. 1.Annotationsareoptional.Termsthatdonothaveannotationsattachedto requirementtoprovet2tiseliminated. 4.Therearenoheuristicsintheschemeperse.Althoughtypeinferenceand 3.Annotationsjustifyrewriting,sothatasubtermwithanannotationAcanbe checkingarehighlyheuristicinnuprl,thisisindependentoftheannotation scheme.annotationsfortermsaregeneratedbyexaminingtheresultsof replacedbyanequalterm(quamemberofa)withoutfurtherjustication. 5.Annotationscanbeeectivelymaintained.Inprincipal,itispossiblefor intheinductionruleneedstoreannotated(orleftwithoutannotations). annotationstobelostduringinference.forexample,thegeneralizedterm applyingnuprl'sexistingmachinery. 6.Therearenoglobaltables.Weretainthetree-structuringofproofs,with annotationsarealmostneverlostduringequationalrewriting. However,suchinferencestepsformatinyfractioninpractice.Forexample, 7.Soundnessdependsonlyonaxedsetofprimitiveinferencerulesthatall dependency-directedbacktracking,andselectivereplayofsubproofs. proofsmustreduceto. independenceofproofbranches,thatallowsus,amongotherthings,todo 8.Theschemeisalmostentirelyinvisibletousers. 9

10 PVSusesatypingdisciplinethatachievesmostofthegoalsabove,butitwould assubtypes,(alimitedformof)dependenttypes,andundecidabletypechecking. onlybeapplicabletoaninsucientlysmallsubtheoryofnuprl.somecomplicatingaspectsofnuprl,whicharen'tpresentinpvs,are:universepolymorphism; ThetypetheoryofthePVSsystem[9]hassomesimilaritiestoNuprl,such isenlargedwhenitsdomainisshrunk;andgeneraldependenttypes.inaddition, thepvsschemedoesnotaddress7above. inonetypeandnotintheother;contravariantsubtyping,whereafunctiontype type-indexedequality,sothattwotermsmaybothbeintwotypes,butbeequal theform notypesareassociatedwiththevariablesinthissyntax.anannotatedtermhas eachoperandxi:ei,eachofthevariablesinthesequencexibindsinei.notethat Nuprltermshavetheform(x1:e1;:::;xn:en)whereisanoperatorandin notationsoftheterm,andcanbethoughtofastheexpectedtypesforthe operands,andbistheannotationtypeoftheterm.informally,ei:[i]aican wheretheeiarealsoannotatedterms.theexpressions[i]aiarethesuban- (:::;xi:ei:[i]ai;:::):b refertothevariablesinxi,andcancontain,forexample,assertionsoftheform bethoughtofasmeaningthatunderassumptioni,eihastypeai.theican x2t.examplesofannotatedtermsarefact((3:z):[true]n):n,wherefact, NandZarefactorial,thenaturalnumbersandtheintegersrespectively,and if(b:b;e1:[b]a;e2:[:b]a):a. wheretheoperande:aisitselfanannotatedterm,werequire,rst,thatfor subannotationsandtothesubannotationsofanimmediatelysurroundingterm. andsowerequireonlyrespectforequality.forexample,in((e:a):[]a0):b; Wechosetheminimalrequirementthatsupportsrewritingasdescribedabove, Oneofthekeypointsishowtheannotationtypeofatermrelatestoits presenceofbindingvariablesisstraightforward. ifx=e2athenx=e2a0.thegeneralizationofthisrequirementtothe allx2a0,ifx=e2a0then(x)=(e)2b,and,second,thatforallx2a, undecidable,andmustbeproven.onepossibilitywouldbetogenerate\type byputtingtogetherappropriateprimitiveinferencerules,andneedanopportunitytoassembleproofsofannotationvalidityatthesametimeastheproofs checkingconditions"aspvsdoes,whicharesideconditionsgeneratedwhenever anewtermisintroduced.thisisnotworkablefornuprlbecausetacticswork AswithordinarytypinginNuprl,thevalidityofanannotationofatermis terms,itisnaturaltomodifyrewritingtotakeanannotatedterm,andproduce arecorrect.wethereforehavetwokindsofannotations:onekindwecanassume anewterm,anequalityproof,andalsoaproofthatthenewterm'sannotations andproducingarewrittentermalongwithaproofofequality.forannotated justifyingthemaininference.rewritingworks,forexample,bytakingaterm ofthesemanticsofsequents.afullreportisinpreparation. arevalidduringthecourseofaproof,andtheothermustbeprovedtobevalid. Theannotationschemeisjustiedsemantically,andrequiresare-interpretation 10

11 Thedenitionbelowencodestheformula2Pfromlineartemporallogicand 5TheCorrectnessProofinNuprl iscentralinprovinginvariants.astatesisinanexecutionofprogramprg, inv(prg;s.i[s])==8s:state.in_exec(prg;s))i[s] Inaproofofthismagnitude,itwasessentialtoprovideahighdegreeofautomation.Ourautomationfallsroughlyintotwocategories:tacticsthatdecompose Boththedecompositionpropertiesandrewritetheoremsincludegeneraltheo- reasoningmodularly,andpropertiesexpressingequalityandequivalencethatcan beusedbynuprl'srewritingmachinerysuchasthosementionedinsect.3.2. remsandtheoremsspecictosci.therewritesformessagebuersdiscussedin Sect.3.2,forexample,arenotspecictoSCI,whilethenotionofrankis.The decompositiontacticsrelyonlemmasthatwehaveproven,suchasonestating eachactionoftheprogramandtoshowthattheinitialconditionholdsinthe whichdecomposereasoninginto21cases,oneforeachmemoryactionandone initialstate.fromthisgenerallemma,weproveddecompositionlemmasforsci thattoshowthatinv(prg;s.i[s])holds,itsucestoconsideronecasefor denotedin_exec(s;prg),ifsoccursinsometraceofprg. receive,andassignmentstatements.rewritingoperatesonthesesimpliedcases. generationoftheirstatements aswellasavarietyofotherpropertiesspecic composeconditionalstatementsintocasessothateachcasecontainsonlysend, AlthoughthesedecompositionpropertiesarespecictoSCI,weautomatedthe foreachprocessoractionforsomearbitraryprocessorp.wechosetofurtherde- tosci fromthedenitionsoftheactions.theirproofswereoftenlargely automaticalso.wealsoautomatedtheapplicationofmanyoftheselemmasby writingtacticswhichapplythemandsolvevarioussubgoalsautomatically. arefairlysimpleandexpresspropertiesaboutthevaluesthatvariousvariables cantakeonduringexecution.forexample,weprove: Ofthe14lemmasexpressinginvariants,therst8(roughly2.5pagesin[3]) HereP(n)denotesthesetofprocessorsinvolvedintheprotocol,withprocess identiers1;:::;n. readcachefreshr(p;r;cv;arg)2buf[p]) The9thlemmacontainsvestatementswhichtogetherexpresstheproperty [p=m^q2p(n)^(r=nil_r2p(n))^(arg=ok_arg=gone)]: ofoutstandingmessagesdescribedinsect.3.2aswellaseightstatementsexpressingwhichkindofoutstandingmessageaprocessorphasdependingonthe valueofstatusp.lemmas10and11expressavarietyofpropertiesoftheform proofssimilartothosefortheotherinvariants.lemma12expressessomebasic 2(PWQ)(whereWistheweakuntiloperator).Weprovedageneraldecompositiontheoremforformulasofthisformwhichmakesthestructureofthese mustbeprovenasinvariants.whiletheinvariantsuptothispointarelarge anddetailed,theyarefairlystraightforwardtoprove.themaindicultyinthe (whichisslightlydierentbutequivalenttotheonegivenin[3])andtwowhich propertiesaboutrankincludingtwowhichfollowdirectlyfromthedenition 11

12 proofisfoundinthe13thand14thlemmas.lemma13has17clausesandone protocol. thecomplexinvariantsaboutrankthatarerequiredtoprovecorrectnessofthe assumptionwhichlatergetsdischargedandlemma14has7clauses.theystate example,wehaveproventheinvariant: thetwopropertiesoflemma12thatfollowfromthedenitionofrank.wehave alsoproven5andnearlycompleted2moreofthe17clausesoflemma13.for TheproofsupthroughandincludingLemma11arecompleted,aswellas velopedalloftherewritelemmasabouttherankfunctionandallotherauxilliary wherevisitingprocessorsareasubsetoftheactiveones.indoingso,wehavede- predicatesthatweneedtocompletetheremainderoflemmas12,13,and14. purgeq(q)2buf[p])(visiting(p)^rank(q)=rank(p)+1) propertiesfollowfromtheseinvariantswillbedetailedbutstraightforward. Thereasoningneededtocompletetheproofbyshowingthatthedesiredsafety wehadtoaddandprovesomeadditionalclauses.oneisaninvariantexplicitly assertionswehadformulated,althoughtheyaretrue.toprovetheseconjuncts, errorsintheprotocol.however,wehavefoundtwoerrorsintheproof.twoof theconjunctsoftherstclauseoflemma13couldnotbeprovedusingthe Becausewestartedfromaproofofcorrectness[3],wedidnotexpecttond statingthattwoparticularmessagessentfromoneprocessortoanotherare receivedintheordersent. References 1.C.-T.ChouandD.Peled.Verifyingamodel-checkingalgorithm.InToolsand 2.R.L.Constable,etal.ImplementingMathematicswiththeNuprlProofDevelopmentSystem.Prentice-Hall,EnglewoodClis,NewJersey,1986. NotesinComputerScience,pages241{257.Springer-Verlag,1996. AlgorithmsfortheConstructionandAnalysisofSystems,volume1055ofLecture 4.A.P.FeltyandD.J.Howe.HybridinteractivetheoremprovingusingNuprland 3.A.FeltyandF.Stomp.Acorrectnessproofofacachecoherenceprotocol ceedingsofthe11thannualconferenceoncomputerassurance,1996. Availableatwww.cs.bell-labs.com/felty/sci/.AnearlierversionappearsinPro- 5.M.J.C.GordonandT.F.Melham.IntroductiontoHOL:ATheoremProving 6.D.J.Howe.Oncomputationalopen-endednessinMartin-Lof'stypetheory.In EnvironmentforHigherOrderLogic.CambridgeUniversityPress, ofLectureNotesinComputerScience,pages351{365.Springer-Verlag,1997. HOL.InFourteenthInternationalConferenceonAutomatedDeduction,volume 7.D.J.Howe.ImportingmathematicsfromHOLintoNuprl.InTheoremProving ProceedingsoftheSixthAnnualSymposiumonLogicinComputerScience,pages 8.IEEE-P Nov90-doc197-iii.PartIIIA:SCICoherenceOverview,1990.UnapprovedDraft.ApprovedstandardisdescribedinIEEEStd \The 267{281.Springer-Verlag, {172.IEEEComputerSociety,1991. ScalableCoherentInterface". inhigherorderlogics,volume1125oflecturenotesincomputerscience,pages 12

13 10.S.ParkandD.L.Dill.VericationofFLASHcachecoherenceprotocolbyaggregationofdistributedtransactions.In8thACMSymposiumonParallelAlgorithms InCorrectHardwareDesignandVericationMethods,1995. AspectsofComputerSoftware,volume1281ofLectureNotesinComputerScience. 9.S.OwreandN.Shankar.TheformalsemanticsofPVS.Technicalreport,SRI, 11.U.SternandD.L.Dill.AutomaticvericationoftheSCIcachecoherenceprotocol. August B.Werner.Setsintypes,typesinsets.InInternationalSymposiumonTheoretical andarchitectures,1996. Springer-Verlag,