Use and Installation Considerations... W-PP-5 Sound Transmission Class and Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class... W-PP-7

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1 SECTION DIRECTORY Introduction... W-PP-2 General Application Guidelines Use and Installation Considerations... W-PP-5 Sound Transmission Class and Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class... W-PP-7 Product Performance Elements of Product Performance... W-PP-7 Product Performance Considerations... W-PP-8 HurricaneShield Impact-Resistant Glazing... W-PP-9 Elements of Glazing Performance...W-PP-10 Glazing Performance Glazing Performance for Between-Glass Window Fashions...W-PP-11 High Altitude Glass...W-PP-12 Argon Filling of Insulating Glass...W-PP-13 Glazing Types...W-PP-14 Energy Star Performance...W-PP-15 Glass Design Pressure Performance Charts...W-PP-17 Industry Performance Standards Air / Water / Design / Structural...W-PP-19 Industry Certification and Test Standards Industry Certification...W-PP-22 Compliance Information...W-PP-23 Industry Testing Methods...W-PP-24 W-PP-1

2 INTRODUCTION In this manual we refer to two types of performance criteria for the selection of windows and doors: Product performance Glazing performance PRODUCT relates to the performance of the entire window or door assembly. Types of this product performance include: Performance grade Performance class Water penetration Air infiltration Thermal performance Forced entry resistance Operating force (ease of operation) Acoustic performance GLAZING pertains to the light transmission and thermal transmission characteristics of the center glazing only. Glazing performance criteria include: U-Factor Visible light transmission Solar heat gain coefficient This section is an in-depth review of window and door performance criteria, limitations and standards. Pella Corporation reserves the right to change details, specifications, sizes or any other information in this manual without notice. The material in this manual is not intended to create any warranty of fitness for a particular purpose. Contact your local Pella representative for specific application recommendations. Pella Corporation shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages arising out of the furnishing or use of this material. See Pella Corporation s product warranties for details on warranty coverage and limitations. W-PP-2

3 GENERAL APPLICATION GUIDELINES A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Pella windows and doors, are designed and manufactured to established engineering and industry standards which maximize satisfactory performance within the limitations of the specifications, conditions and tests listed. Pella products are subjected to testing during development and manufacturing. During manufacturing Pella Proline, Designer Series and Architect Series standard rectangular vent windows are tested for air infiltration. The stated performance levels for air infiltration represent Pella s minimum acceptable performance level for tested units. Published air infiltration performance of other products, and design pressure, structural test pressure and water penetration performance numbers for all products are representative of test performance of product samples. Testing is performed on randomly selected production samples, and conducted in Pella s test lab as well as in independent testing laboratories. Products which are Hallmark Certified are noted on the product labels and in the Size and Performance Data charts in each product section of the Architectural Design Manual. Many products will exceed published specifications; however, performance of installed products may be affected by factors beyond Pella s control, such as shipping, handling, installation, construction practices, excessive environmental conditions, normal wear and tear and ongoing care and maintenance. Although efforts are made to minimize the effects of such factors, it is not possible to guarantee that any particular unit will meet or exceed published specifications. B. SEVERE CONDITIONS Projects that will be subject to severe climatic and atmospheric conditions may require that architects and specifiers address higher product performance requirements and more stringent maintenance schedules. Severe conditions that should be taken into account when selecting, specifying and designing to accommodate windows and doors may include: Sand and Salt Exposure Chemical Exposure Climatic Exposure Areas of Severe Wind and Rain Any windows and doors installed near salt water regardless of material or manufacturer are subjected, with other building materials, to more severe weathering than in other typical locations. Along with other building products, they should receive the additional protection which is standard and customary practice in such coastal locations at time of installation, and periodic inspection and maintenance as necessary thereafter. Severe chemical exposure in locations near chemical plants and some types of industrial complexes may adversely affect satisfactory performance of Pella products and substantially increase maintenance requirements. Judgements regarding the use of Pella products in such areas should be based upon local experience and customer awareness. Pella products should not be used in indoor swimming pool or hot tub enclosures or other high humidity and corrosive environments. Pella products are designed to perform in cold climate applications, however condensation or ice can form, mainly on interior glass surfaces, at low temperatures. Condensation or icy conditions will primarily depend upon the amount of room side humidity to which the products are exposed and generally does not indicate a product defect. Areas subject to severe wind and rain may produce temporary conditions which exceed product performance standards. No claims are made beyond compliance with the product performance levels published for each product at the time of manufacture. Special design considerations may be required, such as subsills, built-up curbs, overhang protection, or unit set back from exterior face of wall. Continued on next page W-PP-3

4 GENERAL APPLICATION GUIDELINES C. PRODUCT LIMITATIONS Design Criteria and Performance Requirements Product Limitations Performance Class and Grade Glazing Replacements Modifications Selection of design criteria and performance requirements is the responsibility of the building owner, architect, contractor, installer and/or consumer responsible for the building system in which Pella products are to be installed. The information herein is presented only as an aid to proper design considerations. Pella windows and doors must not be installed in conditions beyond published product limitations. Window and door design pressures published herein represent the windload pressure that a single unit is designed to withstand from a structural standpoint when glazed with the appropriate glass thickness. Air infiltration and water resistance performance are as indicated in this section or in each product section. Pella products are standard-glazed to withstand a minimum of 20 psf (0.957 kpa) design pressure. Compliance with code requirements, windloading and/or design specifications may require special glazing. See glazing options in each product section. Any glass or hardware replacements must be of equal specifications. Product modifications that are not approved by Pella Corporation will void the Limited Warranty. D. OTHER CONDITIONS Mullion Construction Vertical Stacking Expansion Joints Window Walls Buildings with Positive Interior Air Pressure Units Set at an Angle Mullions should be designed not to exceed L / 180 deflection under design wind load pressures. Some conditions may require less deflection. In addition, all installations, where there is a combination of vertical and horizontal mullions, will require reinforcement in either the horizontal or vertical direction. Some conditions may require additional horizontal mullion reinforcement to carry dead loads. Refer to the information in the Combination Recommendations section. See the Combination Recommendations section for stacking considerations. For continuous horizontal rows of windows, a vertical expansion joint must be provided at least every 20' (6 096mm). Refer to the Combination Recommendation section. Pella units are not intended to provide the entire exterior surface or large expanses of a structure. Combination assemblies are limited by horizontal and vertical structural mullion design and other installation factors. Installation applications beyond the criteria established in the Combination Recommendation section must be designed and considered on a job-by-job basis and require factory shop drawings. Because of special ventilating requirements or through natural stack action in some high-rise buildings, positive interior air pressures may cause between-glass condensation in winter (for Designer Series products with an interior hinged glass panel). No Pella window or door products are to be installed at any angle from vertical, unless specifically approved by Pella Corporation. E. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS SAFETY GLASS INTERIOR TRIM Glass installation in areas subject to human impact must be safety-glazed according to the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (16 CFR 1201), issued by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (or as prescribed by local codes). Pella wood and aluminum-clad wood products are intended to be installed with interior wood trim or other trim that will cover the frame edge. W-PP-4

5 USE AND INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS The following notes are important considerations regarding the use and installation of Pella products. Should you have any questions regarding the use and installation of any Pella products, contact your local Pella representative. Pella Corporation reserves the right to change details, specifications, sizes or any other information in this manual without notice. The material in this manual is not intended to create any warranty of fitness for a particular purpose. Contact your local Pella representative for specific application recommendations. Pella Corporation shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages arising out of the furnishing or use of this material. See Pella Corporation s product warranties for details on warranty coverage and limitations. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLYING WITH APPLICABLE BUILDING CODES Regulations governing the design and use of glazed windows and doors vary widely. The building owner, architect, contractor, installer and / or consumer are responsible for selecting products which conform to all applicable laws, regulations and building codes. Pella Corporation accepts no responsibility whatsoever for failure of building owner, architect, contractor, installer, and / or consumer to comply with all applicable laws, ordinances, safety and building codes. Pella Corporation shall not be responsible for windows, doors, and skylights not installed in compliance with applicable laws, codes, or other regulations. GLAZING AND SAFETY GLASS Pella products are standard-glazed to withstand a minimum of 20 psf design pressure. Specific code requirements, wind loading and / or design specifications may require special glazing. Unless specifically noted or ordered, Pella products are not provided with safety glass. Glass installed in areas subject to human impact must be safetyglazed according to the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (16CFR 1201), issued by the US. Consumer Product Safety Commission or as prescribed by other building codes. REQUIREMENTS FOR PROPER INSTALLATION All detail representations in this manual only pertain to the use of Pella products manufactured by Pella Corporation and are strictly limited to the published specifications and to the use of Pella products. Details shown herein illustrate typical general methods of installing Pella products manufactured by Pella Corporation and are to be used as guidelines only. The performance of any building is dependent upon the design, installation, and workmanship of the entire building system. Pella Corporation strongly recommends consulting an experienced architect, contractor, or structural engineer prior to installation of Pella products. The individual (building owner, architect, contractor, installer and / or consumer) responsible for the project must take into account local conditions, building codes, inherent component limitations, the effects of aging and weathering on building components, and other design issues relevant to each project. Over time, all window and door systems may have some water infiltration; it is important that the wall system be designed and constructed to properly manage moisture. Pella Corporation is not responsible for claims or damages caused by unanticipated water infiltration; deficiencies in building design, construction and maintenance; failure to install Pella products in accordance with Pella approved methods; or the use of Pella products in systems which do not allow for proper management of moisture within the wall systems. The determination of the suitability of all building components, including the use of Pella products, as well as the design and installation of flashing and sealing systems are the responsibility of the building owner, architect, contractor, installer and / or consumer. Consult with your local Pella representative on large and / or complex installations. W-PP-5

6 USE AND INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS NOTE ON BARRIER WALL SYSTEMS Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) and Other Non-Water Managed Wall Systems Significant concerns have been raised regarding moisture problems including unacceptable water infiltration associated with the use of barrier wall systems which do not allow for the proper management of moisture within the wall system, such as EIFS (also known as synthetic stucco) and other stuccolike systems (sometimes referred to as hard coat or one-coat stucco) that use EIFS like coating systems, but omit the foam board. Specifically, a large number of EIFS installations, as well as other barrier type wall systems, have been found to have problems with excessive moisture in the wall cavity. The basic problem is that barrier systems do not account for the fact that moisture can and will penetrate the exterior wall surface. Once moisture penetrates a barrier wall, it remains trapped inside the wall cavity, where it may damage and even rot sheathing, framing and other moisture-sensitive building elements. In a large number of cases, the moisture problems have caused deterioration serious enough to require extensive repairs. These problems often show up where there are penetrations in the building s exterior, such as at windows and doors, however, moisture problems are not limited to these areas. It is generally agreed that the root cause of barrier-system moisture problems is the inability of such systems to allow moisture that should be expected in any building exterior system to weep or evaporate to the building exterior, and that the problems are not caused by the penetrating components themselves, whether they are windows, doors, decks, or other features. As a result of these problems, except in extremely arid climates, barrier-type systems are not recommended over wood frame construction or over any other substrate that could be adversely affected by moisture. Pella Corporation will not be responsible for claims or damages caused by anticipated or unanticipated water infiltration, deficiencies in building design, construction, and maintenance, failure to install Pella products in accordance with approved methods, or the use of Pella products in systems, such as barrier wall systems, which do not allow for the proper management of moisture within the wall system. Pella products should not be used in barrier Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems, (EIFS) (also known as synthetic stucco) or other non-water managed systems. Except in the states of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Colorado, Pella makes no warranty of any kind on and assumes no responsibility for Pella windows and doors installed in barrier EIFS. In the states listed above, the installation of Pella Products in EIFS or similar systems must be in accordance with Pella s instructions for that type of construction. Contact your local Pella representative for considerations with non-water managed wall systems and on large or complex installations. Moisture infiltration problems in any type of building can be reduced by proper flashing and / or sealing around all building penetrations, including windows and doors. Proper flashing under and around window and door openings can reduce moisture problems in barrier systems, however, the performance of any building system is also dependent upon the design and workmanship of the entire building system, which must take into account local conditions, climate, building codes, inherent component limitations, and the effects of aging and weathering on building components. Even when general installation recommendations are made by Pella Corporation, the determination of the suitability of all building components for each project, as well as the design and installation of flashing and sealing systems, are the responsibility of the architect, contractor, installer, and / or the manufacturer of the exterior finish system specified for the project. W-PP-6

7 ELEMENTS OF PRODUCT ELEMENTS OF PRODUCT Performance is an important criterion in the selection of windows and doors. In this manual, we refer to two types of performance: product performance and glazing performance. Product performance includes the following elements: performance grade (design pressure), performance class, water penetration, air infiltration and forced entry resistance. A definition of each of these terms is below. Glazing performance includes elements such as U-Factor, visible light transmission, and solar heat gain coefficient. PRODUCT TERMS Performance Grade Performance Class Design Pressure (DP) Structural Test Pressure (STP) Water Penetration Air Infiltration Forced Entry Resistance Numerical designator based on the lesser of Design Pressure and Water Penetration performance. In order to qualify for a given Performance Grade, one or more representative samples of the product must pass all required performance tests for the products type, including operating force (if applicable), air infiltration, water penetration, design pressure, structural test pressure, forced entry resistance, and all product specific auxiliary tests. The industry standards define requirements for four classes of windows and doors. The classes are designated: (R), (LC), (CW) and (AW). This classification system provides for several levels of performance so that the purchaser or specifier may select the appropriate level of performance depending on: climatic conditions; height of installation; type of building; window size; durability; etc. Product selection should always be based on the performance requirements of the particular project. For example, many residential buildings are built in locations subject to severe weather that may require higher performance fenestration products than those that meet only the Class (R) requirements. On the other hand, many hospitals, schools, institutions, etc. may successfully use products meeting class (R), (LC), or (W) requirements. The older version of the industry standard defined five classes: (R), (LC), (C), (HC) and (AW). Compared to the new version, (C) and (HC) have been combined into a single new class, (CW). A rating that identifies the load, induced by wind and/or static snow, that a product is rated to withstand in its end-use application. Note: Design pressure (DP) is not to be confused with Performance Grade (PG) or structural test pressure (STP). Loads induced by static snow are applicable only to TDDs, roof windows, and unit skylights. A minimum of 1.5 times Performance Grade. In order for a product to be rated at a given design pressure, it must be able to withstand both positive and negative pressures of at least 1.5 times that of design pressure. For example, to receive a design pressure rating of 40 psf, the product must be able to withstand test loads of at least + / 60 psf. The ability of a window or door to withstand water leakage under specified conditions. It is a minimum of 15% of the design pressure. For example, a product with a design pressure of 40 psf must pass a water test at a minimum of 6 psf. All products except side-hinged doors must never be tested at less than 2.86 psf. The amount of air leaking through windows and doors. It is calculated in cfm per square foot of frame at 1.57 psf (25 mph) or 6.24 psf (50 mph) wind pressure for all products. The ability of a window or door in the locked position to resist entry under conditions of stress and load. Products are given a forced entry resistance grade; the higher the grade, the greater the ability to resist entry under specified conditions. SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS AND OUTDOOR-INDOOR TRANSMISSION CLASS The ability of a window or door to reduce outside noise is an important consideration in product selection. The individual product sections display the actual performance ratings of Pella products including the Sound Transmission Class (STC) and Outdoor Indoor Transmission Class (OITC). Both measure the amount of noise reduction that can be achieved with a given product. A noise reduction of 10 decibels represents cutting the noise level in half, as interpreted by the human ear. So a rating of 25 means that the product reduces the outside noise by approximately 25 decibels, cutting the noise in half 2-1/2 times, or cutting it by over 80 percent. STC ratings give an indication of noise reduction that can be achieved with typical indoor (high frequency) noises such as human speech, computers, FAX machines, etc. However, some specifiers and other manufacturers use STC ratings for exterior products because until recently, that is all that was available. OITC ratings are relatively new, but are a much better indicator of exterior noise reduction. That is because OITC ratings include lower frequency noises such as traffic, construction equipment, and lawn and garden equipment, therefore, OITC ratings are usually a few points lower than STC ratings, because the lower frequency sounds are more difficult to attenuate. Pella will continue to show both OITC and STC ratings until the entire industry begins to use OITC. In the meantime, when comparing to other manufacturers, be sure to compare apples-to-apples (e.g. STC vs. STC, not STC vs. OITC). W-PP-7

8 PRODUCT CONSIDERATIONS PRODUCT CONSIDERATIONS Window or door specific performance requirements are determined from building code requirements, building location, topography, nearby structures, building design, placement of windows or doors, and other factors. To evaluate whether Pella products with non-impact or impact-resistant glazing meet specific project requirements, consider the first three criteria below, then determine joining mullion limitations for combination assemblies. 1. DESIGN WINDLOAD PRESSURE Determine the design windload pressure for the application as specified by the architect, design professional and / or local building codes. If no Design Pressure requirement was given, refer to ASCE 71 for an in-depth analysis of design pressure requirements for windloads on buildings. Contact your local Pella representative on projects over three stories. Performance Grade of Windows or Doors: Use the Design Windload Pressure to select the desired Product Performance Class and Grade per AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / I.S.2 / A OR- AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A Use the Design Data charts in each product section to ensure that the products and sizes you have selected meet or exceed the design windload pressure and performance class and grade requirements determined in this first consideration. Glazing of Units Once you have verified that the products / sizes selected meet or exceed the design pressure requirement, you must verify that the glass will also satisfy the design pressure requirement. If the glass will not be adequate, a stronger glass (for example, thicker and / or tempered) or impact-resistant glass can be requested in most cases. Go to the PellaADM.com Product Performance section for detailed instructions on how to determine glass thickness and / or type to meet project design pressure requirements. 2. WIND-BORNE DEBRIS REGION If the project is in a hurricane wind borne debris region, protection from flying debris may be required (i.e., impact-resistant glass, storm shutters, plywood coverings, etc.). Check the local building codes for more information. Pella products with HurricaneShield impact resistant glass are available for these conditions. Check within each Architect Series product section for specific products offering the HurricaneShield impact-resistant glass option. Code approvals are listed on the Design Data pages within those same sections or at PellaADM.com. 3. CODE APPROVALS Some construction products need to be approved by the state, county, or other authority having jurisdiction. Consult local building officials and / or building design professionals for details. If the construction product does need to have approvals from local building codes, some examples are: FPAS Florida Product Approval System TDI Texas Department of Insurance NOA Notice of Acceptance for Miami Dade County, Florida The approvals for select products are available from your local Pella sales representative. DETERMINE JOINING MULLION LIMITATIONS (COMBINATION ASSEMBLIES ONLY) When combining two or more units together to form a combination assembly, the mullion(s) must be analyzed for structural integrity. Use the project s required design pressure to calculate when and what type of mullion reinforcement may be required for each combination. See the Combination Recommendations section. When stacking units, weight limitations of the mullions must also be reviewed. See the Combination Recommendations section for more information. (1) ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY W-PP-8

9 ARCHITECT SERIES HURRICANESHIELD IMPACT-RESISTANT GLAZING WINDOWS AND DOORS The impact-resistant glazing incorporated into HurricaneShield impact-resistant windows and doors is a high-performance, laminated glass with either SentryGlas Plus (SGP) technology from DuPont or PVB technology, also from DuPont. This laminated glass is designed to offer outstanding protection to keep the glazing intact after the glass is impacted by hurricane wind-driven flying debris, as tested per industry standards listed below. SGP has a laminate interlayer made from an advanced material called ionoplast. SGP is much stronger than PVB. PVB is a DuPont Butacite polyvinyl butyral laminate traditionally used in automotive windshields since Pella s HurricaneShield impact-resistant products are designed and tested to meet or exceed many but not all Gulf Coast and Atlantic Coast hurricane building code requirements. Pella has HurricaneShield impact-resistant windows and doors approved for use in Miami Dade County, Florida as well as other areas along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts. HurricaneShield impact-resistant windows and doors are tested to numerous industry standards consistent with the intended application. These standards include: ASTM E ASTM E ASTM E ASTM E ASTM E ASTM E ASTM E ASTM E ASTM E E Miami-Dade County Florida TAS Miami-Dade County Florida TAS Miami-Dade County Florida TAS /16" Single -Laminated 11/16" Insulated Glazing 1' Insulated Glazing W-PP-9

10 ELEMENTS OF GLAZING There are several elements of glazing performance, including U-Factor, Visible Light Transmission and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient. Definitions of the glazing performance elements discussed in this manual are below. Glazing performance data is based on the WINDOW 5.2 and THERM 5.2 computer programs for analyzing energy performance. WINDOW and THERM software are the latest technology in simulating energy performance. When comparing performance with other manufacturers, it is important to verify how the values were determined. GLAZING TERMS INSIDE GLASS SURFACE TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HEAT GAIN SHADING COEFFICIENT SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT U-FACTOR UV TRANSMISSION LBL DAMAGE FUNCTION VISIBLE LIGHT TRANSMISSION CONDENSATION RESISTANCE The temperature on the inside surface of the glass at the center of the glass. It is based on an outside temperature of 0 F, inside temperature of 70 F, and an approximate 15 mph outside wind. Room side barriers to interior air flow (blinds, shades, drapes, screens) tend to lower inside glass surface temperature and humidity levels at which condensation occurs. Outside screens tend to raise inside glass surface temperature and level of humidity at which condensation occurs. The actual amount of heat energy (BTU per hour-sq.ft.) that enters a room through a glazing system (Assumes typical daytime summer conditions of 89 F outside and 75 F inside). The lower the value, the better the unit keeps out heat energy. The amount of solar heat that passes through a particular glazing system divided by the amount that passes through a single piece of 1/8" thick clear glass (Assumes 89 F outside and 75 F. inside). The lower the value, the better the glass keeps out solar heat. The amount of solar heat that enters a room through a window or door (total unit) or glazing system (center-glass), divided by the amount that is actually contacting the exterior of the unit (Assumes 89 F outside and 75 F inside). The lower the value, the better the unit or glazing keeps out solar heat. The rate of heat transfer (BTU per hour-sq. ft.) through a window or door (total-unit) or glazing system (center-glass) (Assumes 0 F outside at night with an approximate 15 mph wind and 70 F inside). The lower the U-Factor, the better the insulating properties of the unit or glazing system. The percentage of ultra violet rays that enter a room through the glazing system. It is a predictor of potential fading damage. Lower percentages indicate less fading potential (UV rays are those with a wavelength ranging from 0.30 to 0.38 microns). This function, developed by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, is another way of expressing UV Transmission. It is a better predictor of potential fading damage than UV Transmission. Lower values indicate less fading potential. The LBL Damage Function is a weighted value, which takes into account that as the wavelength of the UV rays gets shorter, the fading damage potential increases. Therefore, two glazing systems with the same UV Transmission may have different LBL Damage Function values because one allows more shorter wavelength rays to pass through than the other. The percentage of visible light that is transmitted through the window or door (total-unit) or glazing system (center-glass). A relative indicator of a fenestration product s ability to resist the formation of condensation at a specific set of environmental conditions. The higher the Condensation Resistance value the greater the resistance to the formation of condensation. Actual condensation performance is a function of temperature, humidity and air movement. For more information see NFRC , User Guide to the Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Condensation Resistance Rating Values Pella center-glass glazing performance for each of the above elements can be found on pages 14 through 17. Total-unit values can be found in the individual product sections. W-PP-10

11 BETWEEN-GLASS WINDOW FASHIONS Pella s unique between-glass Slimshade blinds and cellular fabric shades improve window performance. In addition to reducing fading damage to interior furnishings, between-glass accessories enhance thermal performance of the window or door. When the Slimshade blind or cellular fabric shade is in the closed position, the U-Factor and shading coefficient are significantly improved (reduced). Although operation of Slimshade blinds and cellular fabric shades is simple, the analysis of the heat transfer through a window or door with a betweenglass accessory is very complex. There is currently no industry-endorsed simulation tool that can be used to analyze the performance of Slimshade blinds or cellular fabric shades. Pella has conducted independent tests, using NFRC methods. Results are below. All values shown are for 25" x 59" Designer Series casement window. Glazing System Winter Total-Unit U-Factor 1 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 1 (SHGC) %Visible Light Transmittance %UV Light Transmittance TRIPLE-PANE SYSTEM with Low-E IG with Argon and clear HGP with white raise & lower Slimshade blinds closed with golden raise & lower Slimshade blinds closed with alabaster cellular fabric shades closed with bamboo room darkening cellular fabric shades closed TRIPLE-PANE SYSTEM with Low-E IG with Argon and Low-E HGP with white raise & lower Slimshade blinds closed with golden raise & lower Slimshade blinds closed with alabaster cellular fabric shades closed with bamboo room darkening cellular fabric shades closed ( ) = Test data not available. (1) U-Factor and SHGC for the Slimshade blinds and cellular fabric shades were reported by Architectural Testing Inc. (ATI), based on solar calorimeter tests. These results are not certified by NFRC. W-PP-11

12 HIGH ALTITUDE GLASS The average barometric pressure decreases as the elevation above sea level rises. When standard insulating glass manufactured at one altitude is shipped to a higher altitude, the decreased air pressure will cause the glass to deflect. The amount of glass deflection depends upon many factors, such as glass thickness, air space width, air space temperature, difference in altitude, and size of the piece of glass. The best way to avoid insulating glass deflection in high altitudes is to specify Pella s optional high altitude glass when needed. High altitude glass has a hidden capillary tube installed that serves as a breather, allowing the air between the two pieces of glass to equalize with outside air in high altitudes. High altitude insulating glass does not contain argon. Therefore, use the following guidelines to determine when high altitude glass is required. Example: A residential home is 7,000 feet above sea level. The product to be used in the home is Architect Series casement windows with 5/8" insulating glass. Frame sizes of the units are as follows: 17" x 17" and 29" x 47" To determine if high altitude glass is needed, you must first convert the frame sizes to glass sizes. The glass-to-frame difference for casements is 5". So the glass size of the units listed above are: 12" x 12" and 24" x 42" The shortest glass dimension of the first size is 12". According to the chart below for 5/8" glass, the altitude limit for this size is 5,000 feet. Since the home is at 7,000 feet, you must order high altitude glass for this size of unit. The second size has 24" as its shortest glass dimension. According to the chart, it has an altitude limit of 7,000 feet, which is the same altitude of the home, so you do not need high altitude glass for this size of unit. Insulating Glass Shortest Glass Dimension (inches) Altitude Limit for Standard Glass (feet above sea level) 10 3, and <15 5,000 5/8" or 3/4" 15 and <20 6, and <25 7, and <30 9, , ,000 1" Dual-pane or Triple-pane Glazing 15 and <20 3, and <30 4, and <40 6, and <50 8, ,000 Triple-Pane glazing high-altitude glass is not available with argon or krypton gas fill. W-PP-12

13 ARGON FILLING OF INSULATING GLASS Certain Pella products with insulating glass use argon gas in the sealed air space to improve the insulating value of the glazing. The following paragraphs explain argon filling and how argon dissipates over time. Using available argon filling equipment, it is not possible to achieve 100% argon filling. Insulating glass size, geometry, addition of internal grilles, etc. also influence the effectiveness of the argon filling process. For example, grilles inside the airspace contain air, and the air in the grille, if not completely removed, will reduce the overall initial argon percent fill level. Since argon makes up approximately one percent of the normal atmosphere, the higher concentration of argon in the sealed unit is a driving force that causes the argon to slowly permeate through insulating glass edge seals to the ambient atmosphere. This driving force is present in all insulating glass with argon units regardless of which manufacturer produced them. Likewise, there is a similar driving force causing air (O 2 and N 2) to permeate into the insulating glass unit. When argon permeates through the seal system of insulating glass units, the U-Factor will slightly increase (a reduction in thermal performance). The following are total unit U-Factor (as determined by the LBL WINDOW and THERM Computer Programs) for a typical casement unit at various argon levels: As can be seen by this data, the increase in U-Factor is minimal when argon levels are decreasing by one percent per year. For instance, for an initial argon level of 90%, the total unit U-Factor would be If there were an argon-air exchange of one percent per year, in 20 years the argon level would be 70%, giving a total unit U-Factor of % Argon Winter Total Unit U-Factor Pella s insulating glass with argon is available in most standard Pella products. See your local Pella representative for more information on this energy-efficient glazing option. Pella Corporation warrants that its insulating glass with argon is NFRC compliant only at the time of manufacture. Pella Corporation makes no warranty regarding the rate of dissipation of argon or the amount of argon remaining in the window over time. W-PP-13

14 GLAZING GLAZING TYPE Dual-Pane Insulating Glass Triple-Pane Insulating Glass Designer Series Triple-Pane Glazing Standard insulated glass consisting of two panes of glass creating an insulating sealed gas space. Insulated glass consisting of three panes of glass that create two sealed insulated gas spaces. This product combines a Dual IG with an extra hinged glass panel to achieve thermal performance comparable to triple IG. The interior air space is not sealed to allow for Designer Series accessories to be installed or removed. INSULATED GLASS OPTIONS / LOW-E TYPES Advanced Low-E Pella's standard Low-E coating that is commonly used in locations with hot and cold weather extremes. Features insulating glass with a Low-E coating to increase comfort year-round while blocking up to 86% of the sun's ultraviolet rays protecting your home from fade damage. Advanced Low-E has SHGC significantly lower than clear glass or NaturalSun Low-E. It is a good general purpose coating. SunDefense Low-E AdvancedComfort Low-E NaturalSun Low-E Commonly used in locations needing superior solar protection, high levels of energy efficiency and yearround comfort. Features insulating glass with a special SunDefense Low-E coating that reflects more of the sun's heat to keep your home cooler in the summer. SunDefense is recommended in southern climates and in more northern regions where there is a significant amount of direct sunlight. This may be on un-shaded east or west exposures, especially if the windows are looking over a body of water and there is no shade or overhang. SunDefense Low-E blocks 96% of the sun's ultraviolet rays has a very low SHGC while maintaining a clear unfiltered view. Commonly used in locations in need of superior solar protection, and minimal winter heat loss. Includes all the advantages of Advanced Low-E plus further improvement in insulating performance (lower U-value) through an additional Low-E coating on the insulating glass. This low-e glass has the lowest U-value of all Pella s dual glazed offering and is a good selection for customers wanting to meet the more stringent requirements of some local energy codes. Commonly used in locations where maximum solar heat gain is desired. This would be intended for Canada and the far Northern regions of the US. It may also be used in regions further south if the home or landscape is designed to provide summer shading on the windows. This coating would be considered the best choice for Passive Solar homes. You may consider putting NaturalSun on the southern exposed windows while using Advanced Low-E on the other sides of the home. There is a slight visual difference with the different coatings, but if one is looking out at different directions in the room this should not be noticeable. ADDITIONAL GLASS OPTIONS Obscure Glass Commonly used in intimate spaces such as the bathroom and bedroom. Creates privacy while allowing natural light to enter. Available in a variety of textured surfaces, will let sunshine in to increase comfort. Thermal and SHGC of obscure IG is equal to clear glass when combined in IG with the same Low-E coatings. Tinted Glass (Bronze, Gray and Green) Spandrel Glass Laminated Glass Impact Resistant Glass 1 Commonly used in rooms that receive a lot of sun exposure. Like sunglasses, windows with tinted glass block the sun's rays, so they're useful in controlling glare; plus, they keep rooms that get direct sun cooler. The tint also helps block the view into a home. Commonly used between sections of a building including the area between floors, columns, ceilings, and other small or large spaces. The main aesthetic purpose of spandrel glass is to create an overall uniform appearance. Spandrel is created using fired-on frit methods. This process includes a ceramic frit that is fused to the glass using high-heat fusing methods. This technique creates a glass that will not fade over time. In addition, spandrel is up to five times stronger than annealed glass. Commonly used in locations in need of added security, ultraviolet (UV) protection and noise reduction. A polymer layer sandwiched between two layers of glass that cuts outside noise and harmful UV rays and offers added protection against intruders and forced entry. The interlayer holds the glass together if it's shattered. Available in Hurricaneshield impact products, commonly used in locations that endure hurricane-force winds or where additional security or noise reduction is desired. An advanced polymer layer is sandwiched between two layers of glass, offering strong protection from flying debris - while increasing the safety, security, ultraviolet protection and energy efficiency of a home. Available as insulated glass or single pane. GAS FILL / HIGH ALTITUDE Argon Argon gas is commonly added to insulated glass assemblies to improve the insulating performance. High altitude For locations at high altitude the air filled insulated glass assembly is typically vented to prevent over pressurization of the system. High altitude With Argon For locations at high altitude this product is a sealed, argon filled, insulated glass. The unit is manufactured at a pressure level tailored for the target elevation. NOTE: Any product with argon and Low-E is referred to as Insulshield (1) Impact-resistant insulating glass is made up of a sheet of tempered glass combined with a sheet of laminated glass. For best performance, the laminated glass may be the interior or exterior pane of insulating glass, depending on the product. W-PP-14

15 ENERGY STAR GLAZING ENERGY STAR The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy's ENERGY STAR program uses "whole unit" (glass and frame) SHGC ratings and U-Factors to measure window and door energy efficiency. To ensure your product will deliver ENERGY STAR performance, refer to the chart and map below to help determine ENERGY STAR guidelines for your area of the country. Then compare these numbers with the "whole unit" SHGC ratings and U-Factors printed on the NFRC label found on every window and door. Pella has some of the lowest U-Factors in the industry and offers the energy-efficient options that will meet or exceed ENERGY STAR guidelines in all 50 states. ENERGY STAR WHOLE UNIT RESIDENTIAL GUIDELINES: 2015 (VERSION 6) CRITERIA Windows U-FACTOR SHGC 0.30 or lower Any Northern or higher or higher North-Central 0.30 or lower 0.40 or lower South-Central 0.30 or lower 0.25 or lower Southern 0.40 or lower 0.25 or lower CLIMATE ZONES Doors U-FACTOR SHGC Solid panel (all regions) 0.17 or lower No rating 1/2-light or less (all regions) 0.25 or lower 0.25 or lower More than 1/2-light Northern North-Central 0.30 or lower 0.40 or lower South-Central Southern 0.30 or lower 0.25 or lower GLAZING OPTIONS Architect Series Designer Series Pella Proline 450 Series Fixed Frame Direct Set Pella Impervia Pella 350 Series Pella 250 Series Encompass by Pella Clear Insulating Glass Advanced Low-E Insulating glass with argon 1 SunDefense Low-E Insulating glass with argon 1 AdvancedComfort Low-E NaturalSun Low-E Insulating glass Triple-Pane glazing with between-the-glass options Triple-Insulating Glass Laminated glass Impact-resistant glass Tinted glass Reflective glass Spandrel glass or panels 2 (1) Optional high-altitude Advanced Low-E insulating glass does not contain argon glass in most products. (2) Not available on hinged or sliding patio doors. W-PP-15

16 GLAZING CENTER OF GLASS COMPARISON GUIDE This chart is an overview of the typical glass types that are available from Pella. The types of glass and the glass thickness vary by brand. For complete Glazing Performance data, including Obscure and High Altitude 2 glazing, please go to the appropriate product section of PellaADM.com. TYPE OF GLAZING Glass Thickness U-Factor Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) Shading Coefficient (SC) Relative Heat Gain % Visible Light Transmission Inside Glass Surface Temp ( F) % Relative F when condensation appears on room side Triple Pane Glazing, 5/8" Argon filled IG with HGP - Designer Series Clear (air filled) 3mm SunDefense 3mm Advanced 3mm AdvancedComfort 3mm , 4 NaturalSun 3mm Bronze Advanced 5mm/3mm Gray Advanced 5mm/3mm Green Advanced 5mm/3mm Dual Pane Insulating Glass, Argon filled 11/16" overall thickness Clear (air filled) 3mm SunDefense 3mm Advanced 3mm AdvancedComfort 3mm , 4 NaturalSun 3mm or 2* Bronze Advanced 5mm/3mm Gray Advanced 5mm/3mm Green Advanced 5mm/3mm Advanced Laminated 3mm/6mm or 3** SunDefense Laminated 3mm/6mm or 3** Dual Pane Insulating Glass, Argon filled 1" overall thickness Clear (air filled) 6mm SunDefense 6mm Advanced 6mm AdvancedComfort 6mm ,4 NaturalSun 6mm or 2* Bronze Advanced 6mm Gray Advanced 6mm Green Advanced 6mm Advanced Laminated 5mm/10mm or 3** SunDefense Laminated 5mm/10mm or 3** 1" Triple Insulating Glass Vinyl 250 Series Advanced Low-E 3 mm , 5 NaturalSun Low-E 3 mm , 5 Advanced Low-E 4 mm , 5 NaturalSun Low-E 4 mm , 5 1-1/4" Triple Insulating Glass Vinyl 350 Series Advanced Low-E 3 mm , 5 NaturalSun Low-E 3 mm % UV Transmission LBL Damage Function Low-E Coating on Surfaces # Exterior Exterior Exterior Dual Insulating Glass Triple Insulating Glass Designer Series Triple-Glazing System 1) Performance of Designer products with 2.5mm glass is within 5% of those stated for 3mm glass. 2) Performance of products with 3/4", 13/16" IG or 2.5mm glass is within 10% of those stated for 3mm glass. (3) 4mm and 5mm glass construction perform similar to 3mm within 10%. W-PP-16

17 GLASS DESIGN PRESSURE CHARTS ALL PRODUCTS Use the glass charts on the following pages to verify that the glass thickness of a unit will meet the specified design pressure. These charts show required nominal thickness of rectangular plate, float and sheet glass, based on minimum thickness allowed in ASTM E (Contact your local Pella representative for performance of glass types and thicknesses not shown). The charts are set up for single-pane annealed glass, so there is a multiplying factor for heat-strengthened and tempered glass, as well as sealed insulating glass. These factors are listed below: Heat-strengthened single-pane glass 2.0 Tempered single-pane glass 4.0 Annealed insulating glass Heat-strengthened insulating glass Tempered insulating glass (1) Interior hinged glass panels must be glazed to the appropriate single-pane requirement. Factors only apply if both panes of the insulating glass are equal in thickness and tempered. Example: Determine if 2.5mm annealed insulating glass will work for a 41" x 53" (frame size) clad casement with an established design pressure of 28 psf (1.34 kpa). 2.5 mm (3/32 inches) 1. Determine the glass area of the unit. If the frame size is 41" x 53", and the frame to glass difference for clad casements is 5", then the glass area of the unit is 36" x 48". (Frame to glass formulas can be found in each product section in Volume 2.) 2. Use the 2.5mm chart intersect the short glass side value (36") with the long glass side value (48"). Draw a diagonal line from 0.0 through that intersection point. Use the diagonal line to interpolate between the load contours. In this case, the interpolated non-factored load is 1.13 kpa. 3. Convert results to lbs / ft 2 (1kPa = 20.9 psf) (1.13 kpa x 20.9 psf) / 1 kpa = 23.6 psf. Shortest Side (inches) 2.5 mm (3/32 in.) Glass Nonfactored Load (kpa) Four Sides Simply Supported P b = kpa = 20.9 psf 3-Second Duration Longest Side (inches) Shortest Side (mm) 4. Since this example uses annealed insulating glass, multiply 23.6 psf by the factor listed above for annealed insulating glass 23.6 psf x 1.8 = 42.5 psf (2.03 kpa). The calculated number of 42.5 psf is greater than the design pressure requirement of 28 psf. So this unit passes the ASTM standard for glazing design. Example interpolate line Example intersection point Longest Side (mm) W-PP-17

18 GLASS DESIGN PRESSURE CHARTS ALL PRODUCTS 3.0 mm (1/8 inches) Longest Side (inches) Shortest Side (inches) 3.0 mm (1/8 in.) Glass Nonfactored Load (kpa) Four Sides Simply Supported P b = kpa = 20.9 psf 3-Second Duration Shortest Side (mm) Longest Side (mm) 4.0 mm (5/32 inches) 5.0 mm (3/16 inches) Longest Side (inches) Longest Side (inches) Shortest Side (inches) 4.0 mm (5/32 in.) Glass Nonfactored Load (kpa) Four Sides Simply Supported P b = kpa = 20.9 psf 3-Second Duration Shortest Side (mm) Shortest Side (inches) 5.0 mm (3/16 in.) Glass Nonfactored Load (kpa) Four Sides Simply Supported P b = kpa = 20.9 psf 3-Second Duration Shortest Side (mm) Longest Side (mm) Longest Side (mm) 6.0 mm (1/4 inches) Longest Side (inches) Shortest Side (inches) 6.0 mm (1/4 in.) Glass Nonfactored Load (kpa) Four Sides Simply Supported P b = kpa = 20.9 psf 3-Second Duration Shortest Side (mm) Longest Side (mm) W-PP-18

19 INDUSTRY STANDARDS AIR / WATER / DESIGN / STRUCTURAL Voluntary industry standards for window, door and skylight performance are established by three national trade associations: AAMA (American Architectural Manufacturers Association), WDMA (Window and Door Manufacturers Association) and CSA (Canadian Standards Association). These standards are continually being updated and changed. While Pella Corporation strives to use the most current standards available, some manufacturers continue to publish information using previous standards (such as Grade 20, Grade 40, etc.). To help in comparisons with other manufacturers, the chart below includes the latest standards, as well as some of the previous ones. See the following page for a more detailed summary of the current 101/ I.S.2 standard. CURRENT STANDARDS Standard AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / I.S.2 / A Performance Requirement Class / Rating / Grade Maximum Air Infiltration 1 Minimum Water Test Pressure (psf) Minimum Design Pressure (psf) R 0.3 cfm / sq.ft LC 0.3 cfm / sq.ft CW 0.3 cfm / sq.ft AW 0.3 cfm / sq.ft PREVIOUS STANDARDS Standard AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / I.S.2 / A / I.S.2 / NAFS-02 WINDOWS, SKYLIGHTS AND GLASS DOORS AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / I.S.2 / A / I.S WINDOWS AND GLASS DOORS Performance Requirement Class / Rating / Grade Maximum Air Infiltration 1 Minimum Water Test Pressure (psf) Minimum Design Pressure (psf) R 0.3 cfm / sq.ft LC 0.3 cfm / sq.ft C 0.3 cfm / sq.ft HC 0.3 cfm / sq.ft AW 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Residential (R) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Light Commercial (LC) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Commercial (C) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Heavy Commercial (HC) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Architectural (AW) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Residential (R) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Light Commercial (LC) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Commercial (C) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Heavy Commercial (HC) 0.3 cfm / sq.ft Architectural (AW) 0.1 or 0.3 cfm / sq.ft (1) cfm per linear foot of sash crack. W-PP-19

20 INDUSTRY STANDARDS AIR / WATER / DESIGN / STRUCTURAL Under AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / I.S.2 / A440-08, window and door performance is classified using three primary designators: Product Type, Performance Class and Performance Grade. In order for a product to meet a given performance class and/or grade, a number of requirements must be met. The following tables are intended to provide an overview of those requirements. For example, to achieve a C-R50 (Performance Class R, Performance Grade 50) rating, a casement with a minimum frame size of 24" x 60" must surpass all of the air, water, structural and hardware sub-requirements pertaining to that class and grade. To assist in selecting Pella products that meet project requirements, each product section in Volume 2 contains a product selection guide and design data tables which gives an overview of the class and grade ratings achieved as well as the rating achieved for each standard size. Refer to AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / I.S.2 / A440-08, for a complete understanding of all performance requirements. Product Type Performance Class Minimum Performance Grade Gateway Minimum Frame Test Size Width (inches) Height (inches) Minimum Design Pressure (lb/ft 2 ) Minimum Structural Pressure (lb/ft 2 ) Minimum Water Pressure (lb/ft 2 ) Air Leakage Resistance Pressure (lb/ft 2 ) Allowable (cfm/ft 2 ) Maximum Operating Force (lb) Start Run Max Lock Force (lb) Max Deflection at Design Pressure Max Permanent Set After STP Minimum ASTM Security Grade AP Awning C Casement FW Fixed Window H Hung SHD Side Hinged Doors SD Sliding Doors R % L 10 LC % L 10 CW L / % L 10 AW L / % L 10 R % L 10 LC % L 10 CW L / % L 10 AW L / % L 10 R % L 10 LC % L 10 CW L / % L 10 AW L / % L 10 R % L 10 LC % L 10 CW L / % L 10 AW L / % L 10 R (panel) % L 10 LC (panel) % L 10 CW (panel) L / % L 10 R (panel) % L 10 LC (panel) % L 10 CW (panel) L / % L 10 AW (panel) L / % L 10 ( ) = Not Applicable STP = Structural Test Pressure W-PP-20