RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS DUE TO UNDERWATER ANTROPHOGENIC SOUND EMISSIONS
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1 RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS DUE TO UNDERWATER ANTROPHOGENIC SOUND EMISSIONS Ph.D. Student: Caterina Lanfredi Ph.D. research funded by the U.S Navy Office of Naval Reserach (ONR) Doctoral Program in Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering XXVI Cicle
2 In the management of the marine environment increasing concerns derived from the pressures consequent by human activities European Union s Marine Strategy Directive (Directive 2008/56/EC adopted in June 2008) Aim to protect the marine environment across Europe from all the pressures derived by human activities. Article 3(8) defines: pollution means direct or indirect introduction of substances or energy, INCLUDING HUMAN- INDUCED MARINE UNDERWATER NOISE, which results in deleterious effects such as harm to living resources and marine ecosystems.
3 Sources underwater noise (Wenz, 1962)
4 Anthropogenic sources of noise in the marine environment pose uncertain and poorly characterized threats to marine life, and in particular to marine mammals reducing the range over which they can communicate to temporal or permanent injury and mortality. Aim of my PhD research is: Acoustic models to evaluate the exposure for the population to specific sound sources Species presence models avoidance of habitat to reduce the potential impact Risk map for management of the impact due to the introduction of underwater anthropogenic noise in the marine environment.
5 SOURCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC UNDERWATER NOISE
6 Sources of anthropogenic underwater noise ANNEX III lists the principal sources of underwater noise that create a physical disturbance to marine life. MILITARY SONAR (low-mid frequency active sonar: <1-10KHz) European Parliament Motion B6-0089/2004. Naval sonar European Parliament resolution on the environmental effects of high intensity active naval sonar.
7 Military Sonar (low-mid frequency active sonar) SURTASS-LFA (Surveillance Towed Array Sensor Sistem- Low Frequency sonar) 1 Array with 18 sound sources: Sound level: 215 db re 1µPa Frequency: Hz. (U.S Navy NATO) sea surveillance (anti submarine technology)
8 Sources of anthropogenic underwater noise MILITARY SONAR (low-mid frequency active sonar- 1-10KHz) European Parliament Motion B6-0089/2004. Naval sonarseuropean Parliament resolution on the environmental effects Of high intensity active naval sonars. SEISMIC SONAR (seismic survey- air-guns, low- mid frequency) Decreto Legislativo del 3 aprile 2006 n 152. (art.23, elenco A, Allegato III alla parte II, Progetti sotto posti a VIA, punto 14) devono essere soggette a verifica di Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale (VIA) le attività di estrazione in mare di petrolio e gas naturale a fini Commerciali..
9 Seismic Sonar (air-guns, low- mid frequency) Arrays Air-guns: Sound levels of individual air-gun 230 db re 1µPa Frequency Hz Airguns used for marine-based seismic exploration by the oil and gas industry
10 Sources of anthropogenic underwater noise MILITARY SONAR (Military mid-high frequency) European Parliament Motion B6-0089/2004. Naval sonarseuropean Parliament resolution on the environmental effects Of high intensity active naval sonars. SEISMIC SONAR (air-guns, geosismic activity) Decreto Legislativo del 3 aprile 2006 n 152. (art.23, elenco A, Allegato III alla parte II, Progetti sotto posti a VIA, punto 14) devono essere soggette a verifica di Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale (VIA) le attività di estrazione in mare di petrolio e gas naturale a fini Commerciali.. SHIPPING ACTIVITIES (tankers, cargo ship, ferries..) MARPOL 73/78
11 SHIPPING ACTIVITIES From 1950 increse of the ocean background noise of 10 to 20 db
12 Sources of anthropogenic underwater noise MILITARY SONAR (Military mid-high frequency) European Parliament Motion B6-0089/2004. Naval sonarseuropean Parliament resolution on the environmental effects Of high intensity active naval sonars. SEISMIC SONAR (air-guns, geosismic activity) Decreto Legislativo del 3 aprile 2006 n 152. (art.23, elenco A, Allegato III alla parte II, Progetti sotto posti a VIA, punto 14) devono essere soggette a verifica di Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale (VIA) le attività di estrazione in mare di petrolio e gas naturale a fini Commerciali.. SHIPPING ACTIVITIES (tankers, cargo ship, ferries..) MARPOL 73/78 OFF-SHORE DEVELOPMENT (Marine Renewable Energy Installations) EU Strategic Environmental Assessment procedure (Directive 2001/42/EC) COSTAL DEVELOPMENT (on shore installations, pile-drivers, MREI) Decreto Legislativo del 3 aprile 2006 n 152.
13 DATA COLLECTION
14 MEDITERRANEAN SEA Data set EUROPE 1 NATO AFRICA Research Vessel Alliance SOUTHERN OCEAN Data set AWI Research Icebreackers Polarstern
15 Biological data Acoustic data Oceanographic data
16 RESULTS
17 Static Predictors (depth slope) for evaluating the Exposure Risk exposure map Calibration Site Validation Site
18 Dynamic Predictors (CTD) for evaluating the Exposure Oceanographic parameters measured as a function of depth using sensors installed on a CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) with Rosette Frame: Conductivity (ms/cm) Temperature (deg C) Fluorescence (ug/l) Dissolved Oxygen (ml/l) Sound Velocity (m/s) Turbidity (FTU) Lanfredi C. et al. Does dissolved oxygen play a role in Cuvier s beaked whale habitat selection? A comparison between three study areas in the western Mediterranean Sea. XXVth Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society Cadiz, Spain, March 21-23, 2011
19 Multicriteria Analysis for the selection of the best technologies and the identification of optimal sites for wave-farms in two areas (Alghero, Sardegna) OFF SHORE ALTERNATIVE Wave reflector Reservoir Waves overtopping the doubly curved ramp Turbine outlet
20 Multicriteria Analysis for the selection of the best technologies and the identification of optimal sites for wave-farms (Mazara, Sicily). ON SHORE ALTERNATIVE Hatch to access Turbine Grating MST Turbin/Generator
21 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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