October 31 November 1, 2011 Antalya, Turkey

Transcription

1 WCCE-ECCE-TCCE Joint Conference 2 SEISMIC PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE October 31 November 1, 2011 Antalya, Turkey S Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers European Council of Civil Engineers World Council of Civil Engineers

2 Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers Necatibey Cad. No:57 Kızılay, Ankara / Turkey Tel: Fax: [email protected] - ISBN: IMO Publication Nr.: E/11/12 Printing: Mattek Matbaacılık Basın, Yayın Tanıtım Tic. San. Ltd. Şti. Adakale Sok. No: 32/27 Kızılay / Ankara Tel: Faks:

3 Preface Throughout history territories of Turkey have been a cradle for many civilization; thus it is very rich in cultural and historical heritage. Protecting ages old historical structures against natural disasters should be priority issue for Turkey. Nations aware of this importance are striving through various scientific, social and cultural means, to make the new generations aware of the importance of historical structures and their safe transfer to the future generations. Conservation of historical and cultural structures which have survived countless natural disasters for millennia can be achieved successfully by appropriate restoration, repair and strengthening applications. And this process can only be accomplished by collaboration of civil engineering and other disciplines concerned. Civil engineering plays a major role in the restoration and rehabilitation of historical structures in the activities concerning soil-structure interaction, restoration design and material and construction techniques etc. Being aware of its responsibility and its central role and also its conviction in the necessity of protection of historical structures, our chamber organised the symposium on Strengthening of historical structures and their safe transfer to the future in 2007, executed by TCCE Ankara branch. The second symposium with the same title was organised by TCCE Diyarbakır branch in 2009 with international participation. Following the successful completion of the ECCE-WCCE-TCCE Joint Conference on Earthquake and Tsunami in 2009, the Presidents of the three organisations have agreed to organise the Second Joint Conference on As a result of the interviews with WCCE and ECCE after the conference on Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage. Our chamber considers this conference a step forward in its concern for cultural heritage bringing an international dimension to its activities in this area, during the 42nd term of office. The major objective of this conference organised by our Chamber jointly with WCCE and ECCE is to contribute to the betterment of the seismic retrofitting and restoration practice on cultural heritage through disseminating the recent research results and communicating successful applications in our country and throughout the world. Papers reflecting artistic and historical evaluation, conservation, seismic vulnerability assessment, seismic repair and strengthening, seismic monitoring etc. will be presented at the conference. We believe that the conference will be beneficial to our colleagues and also to those interested in this area and contribute to the protection of cultural heritage. We would like to thank TCCE Antalya Branch for hosting the conference. We are grateful to Prof. Dr. Tuğrul Tankut, the chair of the Organising Committee for iii

4 his endless efforts. We also thank the Organising Committee and the Scientific Committee for their contributions. We appreciate the valuable contributions of the keynote speakers and the authors of the papers. Lastly, we would like to express our appreciation and satisfaction for the contributions of our organising partners, WCCE and ECCE Executive Committees. TCCE Executive Committee iv

5 Foreword The present booklet consists of the abstracts of the fifty four papers to be presented either orally or as posters at the Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage conference jointly organised by the World Council of Civil Engineers (WCCE), the European Council of Civil Engineers (ECCE) and the Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers (TCCE) to be held on October 31 and November 1, 2011 in Antalya, Turkey. Both natural disasters and conservation of cultural heritage have always been areas of prime concern for all of the three organising institutions. After the successfully realised first joint conference on Earthquakes and Tsunamis, the three Presidents agreed to organise the second joint conference on the subject of Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage. The objective of the conference is to contribute to the betterment of seismic retrofitting and restoration practice on cultural heritage, through disseminating the recent research results and communicating the recent successful applications. The scope of the conference has been kept rather broad to embrace all aspects of the problem concerning the architectural, structural, material etc. dimensions. Consequently, the abstracts included in the present booklet deal with various aspects of heritage conservation vis-à-vis earthquakes. The abstracts take place in the present booklet in the order of presentation as indicated in the conference programme. A. Tuğrul Tankut Ankara, September 29, 2011 v

6 International Advisory Board Emilio Colon, WCCE President Vassilis Economopoulos, ECCE Immediate Past President Serdar Harp, TCCE President Tugrul Tankut, Organising Committee Chair Organising Committee Ahunbay, Zeynep, Istanbul Technical University Akcan, Serhat, Ministry of Culture & Tourism Cengiz, Safak, General Directorate of Foundations Cili, Feridun, Istanbul Technical University Dari, Levent, Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers Ersoy, Ugur, Bogazici University Gul, Melike, Antalya Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural and Natural Assets Karaesmen, Erhan, Middle East Technical University Madran, Emre, Middle East Technical University Oguz, Cem, Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers Antalya Sayın, Sancar, Metropolitan Municipality of Antalya Soydemir, Faruk, Turkish Chamber of Architects Soygur, Unsal, Gazi University Tankut, Tugrul, Middle East Technical University Unay, Ali Ihsan, Gazi University Scientific Committee Arun, Gorun, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey D Ayala, Dina, University of Bath, UK Bayraktar, Alemdar, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey Bilgin-Altinoz, Guliz, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Boke, Hasan, Izmir Higher Institute of Technology, Turkey Cevik, Nevzat, Akdeniz University, Turkey El Harrouni, Khaild, Ecole Nationale d Architecture, Morocco Kubin, Danyal, Prota Engineering, Turkey Mazlum, Deniz, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Modena, Claudio, University of Padova, Italy Mungan, Ihsan, Halic University, Turkey Müller, Urs, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany Seckin, Nadide, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Sert, Halide, State Highway Department, Turkey Vintzileou, Elizabeth, National Technical University of Athens, Greece vi

7 Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Principles & Methods of Conservation Miccoli et. al. Comparison of Mechanical Behavior of Different Earth Masonry Typologies In Cultural Heritage...1 Vintzileou Structural Survey: A Prerequisite for Reliable Seismic Protection of Historic Structures...2 D Ayala and Erkal The Role of Environmental Monitoring in Conservation of Cultural Heritage...4 Chadzidakis The Problems Faced by the Structural Engineer during the Reconstruction of Monuments...5 Chapter 2 - Codes, Regulations and Procedures Tankut and Erdemgil A Critical Look at the Conservation Practice in Turkey...8 Erdemgil and Halifeoğlu A Common Fallacy in Restoration of Historical Buildings - Lack of Engineer Contribution...9 Örmecioğlu et. al. The Protection of Built Heritage from Earthquakes: General Remarks on Technical Workshop Series...11 Chapter 3 - Structural and Seismic Evaluation Tankut and Ersoy Remarks on the Structural Aspect of Heritage Conservation...12 Novelli and D Ayala Seismic Damage Identification Of Cultural Heritage Assets...13 vii

8 Gülkan et. al. The Fatih Project: A Pilot Seismic Assessment of the Architectural Heritage in the Historic Peninsula of Istanbul...14 Vatan and Arun Pre-Hazard Evaluation Criteria for Risk Assessment of Masonry Monumental Historic Structures...16 Chapter 4 - Conservation Studies - Structural Tortorella et. al. Seismic Response Control of Rigid Block Systems by Using Tendon System: The Case of Greek Columns...17 Bayraktar et. al. Structural System Identification of Cultural Heritage Structures by Ambient Vibration Testing...18 Duppel On the Structural Characteristics and Present Stability of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul...19 Türer et. al. Structural Health Monitoring of Sivas Divrigi Great Mosque...21 Köseoğlu and Canbay Investigation of a Damaged Historical Mosque with Finite Element Analysis.. 23 Chapter 5 - Conservation Studies - Geotechnical Arun Sub-Structure Design of Ancient Building Masters...24 Erdemgil and Bilhan Restoration and Foundation Stabilization of Karacabey Mosque in Ankara...25 Kuruşçu and Arun Effects of Timber Footing Used in Ancient Masonry Foundations...26 Çakır and Mohammadi Seismic Retrofitting Using Micropiles for Historical Bridges...27 Sağın et. al. Investigation of Construction Techniques and Material Properties Used in the Domes of Historical Baths...28 viii

9 Chapter 6 - Case Studies Özmen et. al. Seismic Performance of Ruined or Partially Collapsed Historical S tructures with Temporary Scaffolding...29 Čaušević et. al. Fortification Towers In Korčula...30 Erdil and Okuyucu Seismic Performance Evaluation of Adilcevaz Zal Pasha (Tuğrul Bey) Mosque...32 Mohd and Fahjan Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Structure in Famagusta...33 Erkan and Demir Seismic Behavior of Masonry Structures; a Case Study: Afyon Mihrioğlu House...34 Tekdal-Emniyeti et. al. City GML Model of Seddülbahir Fortress for Protection and Documentation Doğangün et. al. Seismic Performance of the Main Entrance of Basilica (Kızılavlu) at Bergama (İzmir)...36 Kuzucuoğlu et. al. Determination of Optimum Exhibition Conditions of Cultural Heritage Against Seismic Risks: The Case Study of Istanbul Beylerbeyi Palace...37 Clark Seismic Resistant Performance of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings: Recent Experience in New Zealand and Initial Lessons to be Learnt...38 Küçükdoğan et. al. Assessment of Seismic Resistance of Kara Ahmet Pasa Mosque in Istanbul...40 Özden et. al. Flexural Strengthening Of Timber Floor Girders...41 Doğan and Sert Earthquakes and Arched Stone Bridges...42 Çelik Construction Techniques of Traditional Ormana Houses...43 Topbaş et. al. Restoration of Ayışığı Monastery Chapel, Ayvalik, Turkey...45 ix

10 Farjadmand et. al. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Ghaflankouh Historical Railway Masonry Arch Bridge...46 Shendova and Gavrilovich Seismic Upgading of Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Skopje...47 Mohd et. al. Investigation Concerning the Cause of Damage of St. George of the Latins in Famagusta...48 Kazaz et. al. Collapse Simulation of a Four-Legged Masonry Minaret...49 Erdem et. al. Analytical Modeling of Sivas Divrigi Great Mosque and Hospital...50 Aköz et. al. Structural and Earthquake Response Analysis of Murat Pasha Mosque...51 Nohutçu et. al. Investigation of Earthquake Behavior of Historical Muradiye Mosque in Manisa...52 Chapter 7 - Poster Presentations Bayraktar et. al. Damage Assesment of Historical Arch Bridge for Blast-Induced Ground Excitations Using Operational Modal Analysis...53 Akın and Özen Cultural, Artistic and Historic Evaluation - Cultural Heritage and Earthquakes - Tokat City Example...55 Ateşsal et. al. Adiyaman Kap Mosque Restoration and Strengthening Works...56 Özek Inventorization and Multi-Hazard and Earthquake Performance Evaluation of the Cultural Heritage Buildings in Istanbul...57 Paşapur Seismic Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings a Sample of Traditional Turkish Houses: Cemil Toksöz Mansion...60 Begimgil Repair and Strengthening Techniques of Masonry Arch Bridges...61 x

11 Mehrabzadeh and Türer Nonlinear Modeling and Earthquake Simulation of Stone Masonry Minarets...62 Bakır et. al. Proposals for the Preservation of an Ancient Rock Tomb in Muğla-Akyaka...63 Işıkoğlu et. al. Structural Assessment, Nonlinear Modeling and Seismic Strengthening of Hellenistic Perge Twin Towers...64 Güldoğan and Arıöz Disappearing Cultural Values of Eskişehir: Historic Turkish Baths...66 İlter et. al. Reinforcement Methods Applied to Haseki Hürrem Sultan Bath and Hagia Sophia...67 xi

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13 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT EARTH MASONRY TYPOLOGIES IN CULTURAL HERITAGE Lorenzo Miccoli 1, Chiara Perrone 2, Urs Müller 1, André Gardei 1, Christof Ziegert 2 The paper has been developed in the framework of a larger EC-research program called NIKER, in which BAM and other seventeen research partners from the Mediterrean area are jointly involved. It aims to develop and validate innovative materials and technologies for the systemic improvement of the seismic behavior of Cultural Heritage assets. The death tolls brought about by recent catastrophes in developing countries where many inhabitants lived in earthen dwellings (Gujarat, India 2001, Bam, Iran 2003 and Concepción, Chile 2010 Earthquakes, Tamil Nadu 2004 Tsunami) have brought about research studies aimed at improving earth construction in terms of strength, seismic resistance and speed of construction. In comparison to the recent advances in research on stone and brick masonry, knowledge on the material properties and failure mechanisms of earthen building construction is limited and scattered. The research presented here by aims making a comparison of mechanical behaviour between different earth masonry material typologies, consisting of earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob. Keywords: Earth masonry, Material test, Cultural Heritage, Seismic resistance 1 BAM Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing, Division 7.1-Building Materials, Berlin, Germany 2 Ziegert Roswag Seiler Architekten Ingenieure, Berlin, Germany 1

14 STRUCTURAL SURVEY: A PREREQUISITE FOR RELIABLE SEISMIC PROTECTION OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES Elizabeth N. Vintzileou * In the last decades, powerful analytical tools are used by Structural Engineers both for the assessment of historic structures and for the design of structural interventions. Computer codes based on finite element methods are used to reproduce the pathological image of historic structures and, hence, to assess the available margins of safety and to select adequate remedial measures. This is a step of paramount importance for preservation of the built cultural heritage, especially in the case of structures that are subject to seismic risk. Although the level of sophistication adopted for the analytical work is quite often very high (in the sense that a fine mesh is adopted, nonlinear parameter analyses are carried out for numerous real or artificial accelerograms, etc.), the obtained results may be of limited reliability, in cases where important structural parameters (such as in-thickness geometry of masonry, interconnection of structural elements, etc.) are not adequately surveyed and modeled. Some examples are presented and commented upon in the paper: (a) The behaviour of three-leaf stone masonry (a construction type common to numerous monuments and historic structures) is strongly dependent on the in-thickness geometry of walls (namely, on the thickness of external leaves and of the intermediate filling material, on the mechanical properties of the infill, on the bond between subsequent leaves, etc.). It does also depend on whether structural elements resting on walls made of three-leaf masonry transfer actions over the entire thickness of masonry or only on part of it. It has to be noted that the in-time behaviour of this type of masonry is significantly affected by its geometry. (b) The mechanical properties of masonry repaired/strengthened by means of deep * National Technical University of Athens, Department of Structural Engineering 2

15 re-jointing are usually estimated taking into account the mechanical properties of both the in-situ mortar and the mortar used for the intervention. Nevertheless, experimental results show that the mechanical properties of masonry-and, hence, the estimated available safety of the structure-depend both on structural parameters (namely, relative strength of masonry units and repair mortar), as well as on construction parameters (namely, in-depth dimension of repair mortar, degree of filling of joints by the repair mortar, etc.). (c) Timber reinforcement affects the behaviour of masonry (it ensures-at intervalsthe connection among subsequent leaves of masonry), as well as the overall behaviour of the structure (acting as reinforcement, as connection between intersecting walls, etc.). By means of the above examples, the author of this paper attempts to prove that structural identification of historic structures should be carried out with special care, as it allows for better understanding of the local and overall behaviour of the structural system. It may also guide the Structural Engineer in modeling the more significant structural parameters and, hence, in enhancing the reliability of the obtained results. 3

16 THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Dina D Ayala 1, Aykut Erkal 2 For forethoughtful societies, conservation of historic buildings is one of the pivotal issues from economic and cultural points of view. Environmental effects can lead to damage due to their simultaneous, cumulative, repetitive, and synergetic action. They contribute to the deterioration and destabilisation of already at risk historic masonry structures with structural deficiencies or previously subjected to earthquake, foundation settlement and/or moisture problems and vice versa. Environmental monitoring plays a vital part in the understanding of deterioration process since it reliably illustrates the role of critical and damaging environmental parameters, on a continuous basis. This paper discusses the significance of environmental monitoring for historic buildings and presents an innovative multi-sensor monitoring system design able to characterise humidity and temperature profile across building walls and to record continuously wind, precipitation and atmospheric pressure conditions, and surface levels of adjacent water bodies. Keywords: Cultural Heritage, Historic Building, Conservation, Environmental Monitoring, System Design. 1 Dr., Reader, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, UK, [email protected] 2 Dr., Research Officer, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, UK, [email protected] 4

17 THE PROBLEMS FACED BY THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION OF MONUMENTS The Experience of Three Minaret Restoration Projects Aristodimos Chadzidakis * The aim of this presentation is to point out certain particularities of the structural treatment of monuments, by showing the way we faced three real restoration cases. These particularities result mainly from the restrictions imposed by the need to respect the architectural form and the structural identity of the monument, which normally contradict the interventions, which would be necessary to make the construction conform to the current levels of safety, according to the Regulations and to the current scientific knowledge on the behavior of structures and their expected response. I will try to show how we faced the structural problems of three minarets and how our ideas and engineering approach evolved in time. The real cases on witch our presentation will focus are the project and the reconstruction of the minaret of Splantzia in Chania, the study and the reconstruction of the minaret of the Suleiman mosque in Rhodes, as well as the study of restoration of the Neratze minaret in Rethymnon. The main points we would like to discuss are the following: The Regulatory context. The existing regulatory framework concerns mainly the new structures. However, during the last years, our knowledge has been significantly enriched and we have adopted many Recommendations on the methodology and the techniques of interventions on existing structures both on monuments and other buildings. The complexity of the subject and the necessity of estimating the specific parameters for each monument renders the scientific community circumspect concerning the effort to create a Regulation dealing with the existing structures and especially with the monuments. * Civil engineer 5

18 The design prototype. A general and essential difference between monuments and the other structures is that monuments constitute constructions, which have been conceived and designed according to the, so-called, rules of art, which certainly are very well adapted, through the enormous constructional experience, to the stone material, which is mainly used in the monuments construction. The respect of the empirical geometrical regulations and rules of art automatically ensured the static safety and resistance of the structure. A similarly geometric view of the static sufficiency was dominant until very recently for simple structures made of concrete and it continues to persist for stonework simple buildings, according to Eurocode 6. The material and analytical models. We believe that we should seriously consider whether or not the best structural approach of these structures is the current analytical methods, which usually presuppose a relative uniformity of material with known constitutive laws, which usually refer to industrial materials. However we know that in the stonemasonry of one monument itself, we often find stones with differences in strength rising to 1/10, as well as mortars with various compositions and corresponding differences in strength. Besides, the strength of the whole masonry depends directly on the degree of artistic layout and entanglement of the stones, which expresses the personality of the craftsman and differs from place to place. One limited constructional defect usually causes a completely different type of failure than the one that we expected, based on our analysis. The Minaret of Splantzia in Chania (1997) Constructed during the beginning of the Ottoman rule in Crete, in 1645, the minaret was dangerously unstable during these last years. The top presented a 40 cm deviation from the perpendicular line and in some areas there was a great disarrangement of the stonework. The monument had been built as an imperial cylindrical minaret with two balconies, with big stones of good quality. Its 13-meter base is contiguous to the neighboring church. From that point above, begins the stone-made cylindrical part of the minaret, whose height is 21 m. The diameter of the cylinder s base was 2.50 meters; the width of the stones was 40 cm; the average arched length was 105 cm and the height of the layers was 30 cm. These large horizontal layers of stone were connected with horizontally lead-casted iron bifurcate hooks (tzinetia) which worked like rings, as well as with vertical wedges, which were also lead-casted layer by layer. The helical stairway, whose construction was complex in each step that occupied roughly the area of a quadrant, is also very interesting from a structural and a statics point of view. The seismic analysis of the minaret as a monolithic cylindrical cantilever cannot prove its safety or even its stability, according to the current earthquake design codes. However, the minaret is in fact a non-monolithic structure, with numerous constitutive elements, which are not strongly attached to each other and whose total rigidity is difficult to measure however, it is certain that it s low. Flexibility is essential for the monument s response, since it implies a long natural period of the 6

19 minaret and, hence, very low rates at the accelerations spectrum. In other words, each effort to reinforce the minaret will lead to a proportional increase of the seismic forces that it will have to endure. The minaret of the Suleiman mosque in Rhodes (2003) The part of the minaret which was preserved until today was saved thanks to its reconstruction in After the earthquake of 1923, the Italians made extensive restoration works on the minaret. During the last years, it was in an extremely tottery condition. Therefore, in 1988, it was partly removed and now only 9.60 m. of its trunk remain above the roof of the minaret. In the form that it was preserved until nowadays, the minaret had two balconies and a total height of m. above the roof of the mosque in which it is found, without its aciculate ending. Above its polygonal base and its cylindrical-conical adaptation part, starts the main polygonal-cylindrical part of the monument, at a height of 3.0 m. above the roof of the mosque. At this height, which statically is the critical crosssection of the minaret, the external diameter is 2.01 m., the internal diameter is 1.29 m. and the thickness of the ring is 0.36 m. The height of the construction above this part is roughly m. without the aciculate ending. The dynamic analysis of the structural system rendered obvious the its instability and its direct dependence on the values of damping that we adopt, as well as on whether we accept the progressive degradation of its rigidity, in each cycle of charge. In general, we confirmed our qualitative estimate on the importance of the friction mechanisms which can increase the damping of the system by consuming energy and the importance of the relative laxity that allows it to present reduction of its initial rigidity, in the framework of its geometrical integrity. However, due to the lack of relative experimental data, a further parametrical investigation of the problem is required. The Neratze minaret in Rethymnon The Neratze minaret is a two balcony 36,0 m high stone built minaret. It was built 1890 and has presented some serious degradation damage the last few years. So it has been decided to be protected by a strong scaffolding and to demolish its upper part so that no danger from falling stones could occur to the visitors of the center of the old town. The restoration study of this minaret is now going on. 7

20 A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE CONSERVATION PRACTICE IN TURKEY Tuğrul Tankut 1, Mete Erdemgil 2 The paper summarises the personal views of the authors on the basis of their observations during their involvement in a number of restoration projects of various types and various objectives. The authors are of the opinion that the cultural heritage in Turkey has not received the careful and affectionate treatment it deserves. Observations and interpretations of the authors concerning various aspects of heritage conservation practice are explained and their recommendations on various issues are given in the paper. The observations elaborated in the paper are (i) shortcomings in design, (ii) problems in application, (iii) difficulties in supervision, (iv) insufficiency of technical expertise, (v) problems of approval authorities and (vi) difficulties of Regional Conservation Councils. Furthermore, recommendations of the authors concerning each and every one of the issues cited above are given and briefly explained. Keywords: Conservation, Cultural heritage, Historical structures, Problem identification, Restoration, Restoration design 1 Professor, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 2 Professor, SMP Engineering Co., Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 8

21 A COMMON FALLACY IN RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS - LACK OF ENGINEER CONTRIBUTION Mete Erdemgil 1, Zülfikar Halifeoğlu 2 Administration of most of the historical heritage in Turkey is governed either by the General Directorate of Foundations, in some cases together with descendents of the founder (trustees), or by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. However, this administrative power is limited to the selection of the building to be restored, preparation of the designs and allocation of financial resources for the foreseen expenditures. All major or minor decisions concerning the intervention on the work need to be approved by a commission with supreme power, the Commission of Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage. Any intervention on the historical heritage without the consent of the concerned commission or any act deviating from their decision is legally a violation of the current law and may lead to imprisonment for some years as a criminal act. It is now worth to focus the attention on these super powered commissions. How are they formed and how are the members selected, what are the disciplines, backgrounds and experiences of the commission members and what tools do these commissions have. A quick review of the commission structure yields that there are more than thirty commissions countrywide acting regionally. They occasionally meet for a period 1-2 days in a town of their jurisdiction area, where most of the members are not residing. Commission members come from educational backgrounds like archaeology, architecture, city planning, art history, law and peculiarly not engineering. The time allocated for the discussions, decisions and necessary paper work for each item in the agenda is limited to several minutes. If a longer discussion is inevitable, then the time shares of the following items become even less. 1 Professor, SMP Engineering Co., Ankara, Turkey, [email protected] 2 Zülfikar Halifeoğlu Eng. Cons. CO., Diyarbakır,Turkey, z.halifeoğ[email protected] 9

22 The missing engineering services like structural safety and stability of the structure, heating, cooling, ventilation, illumination etc are usually left to the discretion of the contractor in charge. The contractor either employs engineers or subcontracts the engineering problems at the least cost. The outcome of the intervention is often an unsafe structure in this land of earthquakes, and inappropriate, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering solutions. The object of this paper is to shed some light on the problem, and propose a solution for the missing engineering services which are essential for the reliable and sustainable restoration of the invaluable and irreplaceable items of heritage this country owns. 10

23 THE PROTECTION OF BUILT HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKES: GENERAL REMARKS ON TECHNICAL WORKSHOP SERIES Hilal Tugba Ormecioglu 1, Bilge Kucukdogan 2, Aslı Er Akan 3 Between October 2010 and May 2011, the Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers pioneered three technical workshops to provide open discussions on the problems regarding the protection of built heritage from earthquakes in Turkey under three main headings: Principles, Concepts, Terminology and Legislation, Project Design and Application Examples and Structural System, Foundation, Earthquake Safety and Material in delicately chosen three different historical contexts of Turkey Eskişehir, Kastamonu and Van. The workshops included various professionals related with the topic such as engineers, architects, restorers, art historians, public officers and authorities, and academicians, and aimed to create a mutual understanding among different professions that concentrate on built heritage with different perspectives. In this article, main problems of conservation and restoration in Turkey and general conclusions outlined by the participants will be provided as well as the proposals for the amelioration of the current conditions of conservation applications and legislative regulations. Keywords: earthquake safety, built heritage, technical workshops 1 Akdeniz University, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Antalya, Turkey. [email protected] 2 NIKER Project Office Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 3 Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Architecture,Isparta, Turkey. [email protected] 11

24 REMARKS ON THE STRUCTURAL ASPECT OF HERITAGE CONSERVATION Tugrul Tankut 1, Ugur Ersoy 2 Over the past few decades, the authors have been involved in the structural repair and/or strengthening of a number of historical structures. Some years ago, they have carried out an investigation on the structural damage observed in a mosque considered to be an extremely valuable piece of heritage. During their study, they were surprised to find out that the repair intervention, that had earlier been introduced to remedy minor problems then observed, was the major cause of the severe and irreversible structural damage that took place following the repair work. This interesting case is reported in the present paper. The damaging effect of the repair intervention is explained in terms of a simple numerical analysis of a simplified structural model. On the basis of the above mentioned case, a few important remarks are made to reflect the observations of the authors during their involvement in heritage conservation. These remarks also include some proposals towards improving the present seismic/ structural retrofitting and restoration practice on cultural heritage. Keywords: Conservation, Cultural heritage, Historical structures, Restoration, Structural repair, Structural strengthening 1 Professor, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, [email protected] 2 Professor, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected] 12

25 SEISMIC DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS Viviana Iris Novelli *, Dina D Ayala * PERPETUATE is a FP7 funded project with the aim of providing European Guidelines for the evaluation and mitigation of seismic risk to cultural heritage assets, with innovative techniques for the seismic strengthening of historical buildings and the preservation of unmovable artworks. In the framework of PERPETUATE a methodology, called LOG-IDEAH: LOGic trees for Identification of Damage due to Earthquakes for Architectural Heritage, is proposed, entailed at developing logic trees to assess the state of damage and the global seismic behaviour of cultural heritage assets. The methodology has been set by introducing three levels, at which damage should be assessed: structural elements, macroelements, and architectural asset. According to this, algorithms have been developed: a) to collect local damage type and local damage level of structural elements which belong to structural macroelements from onsite survey or photographic records; b) to create a database with the collected basic geometry data, damage data and images; c) to process the data to identify the damage mechanism of architectural assets. The capability of LOG-IDEAH is validated by applications to buildings damaged by the L Aquila earthquake in April 2009 and comparison with the collapse mechanisms derived by FaMIVE method. Keywords: cultural heritage assets; assessment; damage scenarios; database * Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK 13

26 THE FATIH PROJECT: A PILOT SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE IN THE HISTORIC PENINSULA OF ISTANBUL P. Gülkan 1, M.A. Sozen 2, A. Yakut 1, Z. Celep 3, K. Güler 3, J. Kubin 4, D. Kubin 4, E. Eroğlu 4, A. Irfanoğlu 2 and Z. Ahunbay 3 Istanbul is under threat of a devastating earthquake that experts consider as imminent, similar to those on record that have visited it in recorded history. Reflecting on past experience and current interpretation of tectonics in the vicinity, a very high probability of occurrence has been postulated for an M7 or larger earthquake sometime during the next quarter century. The Metropolitan Municipality of Istanbul has committed itself to an ambitious program that targets urban rehabilitation and strengthening. Part of this is seismic loss mitigation for the urban building stock. The city s long history is reflected in the architectural heritage embedded in its urban texture. Most historic buildings are situated in the Historic Peninsula, now within a single administrative district, Fatih, that boasts some 5,000 registered such buildings under protection. The ambitious Fatih Historic Buildings project is funded by the Metropolitan Municipality of Istanbul. A sample group of 285 buildings was surveyed as part of field and office work that lasted approximately two years. Many of these buildings are places of worship or facilities built for charitable purposes. Each building was carefully scanned using laser devices and its architectural, material and structural attributes were collected. Then the likely seismic performance of the building was estimated on the basis of the assessment-basis ground motion that was compatible with the local site geology. The first-tier seismic assessment was done on the basis of the shear capacity of the 1 Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 2 Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA 3 Istanbul Technical University, Turkey 4 Prota Engineering, Ltd., Ankara, Turkey 14

27 masonry walls. The detailed dynamic studies for the fewer number of designated structures were run on complete models of the buildings that had been derived from the point clouds of the scans. Our estimates showed that while most buildings would be likely to survive the postulated earthquake without collapse they would be likely to be damaged. The slender minarets of mosques proved to be their most vulnerable components. 15

28 PRE-HAZARD EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF MASONRY MONUMENTAL HISTORIC STRUCTURES Meltem Vatan *, Görün Arun ** There is a big stock of historic monumental structures in Turkey. Since there are few specialists on this field it is not possible to inspect all historic structures and assess their structural safety before any hazardous event. Detailed inspections and surveys need team of specialists and take more time and money. Due to this fact detailed inspections are applicable to the limited number of buildings. As a first step of vulnerability and safety assessment it is very important to classify the potential risk of historic cultural heritage buildings in order to prioritize conservation and intervention procedures. This paper presents the study on developing a visual inspection method which is based on obtaining data by the building inspection form for pre-hazard safety assessment of historic monumental structures. Determination of the safety assessment is based on scoring system to classify the risk level of inspected buildings. * Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture ** Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture 16

29 SEISMIC RESPONSE CONTROL OF RIGID BLOCK SYSTEMS BY USING TENDON SYSTEM: THE CASE OF GREEK COLUMNS E. Tortorella 1, I. Marino 1, M.N. Khanlou 2, U. Dorka 2, L. Petti 1 Improving the seismic strength of historical monuments, representing world cultural heritage, is the issue widely discussed in the scientific community and, in addition, a challenging task. Any intervention of these monuments, indeed, must be reversible thereby to protect their historical value and preserve the originality and the uniqueness of itself. Despite the classical intervention, in the early years, the advanced methods are developing. Among others, the structural control, active, passive or semi-active, is taking hold. In this within, this paper presents and discusses the effectiveness to apply a Tendon System to improve seismic performance of Greek columns like the ones, for example, in Paestum (SA), Italy. In particular the work presents the main theoretical and experimental results obtained by small-scale models tested on a shaking table. Keywords: Tendon System, Rigid Body, Dynamic Response, Greek Temple 1 University of Salerno - IT 2 University of Kassel - DE 17

30 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE STRUCTURES BY AMBIENT VIBRATION TESTING Alemdar Bayraktar *, Temel Türker *, Ahmet Can Altunişik *, Barış Sevim * Structural system identification is based on dynamic parameters such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal damping ratios. Cultural heritage structures have complex structural systems and it is difficult to determine modal behavior of these structures correctly due to some inherent modeling uncertainties. The paper presents the structural system identification of cultural heritage structures by ambient vibration testing. A masonry tower, a masonry minaret, a masonry arch bridge and a wood bridge are selected as applications. Operational Modal Analysis method is used to determine the dynamic parameters experimentally under ambient vibrations. The dynamic characteristics are extracted from the collected signals using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) and the Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) methods. The identified modal parameters provided a sound basis for the structural identification and will provide a proper baseline for future monitoring for damage assessment, restoration, etc. Keywords: Ambient Vibration Test, Cultural heritage structures, Operational modal analysis, Structural system identification. * Karadeniz Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Trabzon, Turkey 18

31 ON THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRESENT STABILITY OF THE HAGIA SOPHIA IN ISTANBUL Christoph Duppel * The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, which is one of the most important and remarkable buildings of the past 1,500 years from the point of view of architectural and cultural history as well as from a civilengineering perspective, has been the object of extensive research - first, regarding its structure and then, its structural behavior as the subject of the DFG Project Engineering Studies of the Main Dome and Main Pillars of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. A thorough examination of the structural characteristics was performed directing the project s initial attention to the past of the building and its development over the centuries and through several partial collapses, to the present day. The resulting considerable expansion of the body of knowledge about the existing building then allowed a more reliable evaluation of its structural behavior and its present stability under static loads, contributing to a better assessment of the risk presented by future earthquakes. The Past - Researching the structural characteristics Examining this sensitive structure required proceeding with utmost caution; consequently, nondestructive geophysical study methods were used exclusively. They resulted in extensive findings regarding the currently existing structure, as well as the inner state of the pendentive dome made of brick masonry work and the four main pillars made of natural stone. In addition to determining building component geometries precisely, identifying structural and material characteristics, as well as moisture content, this also allowed detecting and differentiating the specific geometric and structural characteristics of the different construction phases. This provided knowledge that did not only allow * Dr., BfB Büro für Baukonstruktionen GmbH, Karlsruhe. [email protected] 19

32 a better technical assessment of the historic structural design, but also added new facts regarding the history of the Hagia Sophia and its construction. The Present - Assessing the structural behavior The new findings and data on the structural design as well as on its history represent a completely new starting point for assessing the load flow and the structural behavior of today s building realistically. This allowed - in contrast to simplified assumptions of existing analyses - defining more differentiated boundary conditions and formulating more precise calculation approaches. And it provided a basis for taking into account the irregularities and discontinuities in geometry and materials found on the building, the time differential between the partial collapses and reconstruction measures, as well as the material properties determined. The studies and structural analyses performed succeed in reflecting the actual deformations detectable on the building. This also allowed making reliable statements regarding load flow, stress states, and stability behavior, and it showed that the cause for the partial collapses, even though ultimately caused by earthquakes, is already noticeable when looking at the building under the load of its own weight. Its dead load, however, does not represent a risk for the building. The Future - The earthquake risk for the Hagia Sophia The probability of a strong earthquake affecting the region surrounding the Sea of Marmara in the not-too-distant future has been rated as very high by proven earthquake experts. A study on the extent to which such a quake can actually impact the stability of the Hagia Sophia is being conducted in the context of a follow-up project entitled The earthquake risk for the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul - verification and validation of numerical calculation models for dynamic loads. The related dynamic analyses will be based on all the findings acquired during the present study of the building s structure in terms of geometry and material-technology, as well as on detailed numerical calculation models. This will allow researching the question how high the earthquake risk is with a reliability that is appropriate for the Hagia Sophia s importance from the point of view of cultural and architectural history. 20

33 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF SIVAS DIVRIGI GREAT MOSQUE A. Turer 1, Ozerk Sazak 2, Sadık Açan 3, Caglayan Yaman 4, Aysenur Kandemir 5, Şafak Cengiz 6, Tamer Topal 7 Sivas Divrigi Great Mosque is one of the most important cultural heritage structures with precious stone carvings on the door gates and domes. The construction date goes back to the 13th century, the time of Ahmet Shah who was the ruler of the Beylik of Mengücek. The adjacent medical center (darüşşifa) was built by his wife Melike Turan Melik. The seven centuries old historic structure is an outstanding example of Selçuk mosques in Anatolia but is suffering various structural cracks and tilts on the walls and columns. A recent study initiated by the ministry of culture targets structural monitoring and evaluation of the mosque. The studies involve detailed instrumentation of the structure using sensitive accelerometers, crackmeters, tiltmeters, temperature and humidity sensors, lasermeters, inclinometers, water table and ground settlement and movement sensors. As the current condition and possible progress of structural problems are identified, a better rehabilitation project can be prepared. Removal of the 50 years old reinforced concrete gallery on the east side of the structure raise concerns about the structural stability of the east façade. Such a removal operation may only be made in a controlled manner as the structural response will be monitored a priori for full a year including seasonal shifts. Possible instability that may be caused by the gallery removal would be identified by 1 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Dept., Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 2 Opteng Project and Engineering, Turkey. [email protected] 3 Sangari International Trade, Turkey. [email protected] 4 Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, Turkey. [email protected] 5 Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, Turkey. [email protected] 6 General Directorate for Foundations, Turkey. [email protected] 7 Middle East Technical University, Geology Engineering Dept., Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 21

34 the sensors and necessary precautions can be immediately taken. The results of the first 5 months of monitoring are presented and cross correlations between collected data series are discussed. Keywords: Sivas, Divrigi, mosque, monitoring, evaluation. 22

35 INVESTIGATION OF A DAMAGED HISTORICAL MOSQUE WITH FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS G. Çağıl Köseoğlu, Erdem Canbay * Historical structures form a very important part of our cultural heritage and should be well protected. Therefore, full comprehension of the structural behavior of historical structures is of prior importance. In this study, a seriously damaged single domed mosque of 16th century classical Ottoman Architecture was investigated. Serious damages have been observed at various structural elements including the dome and the structural masonry walls, recently leading the structure s closure to service. The main objective of the study is to propose a rehabilitation method suitable for the observed damage. The Mosque was constructed on silty-clay soil and due to the drought in recent years, the water table has been changed excessively causing soil displacements which are especially effective on masonry structures. The results of the structural analyses have been compared with the observed damage and final comments on the structure have been made accordingly. Keywords: Historical Structures, Modelling, Damage Analysis, Masonry, Structural Analysis of Historical Structures * Assoc. Prof. Dr., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 23

36 SUB-STRUCTURE DESIGN OF ANCIENT BUILDING MASTERS Görün Arun 1 The study of building construction method and structural details, such as foundations and other related sub structure elements, has great importance in the interpretation of the building construction methods and details during investigation. Although foundations of heritage structures are the best surviving part of a building, they are often the least studied portion for it is difficult to excavate and very few information are available. Generally, the old foundation systems that support the historical structures are different from the current practice in terms of materials used and foundation organization. Substructure design was also an important consideration for ancient builders to control the underground water movement and to make their structure withstand the lateral forces. With the accumulation of knowledge from previous cultures, ancient building masters were able to empirically size and design a foundation system through; designing an effective underground drainage system, providing seismic joints and changing the natural frequency of soil. The main objective of this paper is to point out the design of historical foundation and water drainage systems of master builders through reviewing history of architecture and archaeological publications, discussions with archaeologists and experiences met during diagnosis phase of restoration works. The study of ancient design methods can improve the evaluation of the failures so that proper measures can be taken for the rehabilitation of the architectural heritage and contribute to today s design considerations. Keywords: ancient water drainage, ancient foundations * Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul 24

37 RESTORATION AND FOUNDATION STABILIZATION OF KARACABEY MOSQUE IN ANKARA Mete Erdemgil 1, Murat Bilhan 2 Karacabey Mosque built in 1440 is located in the district of Hacettepe. After the foundation of the Hacettepe University, the mosque remained in the Campus Area. Rapid development of the University with new buildings and related infrastructure caused severe demage to the historical Complex. Karacabey Mosque and a few other items around it are the only remains from the historical Karacabey Complex which is almost six centuries old. Hacettepe University built an underground parking block close to the east and north walls of Karacabey Mosque in During the foundation excavation, no supporting system was used. Free, unsupported deep excavation few meters away from the Mosque foundations caused relaxation, thus lateral displacement, followed by wall settlements and severe cracks on the walls. The cracks reaching mm at some walls caused a big risk to human life so that the Mosque was closed for prayer at that period. Restoration of the Karacabey Mosque was started in 2003 and completed in a few years. Today the mosque is serving safely and satisfactorily. Mosque foundations were stabilised using patented URETEK method causing no harm to the existing foundations. 1 Professor, SMP Engineering Co., Ankara, Turkey, [email protected] 2 Karacabey Trustee, Ambassador, Instructor, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected] 25

38 EFFECTS OF TIMBER FOOTING USED IN ANCIENT MASONRY FOUNDATIONS A. O. Kuruşcu 1, G. Arun 1 The ancient foundation systems that support the masonry structures are generally different from the current practice. The available data about foundations that can be found from experiences during restoration works, archaeological and history of architecture publications are very few. But the fact is that special techniques were used to make the structure more stable against the compression, tension, and shear stresses from gravity and earthquake loads. There are lots of examples that used timber grillage under the masonry foundation walls or on the top layer of foundation to form a flexible masonry wall base. The foundation footings found in Acemhöyük and Konjiç Bridge are very clear samples. The main objective of this paper is to point out the design criteria of historical foundation systems that were used under ancient masonry foundations. Hence, numerical models are generated to understand how such practices affect the behavior of masonry wall under vertical and lateral loads. Keywords: Ancient foundations, ancient seismic isolation * Yıldız Technical University, Architectural Faculty, Structural Systems Division, Istanbul 26

39 SEISMIC RETROFITTING USING MICROPILES FOR HISTORICAL BRIDGES Ferit Cakır *, Jamshid Mohammadi ** Masonry bridges are regarded as the oldest examples of engineered structures in the world. The preservation of these structures is getting a great deal of attention in the structural engineering community. And as such, restoration, strengthening and reinforcement of historical masonry bridges have become a challenge for civil engineers. In general, and to most extent, engineers have relied on several traditional retrofitting techniques that could be implemented for historic bridges. However, traditional retrofitting techniques have been inadequate for improving seismic behavior and resistance of these structures. With current advancement in materials and construction techniques, new technologies that can be appealing to historical bridges are emerging. Among these techniques include underpinning using micropiles with the technique called micropiling. Today, micropiles are used for the structural and seismic retrofitting of bridges, mosques, churches and many other ancient cultural heritage and modern structures. This study mainly focuses on historical masonry bridges; and it consists of three major parts. The first part introduces seismic retrofitting using micropiles for historical bridges. The second part discusses advantages and disadvantages of micropiling compared to other underpinning methods, in terms of seismic performance. Finally, the third part presents examples of applications in different parts of the world. * Graduate Student, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Eng. Dept., Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA. [email protected] ** Prof., Civil, Architectural and Environmental Eng. Dept., Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA. [email protected] 27

40 INVESTIGATION OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES USED IN THE DOMES OF HISTORICAL BATHS Elif Uğurlu Sağın 1, Kader Reyhan 2, Başak İpekoğlu 3, Hasan Böke 3 Determination of the construction techniques and material characteristics of historic structures are important for understanding their behaviors against earthquakes and other natural forces. In this study, construction techniques and material characteristics of domes in some Ottoman baths were determined. Characterization of bricks and mortars used in the construction of domes were carried out by using XRD, SEM-EDS, XRF and TGA analysis. Domes were generally constructed using brick and lime mortar. Whole and half bricks with different dimensions were used in the construction of domes. Horizontal and vertical flush joints were applied in the brick bond. A linear relation between span-height, span-thickness and span-number of oculi according to brick bond was determined in the domes. Bricks and mortars used in the domes are low dense and high porous materials; and they have nearly the same compressive strength values. A very strong cohesion between bricks and mortar is also determined. Mortars are hydraulic due to the use of pozzolanic aggregates. The obtained results reveal that bricks and mortars create composite structure which has similar characteristics. These characteristics of domes are important findings to understand their behavior against the forces of earthquakes and nature. Spec., 2 Res.Assist, 3 Prof.Dr. Department of Architectural Restoration, Faculty of Architecture, İzmir Institute of Technology 28

41 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RUINED OR PARTIALLY COLLAPSED HISTORICAL STRUCTURES WITH TEMPORARY SCAFFOLDING Cengiz Özmen *, Saadet Toker Beeson **, Ali İhsan Ünay *** Historical monuments which constitute a major portion of our cultural heritage often experience a decrease in their structural and architectural functions due to natural and man-made hazards. In recent years, the developments in structural analysis software made it possible to conduct finite element analyses of masonry buildings with increased speed and accuracy. In this paper, methods for the selection of correct placement and configuration of temporary scaffolding to provide urgent seismic protection for ruined or partially collapsed historical structures are discussed based on the results of finite element analyses for the Main Gate of the historical City of Hasankeyf. New support conditions introduced by temporary stabilization interventions may radically change the seismic response of historical masonry monuments. Therefore, the structural impact of such structures should be analyzed through simple models which accurately represent the geometric and material characteristic of such structures. Keywords: Seismic performance, historical structures, strengthening, finite element analysis * Çankaya University, Department of Architecture, Ankara, Turkey ** University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Architecture, Texas, USA *** Gazi University, Department of Architecture, Ankara, Turkey 29

42 FORTIFICATION TOWERS IN KORČULA Croatia - Main and auxiliary Knight s Tower -Sustainable conservation and protection Amir, Čaušević *, Aida, Idrizbegović Zgonić *, Lana Kudumović *, Nerman, Rustempašić * Due to its strategic position, Island of Korčula (south Adriatic Sea) has always been a heavily fortified settlement from mediaeval times, whose basic layout has not been changed since. This was of course due to the shape and morphology of the island, and as a result the positions of towers and walls have not been significantly altered. The towers of Korcula are a typical expression of medieval fortification architecture, round and square shaped, placed on all strategic locations. Surrounded by the sea on three sides, fortification system consists of following Towers: Berim in the main access of main street, Western one called The Sea Gate, on the east Porta Nova, and the Two Knights Towers. Exposed to the elements, and present day heavy tourist active use, some of the Towers show signs of structural wear and tear and weakening. Existing Condition Towers and surrounding objects general impression is of some instability and neglect. Obvious lack of care is visible as large cracks, rock dislocation and crumbling, wild vegetation, inaccessibility and practically no maintenance. Main Tower From the historical data we know that initially at the bottom of the tower were four spaces for large guns at the sea level, and at the parapet were opening for smaller guns. On the inside visible intervention in the form of reinforced concrete ring, placed in one of the attempts of structural repair. The original entrance to the Tower is walled up as well as the former spaces for large guns. From the outside a few large vertical cracks are evident above all of the walled opening that are few centimeters thick and go all the way to the top of the Tower. It is clear from this evidence that * Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo 30

43 closing up of the openings and placing a RC ring contributed to structural decay of this Tower. Auxiliary Knight s Tower This Tower was damaged in the Second World War. The crown of the old parapet can still be seen on archive photographs. During a post war reconstruction this was only partially restored. Inside of the Tower there are two levels of floor structures connected with a steep ladder. Interior is consumed by wild vegetation and crumbling of the stones, but no major structural damage. The ground floor is filled up with soil and rocks. The damage is mostly due to rain water, sea salt, decay of mortar and vegetation. Moisture (capillary) and rainwater are, besides of course inadequate interventions, are main causes of decay, especially the crumbling of the stone walls. The analysis and record of structural condition - onsite survey included analysis of permanent and temporary loads, interactions between ground foundations and structure, estimation of earthquake risk or other dynamic loads and decay of material. The resistance of walls to static loads is usually sound, but not so for seismic since stone structures have low resistance to tension and shear. The structure is threatened due to tensions at the bottom of the tower, but also to the effects of thermal variations, and especially the seismic effects (the object is in VIII seismic zone). Analysis of the model of behavior of the tower will be the basis for evaluation and decision making in regard to intervention and subsequent maintenance. Proposed intervention aims to ensure the integrity of the structure, restore its integrity and some of the historical and architectural features (openings) with use of the local authentic materials and construction system. Specific interventions would include: Damaged wall stones must be cleaned of residual mortar and vegetation, and replace individual stones with new ones, in exact manner of the walls of the object. Injection of adequate material in order to strengthen the connective substance, and prevention of further vegetation growth, as well as prevention of further widening of the cracks, through rebuilding sections, possibly inserting steel rods and appropriate mortar. Main aim is to explore the extent of necessary level of intervention: As all monuments are precious, one has to respect it and try to intervene as little as possible even though it might lead to taking certain calculated risks in order not to disturb the structure or alter its authentic concept. The general dilemma is whether to accept and implement the minimum intervention, which will have to be revised after a certain amount of time, or to go to more extensive works once the structure is undergoing an intervention. In the circumstances today the intervention has to foresee a monument as a whole in its larger context. This is an eclectic task - from structural aspects, conservation but also active use and sustainable development. 31

44 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ADILCEVAZ ZAL PASHA (TUĞRUL BEY) MOSQUE Barış Erdil 1, Dilek Okuyucu 2 Zal Pasha (Tuğrul Bey) Mosque in Adilcevaz, Bitlis is one of the remarkable examples of Anatolian style domed mosques. It is located near Van Lake, the land area of which is stated to be on the first level of seismic zone. The expected seismic performance of this almost five centuries old historical masonry building was evaluated analytically. The mosque was modelled in accordance with macro modelling approach and analyzed in SAP2000 computer software package. The analysis results provided the high intensity of tensile stress zones reaching beyond the capacity primarily as the key stone zones of the arches and minaret-pedestal connections. The overall evaluation of the mosque indicated the seismic performance improvement need of the mosque. Keywords: Zal Pasha (Tuğrul Bey) Mosque, Adilcevaz, Stone Masonry, Macro Modelling, Seismic Performance 1 PhD Candidate, METU, Dept. of Civil Enginering & Res. Asst., Yüzüncü Yıl University, Dept. of Civil Enginering Van, Turkey. 2 PhD Candidate, METU, Dept. of Civil Enginering & Res. Asst., Atatürk University, Dept. of Civil Enginering Erzurum, Turkey. 32

45 SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL MASONRY STRUCTURE IN FAMAGUSTA Munther Diyab Mohd 1, Yasin M. Fahjan 2 Cyprus is a place that includes many historical buildings which were built in different periods of time and in various styles. Famagusta Walled-City is one of the cities in North Cyprus with an amount of historical buildings varying from huge Cathedrals to small chapels. In this study a comparison between two gothic historical buildings will be performed. The analysed buildings are the Ruins of Saint Mary of Carmel and Church of St. Anne. The selected two structures have been located in the same area and have been oriented along the same directions, the width and the structural style is nearly the same. St Anne church is still standing in its complete form while Saint Mary of Carmel lost its roof and little of its external walls. Analysing the structure of the buildings in question and hence understanding their seismic performance is the main objective. This study intends to prepare a complete architectural modeling for both buildings and perform a complete seismic analysis. To achieve this, a site visit has been done, and a complete architectural survey including all the dimensions related to plan, elevations, sections, and some necessary details has been prepared, moreover the material that has been used in construction of the buildings was tested in the Laboratory and the properties of that material were calculated. The methods used to achieve this aim included breaking down the building into its different elementary parts in order to examine its horizontal and vertical loadbearing elements. Analyses were carried out, through finite element modelling, the analyses underline critical issues related to the seismic response of historical gothic buildings, such as the variability of the form dimensions as well as structural (Architectonic form) element ratios. Having these results, a realistic statement can be given regarding the seismic performance of these historical buildings, such as the variability of form proportions, the limited knowledge on previous damage, and the limitations in inspections due to conservation issues for buildings of historical value. Keywords:Famagusta, historical building, linear analysis, modeling, stress distribution. 1 Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC. [email protected] 2 Earthquake and structural Engineering Department, Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey. E-maİl: [email protected] 33

46 SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY STRUCTURES; A CASE STUDY: AFYON MIHRIOĞLU HOUSE Kübra Tuğçe Erkan *, Fuat Demir * ABSRACT Historical structures have important architectural and cultural values. These structures are valued for their cultural associations and interesting constructions. Historical structures represent an important part of the existing buildings and they should be saved for future generations. Although they represent a valuable part of the urban heritage, they are often under threat from general decay and deterioration, in addition to the earthquake risks they face. In this study, Mihrioğlu House is one of the historical structures of Afyon, was taken into consideration. The seismic behavior Afyon Mihrioğlu House was investigated considering different earthquake records. In order to evaluate the expected response of the structure, linear elastic analyses were performed and the seismic damage characteristics for different elements of load-bearing walls are discussed. Keywords: Historical structures, seismic behavior, Mihrioğlu house. * Department of Civil Engineering Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey 34

47 CITYGML MODEL OF SEDDÜLBAHIR FORTRESS FOR PROTECTION AND DOCUMENTATION Esra Tekdal-Emniyeti 1,2, Rahmi N. Çelik 1, Karl-Heinz Haefele 2, Jörg Isele 2 As our world is suffering from natural disasters, preservation of cultural heritage is becoming more important each day. The documentation of historical immovables, is the first task that should be carried out for the preservation purposes. The geometric and semantic(explaining how the objects relate to real world) data required for documentation of the historical immovable can be obtained using different geodetic techniques(laser scanning, terrestrial survey and photogrammetric techniques) according to the current conditions and application needs. This paper presents the work done for 3D geospatial and semantic modeling of the Seddülbahir Fortress from laser scanning data. The Fortress is in need of renovation and restoration due to severe damage caused by closeness to the fault and sea, misuse and weather conditions. CityGML, virtual 3D city model, is chosen for modeling the Fortress. Resulting 3D semantic model will be used by different interest groups (civil engineers, architects, archeologists, geodesists and etc.) for, visualization and documentation of the Fortress for preservation, restoration, renovation and seismic protection. 1 Istanbul Technical University, Geomatic Engineering Department 2 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Computer Science 35

48 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE MAIN ENTRANCE OF BASILICA (KIZILAVLU) AT BERGAMA (İZMİR) Adem Doğangün 1, Ali Ural 2, Şakir Meraki 3 Basilica is one of the most exclusive building monuments of the ancient Pergamon. It is still considered to be one of the largest structures with huge dimensions in Anatolia remaining from the Roman era. The building was built by Hadrian the Roman Emperor in the second century A.D. The structural system of the historical structure is not in good condition today. Especially the main entrance of Kızılavlu is in a dangerous situation due to its demolished arch form. Only two sides of the structure have remained from the original structure. In this study it is aimed to perform the spectrum analyses on the main entrance of the structure for both damaged and undamaged cases. Spectrum analyses are performed on the main entrance of Kızılavlu by using Finite Element Method with LUSAS software under linear assumptions. General information and especially damaged parts of the Kızılavlu are presented with illustrative pictures. Some useful information and suggestions are given in the light of the results of the spectrum analyses performed on the main entrance of the structure for both damaged and undamaged cases. Keywords: Basilica (Kızılavlu), Bergama, Stone Masonry, Response Spectrum Analysis, Finite Element Method 1 Professor, Uludag University, Department of Civil Engineering, Bursa, Turkey 2 Assistant Professor, Aksaray University, Department of Civil Engineering, Aksaray, Turkey 3 MSc.Arch., A-Project Eng. Archt. Ltd., 06580, Ankara, Turkey 36

49 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM EXHIBITION CONDITIONS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AGAINST SEISMIC RISKS: THE CASE STUDY OF ISTANBUL BEYLERBEYİ PALACE Alpaslan Hamdi Kuzucuoğlu 1, Vail Karakale 2, Ahmet Güleç 3 Seismic risk threatens cultural heritage sites and museums. Improving new techniques is essential to protect cultural properties. In the literature some of the techniques used are stabilization object with string, mounting pedestal to object basement, and putting the buffer between wall and artifact. In this study seven techniques are proposed to protect large size cultural heritage objects from earthquake loads. To test the proposed techniques Shake table tests at Bogazici University were performed on a replica of vase in Beylerbeyi Palace in Istanbul. For each seismic protection technique the replica was tested under three earthquake records and its acceleration response was measured and recorded. Test results indicate that installing wax underneath vase base and putting some sand weight inside the vase will reduce the seismic response of the vase and the vase behave as if there is a seismic isolation system under its base. As a result sometimes by small budget we can protect seismic vulnerable cultural objects. Keywords: Cultural heritage, seismic vulnerability, base isolator, earthquake, museums. 1 Dr., Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Earthquake Risk Management and Urban Development Department, Istanbul [email protected] 2 Assoc.Prof.Dr., Kırklareli University, Head of Department of Civil Engineering, [email protected] 3 Assoc.Prof.Dr., Istanbul University, Head of Department of Conservation and Restoration of Artefacts, [email protected] 37

50 SEISMIC RESISTANT PERFORMANCE OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS: RECENT EXPERIENCE IN NEW ZEALAND AND INITIAL LESSONS TO BE LEARNT Clark W. D. C. 1 On the 4th September 2010 Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand, was subjected to the 7.1M Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake. The main shock (Peak Ground Spectral Acceleration in the CBD was approximately 1.0g) and the subsequent sequence of aftershocks caused damage to a significant number of unreinforced brick and stone masonry structures. A number of notable heritage buildings, as well as buildings that formed composite streetscapes, collapsed or required demolition due to the damage sustained. The buildings noted for demolition were seen as an unacceptable public safety risk. Also the collapse or damage to brick chimneys was extensive throughout the Canterbury region. On the other hand, a majority of unreinforced masonry buildings survived with no damage or only minor cracking. On the 22nd February 2011, a subsequent aftershock with a magnitude of 6.3M shook the city even more violently. This earthquake caused greater damage to the built environment than the September event due to the closeness of the epicenter to the city centre and the much higher accelerations. The Peak Ground Spectral Acceleration exceeded 1.8g horizontally and approximately 2g vertically. This earthquake generated in the order of twice the intensity of shaking used for the design of new buildings. The loss of heritage (brick and stone masonry) buildings will exceed 50% of the Category I and II listed heritage buildings in the greater Christchurch area. This paper provides an assessment of generic characteristics that enhances a particular building s capability to survive a major earthquake event. In general, it is clear that unreinforced masonry buildings have a greater capability to withstand earthquake effects where they: 1 Executive officer of New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. Chartered Professional Engineer, Wellington, New Zealand. 38

51 Are of good form. Are constructed of good quality materials. Have been constructed with good workmanship. Have been maintained to a good standard. Another notable feature is that URM buildings with even the most rudimentary of structural strengthening or securing performed markedly better than those with no strengthening work. 39

52 ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF KARA AHMET PASA MOSQUE IN ISTANBUL Bilge Küçükdoğan 1, Cengiz Ozmen 2, Ali İhsan Unay 3, Joseph Kubin 4 Located in the historical peninsula of İstanbul, Kara Ahmet Pasa Mosque, dated back to 1558, is known to be one of the early works of the Architect Sinan in İstanbul. The mosque is based on a rectangular plan and covered by a single dome that is carried by four arches and supported by four semidomes. The edifice has survived several devastating earthquakes and currently is being widely used by the locals. As a part of a general master plan for the structural condition assessment of historical buildings and monuments of Istanbul, this study aims to evaluate the seismic resistance of the mosque and provide a case study for the NIKER (New Integrated Knowledge Based Approaches to the Protection of cultural heritage from Earthquake-Induced Risks) project. Within this context, the structural analysis of the structure is conducted under the excitations of 1999 Marmara earthquakes based on a 3D finite element model. The expected failures and corresponding preventive/controlling repairs and strengthening measures will also be discussed in the article. 1 Gazi University, [email protected] 2 Cankaya University, [email protected] 3 Gazi University, [email protected] 4 PROTA Engineering and Consultancy Inc 40

53 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF TIMBER FLOOR GIRDERS Ş. Özden *, H. M. Atalay *, H. Erdoğan *, E. Akpinar *, O. Ertaş **, M. Tanişman * Flexural strengthening of timber floor girders in cultural heritage structures through externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) in the form of laminates, rods and bundled fibers was experimentally investigated and reported herein. The main variables were the cross-sectional shape of FRP laminate (round or plate), strengthening configurations (bonding directly to the tension face or embedded into the grooves carved on the tension face of the girder) and number of FRP laminates, hence the total x-sectional area of the FRP. The strengthened girders exhibited an increase in the load carrying capacity up to 90%, and a maximum deflection up to 90%, with respect to the control specimen without any strengthening. * Department of Civil Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey. [email protected] ** OTS INSAAT Eng. Arch. & Consultancy Ltd. 41

54 EARTHQUAKES AND ARCHED STONE BRIDGES -THE STRENGTH OF WHICH IS PROVEN THROUGH THEIR LONG LASTING HISTORY- A.Doğan 1, H.Sert 2 Translated into English by: H.İlhan Korkmaz 3 It is one of the primary tasks of the General Directorate of Highways to repair and maintain the historical bridges which are of great importance in view of our cultural history in accordance with the projects to be developed or caused to be developed, apart from the recently constructed roads and bridges. In this paper, the restoration works carried out on the stone bridges with arches which are proven to be durable against the factors such as earthquakes, dams, variable water flows and heavy traffic over the centuries as a consequence of the analysis made specifically for the original construction techniques and the interaction between soil, foundation and river, shall be discussed. Keywords: Stone Arched Bridges, Restoration, and Earthquake. 1 Civil Engineer, Department Head of Structures, General Directorate of Highways, Ministry of Transport, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 2 Architect, Director of Division of Historical Bridges, Department of Structures, General Directorate of Highways, Ministry of Transport, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 3 Translator, Interpreter, Division of Historical Bridges, Department Head of Structures, General Directorate of Highways, Ministry of Transport, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 42

55 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OF TRADITIONAL ORMANA HOUSES Gülşah Çelik * Traditional dwellings in rural areas of Anatolia are the representatives of different architectural characteristics that vary from one region to another. In addition they are the indicators of different material uses and construction techniques since they utilize the available local materials in their region. Besides they also embrace various details according to their construction knowledge and necessities. This variety of forms, techniques and materials in Anatolian vernacular architecture can still be traced even within a few distances in Mediterranean Region. Mediterranean Region is one of the most important areas of Anatolia, embracing quite a number of examples traditional vernacular architecture. Due to the geographic and climatic condition of the region, a variety of building types and settlement patterns are emerged. The physical formations of the region have unique characteristics, which are altering from one district to another. Ormana is a historic settlement located on the western part of the Mediterranean Region and it is situated 850 m. above sea level to the West Taurus Mountains. Several examples of traditional dwellings are found in Ormana which represent the specific characteristics of the vernacular architecture of the region. This town is located on important trade roads during Seljuk period and even in Roman era. However, the traditional dwellings dating to the late Ottoman Period are widely affected by urban developments, natural disasters like fire (1915, 1929 fires) as well as changing requirements and negligence. Nevertheless, there are no detailed researches on construction techniques of the traditional Ormana dwellings and the evaluation of these traditional dwellings becomes a requirement for the understanding and preservation for future generations. In this study, construction techniques of traditional Ormana houses are evaluated. Dwellings are constructed with alternating rows of ruble stone and timber. Some of these walls are constructed with ruble stone without using any mortar. This is called * Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Dept. of Architecture, Restoration Program, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 43

56 as dry wall technique. Timber bond beams are placed in two directions at every 30cm. horizontally for the reinforcement of the wall. These walls consist of cm. thick double skin wall constructions. Both sides of the double skin wall are made of rubble stones. Outer parts at both sides of the walls that are constructed with bigger rubble stone blocks are 30 cm to 35 cm in size. Interior part of the wall is made of small rubble stone pieces and these parts of the wall are 20 cm to 25 cm in size. Figure 1 Examples from traditional Ormana houses Figure 2 Wall detail from the traditional Ormana houses Ormana still preserves its architectural and urban characteristics. There are approximately 300 traditional residential buildings which generally have two floors. The ground floors are used as private workshops, shops and the first floors as living floors. 49 of these traditional residential buildings are officially registered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism as immovable cultural properties in In addition part of the town was registered as historic urban site in

57 RESTORATION OF AYIŞIĞI MONASTERY CHAPEL, AYVALIK, TURKEY Ahmet Topbaş 1, Ersen Gürsel 2, Haluk Erar 3, Cenk Öztibet 4 The Restoration Project of Ayışığı Monastery is a case study of restoration for adaptive future re-use of a historic structure. In this paper, aside from the architectural, cultural, and historic significance of the structure, challenges of restoration design and the execution of the design will be discussed. The focus of the paper will be the Chapel structure restoration, since this was the only restorable structure on the Monastery site. The other structures were un-repairable and they were reconstructed. Reinforcements and re-constructions against possible seismic events as well as gravity loading on the structure will be depicted. The existing condition of the structures was investigated as of the end of 2008, and drawings and reports of the architectural, structural, and material-wise condition of the structure were documented in the beginning of Subsequently, re-construction (restitüsyon) drawings were made. In May 2009 restoration design was completed. After it was approved by the authorities, construction started toward the end of the same year. (a) (b) Fig.1.a) A 1908 postcard picture of the Monastery. b) Existing condition in MSc ATB Yapı Mühendisleri 2 MArch, 3 EPA Mimarlık 4 MArch 45

58 SEISMIC EVALUATION AND RETROFIT OF GHAFLANKOUH HISTORICAL RAILWAY MASONRY ARCH BRIDGE M. Farjadmand 1, M. Safi2, E. Nasiri 2, S.H. Sahranavard 3 Masonry construction has a history of several thousand years in Iran. A great number of well preserved old masonry structures still exist in this seismic prone area which has resisted earthquakes. Among them hundreds of medium to large bridges which are still in operation and many of them are used in railways. Seismic qualification, analysis and rehabilitation of a historical railway masonry bridge have been presented in this paper. The Ghaflankouh Bridge located in North West of Iran has eleven arch spans with maximum span length of 42 meters and the whole bridge has a curve in plan. The bridge has not been designed for seismic loads and also has some cracks due to normal operation under train passing and river floods. The study presents performance assessment of deteriorated masonry based on its actual characteristics, dynamic and seismic analysis results of the structures and details of retrofit designs which consider the historical features of the bridge structure. Grouted Helibar strands have been used for retrofit of the structure. The retrofit execution has been performed during normal operation of the bridge. Various factors that affect the treatment option for conservation and restoration of such historic structures have also been discussed. Keywords: Historical Masonry Bridge, Seismic Rehabilitation, Seismic Performance, Grouted Helibars. 1 Univ. of Creative Energy Westminster, London, U.K. 2 Dept. of Civil Engrg, Power & Water Univ. of Tech., Tehran, Iran 3 UK Construction Technologies Inc., London, U.K. 46

59 SEISMIC UPGADING OF MUSTAFA PASHA MOSQUE IN SKOPJE Veronika Shendova *, Predrag Gavrilovic * Mustafa Pasha s Mosque is one of the biggest and the best preserved monuments of the Ottoman sacral architecture in Skopje and the Balkan. As a cultural historic monument of an extraordinary importance for the city of Skopje and Republic of Macedonia, it is under protection of the Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage. The concept of structural strengthening and repair elaborated by IZIIS has been selected respecting the modern requirements in protection of historical monuments, as is application of new technologies and materials, reversibility and invisibility of the applied technique. The starting point in making the decision about the concept and especially the materials for strengthening of the Mustafa Pasha Mosque was the selected methodology for seismic strengthening of the scaled mosque model, the experimental investigation of which were performed within the framework of EU FP6 project PROHITECH, realized in Keywords: historic monument, repair, strengthening, earthquake protection, innovative materials and techniques. * Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Republic of Macedonia 47

60 INVESTIGATION CONCERNING THE CAUSE OF DAMAGE OF ST. GEORGE OF THE LATINS IN FAMAGUSTA Munther Diyab Mohd 1, Yasin M. Fahjan 2, Mehmet Under 3 St. George of the Latins in Famagusta is one of the remarkable ruins of the XIIIth century Gothic architecture. This ancient temple had been suffered from several earthquakes, violent winds, and battering by artillery during the famous siege of Famagusta by the Turks (1571). As a result of the siege, the vaulting of the south side and the roof of the great cathedral completely collapsed, however the northern side of the church and the three-sided apse were not damaged. This Study presents the results of an investigation aimed to find out the cause of disintegrate of the St. George of the Latins (Gothic Ribbed Vaulting Form) in Famagusta. Material tests have been performed; measured drawings were prepared; the location and shape of the damage status were determined; and a complete 3D model of the structure was assembled together to achieve this aim. The ruins was modeled and analyzed with finite elements method in order to illuminate the causes of damage. The calculations considered the gravity loads, seismic load, and blast loading. Finite element analyses of the structure for every loading condition were realized as well. The result that has been obtained from the analysis, has clarified that the acceptable reason of collapse, is due to internal blast but not the seismic hazard. Keywords: Gothic Form, Finite element, earthquake, blasting, collapse. 1 Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC [email protected] 2 Earthquake and structural Engineering Department, Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey - Emal: [email protected] 3 Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC [email protected] 48

61 COLLAPSE SIMULATION OF A FOUR-LEGGED MASONRY MINARET İ.Kazaz 1, V.Akansel 2, P. Gülkan 3 For the preservation of historical structures proper assessment, restoration and correct structural strengthening is needed. While the intervention methods depend mostly on the experience acquired by observing and interpreting past damage, complex structural analysis procedures progressively gain wide spread application to understand the behavior of historical masonry structures. In this study a special structure: the four-legged Minaret of Sheikh Mutahhar Mosque is analyzed to collapse under recorded earthquake ground motions, in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of such procedures in predicting the collapse behavior of masonry structures. The four-legged Minaret of Sheikh Mutahhar Mosque has been constructed in the early 16th century during the Akkoyunlu Period in Diyarbakır. The minaret is not connected to the body of the mosque, but is an adjacent and separate component. It is unique because the minaret body has been placed on four cylindrical stone columns. There is no positive connection between the columns and the minaret. A model, which is very close to real structure, was generated with explicit dynamic code LS-DYNA using the architectural renderings of the minaret. The developed model takes into account the material nonlinearities and the interface friction and contact behavior between the masonry units. The modeling and analysis details for the minaret where the dynamic response is inherently nonlinear are presented and analysis results discussed in the manuscript. It was reported that the results of analysis, especially the disintegration of masonry units is strongly dependent on the employed friction coefficient and contact definitions in between the units. Keywords: LS-DYNA, collapse, friction, contact, Sheik Mutahhar four-legged minaret, response history analysis. 1 Atatürk University, Department of Civil Engineering, Erzurum. [email protected] 2 Graduate student, on leave from Muğla University, Turkey. [email protected] 3 Director, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, METU. [email protected] 49

62 ANALYTICAL MODELING OF SIVAS DIVRIGI GREAT MOSQUE AND HOSPITAL Yasemin Didem Aktaş Erdem 1, Caglayan Yaman 2, Aysenur Kandemir 3, Şafak Cengiz 4, Sadık Açan 5, A. Turer 6 Great Mosque and Hospital of Divrigi is a unique structure from Principalities Period in Anatolia, as it houses astonishing sets of carvings on the entrance door gates. The nearly eight centuries old structure, which is covered by the UNESCO World Heritage List, suffers from various structural problems including tilting, cracking, and salt contamination from the adjacent reinforced concrete gallery. The ministry of culture wants to remove the gallery which is now fully structurally integrated with the east wall and may trigger instability or partial collapse of the mosque. Existing large cracks on the domes joining the east façade walls raises the concerns regarding structural interventions. The analytical model was constructed and calibrated to match the structurally obtained dynamic characteristics of the mosque. The removal of the gallery will be analytically simulated to see if such an action would initiate any instability. Earthquake analysis will also be carried out to investigate if stresses would exceed linear material capacity. Conclusions will be drawn to decide removal of the gallery as well as its effect on the structural response of the mosque during a possible earthquake. Keywords: Sivas, Divrigi, mosque, modeling, gallery, earthquake, simulation 1 Middle East Technical University, Program of Restoration, Dept. of Architecture, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 2 Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, Turkey. [email protected] 3 Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, Turkey. [email protected] 4 General Directorate for Foundations, Turkey. [email protected] 5 Sangari International Trade, Turkey. [email protected] 6 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Dept., Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 50

63 STRUCTURAL AND EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF MURAT PASHA MOSQUE A. H. Aköz 1, K. Güler 2, Ö. Dabanlı 3 In this study the structural and earthquake response of Murat Pasha Mosque which was built by Has Murat Pasha as a smart example of traditional architecture of Ottomans is investigated. Structure is modeled by finite element method by using the non-linear SAP 2000 finite element software. Three dimensional solids, two dimensional shells and frame elements are used for modeling the thick masonry walls, dome and piers (columns), respectively. The analysis of the structure is carried out by assuming the structure fixed supported. The stresses in the building subjected to gravitational and earthquake loads for both x and y directions are obtained by response spectrum analysis. The zones of maximum tensile stresses are determined in the various part of the building. The existing crack patterns and damage variation are compared to the numerical analysis results. The analysis results are given in figures and tables comparatively. The critical areas of structure are obtained and preliminary repair and strengthening suggestions are given. Keywords: earthquake response, masonry, Murat Pasha Mosque, strengthening 1 Civil Engineer, MSc., Architect, Turkey 2 Prof. Dr., Istanbul Technical University, Turkey 3 Civ. Eng., MSc.-Arch.,-PhDc. İstanbul Technical University, Turkey 51

64 INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE BEHAVIOR OF HISTORICAL MURADIYE MOSQUE IN MANISA Halil Nohutçu *, Gökhan Altıntaş *, Mehmet Söylemez *, Muhiddin Bağcı *, Ali Demir *, Celal Kozanoğlu *, Soner Şeker * Research into seismic safety masonry structures have been increased in recent years. In this paper seismic behavior investigation of them are purposed for protection of historical structures. Manisa has an important place in history of humanity. Many historical structures have been destroyed due to the earthquakes. Seismic investigation of Historical Muradiye Mosque is aimed to preserve of this historical structure. The behavior of this structure in a destructive earthquake is investigated. Comments and suggestions are made according to the tensions in an earthquake due to the linear behavior in material and geometry. Values of soil mechanic characteristics are measured and values of material behavior are taken from studies about historical structures in the literature. ABAQUS is used in mathematical models of structures. Natural frequencies are calculated for 10 modes and X, Y and Z acceleration. Records of 1999 Duzce Earthquake are applied to the structure at the same time in time history analysis. Earthquake analysis and movement of the structure are observed by the effect of this earthquake. Displacements and stresses of historical structure are determined and earthquake performance is evaluated. Element stresses are not exceeded in compressive but the tensile stresses are exceeded in some places except minarets. As a conclusion, probability and effect of a major scaled earthquake in the structure is low in Manisa. Furthermore, stress exceeding is not expected to destroy the structure. Duzce Earthquake is a major scaled one for this zone. Therefore, it can be easily said that, the structures are safe in the region. Keywords: Historical structures, cultural heritage, linear time history analysis, Manisa, Muradiye mosque. * Celal Bayar University, Civil Engineering Department. [email protected] 52

65 DAMAGE ASSESMENT OF HISTORICAL ARCH BRIDGE FOR BLAST-INDUCED GROUND EXCITATIONS USING OPERATIONAL MODAL ANALYSIS Alemdar Bayraktar *, D. Mehmet Özcan *, Ahmet Can Altunışık * In this paper, the damage assessment of a historical arch bridge subjected to blastinduced ground excitations is investigated using Operational Modal Analysis. Osmanlı historical arch bridge built in the 19th century and located at Çamlıhemşin, Rize, Turkey is selected as an example. The study consists of five phases: measurement of vibration characteristics of blasting, analytical modal analysis of inspected structure, determining experimental dynamic characteristics using Operational Modal Analyses, finite element model updating and nonlinear dynamic analysis. The vibration characteristics and ground excitations of blasting are measured around the inspected building on hard soil using geophone set. The initial analytical model of the historical bridge is constituted according to the project data and in-situ investigations. Analytical frequencies and mode shapes are attained using ANSYS finite element program. Operational Modal Analysis Method is used to determine the dynamic characteristics experimentally under ambient vibrations. The dynamic characteristics are extracted from the collected signals using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) technique. The analytical and experimental results are compared with each other and finite element models of the bridge is updated using some uncertain parameters such as material properties and boundary conditions to reduce the differences. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures under blast-induced ground excitation is carried out using the updated finite element model. The Drucker-Prager criterion is considered in the nonlinear analysis. It can be said that the Operational Modal Analyses method can be safely used to determine experimental dynamic characteristics of historical arch bridges under blast-induced ground excitations. Also, it is recommended that * Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey 53

66 finite element model updating procedure must be considered for the damage assessment of the historical structures. Keywords: Blast vibration, Damage assessment, Dynamic characteristic, Enhanced frequency domain decomposition method, Finite element model updating, Historical arch bridge, Operational modal analysis. 54

67 CULTURAL, ARTISTIC AND HISTORIC EVALUATION. CULTURAL HERITAGE AND EARTHQUAKES-TOKAT CITY EXAMPLE Emine Saka Akin 1, Hamiyet Özen 2 Various earthquakes of different strengths have occurred on the seismic belt.of Turkey throughout the history. These earthquakes have caused severe damages to the cities and its buildings, which are still under the risk of damages due to possible future earthquakes. Historical buildings are most affected by these earthquakes. It is important to reduce the effects of earthquakes on historical buildings and inhereted them to future generation with strengthening and well preserve. Therefore, determination of durability of the historical buildings against earthquakes and having essential prevention will be the important step. In this study the effects of eartquakes were investigated on the historical buldings located in the city center of Tokat which history dates back to Hittite era. The paper also discussed prevention efforts against earthquakes. 1 Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat. [email protected] 2 Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon. [email protected] 55

68 ADIYAMAN KAP MOSQUE RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING WORKS Husnu Atessal 1, R. Kadir Pekgokgoz 2, M. Arif Gurel 3 Historical mosques, is one of the cultural heritage of historical buildings is considered. In this study, the historic city center of Adiyaman in the mosque of stacking containers made during the restoration work is to give detailed information about manufacturing and the techniques used. Kap Mosque XVIII. Century (1768) has been made, re-built in 1923 by Haci Mehmet Ali is known. From that date until the present day historic fabric of the mosque, but that does not meet the team made repairs, repairs, fix damage to the mosque was insufficient. To repair damages the fabric of the mosque and to provide a specific date in 2007, controlled restoration of the Sanliurfa Regional Offices started. During project preparation and implementation of restoration and repair, strengthening the protection of the mosque features the use of specialist teams has been noted. Building structural system as the reinforced, tear and deterioration of structural elements observed, particularly loyal to the original situation was renewed. Keywords: Adiyaman, Mosque, Kap Mosque, Restoration, Strengthening, Primership General Directorate of Foundations 1 Civil Engineer, Primership General Directorate of Foundations, Sanliurfa Regional Offices, Sanliurfa 2 Assistant Professor, Harran University Civil Engineering Department, Building Department, Sanliurfa 3 Assistant Professor, Harran University Civil Engineering Department, Building Department, Sanliurfa 56

69 INVENTORIZATION AND MULTI-HAZARD AND EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS IN ISTANBUL Sevinç Özek * The city of Istanbul and the whole Marmara region is an area with a high seismic risk. The catastrophic earthquake of 1999 caused both minor and major damages to a considerable number of historical buildings. The Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project (ISMEP) aims to improve the city of Istanbul s preparedness for a potential earthquake. One of the components of ISMEP Project is Risk Assessment of Cultural Heritage Buildings. The main goal of this component is to strengthen the capacity for pro-active measures in order to mitigate the damaging and devastating effects of future earthquakes on historical buildings and assets such as museums and museum displays. Istanbul Project Coordination Unit (IPCU) carried out the activities under this component with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT), Istanbul Directorate of Surveying and Monuments (IDSM). The first phase of the study covers the process of designing, managing and realizing a cultural heritage inventory database. The inventory focuses on the earthquake and multi-hazard assessment of the historical buildings in Istanbul, which are used or owned by MoCT; it also includes all the available archival and recent documents and publications about these buildings. The building list consists of 26 building complexes (176 structural units) covering a range of various buildings from Byzantine to the Early Republican period. Among the construction type and building typology are timber buildings, castle structures and vaulted masonry structures etc. Covering a large number of buildings, the project was carried out by different teams working in close collaboration. The literature survey team compiled and classified * Architect, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Istanbul Directorate of Surveying and Monuments, Istanbul, Turkey. [email protected] 57

70 construction history of the building, previous earthquake damages and the repairs of those damages. Among the sources of the literature survey, there were the official records of the Ottoman State and the Turkish Republic, some published academic papers and theses, and the records of the relevant NGOs. The field survey team conducted a survey of material decay and structural damages for each structure. The drawings of material decay and structural damages were prepared according to a standard legend (in order to create a contributing background for the vulnerability assessment), and some photographs were taken to be placed in the inventory database. The vulnerability assessment team evaluated the earthquake and multi-hazard vulnerability of each structure qualitatively, making on-site observations through structural classification and characteristics related to their earthquake response, past earthquake damages, settlements, existing cracks, structural interventions, modification and change of use, status of maintenance and other structural indicators. The earthquake and multi-hazard vulnerability of masonry structures had also been evaluated quantitatively by numerical calculations based on geometry and the character of the connections of bearing elements. All the data collected during the study was uploaded to a specially designed database. In the database, an evaluation scheme based on the earthquake and multi-hazard performance level of the structures was developed and implemented with the aim of designating the buildings. The proposals for immediate and long term interventions were developed and also placed in the inventory database. The database is intended to be a pioneering source of documentation and management of the cultural heritage. The second phase of the project encompasses the earthquake performance assessment and preparation of survey, restitution, restoration and earthquake strengthening structural projects for the following historical buildings: Saint Irene Monument Istanbul Archaeological Museum Classical and Additional Building Mecidiye Kiosk The assignment includes the following components: Collection of data and documents: During the data acquisition period, the relevant information derived from the project Inventorization and Multi-Hazard and Earthquake Performance Evaluation of the Cultural Heritage Buildings in Istanbul under the Responsibility of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is elaborated to form a coherent pattern of the present situation of each monument that will constitute the base of knowledge for the development of the project. Investigations and laboratory tests 58

71 In accordance with the approval of protection board locations of the tests were launched. While the laboratory tests are carried on, the on-site study has been completed. Geometrical, Structural and Architectural survey and Restitution project Geometrical, Structural and Architectural survey were done for three structures. Structural analysis 3D models were prepared for the three historical buildings to understand the particular behaviour of each monument. Restoration, strengthening and retrofitting project Experimental model The earthquake performance of both the present and conventionally or innovatively strengthened structure were tested with experimental and analytical methods (scaled model of Saint Irene constructed with original materials of domes, walls, etc). And strengthening proposals were also been tested. The display and storage of archaeological objects in the Archaeological Museum were investigated in terms of seismic vulnerability and retrofit solutions were briefly reported. Cost Estimates were also prepeared for the strengthining and restoration of the three monuments. The manuals that include the summary of the work done (describing the main phases, the difficulties faced and the solutions proposed) will be prepared. 59

72 SEISMIC REHABILITATION OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS A SAMPLE OF TRADITIONAL TURKISH HOUSES: CEMİL TOKSÖZ MANSION Mona Paşapur * Modern societies of nowadays have accepted the historical structures as an essential part of the culture by giving more consideration to the spiritual attributes rather than others. Even if these traditional structures accepted as cultural heritage today pose regional differences in design or functions, they were built with masonry system comprised of the most easily obtainable materials like stones, bricks, wood and adobe bricks. The foundation principle of these masonry structures built with massive type technique is vertical. Namely the system carries vertical load. Masonry structures are very vulnerable against horizontal earthquake loads. The resistance against the earthquake depends on the adherence between the brick and mortar. Because cutting loads and sliding tensions under the vertical loads lead to the distortion of brick and mortar adherence and therefore to the collapse of the structure (Akman, 1987). In this report, an example of a traditional Turkish house - the residence of Cemil Toksöz shall be considered for the topic to be discussed on seismic rehabilitation of historical structures. Because Residence of Toksöz located in Bozüyük locality of Yatağan county of Muğla province, is within the 1st degree earthquake zone. The foundation and the front of first floor of the building, which was built in 1893 by Greek construction masters with instruction of deceased Fahri Toksöz, were constructed with stone and mortar, and the first floor was constructed with timber-work technique. The building, which had been used by family members until 1997, is not in use now, but still stands. Even if the building appears well generally, the structural aging observed in the whole of the structure foresees the necessity to strengthen it. By the investigations made with the report, some proposals are developed regarding the structural reinforcing during the restoration and rehabilitation of historical structures over a traditional Turkish house taken as example as a result of made assessments. Keywords: Seismic Rehabilitation, Traditional Turkish House, Historical Structures Source : Akman, M.S., 1987, yapı malzemeleri İTÜ Library, Issue:1336, p.162. * Dr., Muğla University,Milas Sıtkı Koçman Vocational High School,Architectural Restoration Program, Muğla, Turkey. [email protected] 60

73 REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES OF MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES Meral Begimgil * The arch bridge is considered as a significant part of our heritage and designated as ancient monuments or structures. The status of the bridge and its heritage value require that such management, maintenance and special care and attention. The engineer when considering strengthening and repair of a bridge has in mind the primary objective of the bridge continuing to conduct its function. The works of strengthening and repair will depend on the deficiency in strength of the bridge and the condition of the materials of construction. Work of strengthening and repair are concerned with the restoration of the stability, integrity and durability of the structure together with the bridges return to service. In this study arch bridge faults and repair strengthening techniques have been given. The repair techniques are repointing, saddling, arch grouting, sprayed concrete, prefabricated liners, underpinning, invert slab, tie bars, replacing some or spandrel fill with concrete, reinforced fill methods have been explained. Satisfactory solutions have been developed and implemented; and the structures have been returned to service. Ultimately the durability of the original structure will depend on the use of appropriate materials selected with due regard for the properties of the original materials and care in the implementation of the work Keywords: Masonry, Arch Bridge, Repair, Strengthening Techniques * Asst. Prof.Dr., Gazi University Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Dept., Ankara, Turkey 61

74 NONLINEAR MODELING AND EARTHQUAKE SIMULATION OF STONE MASONRY MINARETS A. Mehrabzadeh *, A. Turer ** Minarets are tall and slender structures being an indispensable part of mosques. The behavior of minarets under seismic loading is a critical evaluation while the analyses mostly assume linear models and continuous material composition. The observed failure mechanism of minarets, such as loss of top portion with Serefe, failure at the mid-height, or failure at the bottom with diagonal shear cracking, are frequently much different than the linear FE model analysis predictions which is the maximum bending tension at the base. This paper discusses different failure modes of minarets that can be captured by nonlinear modeling of each stone with contact surfaces, as well as comparisons between the linear and nonlinear modeling and analysis techniques. For this aim, results of SAP2000 and ABAQUS program are compared using the minaret of Ahmet Pasha Mosque (1551) located in Ankara, as a case study. In addition, a 1/10 scale physical model of the same minaret has been constructed in the laboratory for dynamic simulations of damage mechanisms. Applying ground motions with different magnitudes and various frequencies, the response and damage mechanisms of the minaret have been recorded and compared against the analytical model simulations. The results that are obtained from the nonlinear model and the lab specimen are found to be close to each other while linear analytical model has failed to simulate the failure mechanisms. Keywords: Minaret, seismic evaluation, nonlinear * Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Dept., Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] ** Assoc. Prof. Dr., Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Dept., Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 62

75 PROPOSALS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF AN ANCIENT ROCK TOMB IN MUĞLA-AKYAKA İbrahim Bakır *, Mustafa Yıldız **, Kemal R. Kavas *, Mustafa Korumaz ***, Sami Kalfaoğlu *** The objective of this study is to give information about our studies on the preservation and reinforcement of a rock tomb situated in Muğla-Akyaka İnişdibi quarter. This structure, which is a significant example of cultural heritage, is in a damaged condition and certain precautions should be taken in order to solve this problem. As a result of the research undertaken in 2006, it is concluded that the structural system of the rock tomb is seriously damaged due to several factors such as road constructions taking place in the region. Therefore under these circumstances, the structure cannot be preserved for a long time. The proposed precautions are draining surface waters, cleaning the current plant formations, cleaning the rocks that can fall down and reinforcing the structural system. Keywords: Anatolia, Rock Tomb, Heritage, Preservation, Restoration, Reinforcement, Muğla, Akyaka * Assist.Prof.Dr., Dept. of Architecture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey. ** Assist.Prof.Dr., Dept of Civil Engineering, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey. *** Research Assistant, Dept. of Architecture, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey. 63

76 STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT, NONLINEAR MODELING, AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF HELLENISTIC PERGE TWIN TOWERS O. Mete Işıkoğlu 1, Ahmet Turer 2, Saadet Sayın 3 Consolidation decisions for cultural heritage are developed through multi-disciplinary scientific analysis and research. The successive struggle of Perge Archeological Site to resist against aging is clearly signified by Hellenistic Towers Ruins (dated, 3rd c. B.C.), parts of which still reach up to 20 m high. In the manner of conservational attitudes, the requirement of a survey on structural behavior of towers with nonlinear analytical modeling techniques is fulfilled in this study. The development of final projects was the results of an interdisciplinary team with architects, stone conservation specialists, geology and structural engineers. Advantage of modern modeling techniques and prior experience of historic conservation and consolidation has led to an optimum solution keeping a balance between minimum interventions as well as assuring performance under seismic loading of large earthquakes. Preliminary analytical modeling (linear-elastic, macro models) was performed by using SAP2000 to visualize spread of elastic stress throughout the structure. Discrete stone elements examinations, in which every stone building element and contact lay out are defined separately, were performed to identify global deformation pattern, represented by individual deformation of each structure stone block element in micro scale; while decreasing amount of unknown parameters and assumption level. Discrete element models were formed with software of ABAQUS and updated with arrangements on unknown parameters due to vibration data collected with appropriate dynamic data accusation system and accelerometers at Eastern Tower on 32nd stone level. * Opteng Project and Engineering, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 2 Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Dept., Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] 3 SAYKA Construction Architectural Engineering Consultancy and Trade Company Ltd., Turkey. [email protected] 64

77 Possible collapse scenarios were determined with analytical simulations, damage causes such as earthquake, secondary loads propagated after material decay and local deformations; travertine cut stone block lay out along elevation and plan; contact properties between blocks; geometry alterations related with differentiations between various restitutive approaches. In the light of results bound to structural behavior investigation on restitutive geometries, stability performance of today s ruins was examined against seismic activities. Four different strengthening methods were considered and their contributions to stability were compared to reach at the most appropriate intervention scheme obeying contemporary restoration criteria. Keywords: Perge hellenistic towers, discrete modeling, stone block masonry, seismic vulnerability, strengthening intervention 65

78 DISAPPEARING CULTURAL VALUES OF ESKİŞEHİR: HISTORIC TURKISH BATHS İnci Güldoğan 1, Ömer Arıöz 2 There are many built Turkish baths in Eskişehir Zone, which is rich and famous for its underground waters. Some of baths are conserved by restoration and are protected, but some of them have been ignored. For example, Erler, Alçık, Yenice and Işık Baths, which are situated in Hot Waters area in the centre of Eskişehir, Seydiler Bath of Sivrihisar District, Selçuklu Bath of Seyitgazi District, Hüsrevpaşa Bath of Han District are protected and extant, on the other hand there are many baths in the districts which are about to dissappear because lack of protection. Four baths in Sivrihisar, three baths in Seyitgazi, one bath in Mahmudiye, one bath in Alpagut are in disrepair. Similarly, there are only ruins of Gavur Bath in Seyitgazi and Ayvalı Hamam in Ayvalı Village of Günyüzü District. In this study it is aimed to determine the baths of Eskişehir and its districts, which are in disrepair and need to be protected, to emphasize and make them known, and to draw attention about their conservation. Keywords: Eskişehir, Historic Turkish Bath, Cultural Value, Cultural Heritage * Araş. Gör., Anadolu University, Eskişehir Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Department of Architecture, Eskişehir, Turkey. [email protected] 2 Doç. Dr., Anadolu University, Eskişehir Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering, Eskişehir, Turkey. [email protected] 66

79 REINFORCEMENT METHODS APPLIED TO HASEKI HÜRREM SULTAN BATH AND HAGIA SOPHIA Tevfik İlter 1, Didem Erten Bilgiç 2, Kamuran Öztekin 3 The architectural buildings that are the most durable, most permanent heritages of the past are needed to be occasionally maintained, and disrupted, corroded parts are needed to be repaired and renewed for sustainability of buildings against the ravages of nature and/or human. These operations called restoration differ according to the both buildings unique features and destructions formed by different exterior forces, and they are subjected in the domain of a variety of disciplines. Our country, where is extremely wealthy in terms of architectural heritage while 99 percent of the territory is under the risk of earthquake, is frequently witnessing restoration applications and there is an effort for the sustenance of a great number of works. However, it is impossible to regard all these applications as successful because of a variety of reasons. In this conference paper, the last restoration applications and the methods and interpretations of Hagia Sophia Haseki Hürrem Sultan Turkish Bath, which is a work of Mimar Sinan dated to the 16th century and faced the earthquakes of 1766, 1894, are discussed and compared with the restoration applications in the Museum of Hagia Sophia which is also exposed to similar effects. In paper, for an equivalent comparison and iteration, it is concentrated on the domes as the dome of male caldarium of the bath and the main dome of the museum which are the most damaged parts of the buildings. The aim of the study is through these two examples to draw attention to the contemporary position of restoration studies that is achieved through an interdisiplinary and communicative action and to propose rearrangements in applications according to this new position. 1 Architect, Kocaeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Design 2 Assist. Prof. Dr., Kocaeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Design 3 Prof. Dr., Kocaeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Design 67

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