How To Understand The Software Development Lifecycle

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1 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND SYSTEM DESIGN third edition LESZEKA. MACIASZEK ADDISON-WESLEY An imprint of Pearson Education Harlow, England London New York Boston San Francisco Toronto Sydney Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Seoul Taipei New Delhi Cape Town Madrid Mexico City Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan

2 Contents Contents for case studies Preface Guided tour Publisher's acknowledgements xxi xxvii xxxiv xxxvi The Software Process 1 Objectives 1 The nature of Software development The Software development invariants The Software development "accidents" Stakeholders Process Iterative and incremental process Capability maturity model The ISO 9000 family of quality Standards The ITILframework The COBIT framework Modeling Unified modeling language CASE and process improvement Development or Integration? 14 Review quiz System planning The SWOT approach The VCM approach The BPR approach The ISA approach 20 Review quiz Systems for three management levels Transactional processing Systems Analytical processing Systems Knowledge processing Systems 25 Review quiz

3 1.4 The Software development lifecycle The development approach The structured approach The object-oriented approach Lifecycle phases Business analysis Requirements determination Requirements specification System design Architectural design Detailed design Implementation Integration and deployment Operation and maintenance Activities spanning the lifecycle Project planning Metrics Testing 37 Review quiz Development modeis and methods The spiral model IBM Rational Unified Process Model-driven architecture Agile Software development Aspect-oriented Software development 45 Review quiz Problem Statements for case studies University enrolment Video störe Contact management Telemarketing Advertising expenditure Time logging Currency Converter 52 Summary 53 Key terms 54 Multiple-choice test 56 Questions 58 Review quiz answers 60 Multiple-choice test answers 60 Answers to odd-numbered questions 61 2 Requirements Determination 66 Objectives From business processes to Solution envisioning Process hierarchy modeling 68

4 Contents Processes and process decompositions Process hierarchy diagram Business process modeling Flow objects, connecting objects, swimlanes and artifacts Business process diagram Solution envisioning Solution envisioning process Implementation strategies and capability architecture 76 Review quiz Requirements elicitation System requirements Functional requirements Non-functional requirements Traditional methods of requirements elicitation Interviewing customers and domain experts Questionnaires Observation Study of documents and Software Systems Modern methods of requirements elicitation Prototyping Brainstorming Joint application development Rapid application development 88 Review quiz Requirements negotiation and Validation Out-of-scope requirements Requirements dependency matrix Requirements - risks and priorities 90 Review quiz Requirements management Requirements identification and Classification Requirements hierarchies Change management Requirements traceability 94 Review quiz Requirements business model System scope model Business use case model Business glossary Business class model 101 Review quiz Requirements document Document templates Project preliminaries System Services 105

5 X Contents System constraints Project matters Appendices Review quiz 2.6 Summary Key terms Multiple-choice test Questions Exercises: advertising expenditure Exercises: time logging Review quiz answers Multiple-choice test answers Answers to odd-numbered questions Solutions to exercises: AE Fundamentals of Visual Modeling Objectives The use case view Actors Use cases Use case diagrams Documenting use cases Review quiz 3.1 The activity view Actions Activity diagrams Review quiz 3.2 The structure view Classes Attributes Associations Aggregation Generalization Class diagrams Review quiz 3.3 The interaction view Sequence diagrams Communication diagrams Class methods Review quiz 3.4 The State machine view States and transitions State machine diagrams Review quiz

6 Contents The implementation view Subsystems and packages Components and component diagrams Nodes and deployment diagrams 152 Review quiz Summary 154 Key terms 154 Multiple-choice test 156 Questions 157 Exercises 158 Exercises: video störe 159 Review quiz answers 161 Multiple-choice test answers 161 Answers to odd-numbered questions 162 Solutions to odd-numbered exercises 163 Solutions to odd-numbered exercises: video störe 166 Requirements Specification 169 Objectives 169 Architectural prerogatives Model-View-Controller The Core J2EE architecture Presentation-Controller-Bean-Mediator-Entity-Resource The PCBMER layers The PCBMER principles 176 Review quiz State specifications Modeling classes Discovering classes Noun phrase approach Common class pattern approach Use case-driven approach CRC approach Mixed approach Guidelines for discovering classes Examples of discovering classes Specifying classes Naming classes Discovering and specifying class attributes Examples of discovering and specifying class attributes Modeling associations Discovering associations Specifying associations Example of specifying associations 195

7 xii Contents Modeling aggregation and composition relationships Discovering aggregations and composition Specifying aggregations and compositions Example of aggregation and composition specifications Modeling generalization relationships Discovering generalizations Specifying generalization Examples of generalization specifications Modeling interfaces Discovering interfaces Specifying interfaces Examples of interface specifications Modeling objects Specifying objects Example of object specifications 205 Review quiz Behavior specifications Modeling use cases Specifying use cases Examples of use case specifications Modeling activities Discovering actions Specifying actions Example of activity specifications Modeling interactions Discovering message sequences Specifying message sequences Examples of sequence specifications Modeling Operations Discovering class Operations Specifying class Operations Examples of Operation specifications 220 Review quiz State change specifications Modeling object states Discovering object states Specifying object states Example of State machine specifications 223 Review quiz Summary 224 Key terms 225 Multiple-choice test 226 Questions 228 Exercises: video störe 229 Exercises: contact management 230

8 Contents Exercises: university enrolment 231 Review quiz answers 232 Multiple-choice test answers 232 Answers to odd-numbered questions 233 Solutions to exercises: university enrolment Moving from Analysis to Design 243 Objectives Advanced class modeling Extension mechanisms Stereotypes Comments and constraints Tags Visibility and encapsulation Protected visibility Accessibility of inherited class properties Package and friendly visibility Derived information Derived attribute Derived association Qualified association Association class versus reified class Model with association class Model with reified class 260 Review quiz Advanced generalization and inheritance modeling Generalization and substitutability Inheritance versus encapsulation Interface inheritance Implementation inheritance Proper use of implementation inheritance - extension inheritance Problematic use of implementation inheritancerestriction inheritance Improper use of implementation inheritanceconvenience inheritance The evils of implementation inheritance Fragile base class Overriding, down-calls and up-calls Multiple implementation inheritance 270 Review quiz Advanced aggregation and delegation modeling Putting more semantics into aggregation The ExcIusiveOwns aggregation The Owns aggregation 273

9 xiv Contents The Has aggregation The Member aggregation Aggregation as an alternative to generalization Delegation and prototypical Systems Delegation versus inheritance Aggregation and holons - some cerebral ammunition 277 Review quiz Advanced interaction modeling Lifelines and messages Accounting for basic technology Visualizing technology contributions in interaction modeis Fragments Interaction uses 287 Review quiz Summary 288 Key terms 289 Multiple-choice test 289 Questions 290 Exercises 291 Exercises: time logging 292 Exercises: advertising expenditure 293 Review quiz answers 295 Multiple-choice test answers 295 Answers to odd-numbered questions 295 Solutions to odd-numbered exercises 299 Solutions to exercises: time logging System Architecture and Program Design 304 Objectives Distributed physical architecture Peer-to-peer architecture Tiered architecture Database-centered architecture 308 Review quiz Multilayer logical architecture Architectural complexity Spatial cognitive complexity Structural complexity Structural complexity of networks Structural complexity of hierarchies Architectural patterns Fagade Abstract Factory Chain of Responsibility Observer 324

10 Contents Mediator 327 Review quiz Architectural modeling Packages Components Component versus package Component versus class and interface Nodes 336 Review quiz Principles of program design and reuse Class cohesion and coupling Kinds of class coupling The Law of Demeter Accessor methods and mindless classes Dynamic Classification and mixed-instance cohesion Reuse strategy Toolkit reuse Framework reuse Pattern reuse 349 Review quiz Collaboration modeling Collaboration Composite structure From use case to composite collaboration From collaboration to interaction From interaction to composite structure 362 Review quiz Summary 362 Key terms 364 Multiple-choice test 366 Questions 367 Exercises: video störe 368 Exercises: advertising expenditure 370 Review quiz answers 372 Multiple-choice test answers 372 Answers to odd-numbered questions 373 Solutions to exercises: advertising expenditure Graphical User Interface Design 380 Objectives Principles of GUI design From GUI prototype to implementation Guidelines forgood GUI design User in control Consistency 385

11 Personalization and customization Forgiveness Feedback Aesthetics and usability 387 Review quiz Desktop GUI design Primary Windows Rowbrowsers Treebrowsers Secondary Windows Dialog boxes Tabfolders Drop-down lists Message boxes Menüs and toolbars Buttons and other controls 398 Review quiz Web GUI design Enabling technology for Web applications Content design Website to Web application continuum Forms Navigation design Menüs and links Breadcrumbs and navigation panels Buttons Using GUI frameworks to leverage Web design The MVC dilemma Using Struts technology 415 Review quiz Modeling GUI navigation User experience storyboards Modeling UX elements Behavioral UX collaboration Structural UX collaboration 425 Review quiz Summary 427 Key terms 427 Multiple-choice test 428 Questions 429 Exercises: contact management 430 Exercises: telemarketing 432 Review quiz answers 434 Multiple-choice test answers 434 Answers to odd-numbered questions 434 Solutions to exercises: contact management 436

12 Contents xvii 8 Persistence and Database Design 441 Objectives Business objects and persistence Database management Systems Levels of data modeis Integrating application and database modeling Underpinnings of object-database mapping 445 Review quiz Relational database model Columns, domains and rules Tables Referential integrity Triggers Stored procedures Views Normal forms 455 Review quiz Object-relational mapping Mapping entity classes Mapping associations Mapping aggregations Mapping generalizations 461 Review quiz Patterns for managing persistent objects Searching for persistent objects Loading persistent objects Unloading persistent objects 468 Review quiz Designing database access and transactions Levels of SQL programming Designing business transactions Short transactions Pessimistic concurrency control Levels of isolation Automatic recovery Programmable recovery Designing stored procedures and triggers Long transactions 475 Review quiz Summary 476 Key terms 477 Multiple-choice tests 479 Questions 480 Exercises: contact management 480 Exercises: telemarketing 481 Review quiz answers 481

13 xviii Contents Multiple-choice answers 482 Answers to odd-numbered questions 482 Solutions to exercises: Contact management Quality and Change Management 490 Objectives Quality management Quality assurance Checklists, reviews and audits Test-driven development Quality control Test concepts and techniques Testing System Services Testing System constraints Graphical user interface testing Database testing Authorization testing Testing of other constraints 503 Review quiz Change management Instrumenting and managing change requests Submitting a change request Keeping track of change requests Traceability System features to use cases and use case requirements Test plans to test cases and test requirements UML diagrams to documents and requirements Use case requirements to test requirements Test requirements to defects Use case requirements to enhancements 514 Review quiz Summary 515 Key terms 515 Multiple-choice test 516 Questions 517 Review quiz answers 518 Multiple-choice test answers 518 Answers to odd-numbered questions Tutorial-style Review and Reinforcement 521 Objectives Use case modeling Actors Use cases Use case diagram Documenting use cases 525

14 Contents xix 10.2 Activity modeling Actions * Activity diagram Class modeling Ciasses Attributes Associations Aggregations Generalizations Class diagram Interaction modeling Sequence diagram Communication diagram State machine modeling States and transitions State machine diagram Implementation modeis Subsystems Packages Components Notes Object collaboration design Use case design specifications User interface prototyping Sequence diagram Design-Ievel class diagram Window navigation design User experience (UX) elements Behavioral UX collaboration Structural UX collaboration Database design Object-relational mapping Referential integrity design 559 Summary 562 Exercises: online Shopping 562 Appendix: Fundamentals of Object Technology 565 A.1 Real-life analogy 566 A.2 Instance object 566 A.2.1 Object notation 567 A.2.2 How do objects collaborate? 568 A.2.3 Identity and object communication 569 A Persistent link 569 A Transient link 570

15 xx Contents A Message passing 571 A.3 Class 571 A.3.1 Attribute 572 A Attribute type that designates a class 572 A Attribute visibility 573 A.3.2 Operation 574 A Operations objects collaborate 574 A Operation visibility and scope 575 A.3.3 Class object 575 A.4 Variables, methods and constructors 576 A.5 Association 578 A.5.1 Association degree 579 A.5.2 Association multiplicity 579 A.5.3 Association link and extent 580 A.5.4 Association class 581 A.6 Aggregation and composition 582 A.6.1 Buried reference 583 A.6.2 Inner class 583 A.6.3 Delegation 586 A.7 Generalization and inheritance 587 A.7.1 Polymorphism 588 A.7.2 Overriding versus overloading 589 A.7.3 Multiple inheritance 590 A.7.4 Multiple Classification 590 A.7.5 Dynamic Classification 591 A.8 Abstract class 592 A.9 Interface 593 A.9.1 Interface versus abstract class 593 A.9.2 Implementing an interface 594 A.9.3 Using an interface 594 Summary 595 Questions 597 Answers to odd-numbered questions 598 Bibliography Index

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