Prediction of structure-borne vibrations induced into large structures by train transit
|
|
- Maximillian White
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Prediction of structure-borne vibrations induced into large structures by train transit F. Braghin, S. Bruni, A. Collina, G. Traini2 and F. Natoni2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy. 2 Italferr S.p.a., U. 0. Infiastrutture, Rome, Italy. Abstract The paper presents an approach for the evaluation of train induced structural noise in large civil structures. The procedure is based on time domain simulation of train-track interaction. The calculation is split into two stages, in order to manage also structure representations with a high number of degrees of freedom. 1 Introduction The development of a high speed railway system requires the consideration of major railway stations as the nodal points of the high speed network but also as exchange points with the regional and urban railway. In this context, an example is given by the widening of the Bologna railway station, in conjunction with the realization of the loop rail connection which will enable the high speed line to pass through the downtown ( Collegamento Ferroviario Passante, in short CFP). The structure of the new Bologna station is made of 60m long concrete modules with a total length of 600m. It has three different floors below the actual railway station level: from the lowest floor to the top floor there is the High Speed Platform (HSP), the High Speed Hall, the so called Kiss & Ride floor (devoted to shops and other social activities), the FS Platform (FSP) for ordinary trains at ground level, and above the gallery level with a restaurant. Every
2 2 12 Computers in Railways VIII 12m there is a transversal frame of horizontal beams and columns to which the different floors are connected (see fig. 1). For this kind of structures, due to the presence of people, both structure-borne and air borne noise problems are critical. The most efficient way to keep these problems under control is to carefully design the track system, which means to choose an appropriate track system and to optimize its parameters. In this work an efficient approach, based on numerical simulation and able to evaluate structural noise due to rail transit in large civil structures, is presented. The dynamical analysis is carried out first considering the track and that part of the structure directly interacting with the track system. Subsequently, the forces transmitted by the track system are applied to an extended model of the structure, in order to evaluate the propagation of structural noise. CSllPry. R.ala"ra"f li Figure 1: Front view of the railway station 2 Rail runnability analysis The runnability analysis has been performed by means of the simulation code A.D.Tre.S. ([2]) developed at Politecnico di Milano, Mechanical Engineering Department. It includes t he following topics: - Vibrations transmitted to the structure according to the prescriptions of IS Safety of running (derailment, track gauge variation, skew) which can be critical for a deformable track system with higher deformability than traditional ballasted track ([5]). - Impact factor defined as the ratio between the maximum dynamical stress Q d and the corresponding statical stress Qs.
3 Computers in Railways VIII 2 13 The evaluation of the vibrations transmitted to the structure, of the safety assessment and of the impact factor is done considering the interaction between train, track and structure, as explained in the following paragraphs. 3 Model of Interaction Between Train and Track - Structure In the simulation code A.D.Tre.S. ([2]) these two subsystems (train and track-structure) are modelled separately: the track and the structure are schematized through FEs while for the rail vehicle a hybrid multibody - deformable model is used: carbody and bogies are schematized trough rigid bodies while the wheelsets are represented by means of their rigid and deformable modes. The model adopted for the creepage contact forces is the heuristic model by Shen - Hedrik - Elkins ([6]). The equations of motion of this two subsystems are integrated numerically in the time domain. The equations of the rail vehicle are: [MW] a l l, + [&I 'ZW + [Kwl.X, = F,t (X,,Aw,Xt,Xt,t) (1) [A&], [R,] and [K,] being the mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the rail vehicle, X, the vector of the corresponding degrees of freedom. The Fwt vector represents the generalized forces due to the wheel - rail contact forces, function of both vehicle motion (X,) and track motion (X,). The dependence on time is due to the fact that track and wheel irregularity is considered. The equations of motion that govern the dynamics of the whole track- structure system are: where [Mtt],[Rtt] and [Ktt] are the mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the track while [Mss], [R,,] and [K,,] are the matrices of the structure. [R,t] and [Kst] represent the coupling terms related to visco-elastic elements such as, for instance, the ballast layer or the elastic supports of the slab in the slab track system. Xt is the vector containing the degrees of freedom of the track, while XS contains
4 214 Computers in Railways VIII those of the supporting structure. It is pointed out that external forces only act on the track:.ftv is the generalized force vector which contains the wheel - rail contact forces function of the track (&) and of the vehicle (X,) motion. Since the contact forces change their application point, the expression of the generalized forces on the track is explicitly dependent of the time t. In order to take into account the coupling of the two subsystems, at each integration step an iterative procedure is adopted which allows the equilibrium of the subsystems and their congruence at the contact points ([2]) to be satisfied. Due to the structural complexity of the station, a particular technique is used to manage the high number of degrees of freedom of the model. The calculation is split into two stages: in the first stage the problem of dynamic interaction between train, track and a condensed representation of the supporting structure is solved, in order to predict the forces transmitted by the track system to the structure. In order to obtain reliable results, the simplified model of the structure, used at this stage, must reproduce the local behaviour of the complete building near the track. In the second stage, the forces previously evaluated are applied to a complete model of the station in order to predict the vibrations of the structure in several locations of interest. Step I: Train - Track Interaction with Equivalent Structure The simplified schematization of the supporting structure, used in this first stage, is represented by an equivalent beam. Each 60m module is schematized through a span supported by equivalent springs. The parameters of the equivalent structure are identified in order to match the frequency response of the detailed model of the structure at floor level (FSP) on which the track is placed. This approach leads to a dynamical equivalence of the simplified and complete structure for the first modes of vibration. The system composed by eq. 1 and 2 is solved introducing the simplified structure which reproduces the local behaviour of the complete structure under the track. Hence the forces locally transmitted to the structure take into account the dynamics of the track interacting with the first modes of the floor:
5 Computers in Railways VIII 2 15 where the hatted terms are referred to the simplified structure. The time history of the forces transmitted by the track to the equivalent structure during a train transit are stored in order to be subsequently applied to the complete FE model of the structure. The stiffness and damping matrices of the simplified structure can be split into two contributions, one due to the structure itself (tagged by the single apostrophe) and one due to the track, namely the ballast or the elastic supports (tagged by the double apostrophe): R,, = q, The generalized forces transmitted by the track to the simplified structure are equal to: + RY,; K,, = KL, + K:, (4) Step 11: Analysis with the Full Model of the Structure In the second step a complete FE model of the supporting structure is used. In order to evaluate the response of the complete structure, also far from the track, the second part of eq. 2 is integrated in the time domain using the FE model of the whole structure (this second integration is marked by subscript 2): - Zs + [R:,]. 2, + [K;,]* X, = [A]. &(t) (6) [Mss] * where the right-hand side of eq. 6 represents the lagrangian component of the forces, due to train transit, transmitted to the structure, function of the motion of the track Xt and of the simplified structure - X, both calculated at step I. The matrix [A] is a boolean matrix used to refer the forces transmitted by the track to the corrisponding nodes of the complete structure. In order to evaluate the structure-borne vibrations, accelerations due to train transit have been calculated in several points of the structure with particular attention given to the areas occupied by passengers.
6 2 16 Computers in Railways VIII 4 Application: the "Collegamento Ferroviario Passante - Bologna" 4.1 The proposed slab track Two different track typologies have been compared, the standard ballasted track and a massive track. For the latter one, a parameter optimisation procedure was performed. The modulus of the proposed slab track (fig. 2) is made of a concrete platform (2.4x3x0.55 m) placed over four elastic supports. On each platform there are four prestressed concrete sleepers elastically connected to the platform. Furthermore there are two lateral elastic elements, called stoppers, which permanently connect the lateral side of the platform to the supporting structure. c Sloppel suppart (b) Front view Figure 2: Modulus of the slab track As is well known, a massive track is able to attenuate vibrations induced by train transit since the concrete platform behaves as a suspended foundation ([4]). The stiffness of the elastomeric elements under the platform has been chosen in order to obtain a first vertical frequency at 15Hz (vertical rigid mode of the platform) as shown in figure 3a where the acceleration/force transfer function in the vertical direction is reported for the rail and for the slab. Since the shear stiffness of the elastic elements under the platform is lower than the vertical stiffness, the horizontal natural frequency of the track, in ab-
7 Computers in Railways VIII 2 17 sence of the lateral stopper, would be located at 5Hz as shown in figure 3b, in a range in which an interaction with the yaw movements of the wheelsets is possible. Such an interaction could lead to vibrations of great entity in the horizontal plane, as found experimentally in [l]. This led to the adoption of the two lateral stoppers mentioned above, raising the first lateral eigenfrequency of the track to 14Hz (see fig. 3b). Figure 3a also shows the vertical flexural frequency of the rail at 11OHz. In this mode rails and sleepers vibrate in phase relative to the slab. Figure 3: Calculated transfer function (acceleration/force) of the slab track; (a) vertical: rail (continous line) and slab (broken line); (b) lateral: with lateral stoppers (continuous line) and without stoppers (broken line) 4.2 Simulations with track and equivalent structure At first simulations have been carried out in order to compare the performances of the standard ballasted track and of the slab track with respect to the attenuation of vibrations, adopting an equivalent schematization of the local dynamic behaviour of the supporting structure (step I). The parameters of the equivalent structure have been identified from the dynamic response of the complete structure modelled by means of beam elements for the columns and for the transversal beams and plate elements for the floors and the roof. To this purpose, the transfer function between vertical acceleration and vertical force at midspan of the central module has been used. The results show several frequencies in the range of interest (0-100Hz):
8 2 18 Computers in Railways VIII [=I Figure 4: Accelerations of the slab at mid span with massive and ballasted track this points out the importance of adopting a track which filters out all the frequencies over 15-20Hz. The simulations have been carried out with a freight train composed of a six axles locomotive and a four axles freight wagon running at 60 km/h and with high level track irregularity, defined by the standard ORE B176, and wheel irregularity deduced from vertical rail acceleration measurements ([3]). The third octave band representation of the acceleration of the structure under the track (see fig. 4) shows the better filtering performance of the slab track especially above 30Hz. Figures 5a and 5b show the time histories of the vertical displacement of the rail of the slab track and the forces transmitted from the slab to the equivalent structure due to the transit of the freight train: the same forces are subsequently applied to the complete structure for the second step of the calculation procedure. For the ETR500 and the freight train rail runnability has been verified: maximum values of the calculated derail coefficients are respectively equal to 15% and 31%, well below the limit value of 80%. 4.3 Evaluation of the structural noise Adopting the procedure explained in par. 3, the structural noise in several points of the structure has been evaluated. Tab. 1 shows the pondered level obtained with different trains: as prescribed by IS the pondered limit value is set at 89.5dB, corresponding to a RMS value of [m/s2]. The first two columns in Table 1 show the comparison between ballasted and massive track, considering the
9 Computers in Railways VIII 2 19 (a) (b) Figure 5: Vertical displacement of the rail at the border and at the center of the slab of the massive track due to the transit of a freight train at 60 km/h (a), force transmitted by the single rubber element under the slab (b) freight train running on the FSP at 6Okm/h: the better performance of the slab track is evident. The simulation with the intercity train has been done at the speed of 60km/h. The values, as expected, are lower than those obtained with the freight train because of the lower load per axle and because of the lower suspended mass of the passengers vehicles with secondary suspension. In order to determine the influence of velocity on the interaction between track and structure a simulation has been done with an intercity train running at 100 km/h. Comparing the levels with those obtained in the previous simulation, the levels increase showing the dependence of the dynamical interaction from the velocity of the vehicles. Considering the ETR500 train, running at 120 km/h on the HSP, due to the lower deformability of the HSP with respect to FSP, it is found that, despite the higher speed, the levels of acceleration induced on the structure are lower than those seen in the previous cases. Using the results obtained in the previous cases, the levels of vibration induced in the structure have been evaluated in the case of contemporaneous transit of an ETR500 train at 120 km/h on the HSP and of an intercity train at 60 km/h on the FSP. The computation has been done considering the two transits completely uncorrelated. As can be seen in tab. 1 the level is slightly greater than that due to the transit of the intercity train only.
10 220 Computers in Railways VIII Platform Track Speed [km/h] HSP Kiss&Ride Restraurant Roof Freight Freight IC IC ETR5OO ETR5OO IC FSP FSP FSP FSP HSP HSP FSP ballast massive massive massive massive massive massive k < <70.0 <70.0 Table 1: Maximum RMS value of the vertical acceleration [m/s2] in different areas of the structure. Ref. value a, = 10-6[m/s2] 5 Conclusions In the present work, a time-domain based methodology to evaluate transmitted vibrations and structural noise due to train transit, in the case of large civil structures, has been presented. This proposed methodology can consider both the interaction between train and track and the influence of the structure on the track, limiting the computational effort. References Bocciolone M., Cigada A., Falco M.: Train-structure interaction: measurement in the subway of Milan ; Heavy Vehicle Systems, Vol. 6, N. 1-4, 1999, Inderscience Enterprises Limited Diana G., et al.: A.D. Tre.S.: A software for railway runnability analysis ; WCRR 97 Congress, Florence Italy, nov Diana G., Bruni S., Cheli F., Collina A.: Train-track interaction: a comparison between a numerical model and full-scale experiments ; Heavy Vehicle Systems, Vol. 6, N. 1-4, 1999, Inderscience Enterprises Limited Eisenmann J.: Oberbau bei Stadtbahnen und U-Bahnen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Korperschallemission ; Internationales Verkehrswesen, Vol. 33, N 1, 1981 Elkins J.A., Carter A.: Safety assessment of rail veichles ; Vehicle System Dinamics, V01.22, N. 3-4, 1993, Swets & Zeitlinger B.V, Lisse, The Netherlands Shen Z.Y., Hedrick J.K., Elkins J.A.: A comparison of alternative creep force models for rail vehicle dynamic Analysis ; Vehicle System Dinamics, V01.12, N. l, 1983, Swets & Zeitlinger B.V, Lisse, The Netherlands
INTERACTION BETWEEN MOVING VEHICLES AND RAILWAY TRACK AT HIGH SPEED
INTERACTION BETWEEN MOVING VEHICLES AND RAILWAY TRACK AT HIGH SPEED Prof.Dr.Ir. C. Esveld Professor of Railway Engineering TU Delft, The Netherlands Dr.Ir. A.W.M. Kok Associate Professor of Railway Engineering
More informationDevelopment of an integrated design methodology for a new generation of high performance rail wheelset
Development of an integrated design methodology for a new generation of high performance rail wheelset K. Bel Knani 1, S. Bruni 2, S. Cervello 3, G. Ferrarotti 4 Abstract An integrated design methodology,
More informationVehicle-Bridge Interaction Dynamics
Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Dynamics With Applications to High-Speed Railways Y. B. Yang National Taiwan University, Taiwan J. D. Yau Tamkang University, Taiwan Y. S. Wu Sinotech Engineering Consultants,
More informationSTUDY OF DAM-RESERVOIR DYNAMIC INTERACTION USING VIBRATION TESTS ON A PHYSICAL MODEL
STUDY OF DAM-RESERVOIR DYNAMIC INTERACTION USING VIBRATION TESTS ON A PHYSICAL MODEL Paulo Mendes, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Portugal Sérgio Oliveira, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia
More informationRelevant parameters for a reference test track Deliverable D1.7
RIVAS Railway Induced Vibration Abatement Solutions Collaborative project Relevant parameters for a reference test track Deliverable D1.7 Submission date: 20/08/2012 Project Coordinator: Bernd Asmussen
More informationDYNAMIC RESPONSE OF VEHICLE-TRACK COUPLING SYSTEM WITH AN INSULATED RAIL JOINT
11 th International Conference on Vibration Problems Z. Dimitrovová et al. (eds.) Lisbon, Portugal, 9-12 September 2013 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF VEHICLE-TRACK COUPLING SYSTEM WITH AN INSULATED RAIL JOINT Ilaria
More informationBNAM 2008 BERGEN BYBANE NOISE REDUCTION BY TRACK DESIGN. Reykjavik, august 2008. Arild Brekke, Brekke & Strand akustikk as, Norway
BNAM 08 BERGEN BYBANE NOISE REDUCTION BY TRACK DESIGN Dr.ing Arild Brekke Brekke & Strand akustikk as Box 1024 Skøyen 0218 Oslo Email: arild.brekke@bs-akustikk.no Introduction BNAM 08 A city line now is
More informationA New Wheel/Rail Spatially Dynamic Coupling Model and its Verification
Vehicle System Dynamics 2004, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 301 322 A New Wheel/Rail Spatially Dynamic Coupling Model and its Verification G. CHEN 1 AND W.M. ZHAI 2 SUMMARY Based on the theory of vehicle-track coupling
More informationNon-hertzian contact model in wheel/rail or vehicle/track system
XXV Symposium Vibrations in Physical Systems, Poznan Bedlewo, May 15-19, 212 Non-hertzian contact model in wheel/rail or vehicle/track system Bartłomiej DYNIEWICZ Institute of Fundamental Technological
More informationChapter 3. Track and Wheel Load Testing
Chapter 3 Track and Wheel Load Testing This chapter describes the track, truck, and testing equipment that were used by the Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) for collecting the data that was
More informationDynamic Analysis of the Dortmund University Campus Sky Train
Dynamic Analysis of the Dortmund University Campus Sky Train Reinhold Meisinger Mechanical Engineering Department Nuremberg University of Applied Sciences Kesslerplatz 12, 90121 Nuremberg, Germany Abstract
More informationSIMULATING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF DIVINE BRIDGES
Pages 172-185 SIMULATING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF DIVINE BRIDGES Mark F. Green and Haiyin Xie ABSTRACT This paper presents dynamic models of three bridges tested as part of the recently completed Dynamic
More informationHigh speed train vehicle dynamics. challenges and opportunities
High speed train vehicle dynamics challenges and opportunities NSJT 2012 Rickard Persson On the agenda The vehicle The organization in a vehicle dynamics point of view Opportunity: Influence the track
More informationEFFECTS ON NUMBER OF CABLES FOR MODAL ANALYSIS OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES
EFFECTS ON NUMBER OF CABLES FOR MODAL ANALYSIS OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES Yang-Cheng Wang Associate Professor & Chairman Department of Civil Engineering Chinese Military Academy Feng-Shan 83000,Taiwan Republic
More informationGeneral model of a structure-borne sound source and its application to shock vibration
General model of a structure-borne sound source and its application to shock vibration Y. Bobrovnitskii and T. Tomilina Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, 4, M. Kharitonievky Str., 101990 Moscow,
More informationNew approaches in Eurocode 3 efficient global structural design
New approaches in Eurocode 3 efficient global structural design Part 1: 3D model based analysis using general beam-column FEM Ferenc Papp* and József Szalai ** * Associate Professor, Department of Structural
More informationA dynamic model for an asymmetrical vehicle/track system
Journal of Sound and Vibration 267 (23) 591 64 JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION www.elsevier.com/locate/jsvi A dynamic model for an asymmetrical vehicle/track system K. Hou*, J. Kalousek, R. Dong 1 Centre
More informationA New Impact Scenario for P-V Tram Certification
A New Impact Scenario for P-V Tram Certification Authors Marco ANGHILERI * Luigi-M L CASTELLETTI * Matteo PIROLA * Fabio PISTOCHINI * and Stefano RAITI ** Affiliations * Politecnico di Milano, Department
More informationSEISMIC DESIGN. Various building codes consider the following categories for the analysis and design for earthquake loading:
SEISMIC DESIGN Various building codes consider the following categories for the analysis and design for earthquake loading: 1. Seismic Performance Category (SPC), varies from A to E, depending on how the
More informationEquivalent Spring Stiffness
Module 7 : Free Undamped Vibration of Single Degree of Freedom Systems; Determination of Natural Frequency ; Equivalent Inertia and Stiffness; Energy Method; Phase Plane Representation. Lecture 13 : Equivalent
More informationHow To Write An Analysis System For Bridge Test
Study of Analysis System for Bridge Test Chen Ke, Lu Jian-Ming, Research Institute of Highway, 100088, Beijing, China (chenkezi@163.com, lujianming@263.net) Summary Analysis System for Bridge Test (Chinese
More informationFric-3. force F k and the equation (4.2) may be used. The sense of F k is opposite
4. FRICTION 4.1 Laws of friction. We know from experience that when two bodies tend to slide on each other a resisting force appears at their surface of contact which opposes their relative motion. The
More informationDEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF TUNED/HYBRID MASS DAMPERS USING MULTI-STAGE RUBBER BEARINGS FOR VIBRATION CONTROL OF STRUCTURES
13 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 2243 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF TUNED/HYBRID MASS DAMPERS USING MULTI-STAGE RUBBER BEARINGS FOR
More informationEngineering Feasibility Study: Vehicle Shock Absorption System
Engineering Feasibility Study: Vehicle Shock Absorption System Neil R. Kennedy AME40463 Senior Design February 28, 2008 1 Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the possibilities for the springs
More information4 SENSORS. Example. A force of 1 N is exerted on a PZT5A disc of diameter 10 mm and thickness 1 mm. The resulting mechanical stress is:
4 SENSORS The modern technical world demands the availability of sensors to measure and convert a variety of physical quantities into electrical signals. These signals can then be fed into data processing
More informationAddis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)
Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT) School of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Railway Engineering Stream Effect of Track Stiffness Variation on the Dynamic Response of
More informationVibrations of a Free-Free Beam
Vibrations of a Free-Free Beam he bending vibrations of a beam are described by the following equation: y EI x y t 4 2 + ρ A 4 2 (1) y x L E, I, ρ, A are respectively the Young Modulus, second moment of
More informationDYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF SILO SURFACE CLEANING ROBOT USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 190-202, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_020 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=7&itype=1
More informationState Newton's second law of motion for a particle, defining carefully each term used.
5 Question 1. [Marks 20] An unmarked police car P is, travelling at the legal speed limit, v P, on a straight section of highway. At time t = 0, the police car is overtaken by a car C, which is speeding
More informationFigure 5-11. Test set-up
5.5. Load Procedure A uniform load configuration was used for the load tests. An air bag, placed on the top surface of the slab, was used for this purpose, and the load was applied by gradually increasing
More informationPlate waves in phononic crystals slabs
Acoustics 8 Paris Plate waves in phononic crystals slabs J.-J. Chen and B. Bonello CNRS and Paris VI University, INSP - 14 rue de Lourmel, 7515 Paris, France chen99nju@gmail.com 41 Acoustics 8 Paris We
More informationTHE CASE OF USING A VEHICLE-TRACK INTERACTION PARAMETERS AND IMPACT TEST TO MONITOR OF THE TRAMWAY
THE CASE OF USING A VEHICLE-TRACK INTERACTION PARAMETERS AND IMPACT TEST TO MONITOR OF THE TRAMWAY Bartosz Czechyra, Bartosz Firlik and Tomasz Nowakowski Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Combustion
More informationSingle Axle Running Gears FEBA - a New Concept of Radial Steering
Single Axle Running Gears - a New Concept of Radial Steering Oldrich Polach DaimlerChrysler Rail Systems (Switzerland) Ltd, Winterthur OP BWED, 8-Mai- - Seite 1 - _Milan.ppt Contents Introduction of Adtranz
More informationPrelab Exercises: Hooke's Law and the Behavior of Springs
59 Prelab Exercises: Hooke's Law and the Behavior of Springs Study the description of the experiment that follows and answer the following questions.. (3 marks) Explain why a mass suspended vertically
More informationAbaqus Technology Brief. Automobile Roof Crush Analysis with Abaqus
Abaqus Technology Brief Automobile Roof Crush Analysis with Abaqus TB-06-RCA-1 Revised: April 2007. Summary The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) mandates the use of certain test procedures
More informationStatics of Structural Supports
Statics of Structural Supports TYPES OF FORCES External Forces actions of other bodies on the structure under consideration. Internal Forces forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the structure
More informationRotation: Moment of Inertia and Torque
Rotation: Moment of Inertia and Torque Every time we push a door open or tighten a bolt using a wrench, we apply a force that results in a rotational motion about a fixed axis. Through experience we learn
More informationControl of Seismic Drift Demand for Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Weak First Stories
Earthquake Yoshimura: Engineering Control and of Engineering Seismic Drift Seismology Demand for Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Weak First Stories 7 Volume 4, Number, September 3, pp. 7 3 Control of
More informationThe Basics of FEA Procedure
CHAPTER 2 The Basics of FEA Procedure 2.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the spring element, especially for the purpose of introducing various concepts involved in use of the FEA technique. A spring
More informationWheelset Structural Flexibility and Track Flexibility in Vehicle-Track Dynamic Interaction
Wheelset Structural Flexibility and Track Flexibility in Vehicle-Track Dynamic Interaction by Nizar Chaar Doctoral Thesis TRITA AVE 2007:17 ISSN 1651-7660 ISBN 978-91-7178-636-4 Postal address Rail Vehicles
More informationOptimum proportions for the design of suspension bridge
Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 34 (1) (26) 1-14 Optimum proportions for the design of suspension bridge Tanvir Manzur and Alamgir Habib Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering
More informationCHAPTER 3. INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
1 CHAPTER 3. INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Written by: Sophia Hassiotis, January, 2003 Last revision: February, 2015 Modern methods of structural analysis overcome some of the
More informationSLAB DESIGN. Introduction ACI318 Code provides two design procedures for slab systems:
Reading Assignment SLAB DESIGN Chapter 9 of Text and, Chapter 13 of ACI318-02 Introduction ACI318 Code provides two design procedures for slab systems: 13.6.1 Direct Design Method (DDM) For slab systems
More informationInfluence of Locomotive Tractive Effort on the Forces Between Wheel and Rail
Vehicle System Dynamics Supplement 35 (21), pp. 7-22 Swets & Zeitlinger Influence of Locomotive Tractive Effort on the Forces Between Wheel and Rail OLDRICH POLACH 1 SUMMARY For the complex simulation
More informationModule 2. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Matrix Force Method. Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Module Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Matrix Force Method esson 11 The Force Method of Analysis: Frames Instructional Objectives After reading this chapter the student will be able
More informationDispersion diagrams of a water-loaded cylindrical shell obtained from the structural and acoustic responses of the sensor array along the shell
Dispersion diagrams of a water-loaded cylindrical shell obtained from the structural and acoustic responses of the sensor array along the shell B.K. Jung ; J. Ryue ; C.S. Hong 3 ; W.B. Jeong ; K.K. Shin
More informationResearch on Vehicle Dynamics Simulation for Driving Simulator Fang Tang a, Yanding Wei b, Xiaojun Zhou c, Zhuhui Luo d, Mingxiang Xie e, Peixin Li f
Advanced Materials Research Vols. 308-310 (2011) pp 1946-1950 Online available since 2011/Aug/16 at www.scientific.net (2011) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.1946
More informationThe simulation of machine tools can be divided into two stages. In the first stage the mechanical behavior of a machine tool is simulated with FEM
1 The simulation of machine tools can be divided into two stages. In the first stage the mechanical behavior of a machine tool is simulated with FEM tools. The approach to this simulation is different
More informationFinite Element Simulation of Simple Bending Problem and Code Development in C++
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH, VOL. I, ISSUE 6/ SEPEMBER 013 ISSN 86-48, www.euacademic.org IMPACT FACTOR: 0.485 (GIF) Finite Element Simulation of Simple Bending Problem and Code Development in C++ ABDUL
More informationCHAPTER 3 MODAL ANALYSIS OF A PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
45 CHAPTER 3 MODAL ANALYSIS OF A PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD 3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the methodology for performing the modal analysis of a printed circuit board used in a hand held electronic
More informationGuideline for Design of Vehicles Generating Reduced Ground Vibration. Deliverable D5.5
RIVAS Railway Induced Vibration Abatement Solutions Collaborative project Guideline for Design of Vehicles Generating Reduced Ground Vibration Deliverable D5.5 Submission Date: 16/12/2013 Project coordinator:
More informationRail Vehicle Dynamics (SD2313), 8 credits
11-01-11, Rev 1 Course Description Rail Vehicle Dynamics (SD2313), 8 credits Academic year 2010/2011, period 3 (January - March 2011) Teachers MB = Mats Berg, phone: 08-790 84 76, e-mail: mabe@kth.se AO
More informationBraking/Traction Control Systems of a Scaled Railway Vehicle for the Active Steering Testbed
Braking/Traction Control Systems of a Scaled Railway Vehicle for the Active Steering Testbed Min-Soo Kim and Hyun-Moo Hur Vehicle Dynamics & Propulsion System Research Department Korea Railroad Research
More informationF1 Fuel Tank Surging; Model Validation
F1 Fuel Tank Surging; Model Validation Luca Bottazzi and Giorgio Rossetti Ferrari F1 team, Maranello, Italy SYNOPSIS A Formula One (F1) car can carry more than 80 kg of fuel in its tank. This has a big
More informationNumerical modelling of shear connection between concrete slab and sheeting deck
7th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering 2008 September 10-13, Universität Stuttgart, Germany Numerical modelling of shear connection between concrete slab and sheeting deck Noémi Seres
More informationMETHODS FOR ACHIEVEMENT UNIFORM STRESSES DISTRIBUTION UNDER THE FOUNDATION
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 45-66, Article ID: IJCIET_07_02_004 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationPlates and Shells: Theory and Computation - 4D9 - Dr Fehmi Cirak (fc286@) Office: Inglis building mezzanine level (INO 31)
Plates and Shells: Theory and Computation - 4D9 - Dr Fehmi Cirak (fc286@) Office: Inglis building mezzanine level (INO 31) Outline -1-! This part of the module consists of seven lectures and will focus
More informationState Newton's second law of motion for a particle, defining carefully each term used.
5 Question 1. [Marks 28] An unmarked police car P is, travelling at the legal speed limit, v P, on a straight section of highway. At time t = 0, the police car is overtaken by a car C, which is speeding
More informationP4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky MT07 Lecture 3 Statically Indeterminate Structures
4 Stress and Strain Dr... Zavatsky MT07 ecture 3 Statically Indeterminate Structures Statically determinate structures. Statically indeterminate structures (equations of equilibrium, compatibility, and
More informationNonlinear analysis and form-finding in GSA Training Course
Nonlinear analysis and form-finding in GSA Training Course Non-linear analysis and form-finding in GSA 1 of 47 Oasys Ltd Non-linear analysis and form-finding in GSA 2 of 47 Using the GSA GsRelax Solver
More informationOverview of Topics. Stress-Strain Behavior in Concrete. Elastic Behavior. Non-Linear Inelastic Behavior. Stress Distribution.
Stress-Strain Behavior in Concrete Overview of Topics EARLY AGE CONCRETE Plastic shrinkage shrinkage strain associated with early moisture loss Thermal shrinkage shrinkage strain associated with cooling
More informationSchindler 3300 / Schindler 5300 Information on noise and vibration.
Schindler 3300 / Schindler 5300. Content Introduction 1. Ride quality Jerk Car acceleration Vertical car vibration Lateral car vibration Sound in the car 2. Sound basics 3. Vibration basics 4. Structure-borne
More informationTopology optimization based on graph theory of crash loaded flight passenger seats
7. LS-DYNA Anwenderforum, Bamberg 2008 Optimierung III Topology optimization based on graph theory of crash loaded flight passenger seats Axel Schumacher, Christian Olschinka, Bastian Hoffmann Hamburg
More informationRANDOM VIBRATION AN OVERVIEW by Barry Controls, Hopkinton, MA
RANDOM VIBRATION AN OVERVIEW by Barry Controls, Hopkinton, MA ABSTRACT Random vibration is becoming increasingly recognized as the most realistic method of simulating the dynamic environment of military
More informationParameter identification of a linear single track vehicle model
Parameter identification of a linear single track vehicle model Edouard Davin D&C 2011.004 Traineeship report Coach: dr. Ir. I.J.M. Besselink Supervisors: prof. dr. H. Nijmeijer Eindhoven University of
More informationStructural Analysis - II Prof. P. Banerjee Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture - 02
Structural Analysis - II Prof. P. Banerjee Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 02 Good morning. Today is the second lecture in the series of lectures on structural
More informationMessina Bridge History MULTI-BOX STEEL DECKS AND SUSPENSION SYSTEM FOR VERY LONG SPAN BRIDGES THE STRAIT OF MESSINA CROSSING 1968 International competition of ideas announced by the Italian national roads
More informationResearch Article Dynamic Response Analysis of an Asymmetric Coupled Vehicle-Track System Generated by Voided Elastic Two-Block Sleeper
Shock and Vibration Article ID 526360 Research Article Dynamic Response Analysis of an Asymmetric Coupled Vehicle-Track System Generated by Voided Elastic Two-Block Sleeper Zhenxing He 1 and Xinwen Yang
More information16. Beam-and-Slab Design
ENDP311 Structural Concrete Design 16. Beam-and-Slab Design Beam-and-Slab System How does the slab work? L- beams and T- beams Holding beam and slab together University of Western Australia School of Civil
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF HELICOPTER SAFETY DEVICES
25 TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES DEVELOPMENT OF HELICOPTER SAFETY DEVICES Wayne Lam, Cees Bil *RMIT University Keywords: helicopter, crash, simulation, MADYMO Abstract Recent investigations
More informationStatistical Energy Analysis software
Statistical Energy Analysis software Development and implementation of an open source code in Matlab/Octave Master s Thesis in the Master s programme in Sound and Vibration DANIEL JOHANSSON PETER COMNELL
More informationDYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON STEEL FIBRE
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 179 184, Article ID: IJCIET_07_02_015 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationDYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THICK PLATES SUBJECTED TO EARTQUAKE
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THICK PLATES SUBJECTED TO EARTQUAKE ÖZDEMİR Y. I, AYVAZ Y. Posta Adresi: Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 68 Trabzon, TURKEY E-posta: yaprakozdemir@hotmail.com
More informationSpecification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas
Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic of Turkey Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas PART III - EARTHQUAKE DISASTER PREVENTION (Chapter 5 through Chapter
More informationSample Questions for the AP Physics 1 Exam
Sample Questions for the AP Physics 1 Exam Sample Questions for the AP Physics 1 Exam Multiple-choice Questions Note: To simplify calculations, you may use g 5 10 m/s 2 in all problems. Directions: Each
More informationFXA 2008. UNIT G484 Module 2 4.2.3 Simple Harmonic Oscillations 11. frequency of the applied = natural frequency of the
11 FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE POINTER INSTRUMENTS Analogue ammeter and voltmeters, have CRITICAL DAMPING so as to allow the needle pointer to reach its correct position on the scale after a single
More informationFinite Element Method (ENGC 6321) Syllabus. Second Semester 2013-2014
Finite Element Method Finite Element Method (ENGC 6321) Syllabus Second Semester 2013-2014 Objectives Understand the basic theory of the FEM Know the behaviour and usage of each type of elements covered
More informationHeavy Vehicles Modeling with the Vehicle Dynamics Library
Heavy Vehicle Modeling with VehicleDynamics Library Heavy Vehicles Modeling with the Vehicle Dynamics Library Niklas Philipson Magnus Gäfvert Johan Andreasson Andrew Woodruff Modelon AB Ideon Sience Park,
More informationNVH TECHNOLOGY IN THE BMW 1 SERIES
NVH TECHNOLOGY IN THE BMW 1 SERIES (Presented by) A. Fleszar LMS Americas J. Florentin, F. Durieux LMS International T. Yamamoto, Y. Kuriyama Nippon Steel Corporation CONTENTS Introduction Hybrid Interior
More informationMethods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures
Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures Retrofitting of existing structures with insufficient seismic resistance accounts for a major portion of the total cost of hazard mitigation. Thus, it is
More informationAcoustical proprieties of light brick walls and its effects on flanking transmission
Acoustical proprieties of light brick walls and its effects on flanking transmission G. Semprini a and L. Barbaresi b a University, DIENCA Dept. Facoltà di Ingegneria, Viale Risorgimento, 136 Bologna,
More informationMesh Moving Techniques for Fluid-Structure Interactions With Large Displacements
K. Stein Department of Physics, Bethel College, St. Paul, MN 55112 T. Tezduyar Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, MS 321, Houston, TX 77005 R. Benney Natick Soldier Center, Natick, MA 01760 Mesh
More informationAnalysis of the Response Under Live Loads of Two New Cable Stayed Bridges Built in Mexico
Analysis of the Response Under Live Loads of Two New Cable Stayed Bridges Built in Mexico Roberto Gómez, Raul Sánchez-García, J.A. Escobar and Luis M. Arenas-García Abstract In this paper we study the
More information9.3 Two-way Slabs (Part I)
9.3 Two-way Slabs (Part I) This section covers the following topics. Introduction Analysis and Design Features in Modeling and Analysis Distribution of Moments to Strips 9.3.1 Introduction The slabs are
More informationPrecise Modelling of a Gantry Crane System Including Friction, 3D Angular Swing and Hoisting Cable Flexibility
Precise Modelling of a Gantry Crane System Including Friction, 3D Angular Swing and Hoisting Cable Flexibility Renuka V. S. & Abraham T Mathew Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Calicut E-mail : renuka_mee@nitc.ac.in,
More informationInternational Journal of Railway Technology
This is a preprint of the paper presented as invited lecture on The 2 nd International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance (RAILWAYS 2014) in Ajaccio, Corsica, 8-11
More informationAASHTOWare Bridge Design and Rating Training. STL8 Single Span Steel 3D Example (BrDR 6.6)
AASHTOWare Bridge Design and Rating Training STL8 Single Span Steel 3D Example (BrDR 6.6) Last Modified: 4/28/2015 STL8-1 AASHTOWare BrDR 6.5 AASHTOWare Bridge Design and Rating Training STL8 Single Span
More informationDynamics of Offshore Wind Turbines
Proceedings of the Twenty-first (2011) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Maui, Hawaii, USA, June 19-24, 2011 Copyright 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers
More informationBuilding a simple seismometer
Building a simple seismometer Seismometers operate on the principle of inertia, i.e. a body at rest will tend to remain that way unless a force is applied to make it move. An ideal seismometer would be
More informationKeywords: railway virtual homologation, uncertainty in railway vehicle, Montecarlo simulation
Effect of parameter uncertainty on the numerical estimate of a railway vehicle critical speed S. Bruni, L.Mazzola, C.Funfschilling, J.J. Thomas Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Via La
More informationDESIGN OF SLABS. Department of Structures and Materials Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
DESIGN OF SLABS Department of Structures and Materials Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Introduction Types of Slab Slabs are plate elements
More informationEffects of Strong Cross Winds on High-Speed Trains a Risk Assessment Approach
PSAM5 ---------- 1 Effects of Strong Cross Winds on High-Speed Trains a Risk Assessment Approach Gerd Matschke, Thorsten Tielkes, Peter Deeg and Burkhard Schulte-Werning Deutsche Bahn AG, Research and
More informationFracture and strain rate behavior of airplane fuselage materials under blast loading
EPJ Web of Conferences 6, 6 42017 (2010) DOI:10.1051/epjconf/20100642017 Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2010 Fracture and strain rate behavior of airplane fuselage materials under blast
More informationEFFECT OF POSITIONING OF RC SHEAR WALLS OF DIFFERENT SHAPES ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING RESTING ON SLOPING GROUND
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 3, May June 2016, pp. 373 384, Article ID: IJCIET_07_03_038 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=3
More information8 EXTRA LIGHT GRC SANDWICH ELEMENTS FOR ROOFING IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
8 EXTRA LIGHT GRC SANDWICH ELEMENTS FOR ROOFING IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS MARICA DELLA BELLA and DIEGO CIAN Precompressi Centro Nord S.p.A., Italy SUMMARY: Secondary roofing elements, complementary to the
More informationSBB Infrastructure, Measurement and Diagnostic Technology.
SBB Infrastructure, Measurement and Diagnostic Technology. Your partner for testing railway technology. Contents. Measurement and Diagnostic Technology 4 3 Infrastructure diagnostics 6 Running gear technology
More informationNumerical simulation of ground impact after airdrop
5 th European LS-DYNA Users Conference Methods and Techniques (1) Numerical simulation of ground impact after airdrop Authors: Yves de Lassat de Pressigny, Centre d Essais en Vol, MinDef/DGA/DE, France
More informationCLASSIFICATION BOUNDARIES FOR STIFFNESS OF BEAM-TO- COLUMN JOINTS AND COLUMN BASES
Nordic Steel Construction Conference 2012 Hotel Bristol, Oslo, Norway 5-7 September 2012 CLASSIFICATION BOUNDARIES FOR STIFFNESS OF BEAM-TO- COLUMN JOINTS AND COLUMN BASES Ina Birkeland a,*, Arne Aalberg
More informationThe APT-WORM (Wheel flat and Out of Roundness Monitoring) system
Low Cost Online Wheelset Condition Monitoring for Light Rail Operators Ir. Tom Vanhonacker APT - Track Products and Measurement Devices, Troonstraat 98, 16 Brussel, Belgium tel: +32 16 23 2 4 fax: +32
More informationANALYSIS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL RAILWAY VEHICLE-TRACK SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SMART WHEELSET. Md. Rajib Ul Alam Uzzal.
ANALYSIS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL RAILWAY VEHICLE-TRACK SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SMART WHEELSET Md. Rajib Ul Alam Uzzal A thesis In the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Presented in
More information