Computer Organization. CSE 231, Rich Enbody. What is a Computer?

Transcription

1 CSE 231, Rich Enbody What is a Computer? 1

2 Hardware processor primary storage secondary storage input device output device network 3 The processor is the brain of a computer. 4 2

3 Processors: smaller, faster, more powerful. 5 Smaller 3

4 7 Core i7 (Nehalem) 2.3 Billion transistors 8 4

5 9 Transistors 10 5

6 What are the transistors Little electronic switches (only discovered in the 50 s). CSE 231, Fall Penryn gate 12 6

7 how many Count over the years 14 7

8 Moore s Law In 1965 he observed that the number of transistors per chip doubled every 18 months, and predicted it would continue for 10 years. Gordon Moore: founder of Intel

9 how fast How fast Processors run at GHz speeds. That is 1 billion operations a second. How fast is a nanosecond? 18 9

10 Nanoseconds n Speed of light =186,000 miles/sec, (3x10 8 meters/sec) n nanosecond = 10-9 seconds n In one nanosecond light travels 11.8 inches (30 centimeters) 19 Have reached limit for 1 processor. Solution: multi-cores 20 10

11 21 IBM Blue Gene Q" HPC processor" 16 cores" +1 core for O/S" +1 spare core" 4 thread/core" 204 GigaFlops" 32 MB cache" Transactional " memory" 22 11

12 72-core Intel x86 Knights Landing CPU (14 nm process) 23 One server? n 3 teraflops per socket n with 4 sockets per 1U, one 42U server is 500 teraflops (½ petaflop) n a flop is a floating-point operation so 500 trillion floating-point ops per sec 24 12

13 It is hard to get multiple processors to work together on one problem. Research! 25 Other Stuff 13

14 RAM, a.k.a. main memory n stores instructions and data for current programs n volatile: requires power to retain information n A few Gigabytes (billion-bytes) 27 Disk, a.k.a. secondary storage n nonvolatile -- information is recorded magnetically so power is not needed n hold many Gigabytes (billions of bytes) n cheap, but slow RAM access is a hundred CPU clock ticks disk access is a million CPU clock ticks n not directly accessed by CPU 28 14

15 New Disk : SSD n SSD = Solid-State Drive n No moving parts n 960 GigaBytes $600 (2013) 29 Storage 15

16 It is all bits: a bunch of 1 s and 0 s. Documents Music Images 31 Binary is base 2. Contrast to our base

17 Byte Byte (8 bits) n 1 byte: A single character 33 Kilobyte (1000 bytes) n 2 Kilobytes: A Typewritten page n 10 Kilobytes: An encyclopedic page n 50 Kilobytes: A compressed document n 100 Kilobytes: A low-resolution photo 34 17

18 Megabyte ( bytes) n 1 MByte: A small novel n 2 MByte: A medium-resolution photograph n 5 Mbyte: The complete works of Shakespeare or 30 seconds of video n 100 Mbyte: 1 meter of shelved books n 500 Mbyte: A CD-ROM 35 Gigabyte ( bytes) n 1 GByte: A pickup truck filled with paper n 5 GBytes: DVD n 6 Gbytes/sec: Large Hadron Collider n 50 GBytes: A library floor of books n 50 Gbytes: standard Blu-ray capacity 36 18

19 Terabyte ( byte) 1000 Gigabytes n trees made into paper and printed n 2 TB: An academic research library n 6 TB: tape cassette (2013) n 20 TB, photos/month on Facebook n 100 TB: US Library of Congress (2009) n 23 TB, video/day on Youtube (2010) 37 Petabyte = 1000 Terabytes* = 1,000,000 Gigabytes n Kazza shared 54 Petabytes (2005) n Google cluster has 4 Petabytes of RAM, processes 20 Pb a day n All data recorded in 2003: 2500 Petabytes n WoW, 1.3 Pb to maintain its game n Avitar, 1 Pb for the entire rendering *(1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes = 2 50) 38 19

20 n n n n Petabyte? In round numbers, a book is a megabyte. If you read one book a day for every day of your life for 80 years, your personal library will amount to less than 30 gigabytes. Remember a petabyte is 1 million gigabytes so you will still have 999,970 gigabytes left over. How many pictures can a person look at in a lifetime (4 Mbytes each)? I can only guess, but 100 images a day certainly ought to be enough for a family album. After 80 years, that collection of snapshots would add up to 30 terabytes. So your petabyte disk will have 970,000 gigabytes left after a lifetime of high quality photos and books. What about music? MP3 audio files run a megabyte a minute, more or less. At that rate, a lifetime of listening--24 hours a day, 7 days a week for 80 years--would consume 42 terabytes of disk space. So with all your music and pictures and books for a lifetime you will have 928,000 gigabytes free on your disk. The one kind of content that might possibly overflow a petabyte disk is video. In the format used on DVDs, the data rate is about two gigabytes per hour. Thus the petabyte disk will hold some 500,000 hours worth of movies; if you want to watch them all day and all night without a break for popcorn, they will actually fill up your petabyte drive if you have a lifetime of video on it as it will give you 57 years of video 39 Exabyte ( bytes) n 5-8 Eb, global internet traffic monthly n 500 Eb, total world digital content (2009) n 6 Eb, one year NetFlix DVD capacity n 100 Eb, NetFlix if all High Definition (1 yr) 40 20

21 Zettabyte (10 21 ) 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 n 1.2 ZB, total volume of digital data (2010) n Estimated Internet traffic in 2015 n The world's 27 million business servers processed 9.57 zettabytes of information (2007)

22 Yottabyte(10 24 ) 43 22