Section-1 : Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe population and its distribution

Transcription

1

2 Section-1 : Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe population and its distribution Scheduled Tribes Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India refers to Scheduled Tribes as those communities, who are scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution. This Article says that only those communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes. Article 342 provides for specification of tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which are deemed to be for the purposes of the Constitution the Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union Territory. In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Tribes are notified for each State or Union Territory and are valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union Territory and not outside. The list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State. The inclusion of a community as a Scheduled Tribe is an ongoing process. The essential characteristics, first laid down by the Lokur Committee, for a community to be identified as Scheduled Tribes are a) indications of primitive traits; b) distinctive culture; c) shyness of contact with the community at large; d) geographical isolation; and e) backwardness. Tribal communities live, in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and forests to hills and inaccessible areas. Tribal groups are at different stages of social, economic and educational development. While some tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by:- a) pre-agriculture level of technology; b) stagnant or declining population; c) extremely low literacy; and d) subsistence level of economy. Distribution of Tribes The Scheduled Tribes are notified in 30 States/UTs and the number of individual ethnic groups, etc. notified as Scheduled Tribes is 705. The tribal population of the country, as per 2011 census, is crore, constituting 8.6% of the total population % of them live in rural areas and 10.03% in urban areas. The decadal population growth of the tribal s from Census 2001 to 2011 has been 23.66% against the 17.69% of the entire population. Statistical Profile Of Scheduled Tribes In India

3 The sex ratio for the overall population is 940 females per 1000 males and that of Scheduled Tribes 990 females per thousand males. The trend in ST population since Census 1961 is illustrated in S1.1. From 30.1 million in 1961, the ST population has increased to million in S 1.1: Trends in Proportion of Scheduled Tribe Population Census Year Total population (in millions) Scheduled Tribes Population Proportion of STs population (in millions) # $ # Excludes Assam in Excludes Jammu & Kashmir in 1991 $ The figures exclude Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur, census 2001, Table 1.1 in the detailed section shows a comparative picture of the populations of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and All Categories for Male, Female and Total for Census Years 2001 and As per 2011 Census Scheduled Caste population in the country is nearly double of the Scheduled Tribe population. Table 1.2 and Table 1.3 list the Changes in percentage of ST to total population and the State-wise Changes in the Scheduled Tribe list between Census 2 Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe population and its distribution

4 2001 and Census 2011 respectively. Table 1.4 shows the probable reasons for the changes between Census 2001 and Census It is important to note that there are some changes in the List of Scheduled Tribes in States/UTs during the last decade. Table 1.5 in the detailed section illustrates Modifications made in the List of Scheduled Tribes after Census 2001 in States/UTs, in terms of total number of Modifications, Additions as Synonym/Sub-group in the Existing Entry, Additions as main Entry/Main Entry along with Synonym/Sub-Group, Transfer from SC list, Deletions, Area Restriction Omitted, Area Restriction Imposed/Redefined, Substitution and Modifications in the earlier entry. Table 1.6 in the detailed section shows State-wise Demographic status of Total Population & ST Population (Census 1991, 2001 & 2011), their decadal growth from 2001 to 2011 & the Proportion of STs to the state & to the country s total Population. Broadly the STs inhabit two distinct geographical area the Central India and the North- Eastern Area. More than half of the Scheduled Tribe population is concentrated in Central India, i.e., Madhya Pradesh (14.69%), Chhattisgarh (7.5%), Jharkhand (8.29%), Andhra Pradesh (5.7%), Maharashtra (10.08%), Orissa (9.2%), Gujarat (8.55%) and Rajasthan (8.86%). The other distinct area is the North East (Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh). (Table 1.7). The Graph below shows the states share of ST population out of India s ST population: Source : Presentation SCHEDULED TRIBES IN INDIA, Census 2011 by Registrar General of India, May 2013 Statistical Profile Of Scheduled Tribes In India

5 The Maps below (released by Registrar General of India in May 2013), show the State-wise Percentage of the Scheduled Tribe Population in Census 1991, 2001 and M1.1: Percentage of Scheduled Tribe Population in 2011, 2001, 1991 Source : Presentation SCHEDULED TRIBES IN INDIA, Census 2011 by Registrar General of India,May Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe population and its distribution

6 It can be seen from the Graph (G 1.2) and the Maps that more than two-third of the ST population is concentrated only in the seven States of the country, viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. There is no ST population in 3 States (Delhi NCR, Punjab and Haryana) and 2 UTs (Puducherry and Chandigarh), as no Scheduled Tribe is notified. (Table 1.6) Among States, Mizoram has the highest proportion of Scheduled Tribes(94.43) and Uttar Pradesh has the lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes (0.57) (Table 1.6) 17 States and 2 UTs have higher percentage of ST population than country s average of 8.6%. (Table 1.7) Table 1.8 gives State-wise comparison of Absolute number of All Population and Tribal Population in terms of Total, Male & Female and Table 1.9 gives the State-wise Tribal Population and decadal change by residence (Total, Rural & Urban) as per Census The trends in the Population of the Scheduled Tribes by residence (Total, Rural and Urban) for Census Years is given in the Graph (G1. 3)below. Source : Presentation SCHEDULED TRIBES IN INDIA, Census 2011 by Registrar General of India,May 2013 Table 1.10 in the detailed Section gives Comparison of the State-wise Percentage of Scheduled Tribe Population as per residence in Census 2001 and From Census 2001 to Census 2011, the percentage of Scheduled Tribes Population in the Rural Areas has increased from 10.4 to 11.3 whereas the Urban Tribal Population has increased only a marginally (from 2.4% to 2.8%). Statistical Profile Of Scheduled Tribes In India

7 Table 1.11 in the detailed section illustrates State-wise absolute numbers of the Scheduled Tribe population by sex and residence per Census Table 1.12 shows State-wise Comparison of Scheduled Caste & Scheduled Tribes Population according to Residence. The graph below shows the percentage of Households of the SCs, STs and the General Population, in terms of residence, as per Census Source : Presentation SCHEDULED TRIBES IN INDIA, Census 2011 by Registrar General of India,May 2013 Sex Ratio (number of Females per 1000 Males) is an important population characteristic that highlights the social attention provided to women. Though the sex ratio has been a matter of concern for the all population, the same has been good in the case of Tribal Population. From Census 2001 to Census 2011 there has been an increase from 978 to 990 females per 1000 males. The State-wise Sex Ratio among Scheduled Tribes by residence is compared for Census 2001 & 2011 in Table Table 1.14 gives the Child Sex ratio for Total, General and ST Population for Census Years 1991, 2001 and It is found that the Child Sex Ratio (CSR) (Population 0-6 age group) of the Total, General and the Scheduled Tribes Population has been declining since Census 1991, 2001 and Census The CSR of the Scheduled Tribes has been 985 in Census 1991 to 972 in Census 2001 and then to 957 in Census The State-wise CSR is also illustrated in the Table, from the last census However it is higher than the All India CSR of 914 (Table 1.14) Table 1.15 illustrates the State wise Number of Districts with Tribal Population more than 50%, districts with ST Population between 25% to 50% and the percentage of Tribal population in tribal and non tribal areas. 6 Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe population and its distribution

8 Table S1.2 below shows the Concentration of ST Population across Districts in India in Census S1.2:Concentration of ST Population across Districts S. No. Percentage of STs population No. of Districts 1. Less than 1 per cent Between 1 and per cent 3. Between 5 and per cent 4. Between 20 and per cent per cent and 90 above Total 640 Note: Out of 640 districts in India, in 50 districts of Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi and Puducherry, there is no Scheduled Tribes population, as no Scheduled Tribe is notified there. Table 1.16 and 1.17 respectively in the detailed section illustrate the States with number of districts having more than 50% of STs Population, States with districts having STs Population between 25% to 50%. Table 1.18 shows number of Districts with % of ST population in different ranges. As per Census 2011, 49 districts in the country have more than 75% of ST population. At the district level, 2011 Census reveals that there are 90 districts where ST population is 50 per cent or more. As per Census 2001, this number was 75 districts. Out of these 90 districts, 48 districts are in 8 North Eastern States. (Table 1.16). All the districts in Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland have more than 60% of ST Population. Table 1.19 shows the States/UTs and the Districts with highest and lowest %age of Scheduled Tribes. Among States Mizoram (94.43) has highest proportion of STs and Uttar Pradesh the lowest (0.57). Among UTs, Lakshadweep with 94.8 percent of ST Population ranks first and Daman & Diu has the lowest proportion of STs (6.32). With respect to districts, Kurung Kumey district of Arunachal Pradesh has the highest proportion of Scheduled Tribes (98.58) and Kannauj in Uttar Pradesh has the lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes (0.0009) As per Census 2011, there are 640 districts in the country out of which 631 are rural districts. There are 5879 sub districts, (Tehsils), villages, 8398 towns and wards. Table S1.3 depicts the distribution of ST population in decile group, (Percentage of ST population falling in 10% group) for districts, subdistricts/tehsils and villages both for Census 2011 and Census Statistical Profile Of Scheduled Tribes In India

9 S1.3:Number of Districts, Tehsils & Villages in different Decile group* decile limit* district count tehsil count village count &above All * Lower limit included Source: Census There are 9 district and 106 tehsils with no rural poplulations The above table (S1.3) reveals that at all India level number of rural districts have risen 8% (from 584 in 2001 to 631 in 2011).The growth in district count is primarily noticed in the decile group and along with the higher decile group and 90 & above. It is observed that there is rise of 8.6% in tehsil count during the same period. The distribution pattern of district count is replicated in tehsil count also. The picture is however a bit different in village count. There is a marginal increase of 0.6%. The decline is mainly in the 0-10 decile group which could not be offset by a rise of 5.9% in the 90 and above decile group along with marginal increase in the entire decile group. A Comparison of the State-wise distribution of tribal villages over five different concentrations of groups in Census 2001 and Census 2011 is given in the S1.4: 8 Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe population and its distribution

10 S1.4: State-wise distribution of tribal villages by different concentration of groups & 2011 State 100% Tribals > 90% Tribals > 75% Tribals > 50% Tribals > 25% Tribals Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Punjab Chandigarh Uttarakhand Haryana Delhi Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Bihar Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh Nagaland Manipur Mizoram Tripura Meghalaya Assam West Bengal Jharkhand Odisha Chandigarh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Daman & Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Goa Lakshadweep Kerala Tamilnadu Pondicherry A&N Islands All India Source:Census of india 2001,2011 Statistical Profile Of Scheduled Tribes In India

11 The data reveals that at all India level a decline of 32 percent is observed in the hundred percent groups of tribal villages. Among the states, maximum decline is noticed in Manipur, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha in this category. In the next category of tribal villages 5 percent rise is seen over the period 2001 to 2011.This is due to small rises in practically all the states. In the group there is a marginal increase of 5 percent over the period 2001 to 2011 and the trend of state-wise distribution is similar to the previous group. In the next two groups of tribal villages and the statewise features and the all India growth pattern is more or less of the same order observed in the previous groups. Thus a significant feature that emerges during the period 2001 to 2011 is the decline in 100 percent tribal villages with marginal increases in the other classes of tribal villages. Table 1.20 and Table 1.21, respectively in the detailed Section show the List of districts with ST population more than 50% and List of districts with ST population between 25% to 50% as per Census Table 1.22 lists the Non ITDA/ITDP DISTs with Percentage of Tribal population more than 25% (RURAL Areas) per Census Table 1.23 lists the Tribes with more than 5 lakh of population and their usual place of habitation (States) per Census The table illustrates that the population of Bhils is most followed by Gond and Santhalis. Table 1.24 show the state-wise list of individual Scheduled Tribes, with details, in terms of Households, Population (Total, Male, Female), Sex ratio, Child sex ratio, Literacy (Total, Male, Female), Worker Participation rate, Main worker & Marginal worker. Table 1.25 lists the State-wise Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) and their Population in India from 1961 to The Last Table 1.26 of the Section illustrates the State-wise Number and Types of Constituencies according to Social Groups in the General Elections, 2014 (16 th LOK SABHA). *********** 10 Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe population and its distribution