PRELIMINARY RAPID DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Transcription

1 PRELIMINARY RAPID DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR FOR FLOOD-AFFECTED AREAS OF PAKISTAN CONDUCTED BY THE AGRICULTURE CLUSTER: AUGUST 2010 ANALYSIS AND REPORT COMPILED: SEPTEMBER P a g e

2 Contents 1. Executive Summary Recommendations for Immediate Relief and Rehabilitation Population, Land and Agro-ecology of Flood Provinces Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Balochistan Sindh Objective of Assessment Assessment Methodology Assessment Preliminary Findings Field Crops Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Pulses (Mung and Mash) Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Fruit Orchards Livestock Irrigation infrastructure Primary Irrigation Channels Secondary Irrigation Channels Tertiary Irrigation Channels/Water Courses Tube Wells Fish Farms Government Support Structures and Services Map of Flood Areas Four Case Studies Annexes P a g e

3 1. Executive Summary The recent monsoon flash floods in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab Kashmir, Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) and Gilgit Baltistan have claimed well over 1,500 lives and affected more than 18 million people across Pakistan. Millions are without a home, displaced and in search of food and shelter, as outbreaks of water-borne diseases emerge. Massive destruction was caused to houses, schools, hospitals, bridges and roads. Approximately 80 percent of the population in the flood-affected areas depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The devastating monsoon floods have caused damages of unprecedented scale to agriculture and families that rely on the sector as a primary or sole source of food and/or income. The floods and flash rains in the country have not only damaged agriculture crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry, but have also destroyed primary infrastructure such as tube wells, water channels, household storages, houses, animal sheds, personal seed stocks/fertilizers, various agriculture machinery and equipments and many more. The floods struck at a devastating time for farmers just prior to the harvest of key standing crops (e.g. rice, maize, vegetables, and sugarcane) and to the onset of the Rabi wheat planting season, beginning in September/October. Relief activities continue in the affected areas. Government authorities and armed forces, supported by humanitarian organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have begun a major rescue/relief effort to reach stranded communities. The severity of the floods has caused enormous damage to the country s infrastructure. Entire settlements of mud-brick houses are reported to have been washed away, major bridges have collapsed, and some major provincial cities have been entirely cut off as road and rail links were severed. The widespread disruption to the country s communication network has made reaching the worst affected areas of the country extremely difficult. This report contains the findings of rapid agriculture damage assessment missions conducted in 39 of a total 79 flood-affected by the Agriculture Cluster in Pakistan. The assessments were conducted in the ten most affected of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) from August 9 th 14 th, and in Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan provinces and two other severely affected of KPK (DI Khan and Tank) and Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK), between August 20 th 27 th A total of 116 Agriculture Cluster members from 36 organizations participated. While this report focuses on recorded damages, it provides a platform for further work on needs assessment and response analysis, such that available resources can be optimally targeted to meet the needs of the people in a 12 month emergency response period, as defined by the timeframes inherent in the ongoing revision of the Pakistan Initial Flood Emergency Response Plan (PIFERP). The tables below present the summary findings of the Agriculture Cluster damage assessment on the extent of damages to field crops, livestock and irrigation in the 39 that were surveyed. 3 P a g e

4 Field Crops (damage in hectares) Provinces Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Pulses Fodder Crops Summer vegetables Others Other Orchards Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan PAK Province Total Total Damage to Livestock (head of livestock) Provinces Died in Floods Indirectly Sold at Low prices Animal Sheds Destroyed Fisheries Poultry farms/ birds Govt. Veterinary Extension Dept. Field Offices Punjab Sindh NK NK NK 9 KPK NK NK 23 NK NK Balochistan NK NK NK NK NK PAK NK NK NK Total NK NK NK 17 Irrigation infrastructure Provinces Primary Secondary Tertiary Tube wells / Others Total Punjab Sindh NK NK 433 NK 433 KPK Balochistan NK NK NK NK NK PAK 132 NK NK NK 132 Total P a g e

5 Field Crop Damages (Acres) 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,634,940 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , ,372 Crop Damages 600, , , , ,251 27,778 Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan AJK Livestock Loss Died in Floods Irrigation Damages Irrigation Infrastructure Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan AJK 5 P a g e

6 The rapid flood damages assessment indicates that hectares of the cultivated area of field crops has been reported as destroyed throughout the assessed affected areas. Highest losses in terms of crops cultivated was recorded in Punjab ( hectares) followed by Sindh ( hectares), KPK ( hectares) and PAK ( hectares). The main losses have been recorded in field crops, of which cotton, sugarcane, fodder crops and rice were found as worst affected crop of the current Kharif season (summer season). The affected communities also suffered heavy losses in livestock and irrigation infrastructure which are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of the predominantly agrarian community. A total of livestock animals and poultry have been reported lost. Also, as many as 14 million livestock have been indirectly affected due to diseases, feed and fodder shortages and dislocation due to animal shelter destruction. Most of the cultivated area especially cotton, sugarcane and rice cropped is cultivated with head canals diverted from main rivers irrigation systems have been damaged due to banks being eroded by flood water or sedimentation /siltation due to flash floods and rains which will need immediate de-silting, repair or reconstruction. While the assessment teams made every effort to gather accurate data, the prevailing emergency situation did not always allow for completeness of information. The situation is still evolving and the data are preliminary, representing only a snapshot for a particular period. Also, access to some areas is not yet possible, thus a more detailed assessment will be required when access is restored. 2. Recommendations for Immediate Relief and Early Recovery Despite the preliminary nature and partial geographic coverage of the rapid damage assessment, some initial recommendations can already be made. This is particularly relevant as many of them are time sensitive, such as immediate livestock feeding and veterinary care, and enhancing the availability of agricultural inputs for the Rabi season, preparation for which starts in some in mid-september. A preliminary table of recommendations is provided on the next page by sector, and these underlie the thrust of the Agriculture Sector early recovery strategy for the coming 12 month period Agriculture Immediate term (next 30 days): fertilizers for any surviving crops; provision of vegetable seeds, winter fodder seeds with fertilizers; clearance of flood debris for planting Short term (4-8 weeks): provision of agriculture hand tools for crop management; provision of wheat seed with fertilizers; provision of tillage capacity and land preparation activities (machinery/dap) Medium term (2-10 months): provision of potato seed with fertilizers; rehabilitation of damaged orchards and trees with provision of fertilizers and agricultural inputs for Kharif Long term (more than 10 months): providing granaries (steel bins) for seed storage. Medium to long term: support to agro-based enterprises and value chain development. 6 P a g e

7 Livestock and Poultry Immediate and short term: provision of emergency compound feed rations, vaccines, de-wormers and mineral/vitamin supplements for surviving livestock; provision of transitional livestock shelters. Medium term: distribution of poultry and poultry feed. Medium to long term: construction and rehabilitation of animal sheds and shelter. Medium and long term: restocking of large and small ruminants, if required. Long term: reconstruction of veterinary centres. Agriculture Infrastructure, Services and Assets Short and immediate term: clearing of flood debris, de-silting of partially damaged irrigation channels and water courses, both on-farm and shared. Medium term: rehabilitation and reconstruction of water mills. Medium to long term: reconstruction and rehabilitation of water storage tanks and ponds; rehabilitation of damaged land terraces and construction of protection walls; construction of check dams, inlet and outlet; reconstruction and rehabilitation of farm to market roads; rehabilitation of pasture tracks; and bio-physical flood mitigation measures. Agroforestry and Fisheries Medium to long term: Provision of forest and agro-forestry plants for plantation on communal and private lands; rehabilitation and restocking of fish hatcheries/farms; construction of check dams on flood prone sites and flood water drainage systems. AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE, SERVICES AND ASSETS Short and immediate term: clearing of flood debris, de-silting of partially damaged irrigation Capacity channels Development and water Medium courses. to long term: capacity development of all stakeholders; provision of improved technical Medium practices and term: agricultural rehabilitation production and reconstruction techniques. of water mills. Medium to long term: reconstruction and rehabilitation of water storage tanks and ponds; rehabilitation Immediate of damaged (next 30 days) land terraces and construction Short term of protection (4-8 weeks) walls; construction of check Medium term (2-10 months) Long term (more than 10 months) dams, inlet and outlet; reconstruction and rehabilitation of farm to market roads; rehabilitation of pasture tracks; and bio-physical flood mitigation measures. 3 Population, Land and Agro-ecology of Flood Provinces: 3.1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Agriculture is the primary source of revenue in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). However, only 2.75 million of the province s total million hectares is cultivatable. Of that, 1.8 million hectares is currently cultivated. The topography of KPK suggests that most of the geographical area is barren or unsuitable for agricultural AGRICULTURE production. INFRASTRUCTURE, About 83% of the SERVICES population AND lives ASSETS in rural areas placing a tremendous Short and immediate term: clearing of flood debris, de-silting of partially damaged pressure irrigation on channels land resources. and Harsh weather conditions, remote geographical location, scattered water courses. Medium term: rehabilitation and reconstruction of water mills. 7 P a g e Medium to long term: reconstruction and rehabilitation of water storage tanks and ponds; rehabilitation of damaged land terraces and construction of protection walls; construction of check

8 populations across many small villages, undeveloped physical and social infrastructure, underdeveloped markets, and inadequate investment in financial and human capital have been among key defining characteristics of the poverty problem in these areas. Wheat is the most important Rabi (winter) crop, occupying the bulk of the cropped area. Maize, rice, fruit, and tobacco are the main Kharif (summer) crops. Wheat straw, maize thinning and stover are important by-products used for livestock. Animal fodder is only grown as a crop in limited quantities. Due to great diversity in climate and soils, KPK grows over 42 crops; the major ones being wheat, rice, barley, maize, sugarcane, tobacco, rape and mustard, groundnut, pulses, vegetables and fruits. The major crops occupy nearly 90% of the total cropped area. Vegetables are grown throughout the year and are an important source of both nutrition and income for households. Livestock farming is also a dominant occupation of the farming community with more than 15 million animal heads and some 22 million poultry. The sector is characterizing major source of livelihood in the arid plains and mountain regions of southern KPK and most parts of FATA. Around three-quarters of farm households are involved in sheep, goat and cattle rearing. A typical family keeps up to three cows or buffalos, 5-8 sheep or goats, and 6-10 poultry. While milk animals used to be local breeds, it has become common to purchase lactating buffaloes from the Punjab, keep them for months and then resell them. These buffaloes are mainly stall-fed whereas other cattle, as well as sheep and goats, are grazed except for the harshest winter months. During summer herds of cattle, sheep and goats are taken to pastures for grazing. 49% of the cultivated area is rain fed. Landholdings are small and fragmented, and the majority of farming families have no access to irrigation. 94% farms are below the range of 5 hectares, constituting subsistence farm level. About 40% of the country's forest is located in the northern mountainous areas of KPK and 17% of the land area of KPK is covered by forest. Subsistence farming and higher dependability on livestock activities are the characteristic livelihood patterns in northern hilly and southern dry regions of the province. The irrigated mainland of Peshawar and Swat valleys provided enabling environment for cash crops (mostly orchards and high value vegetables) in the respective areas. The well established canal system is the major source of irrigation water in Peshawar valley. In northern parts of KPK, irrigation is practiced by means of contour channels off-taking from the locally available water sources, often steep side streams and springs. Most of these schemes which cover about hectares are owned and operated directly by the beneficiaries through traditional social organizations. The land tenure system in the KPK can be classified into three categories: 58% farming area is operated by owners while 27% and 15% farming area is cultivated by owners-cum-tenants and tenants respectively. 8 P a g e

9 3.2 Punjab Most of Punjab is a fertile region along river valleys. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated in the world, canals can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. Punjab contributes about 70% to annual food grain production in the country. 21 million hectares is cultivated and another 3.66 million hectares are lying fallow in different parts of the province. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Cotton and rice are the most important cash crops, contributing substantially to the national exchequer. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo (a variety of mandarin). Livestock and poultry production are also important. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of strategies towards small and medium scale farming, stressing barani (rain fed) areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity. 3.3 Balochistan Agriculture is the mainstay of the Balochistan economy, employing 67% of the total work force. About 6% of the province is cultivated, whereas rangelands constitute 79% of the total area. Range-based livestock production is one of the major sources of livelihood for the people living in rural areas. Small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, are better adapted to Balochistan s harsh environment and greatly outnumber large ruminants such as cattle and buffalo, camels, donkeys, horses and mules. Approximately 60% of cultivated land is under dry land farming involving flood irrigation and rainfall. Crops grown under these conditions, however, give poor yields and returns, and are very risky. These farming systems provide, in conjunction with livestock and off-farm income, the major source of revenue for many of the poorer farming communities. Crop gross margins are small, and farmers have limited access to expensive irrigation technology. Balochistan is known as the fruit-basket of the country, producing 90 percent of grapes, cherry and almonds, 60 percent of peach, pomegranate, apricot, 34 percent of apple and 70 percent of date. Fruit crops are grown over an area of 149,726 hectares in the province with a yield of about 0.9 million tonnes annually. Fruit production in highland Balochistan, which contains south-western region, depends on the availability of groundwater. A range of land tenure arrangements is found in the province. The most common are small-scale private ownership and tenancy, with two distinct tenancy systems: Annual lease, in which the tenancy agreement is negotiated on an annual basis between the tenant and landlord, and hereditary, in which tenancy rights are transferred between generations. The most common tenancy 9 P a g e

10 arrangement is sharecropping, although the respective shares between landlord and tenant vary considerably, including within the proposed project area. 3.4 Sindh The economy of Sindh largely depends on the progress and growth of the agriculture sector. The province contributes significantly towards overall national agriculture production with 32% rice, 24% sugarcane, 12% cotton and 21% of wheat. Sindh presents a variety of soil and climatic conditions compatible for growing various cereal, fruit and vegetable crops and maintenance of a large livestock population. The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. 41% of the total reported area (14.09 million ha) is cultivated while 10% of cultivable fertile land is left unattended due to shortage of irrigation water. The three barrages on river Indus (Sukkur, Kotri and Guddu) covers 5.78 million hectares of the cultivable command area in the province. Besides these barrages, the agriculture in Sindh is dependent upon 14 feeder and main canals, and branch canals, distributaries and minors having a total length of kilometers. The upper and lower Sindh zones have remained rice growing areas where as central part of Sindh is cotton-wheat belt. However, central parts of Sindh (up to Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas ) have remained under gardens and orchards growing zones for fruits and vegetables. Besides, cotton, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds, pulses and fodders are sown in greater areas. The upper Sindh are rice growing areas except Sukkur and Ghotki Districts. Rice tract of upper Sindh has some relatively small areas of orchards and vegetables, where jujuba, guava, dates and mango are produced both for local consumption and export, while Kharif and Rabi season vegetables are grown around towns and cities for local consumption. The cropping pattern in central parts of Sindh is broadly based on cotton and wheat, followed by pulses, oil seeds and fodder crops in rotation. This multi-cropping system operates under perennial irrigation canals, which receive water from the Rohri and Nara canals and the Khairpur feeder canals from the Sukkur barrage. This is a most fertile zone where major and minor crops are produced over a vast area. Concentrations of fruit orchards and vegetables are also widely grown. With the introduction of sugar mills in this zone, sugarcane is grown over larger areas to increase farmers income. However, it has caused soil degradation due to water logging and salinity and disturbed the dry crop belt of wheat-cotton growing in the central zone. Lower Sindh is in a far better condition than other crop zones of the province due to its environment that permits cultivating cash crops for the exports, such as oil palm, coconut, betel vine, papaya, as well as sugarcane, banana, rice, sunflower, tomato, muskmelon etc. 10 P a g e

11 4. Objective of Assessment Following agreement among Agriculture Cluster members, a rapid agriculture damage assessment mission was launched, initially in the ten most flood-affected of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Agriculture Cluster members have actively participated in the assessment process, with the aim of collecting key primary data of losses and provide preliminary guidance on needs in the agriculture sector resulting from the ongoing floods. Following the initial assessment in KPK, similar joint assessments were carried out in Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan provinces, as well as two remaining worst affected of KPK and Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) during August The assessment mission had the following objectives: 1. Conduct a rapid damage assessment in accessible areas of most severely flood affected areas. 2. Develop coordination and collaboration with organizations and government line agencies for a realistic and valid rapid assessment. 3. Come up with strategic recommendations for immediate relief and early recovery of the agriculture sector. 4. Identify potential organizations/ngos as future implementing partners in flood affected areas. 5. Assessment methodology Primary data collection The methodology for the collection of primary field data included the gathering of damage information at household level, as well as aggregate data from government line departments and key informants. Most of the severely affected villages remained inaccessible due to mud, standing water and the destruction of link roads. The following tools were used during data collection: Focus group discussions with affected communities; Meetings and interviews with key informants, organizations, institutions and government line agencies, especially the agriculture and livestock extension department; Field visits and transect walks to the damage sites; Secondary data collection from agencies, line departments and local organizations; Recording snapshots of the affected/damage sites; and Data collection through questionnaires completed by affected households. In order to attain a diverse range of information at district level, the following approach was developed for the assessment study: Data/information from diversified sources was collected and triangulated with secondary sources; 11 P a g e

12 At least three union councils were covered in each district. The selection was based on preliminary discussion with the District Administration, Agriculture Extension Department and humanitarian organizations in the area; A final feedback/debriefing session was arranged at the end of the assessment mission, during which assessment findings were shared, elaborated, consolidated and compiled; Sector-wise recommendations were presented. Notes on scope of data and reliability While the assessment teams made every effort to gather accurate data, the prevailing emergency situation did not always allow for completeness of information. It is pertinent to note that: The situation is still evolving and the data are preliminary, representing only a snapshot for a particular time period; Secondary data were necessarily not up-to-date and line departments are still in the process of compiling damage assessments at district/provincial levels; Some of the collected data could not be triangulated in time for the analysis; There can be a tendency for overestimation in the preliminary figures, due to respondent s reaction to the event shock; and Access to some areas is not yet possible. More detailed assessments will be required when access is restored. 6. Rapid damage assessment preliminary findings 6.1 Field Crops The rapid flood damages assessment shows that hectares of field crops cultivated area has been reported as destroyed in all the four provinces of Pakistan and PAK. Highest losses in terms of crops cultivated was recorded in Punjab ( hectares) followed by Sindh ( hectares), KPK ( hectares) and PAK ( hectares). The main losses have been recorded in field crops of which cotton, sugarcane, fodder crops and rice were the worst affected crop of the current Kharif season (summer season). The affected communities also suffered heavy losses in livestock and irrigation infrastructure which are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of the predominantly agrarian flood-affected communities. The report also encompasses community prioritization for immediate emergency and relief interventions and a proposed action plan stipulated on a time scale of immediate, short, medium and long terms basis. 12 P a g e

13 6.1.1 Cotton 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of N/A Cotton is the main cash and industrial crop of south Punjab and Sindh, and a major crop for earning foreign exchange by exporting the raw and finished cotton fiber. The cotton crop was at a critical stage of reproductive growth i.e. boll formation. Cotton growers have suffered enormous loses as the cotton crop was at a very critical stage of production in one district, Larkana (Sindh) 98 percent loss was registered. Crop damages have been twofold: The floods and inundation have caused premature shedding or been completely washed away by flash floods. Irrigation water shortages causing the start of crops wilting causing significant acreage of cotton crop desiccating Sugarcane 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of N/A Sugarcane is the second most important cash crop in the province of Sindh and Punjab during Kharif season and was badly affected by the recent floods. Cotton is important not only for providing important raw material for sugar making industries but the fresh leaves and stalk are also used as animal fodder. The damage to the crop will contribute to an already strained situation of fodder shortage. The crop was damaged at a critical growth stage with sugar synthesis at its peak Rice 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 PAK 2 of 8 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of N/A N/A Rice is the second major Kharif cereal crop in the three provinces Punjab, Sindh and KPK, and was badly hit by the floods in terms of damages to standing crop on account of being water loving, shallow rooted cereal crop cultivated in low lying riverine belt exposed to floods and heavy rains. The cultivated rice crop comprised of small plots for efficient irrigation. Rice is cultivated for national consumption as well as export of fine quality basmati rice, fetching a huge sum of foreign exchange for the national exchequer. 13 P a g e

14 6.1.4 Maize 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 PAK 2 of 8 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of N/A N/A Maize is a major cereal of summer season and is mostly cultivated as staple grain, fodder (both fresh and dry) and sale to the industries for processing. The floods have caused huge damage to the standing crop in all provinces except Sindh where the crop is cultivated as summer fodder Pulses (Mung and Mash) 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of N/A Mung and Mash are the major pulse crops of southern part of KPK, Punjab and Sindh. In KPK, there was total loss in the surveyed. The current damages will lead to food insecurity and high food prices in the country Fodder crops 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of N/A N/A Major summer fodder crops of Pakistan are sorghum, maize and millets Summer vegetables 39 surveyed Damage in hectares Total cropped area (hectares) KPK 12 of 24 PAK 2 of 8 Balochistan 5 of 27 Punjab 11 of 36 Sindh 9 of 23 Total 39 of N/A N/A The losses to vegetable crops have resulted into vegetables shortages in the market and high unaffordable prices of major vegetables crops. 14 P a g e

15 6.1.8 Fruit orchards Major fruit orchards of the country which sustained heavy economic losses due to the floods are mangos, citrus and guava in Punjab; apples and peaches in KPK; and banana in Sindh province and hectares of citrus and mango orchards were reportedly damaged in Punjab. Losses to other types of orchards to the tune of hectares with highest losses in KPK (4 745 ha), followed by Sindh (3 150 ha), Punjab (688 ha) and PAK (177 ha). No losses to fruit orchards were reported from Baluchistan. 6.2 Livestock Livestock and poultry play a vital role in the livelihoods of poor communities especially in the context of damages to the sector in the flood affected of Pakistan. Even for those who have no landholding, livestock is an invaluable possession. Livestock is an important asset for large and medium farmers, while small and landless farmers see it as a basic means of livelihood and survival, as a hot source of cash, family nutrition and living. The typical composition of livestock comprises of goats or sheep, poultry birds for small farmers and buffalos, 5-10 cows for small and large farmers. The floods have caused significant damages /losses to the livestock sector in all provinces of Pakistan. The nature of losses to the livestock is multifaceted in terms of death in flood water, indirect losses due to fodder and feed shortages and disease epidemics. A total of livestock animals excluding poultry are estimated to have been lost in the floods. A significant number of livestock have been assessed as indirectly affected due to diseases, feed and fodder shortages and dislocation on account of animal shelter destructions. The total number of the animals indirectly affected has been reported up to of which maximum losses are feared in Sindh ( ), followed by Punjab ( ), Baluchistan ( ), KPK ( ) and PAK ( ). Animal sold at low prices have been reported from Punjab and PAK where and animals have been sold at 30-50% lower prices for fulfilling immediate cash needs during the flood disaster. A significant number of animal shed (46 400) have been damaged in the flood affected areas of Pakistan. Sindh suffered heaviest losses in terms of destruction to animal sheds where a total animal sheds have been completely damaged by the floods, followed by sheds destroyed in Punjab and in PAK. 6.3 Irrigation infrastructure Most of the cultivated area, especially cotton, sugarcane and rice, are cultivated with head canals diverted from main rivers. The recent floods have damaged these canals due to banks being eroded by flood water or sedimentation /siltation due to flash floods and rains which will need immediate repair/reconstruction, de-silting to restore water availability to the standing crops of cotton, sugarcane and rice crops. These canals are the life lines of irrigation systems, especially in Punjab. 15 P a g e

16 6.3.1 Primary irrigation channels The floods have damaged a total of 201 primary irrigation structures of which highest damages were recorded in PAK (132), followed by Punjab (55) and KPK (14). The primary irrigation channels require early restoration Secondary and tertiary irrigation channels Secondary irrigation structure was badly damaged by the floods. The structures were either completely damaged or heavily silted due to sand and alluvial silt accumulation. At total of 396 secondary irrigation channels have been damaged of which maximum damages were recorded in KPK (332) followed by Punjab (64). Most of the irrigation channels had been improved through concrete and brick lining. Similar damages in other provinces have not been ascertained yet as the concerned district and provincial on farm water management departments are still conducting damages assessment surveys. These channels are often shared by many farmers, sometimes as many as 100 or more, and under to Water Users Association control On farm irrigation channels/water courses On farm channels are small irrigation structures (on farm water courses) for irrigation at individual farmer s fields. However, the floods have caused huge damages to such minor channels which are either completely damaged i.e. washed away by floods or heavily silted. Clearing and de-silting of structures is very vital for restoration of irrigation to any surviving standing crops, but more importantly for the upcoming wheat season. A total of water courses have been damaged in the recent floods of which maximum damages were reported from Punjab i.e water courses (with an average length of 500 to feet) have been partially or fully damaged. The second highest damages were reported from KPK (2601 water courses), followed by Sindh (433). The damages from the rest of the provinces need further detailed assessment Tube wells During the transect walks, community owned tube wells dug for irrigation purposes were observed. These tube well are operated with electricity and irrigate a significant acreage of land. The recent floods have also played havoc with these field based tube wells on account of being permanent structure in the field. Such tube wells have been completely damaged in the fields under flooding and subsequent. A total of tube wells have been reportedly damaged, mostly in Punjab (10 200) and KPK (437). The damages from other provinces have not yet been estimated. 6.4 Fish farms Damages to fish farms have been reported only from Punjab and KPK where 916 and 23 fish farms, respectively, have been damaged by the recent monsoon floods. 16 P a g e

17 6.5 Government Support structures and services A total 13 Government veterinary hospitals in Punjab, 9 in Sindh and 17 agriculture extension field offices have been damaged by the floods in Punjab. A fuller estimation of damages to Government agriculture infrastructure requires further assessment. 7. Flood Districts of Pakistan visited on 30 th August 2010 (2000 hrs PST) 17 P a g e

18 8. Four Case Studies Case Study 1: A farmer's world in chaos after the floods (Punjab) Mr Mohammad Afzal was a prosperous farmer of village Bakhtiari, cultivating his 75 acres of land and earning a good sum of income from his cotton crop every year. Mr Afzal was expecting an income of rupees (USD 5 950) in view of the bumper cotton crop. But the floods wrought destruction to the fields and shattered his dreams. More than half of his cotton cultivated land,as well as his house, animal sheds, agriculture machinery and tools were badly damaged. The farmer saved his 32 animals mainly cows and buffaloes but the damages to his fodder stores and fresh fodders, six acres of sorghum crop, has left the animals hungry and weak, with a drastically reduced milk yield. He has received some livestock support, vaccinations and deworming for his animals. Mr Afzal was irrigating his crops with three tube wells installed in the vicinity of his field. The floods have inundated all of them, and he fears they are completely destroyed. He also had two tractors, one small with 135 horse powers and a larger one with 375 horse powers. Fortunately, he managed to save both of them, though many parts were broken during transportation through the flooded fields. Mr Afzal expects to reclaim his fields when the water recedes and hopes they will dry within a month so he can start clearing silt and prepare the land planting the very important winter wheat. However, he is dependent on help, as all his wheat seeds have been lost. Mr Afzal appeals to the government and other agencies to: Provide wheat seeds and fertilizers, support him in rehabilitating his tube wells, and provide feed concentrates for his surviving animals. Help replacing his damaged agriculture implements, constructing animal sheds, give concession on electricity charges on tube wells, as well as writing-off his previous small farm loans. To cope with shortage of feed during the coming winter, Mr Afzal also requested provision of winter fodder seeds such as lucerne and alfalfa suitable fodder crops, along with fertilizers for restoring the soil fertility of his damaged farms. 18 P a g e

19 Case Study 2: Farm family s future at stake (KPK) "Our food reserves and livelihoods assets are completely destroyed," says Allah Nawaz. He lives in the village Keach DI Khan with his family. He is the head of an extended family of fortyone people. They live in a compound of 16 canals (0.8 hectares) with agriculture as a primary livelihood source. Together with his four brothers and their children he cultivates 400 kanals (20 hectares) of irrigated land to earn their livelihoods. The flood destroyed our living compound and 66 hectares agricultural fields. My children and grand children my whole family lost our home. The infants are facing diseases of cholera and diarrhea as we are drinking contaminated water and taking less nourished food," he says. "The standing crops of rice and sugarcane are worst affected, but grain, seed stocks and dry fodder are also perished and lost. The animal shelters have collapsed, so our 89 small and large animals are roaming free, looking for feed and fodder." The devastated flood and torrential rains intolerably affected the livelihoods of this family. During on-going Kharif season they have cultivated rice on 200 kanals (10 hectares) sugarcane on 100 kanals (5 hectares) and kept 100 kanals as fallow for sugarcane sowing in September. Two standing crops have been badly affected and he is expecting more than 60% crop lost. His wheat reserves of 100 bags (10 000kg) of seed as well as grain wheat. 120 bags of 100 kg each of gram seed also stored for trading and self utilization, 50 out of 120 bags costing rupees were are also destroyed. Besides the residential buildings, the family also lost four animal sheds accommodating 39 milk producing cattle and 50 sheep. The surviving livestock is under stress and waiting for attention and management. Approximately 50 to 60 bags of dry fodder (wheat straw) costing rupees (USD 240) has also been destroyed under debris. 19 P a g e

20 Case Study 3: Financial disaster - precious crop of Mung beans damaged (KPK) Muhammad Nawaz is a small farmer of village Malana, where he has 150 kanals (7.5 hectares) of irrigated land. Every year he cultivates two crops in the kharif season (summer season), either rice or mung, and sugar cane (one short duration and one long duration crop). This year he decided to cultivate mung pulses on 55 kanals (2.8 hectares) and sugar cane on 95 kanals (4.8 hectares). He purchased seed costing rupees (USD 83) at rupees per 100 kg bag. Spray cost was also Labour days and water charges required approximately rupees. The total running cost of the crop was thus rupees. He was expecting produce of 25 bags of 100 kg each but due to rains and flood he shall get only 10 bags. This produce has been 60% destroyed by fungus attack. Item Amount Rs. Expected Yield Amount Rs. Seed Bags (25 x 7 500) Sprays Yield Obtained Labour and irrigation Bags (10 x 3 000) Total Difference Case study 4: Goats engulfed by the floods (Punjab) Ms Kosar was like other poor women of the Mouza Kacha Shikrani union council, living from hand to mouth with her five children and husband in a small mud brick hut. She had five goats and a cow which was the only source of sustenance for the family. She feeds her children goat milk and sells young kids at times of adversity, working hard to pay back a few small loans received from a nearby farming family. Doomsday fell upon her family when the floods caused destruction to their livestock. While trying to protect their animals and household possession, the five of the goats were swept away. The floods swept away the family home together with all their possessions. Ms Kosar is now living in a nearby camp with her husband and children, under the scorching heat with an ever present risk of diseases. 20 P a g e

21 10. Annexes: District wise assessment findings Annex 1: Damaged cropped area in the affected of Punjab # Total Union Councils Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Districts Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Multan NK NK NK Jang 31 7 NK Layya NK Rajan Pur DG Khan NK NK 0 Muzzafargarh NK Bhakkar 12 NK NK NK NK NK 0 Khushab 15 NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Mianwali 35 NK NK 1383 NK NK NK NK NK Total P a g e

22 Annex 2: Losses to livestock sector in affected in Punjab Damages to Livestock and Poultry # Total Union Councils Sold at Animal Poultry farms Districts Worst Moderately Least Low prices Sheds / birds Died in Floods Indirectly Fisheries Govt. Veterinary Extension Deptt. Field Offices Bahawalpur NK NK Rahim Yar Khan NK NK Multan NK NK NK NK NK Jang 31 7 NK NK Layya NK NK Rajan Pur NK NK NK NK 17 DG Khan NK NK NK NK NK Muzzafargarh NK NK NK NK 875 NK NK NK Bhakkar 12 NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Khushab 15 NK NK 136 NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Mianwali 35 NK NK 12 NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Total P a g e

23 Annex 3: Damages to irrigation infrastructure Damages to Irrigation infrastructure # Total Union Councils Tubewells/ Worst Moderately Least Others Districts Primary Secondary Tertiary Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Multan NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Jang 31 7 NK Layya NK NK NK Rajan Pur DG Khan NK NK Muzzafargarh NK 2 NK 4800 NK Bhakkar 12 NK NK NK NK 28 NK Khushab 15 NK NK 1 NK NK NK Mianwali 35 NK NK 1 NK NK NK Total P a g e

24 Annex 4: Damaged cropped area in the affected in Sindh # Total Union Councils Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Districts Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Larkana Dadu Jacobabad Ghotki Shikarpur Nawabshah Khairpur Sukkur kashmore Total P a g e

25 Annex 5: Losses to livestock sector in affected in Sindh Districts # Total Union Councils Worst Moderatly Least Died in Floods Indirectly Sold at Damages to Livestock and Poultry Animal Fisheries Poultry farms Low prices Sheds / birds Govt. Veterinary Larkana NK NK NK NK NK NK Dadu NK NK NK NK NK NK Jacobabad NK NK NK NK NK NK Ghotki NK NK NK NK NK NK Shikarpur NK NK NK NK NK Extension Deptt. Field Offices Nawabshah NK NK NK NK NK NK Khairpur NK NK NK NK NK NK Sukkur NK NK NK NK NK NK Kashmore NK NK NK NK NK NK Total NK NK NK NK 25 P a g e

26 Annex 6: Damages to irrigation infrastructure in affected in Sindh Table 2 : Damages to irrigation infrastructure in Sindh Districts # Total Union Councils Damages to Irrigation infrastructure Primary Secondary Tertiary Tube-wells/ Worst Moderately Least Others Larkana NK NK NK NK Dadu NK NK NK NK Jacobabad NK NK NK NK Ghotki NK NK NK NK Shikarpur NK NK 433 NK Nawabshah NK NK NK NK Khairpur NK NK NK NK Sukkur NK NK NK NK kashmore NK NK NK NK Total P a g e

27 Annex 7: Damaged cropped area in the affected in KPK # Total Union Councils Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Districts Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Peshawar Nowshera Mardan Charsadda Swat Lower Dir NK NK NK Upper Dir NK NK NK Shangla Kohistan Malakand NK NK NK DI Khan Tank Total P a g e

28 Annex 8: Losses to livestock sector in affected of KPK Worst # Total Union Councils Moderately Sold at Damages to Livestock and Poultry Animal Poultry farms Least Died in Indirectly Floods Low prices Sheds Fisheries / birds Govt. Veterinary Extension Deptt. Field Offices Peshawar NK NK NK NK NK NK Nowshera NK NK NK NK NK NK Mardan NK NK NK NK NK NK Charsadda NK NK NK NK NK NK Swat NK NK NK NK NK NK Lower Dir NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Upper Dir NK NK NK NK Districts NK NK NK NK NK Shangla NK NK NK NK NK NK Kohistan NK NK NK NK NK NK Malakand NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK DI Khan NK NK NK NK NK NK Tank NK NK NK NK NK NK NK Total NK NK NK NK NK 28 P a g e

29 Annex 9: Damages to irrigation infrastructure in affected in KPK Damages to Irrigation infrastructure # Total Union Councils Tube-wells/ Districts Worst Moderately Least Primary Secondary Tertiary Peshawar Nowshera Others Mardan Charsadda Swat Lower Dir NK NK NK Upper Dir NK NK NK Shangla Kohistan Malakand NK NK NK DI Khan Tank Total P a g e

30 Annex 10: Damaged cropped area in the affected in Baluchistan # Total Union Councils Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Districts Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Jaffarabad Naseerabad Sibi Barkhan Kohlu Total Annex 11: Losses to livestock sector in affected of Baluchistan Districts # Total Union Councils Worst Moderately Died in Indirectly Sold at Animal Damages to Livestock and Poultry Poultry farms Least Floods Low prices Sheds Fisheries / birds Veterinary Jaffarabad NK NK NK NK NK NK Naseerabad NK NK NK NK NK NK Sibi NK NK NK NK NK NK Barkhan NK NK NK NK NK NK Kohlu NK NK NK NK NK NK Total NK NK NK NK NK NK Govt. Extension Dept Field Offices 30 P a g e

31 Annex 12: Damages to irrigation infrastructure in affected in Baluchistan # Total Union Councils Damages to Irrigation infrastructure Tube-wells/ Districts Worst Moderately Least Primary Secondary Tertiary Others Jaffarabad NK NK NK NK Naseerabad NK NK NK NK Sibi NK NK NK NK Barkhan NK NK NK NK Kohlu NK NK NK NK Total NK NK NK NK 31 P a g e

32 Annex 13: Damages to field crops, livestock and irrigation infrastructure in Pakistan Administered Kashmir Districts # Total Union Councils Worst Moderatly Least Cotton Sugarcane Rice Maize Crops cultivated area damaged (Hectares) Mung /Mash Fodder Crops Summer Vegetables Others Citrus Mango Other Orchards Muzaffarabad Neelum Total Districts # Total Union Councils Worst Moderately Least Died in Floods Indirectly Sold at Damages to Livestock and Poultry Animal Poultry farms Low prices Sheds Fisheries / birds Govt. Veterinary Extension Deptt. Field Offices Muzaffarabad NK NK NK NK Neelum NK NK NK NK Total NK NK NK NK Damages to Irrigation infrastructure # Total Union Councils Tubewells/ Districts Worst Moderately Least Primary Secondary Tertiary Muzaffarabad NK NK NK Neelum NK NK NK Others Total NK NK NK 32 P a g e