Why am I poor? First Nations Child Poverty in Ontario

Transcription

1 Why am I poo? Fis Naions Child Povy in Onaio

2 Advisoy Mmbs Acknowldgmns Bs Sa Rsouc Cn hanks Nancy Sagmis fo saching and wiing his po and Alic Baudoin fo h phoogaphs conaind in h po unlss ohwis nod. This po would no hav bn possibl wihou h conibuions, houghs, insighs and xpincs shad by h ky infomans who agd o paicipa in his pojc. Thi yas of xpinc as fon-lin povids, sachs and lads povidd valuabl insighs on h bais and challngs facd in suppoing Fis Naions childn and familis. Th ky infomans includd fon-lin povids fom a ang of Fis Naions and Aboiginal-spcific agncis, pogams and svics suppod by boh h fdal and povincial lvls of govnmn, acadmics wih backgounds in Fis Naions issus, and Aboiginal advocas woking o addss sucual imbalancs ha limi oppouniis fo Fis Naions childn and familis o succd. Thanks oo fo h suppo fom h advisoy commi, wih psnaivs fom govnmn, Fis Naions communiis, and fon-lin svic povids. Thy povidd ky inpu houghou h dvlopmn of his po. Exp viws povidd a ciical viw of h x of his po, fuh snghning h infomaion. Chi-miigwch o ou Eld, Jacqui Lavally fo h consan suppo of his pojc. Thank you all fo aking h im o paicipa in his wok. Jacqui Lavally - Eld Tammy Albs - Noojmowin Tg Halh Cn Lyndia Jons - Indpndn Fis Naions Angla Mashfod-Pingl - Univsiy of Toono Elizabh Rich - Noh Sho Tibal Council Byanna Sco - Public Halh Agncy of Canada Piscilla Souhwind - Noh Sho Tibal Council Ky Infomans Ens Bck, Payukoayno Cindy Blacksock, Fis Naions Child & Family Caing Sociy of Canada Chamain Bug, Naiv Womn s Rsouc Cn Cali Chas, Wabano Cn fo Aboiginal Halh Tammy Cowls, Rd Lak Indian Findship Cn Gloia Daybuch, Noh Sho Tibal Council Candi Edwads, Onaio Naiv Womn s Associaion Jacki Hookimaw, Manal Child Ca Coodinao Lynn Lavall, Ryson Univsiy P Mnzis, Cn fo Addicion and Mnal Halh Moniqu Lavall, Niwasa Aboiginal Hadsa Onaio Fdaion of Indian Findship Cns Shy Plli, Bndign Sacy Taylo, Onaio Naiv Womn s Associaion Angla Wassgijig, Makonsag Aboiginal Hadsa Fancs Wsly, Thund Bay Uban Aboiginal Sagy Exp Rviw D. Pamla Palma, Associa Pofsso, Chai on Indignous Govnanc, Ryson Univsiy Lay Chaand, Associa Pofsso, Faculy of Law, Univsiy of Oawa D. Cyndy Baskin, Associa Pofsso, School of Social Wok, Ryson Univsiy Bs Sa Rsouc Cn lads fo his pojc: Yoland Lawson, Alison Bndic and Wndy McAllis

3 Tabl of Conns Chap 1: Inoducion Chap 2: Masuing Child Povy Chap 3: Hisoical Foundaions Chap 4: Cun Conibuing Facos Chap 5: Oucoms Chap 6: Suppoing Fis Naions Familis Chap 7: Rcommndaions Chap 8: Assssing You Svics Chap 9: Concluding Rmaks Rfncs Appndix A: Ky Rsoucs and Svics Appndix B: Ky Infoman Qusions Us of his Rsouc Th Bs Sa Rsouc Cn hanks you fo you ins in, and suppo of, ou wok. Bs Sa pmis ohs o copy, disibu o fnc h wok fo non-commcial puposs on condiion ha full cdi is givn. Bcaus ou soucs a dsignd o suppo local halh pomoion iniiaivs, w would appcia knowing how his souc has suppod, o bn ingad ino, you wok (bssa@ halhnxus.ca). Ciaion Bs Sa Rsouc Cn. (2012). Why am I poo? Fis Naions Child Povy in Onaio. Toono, Onaio, Canada: auho. This documn has bn ppad wih funds povidd by h Govnmn of Onaio. Th infomaion hin flcs h viws of h auhos and is no officially ndosd by h Govnmn of Onaio. Th soucs and pogams cid houghou his guid a no ncssaily ndosd by h Bs Sa Rsouc Cn o h Govnmn of Onaio. Whil h paicipaion of h advisoy commi and ky infomans was ciical o h dvlopmn of his Bs Sa souc, final dcisions abou conn w mad by h Bs Sa Rsouc Cn.

4 - Chap 1: Inoducion - Whn a Fis Naions child asks, Why am I poo? wha is h answ ha w, as a sociy, will giv? Lik all poo familis in Onaio, Fis Naions childn a poo bcaus pans a unabl o wok o canno g wok, bcaus social suppos do no povid nough fo h family o liv on, o bcaus pans can only an vy low wags. Th is no nough subsidizd housing availabl o hav a dcn and saf plac o liv fo familis on low incoms. In addiion, fo childn living on sv, h isn funding fo dcn housing, accss o halhca povids, saf dinking wa o quiabl funding fo ducaion. Fis Naions childn hav h addd budn of acism, assimilaion policis and funding inquiis. Thy a wo and a half ims mo likly o nd up in child pociv cusody fo nglc. Y, onc movd fom hi familis, h is funding o pay a las $10,000 p ya fo ach child in ca as long as hy a no wih a family mmb, and $80,000 p ya fo ach child in a spcializd goup hom. As hy g old, h govnmn pays $55,000 p ya o incaca ach pson, no including adminisaiv, cou o ovhad coss.

5 Th dph and badh of povy in Fis Naions childn and familis in Canada is sagging. Fis Naions childn und 6 yas of ag living off sv a mo han wic as likly o liv in low incom familis as compad o oh Canadians. Fo childn living on sv, high lvls of unmploymn coupld wih low incoms pu hm a a significanly high isk of bing poo as compad o oh Canadian childn. As a sul, Fis Naions childn hav: a high isk of bing akn ino h child pocion sysm an incasd chanc of poo ovall halh an incasd liklihood of going hungy on a gula basis a low lvl of physical aciviy an incasd isk of living in ovcowdd and pooly mainaind homs an incasd isk of low school adinss an incasd liklihood of bcoming involvd in h ciminal jusic sysm onc hy ach adulhood (RCAP, 1996) Th lvl of povy xpincd by Fis Naions childn is all h mo disubing givn ha Canada has a high sandad of living and has bn idnifid as on of h bs counis o liv in h wold by h Unid Naions. A cn Sna po, Childn: Th Silncd Ciizns, fd o a bif h commi civd fom Wold Vision Canada ha nod Canada s sanding would dop o 78h on h Unid Naions Human Dvlopmn Indx if h analysis lookd a h conomic and social wll-bing of Aboiginal popl. Accoding o an aicl in h Novmb 27, 2010 Economis magazin, whn counis a ankd accoding o child povy, Canada as among h boom hid of h ichs counis in h wold, a 22 ou of h 31 mmb counis in h Oganizaion fo Economic Coopaion and Dvlopmn. Th cos of Fis Naions child povy affcs vyon - fom h child who has significanly fw oppouniis o liv a balancd and fulfilld lif and lss oppouniis fo psonal gowh and dvlopmn - o h singl moh who is suggling o ais h childn in a nw ciy fa fom h hom communiy and culu - o all Onaians who xpinc h coss and h loss of human ponial suling fom h impac of povy. Accoding o h Royal Commission on Aboiginal Popl, h cos of poo wags and unmploymn in ms of los incom in h fom of axs and social assisanc was 7.5 billion dollas in Tha amoun is xpcd o gow o 11 billion by 2016, no accouning fo inflaion, h coss of childn in ca o incacaion. Phil Fonain, fom Naional Chif of h Assmbly of Fis Naions, nod ha boh h 1996 Royal Commission on Aboiginal Popls and h Klowna Accod had h goals of ducing h socio-conomic gap bwn Fis Naions popl and oh Canadians. H xpssd his concns ha Canada had no y dvlopd a plan o m his ag. A h oo of h incom gap, is h impac of colonizaion, lack of cogniion of Fis Naions collciv ighs and inss, h ingnaional impac of h sidnial school sysm, an oudad lgislaiv and policy famwok govnd by h Indian Ac, and ov a dcad of budg caps fozn a lvls blow populaion gowh and inflaion (Fonain, 2007). Why am I Poo? - 3

6 Th issu of Fis Naions child povy canno b undsood wihou undsanding h hisoical and cun social conxs fom which i aiss. I is impoan fo svic povids o hav an awanss of individual livd xpinc in h conx of social policy, funding inquiis and acism. This po povids a had look a h livd xpincs and oucoms of Fis Naions childn in Onaio who a poo, h facos ha div Fis Naions child povy and h ways ha svic povids can mak a diffnc. Pupos Th pupos of his po is o hlp svic povids undsand h conx and hisoy of Fis Naions child povy. I also povids infomaion on how o wok wih and advoca fo Fis Naions familis. Pacical, culually lvan and ffciv sagis o suppo familis hav bn includd o hlp svic povids duc boh h impac and h a of Fis Naions child povy. Infomaion is also povidd on ways o suppo fon-lin saff woking wih vulnabl Fis Naions familis. Mhods Infomaion was collcd fo his po hough ky infomans and fom a viw of cun liau, pos, aicls and nws bullins fom Fis Naions oganizaions, govnmn and oh oganizaions. An advisoy goup guidd h dvlopmn of h po. Th ky infoman inviws includd qusions (s Appndix B) gading ffciv appoachs, challngs, impac of culu, subsanc us, mnal halh concns, issus paining o childn in ca, sagis o duc h a of child povy and h challngs facd by fon-lin woks. Th commndaions and sagis in his po a basd pimaily on infomaion shad by h ky infomans. Thi convsaions w insighful, inspiing and somims unsling. Th inviws ook plac a a im whn h ovall a of child povy was ising in Onaio. Th sach has mad all amps o main u o h voics of ky infomans and o flc hi ugncy o mov fowad in suppoing vulnabl Fis Naions familis. In addiion, h daf x of h po was viwd by opic xps o povid addiional insighs. Saus I is govnd by h Indian Ac. Fis Naions popl a gisd und h Indian Ac basd on blood quanum and hisoical policy. Th Indian Ac impacd saus, du o h loss of saus fo Fis Naions womn maying non-naiv mn and hi dscndans fo 150 yas. Som popl gaind hi saus wih Bill C-31 and Bill C-3. Thoughou colonial hisoy, policis movd saus fo vans, popl who aaind a univsiy dg and fo hos who w mployd. Fis Naions popl may liv in Fis Naion communiis boh on and off sv, in uban o ual aas. Why am I Poo? - 4

7 Common Tms Aboiginal popl A cognizd in Canada s Consiuion and includ Fis Naions, Méis and Inui popl. Biish Noh Amica Ac 1867 Laid h foundaion fo h Th Indian Ac 1876 hisoical laionship bwn h indignous popl s of Canada This Ac fuh dfind h govnmn and ongoing fdal policy. In i, laionship wih Canada s fis popl, Indians and hi lands bcam by dmining who was Indian, wh cown wads. Indians could liv and wha Indians w nild o. Though his Ac, Aboiginal popl los all auonomy, including slf-dminaion, slf-idnificaion, adiional culu, halh and ducaion. Th Ac was goundd in assimilaion, hough h oulawing of adiional pacics, adiional govnmns and nfanchismn. Fis Naions Th is no lgal dfiniion fo his m. I placd h usag of h m Indian in h la pa of h las cnuy. I can f o a communiy o an individual. Popl may f o hmslvs as Fis Naions wih o wihou having saus. Méis Thos of mixd ancsy o Fis Naions popl who do no hav saus as dfind by h Indian Ac. Th Méis popl hav a disinc culu and hisoy. Inui Th popl who adiionally occupid h mos nohn pas of Canada. INAC Indian and Nohn Affais Canada has now bn changd o Aboiginal Affais and Nohn Dvlopmn Canada. Why am I Poo? - 5

8 - Chap 2: Masuing Child Povy - How is Povy Dfind? Povy can b masud in many diffn ways. Povy is ofn dfind on h basis of incom. Sandad masus of povy do no masu non-sandad familis, such as xndd familis and mulignaional familis, which a sn mo fqunly in Fis Naions familis. Th Onaio Dpivaion Indx (ODI) is o capu al lif nds and aks ino considaion issus such as food qualiy, abiliy o m halh nds and housing. I was dvlopd wih inpu fom communiy goups and fom popl living in povy.

9 Th Low Incom Masu (LIM) consids a family o b living in povy whn hi incom is lss han 50% of h mdian incom, adjusd fo family siz. A h naional lvl, Saisics Canada uss h Low-Incom Cu-Off (LICO) o idnify h povy lin fo Canadians. LICO is dfind as h incom lvl a which nucla familis wih childn und 18 o individuals spnd mo han 20% of h popoion of incom ha an avag family spnds on food, shl and clohing. LICO is adjusd by communiy siz and numb of childn in h family. I is no adjusd fo familis wih spcial nds o disabiliis. I is usd by mos govnmns and publicly fundd oganizaions o masu povy in Canada. Fis Naions Child Povy Ras in Onaio This scion shas infomaion abou h as of povy in Fis Naions childn. Daa spcific o Onaio is nod wh availabl. Wh povincial daa was no availabl, naional daa is povidd. In cass wh Fis Naionspcific daa was no found, Aboiginalspcific daa was povidd insad (i.. daa ha is inclusiv of Fis Naion, Méis and Inui populaions). Th a appoximaly 249,000 Aboiginal popl in Onaio accoding o h 2006 Aboiginal Populaion Pofil, of which abou 65% slf-idnifid as Noh Amican Indian, abou 30% as Méis, and 0.8% as Inui. Th balanc was du o mulipl idniy sponss as wll as oh Aboiginal. Aboiginal popl in oal accoun fo abou 2% of h Onaio populaion and Fis Naions popl abou 1.3%. Tabl 1 - Low Incom Cu-off Siz of Family Uni Minimum ncssay incom $22,229 $27,674 $34,022 $41,307 $46,850 $52,838 $58,827 $5,989 addd fo ach addiional pson Souc: Ciizn and Immigaion Canada (Effciv unil Dcmb 31, 2011) Why am I Poo? - 7

10 Family sucu also impacs h isk of povy. Fis Naions childn und 6 yas of ag, living off sv in Canada, w mo han h ims as likly o b aisd by young pans bwn h ags of 15 and 24 yas old han oh Canadians (27% compad o 8%). Thy w also mo han h ims mo likly o liv wih a singl pan as compad o oh Canadian childn (41% compad o 13%). Thy w Fis Naions popl coninu o lag bhind h gnal populaion in h aas of child povy, incom and ducaion. avag ag of nw mohs and hi incasd liklihood o b singl pans. Th saisics associad wih Fis Naions child povy, and wih h facos ha a linkd o his siuaion, a gim. Th 2006 Canadian Cnsus, which uss low incom cu-off, showd ha almos half o 49% of Fis Naions childn und h ag of 6, living off sv, w in low-incom familis, compad o 18% of non-aboiginal childn. Fo hos who liv in lag ciis, h Canadian saisics w wos: 57% of Fis Naions childn a living in low-incom familis compad o 21% of non-aboiginal childn (Saisics Canada, 2006). Accoding o h 2010 Rpo Cad on Child and Family Povy in Onaio, which uilizd h low incom masu, 15% of familis a living in povy (Maund, 2010). mo likly o hav lag familis han oh Canadians. Fis Naions familis living off sv in Canada a wic as likly o hav fou o mo childn as non-aboiginal popl (17% vs. 8%), (Saisics Canada, 2006). Young pans, and paiculaly young singl mohs, a mo vulnabl and fac challngs lad o ducaion and mploymn ha can lad o povy (Pohl, 2002). Fis Naions popl coninu o lag bhind h gnal populaion in h aas of child povy, incom and ducaion. In addiion, Fis Naions familis hav high isk facos fo povy basd on h young In , 25% of Fis Naions childn on sv livd in povy, compad o 16% of Canadian childn (Fonain, 2007). Mo cn saisics fom Indian and Nohn Affais Canada indicad ha incom was subsanially low and unmploymn subsanially high fo individuals living on sv. In 2006 h unmploymn a was abou fou ims high fo Fis Naions popl living on sv compad o oh Canadians. Fis Naions childn a a subsanially high isk of living in povy wih a mdian incom of lss han half ha and by h gnal populaion (Indian and Nohn Affais, 2009). Why am I Poo? - 8

11 49% of Fis Naions childn und h ag of 6, living off sv, w in low-incom familis (Saisics Canada, 2006) vs. 18% of non- Aboiginal childn 57% of Fis Naions childn in lag ciis a living in low-incom familis vs. 21% of non- Aboiginal childn Why am I Poo? - 9

12 - Chap 3: Hisoical Foundaions - Th high a of povy oday is linkd o h aumas xpincd by cun and pas gnaions [...] Disas also had a dvasaing impac on Fis Naions popl. Som communiis w complly dcimad. Th w many oubaks houghou colonial hisoy fom small pox, influnza, polio and ubculosis as wll as h cun HIV/AIDS and H1N1 pidmics. Fo xampl, duing h 2009 H1N1 pidmic, Fis Naions popl w a high isk of infcion. Accoding o D. Isaac Sobol, povy, ovcowdd housing and limid accss o unning wa w h main conibuos (Rabson, 2010).

13 Th Indian Ac had a pofound ngaiv impac on Aboiginal popl. Th Indian Ac dfins saus, which mans h Canadian govnmn has h compl pow o dcid who is and isn Indian. I was paiculaly dvasaing fo Aboiginal womn and hi childn. Fis Naions womn who maid nonsaus mn los saus fo hmslvs and hi dscndans. Fis Naions womn w movd fom h sv and familis hough hi loss of saus. In mailinal culus, his disupd h adiional balanc of pow and h ansf of adiional knowldg. Policis ha conibud o h loss of languag and culu includd h oulawing of adiional cmonis and focd locaions fom adiional huning lands. Th la suld in savaion and a lianc on govnmn handous of flou, suga and lad, laying h foundaions fo h halh poblms sn oday. Th Indian Ac cad svs and h band council sysm of govnmn dsignd o undmin adiional foms of govnmn. I gav compl conol and financial sponsibiliy of Fis Naions popl o h govnmn of Canada. A h sam im, Aboiginal popl had lss ighs and hi accss o basic svics was diminishd blow ha of oh Canadians. Fo xampl, Aboiginal popl w xcludd fom Old Ag Pnsions, Unmploymn Insuanc, Family Allowanc and Social Assisanc ino h 1950 s and byond (Hick, 2004). Th sidnial school a in Canada bgan in 1849 and ndd in 1996, whn h las school closd. This sysm movd Aboiginal childn as young as fou yas old and kp hm away fom hi familis and communiis wll ino hi In som sidnial schools h dah a was as high as 75% fom disas, savaion and abus (Milloy, 1999). Th childn who suvivd ofn had low liacy as and did no hav paning o lif skills. ns. Rsidnial schools w dsignd o assimila childn ino Canadian sociy. Childn w no allowd o spak hi naiv languags, hi hai was cu and hi adiional clohing Why am I Poo? - 11

14 discadd. I was mandaoy ducaion wih focd moval. Som sima ha 150,000 childn andd h schools a h high of h sidnial school a. Undfundd and un by chuchs, h impac on Aboiginal popl was dvasaing. In som sidnial schools h dah a was as high as 75% fom disas, savaion and abus (Milloy, 1999). Th childn who suvivd ofn had low liacy as and did no hav paning o lif skills. Many und o subsancs in od o fog h auma hy xpincd whil anding sidnial school. Duan (2006) agud ha h soul wound ha was cad hough h assimilaion policis lik sidnial schools cad a land hlplssnss and hoplssnss. In a sudy conducd by h Chifs of Onaio, 35% of Fis Naions aduls blivd ha hi pans andanc a sidnial schools ngaivly affcd h paning hy civd as childn. Addiionally, 67% of h aduls suvyd blivd ha hi gandpans andanc a sidnial schools ngaivly affcd hi paning skills (2003). Th high a of povy oday is linkd o h aumas xpincd by cun and pas gnaions bough abou by ffos o coloniz and assimila Aboiginal popl in Canada hough damaging govnmn policis. Fom h discussions wih h ky infomans, i is cla ha svic povids who undsand h impac of hs pas aumas a mo likly o b ffciv in poviding culually snsiiv and appopia svics o hi clins. Th po of h Royal Commission on Aboiginal Popl (1996) was sn by many as an oppouniy o bak wih h pas and o mbak on a nw pah buil on cogniion and undsanding of sponsibiliy of govnmns and Aboiginal popl. I was sn as an oppouniy o build a nw and b laionship wih h Aboiginal popl of Canada, basd on muual spc, cogniion, sponsibiliy and shaing. Sinc ha im h has bn som pogss wih spc o h cogniion of pas wongs. Mos noabl is h Jun 2008 fdal govnmn apology o Aboiginal popl fo h damag don by h sidnial school sysm o Aboiginal culu and languag and h lasing impac i has had on h social, conomic and culual wlfa of Fis Naion, Méis and Inui communiis. Mo cnly, on Novmb 10, 2010, Canada ndosd h Unid Naions Dclaaion on h Righs of Indignous popls. This non-binding documn idnifis h ighs of Indignous popls globally and was no suppod by Canada whn i was iniially adopd by h Unid Naions in Why am I Poo? - 12

15 Policis ha conibud o h loss of languag and culu includd h oulawing of adiional cmonis and focd locaions fom adiional huning lands. Th la suld in savaion and a lianc on govnmn handous of flou, suga and lad, laying h foundaions fo h halh poblms sn oday. Why am I Poo? - 13

16 os c a F g n i u b i n n Co u C : 4 p a h C - s o c a f l a c i o s i h o n o i In a ddi s n o i a N s i F o d u b i ha con s u o m u n a h, y child pov. s o c a f g n i u b i n o c n cu dpics This picu. on i Na iy of h an g Fis c. Th majo sh kgogam fa Mi o in v s ha s mbs and a no ouhou mmuniy m sandads mandaoy co g in h v us of s ho On gu la a on pa wih suggls h no up o h daily a g an am uh sh kgog Naions yo homs in Mi g wa. a - Fis in sh nn u ug hn h q uipd wi - Tna As

17 Inadqua Housing Aboiginal familis a significanly mo likly o liv in poo housing condiions han h gnal populaion. Acoss Canada, Aboiginal pans w almos wic as likly o b in co housing nd compad o oh Canadians (i.., mo han 30% of houshold incom is spn on finding suiabl local housing). Thy w also significanly mo likly o liv in ovcowdd housing o o liv in a hous ha nds majo pais (Naional Council on Wlfa, 2007). In Onaio, abou 15% of homs occupid by Aboiginal popl w in nd of majo pais (Saisics Canada, 2007). Twny-wo pcn of on sv housholds livd in inadqua housing and w in co housing nd, compad o 2.5% of non-aboiginal housholds. Off sv, 21% of Aboiginal housholds had poblms affoding housing and w in co-housing nd, compad o 14% of non- Aboiginal housholds (Canada Mogag and Housing Copoaion, 2009). Th housing shoag is acu on sv, and many young mohs a focd o liv in ov-cowdd and un-down housing. In 2006, almos 22% of Fis Naions housing was in nd of majo pai, compad o 7% of h non-aboiginal populaion. Off sv, Fis Naions popl w mo han wic as likly o liv in a hous ha nds majo pais (Indian and Nohn Affais, 2010). Many Fis Naions communiis lack poabl wa and swag sysms. Accoding o a naional assssmn by Indian and Nohn Affais Canada, almos 30% of wa in Fis Naions was ponially hamful (2003). As of Novmb 2011, h w 131 boil wa advisois in Fis Naions acoss Canada (Fis Naions Inui Halh Banch, 2011). almos 30% of wa in Fis Naions was ponially hamful (2003) Poo housing is also lad o poo child halh oucoms including high infan moaliy as, Suddn Infan Dah Syndom, and spiaoy disas (UNICEF, 2009). Oh impacs includ an incas in lif haning infcions, injuis, mnal illnss and chonic illnss (Naional Collaboaing Cn fo Aboiginal Halh, 2010a). Poo housing is on of h isk facos linkd o h high numb of Fis Naions childn in ca du o nglc (NCCAH, 2010b). Povy and housing issus a closly linkd, and h inabiliy of Fis Naions pans o obain suiabl accommodaion fo hi childn is a majo concn ha can lad o involvmn wih child pocion svics. Employmn and Incom Fis Naions popl, boh on and off sv, hav high as of unmploymn, compad o h non- Aboiginal populaion. Acoss Canada, in 2006, h non-aboiginal unmploymn a was 5.2% compad o 13% fo gisd Fis Naions popl living off sv Why am I Poo? - 15

18 75% did no bliv ha achs xpcd Aboiginal sudns o succd in school 70% of Aboiginal sudns didn fl wlcom in school 100% blivd ha acism was a faco fo Aboiginal sudns in school (Silv, Mall, Gn & Simad, 2002). Why am I Poo? - 16

19 and 22.1% fo hos living on sv (Saisics Canada, 2006). Abou 43% of h oal Aboiginal populaion 15 yas of ag and ov in Onaio wa ih unmployd o no in h labou foc (Saisics Canada, 2007). Accoding o a sudy conducd by h Canadian Council on Social Dvlopmn, acism had a significan impac on h abiliy o obain mploymn and onc mployd, on h abiliy o civ quiabl wags (Lock-Kunz, Milan & Schagn, 2000). Fuhmo, whn ducaion and xpinc a qual, h unmploymn a fo Aboiginal popl is sill highs among visibl minoiis. Incoms w low fo Fis Naions popl, as compad o h gnal populaion who had an avag incom of $26,000. Th mdian incom fo Aboiginal popl in Onaio ag 15 and ov was und $19,000 in This was 25% low han ha of h gnal populaion (Saisics Canada, 2007). In Canada, h mdian incom of Fis Naions popl living on sv was jus ov $11,000 and $17,000 fo Fis Naions popl living off sv (Indian and Nohn Affais, 2010). Accoding o h Royal Commission on Aboiginal Popl s, h is a significan loss of incom, 7.5 billion in 1996, which has gown ach ya fo Canada fom los vnu fom axs, ponial anings and h coss of assisanc suling fom unmploymn and undmploymn. Educaional Achivmn Educaional achivmn is low in Fis Naions populaions. Almos 24% of non- Aboiginal popl in Canada agd had a univsiy dg in 2006, compad o 4.3% of gisd Fis Naions popl on sv and 9.2% who livd off sv. Almos 40% of gisd Fis Naions popl in Canada did no hav a high school diploma, dg o cifica compad o appoximaly 15% of h non- Aboiginal populaion (Indian and Nohn Affais, 2010). Th ducaional pofil fo Aboiginal popl in Onaio is simila. Appoximaly 38% of Aboiginal popl in Onaio did no hav a cifica, diploma o dg and only abou 7% had a univsiy lvl ducaion (Saisics Canada, 2006). Som of h undlying causs fo ducaional undachivmn includ low and inadqua funding fo schools on sv. Funding fo Fis Naions schools has bn cappd sinc 1996, whil nd and inflaion has gown 6.2% (Fis Naions Educaion Council, 2009). Schools on sv civ lss funding p sudn han schools off sv. Funding fo schools on sv dos no includ building mainnanc, libay svics, chnology, spos, caion o languag svics, anspoaion coss, opaing coss, sudn daa managmn coss o mploy bnfis (Fis Naions Educaion Council, 2009). Why am I Poo? - 17

20 Fis Naions sudns xpinc acism and low xpcaions houghou hi ducaional livs. Fom kindgan onwad, Fis Naions childn ncoun a dvaluing of hi culu and idniy. Th Biish Columbia Tachs Fdaion on Aboiginal Educaion wis, Fo yas, Aboiginal sudns, pans, and Aboiginal psnaivs hav complaind abou acism, bu hi complains hav bn dismissd. Thy go on fuh o say ha Aboiginal achs a also disciminad agains. A po lasd by h Canadian Tachs Fdaion confims ha no only do Aboiginal sudns xpinc acism in school, Aboiginal achs xpinc i as wll (S. Dnis, 2010). A sudy by h Canadian Cn fo Policy Alnaivs found ha 75% of h popl paicipaing in hi sudy did no Soyps abou Povy Ky infomans idnifid h sigma ha sociy and svic povids sill aach o h poo as an undlying caus of h high a of povy. Baking hough h sigma of povy, facing i, and bing abl o discuss i, wihou h impdimns of judgmn and vicimizing h family, a ciical o poviding ffciv assisanc. W as a sco hav don such a cappy job of aching ou o Canadians on povy. W hav no clu abou how o alk o popl abou povy and h imags w us a mdioc. Th ida ha vyon can pull hmslvs up by h boosaps and succd is fals. - Ky Infoman Mos sysms don suppo h povy issu and w sill lov o blam h vicim. - Ky Infoman Fo uban Fis Naions pans living in povy, issus of sigma and sham coninu o affc hi wll-bing. Pans a sill blamd if hy canno fd hi childn. Familis living in povy coninu o b soypd as spnding hi mony on dinking and subsancs, dspi vidnc ha shows a low a of alcohol us among pimay cagivs in hungy familis (Onaio Fdaion of Indian Findship Cns, 2003). bliv ha achs xpcd Aboiginal sudns o succd in school, 70% of Aboiginal sudns didn fl wlcom in school and 100% blivd ha acism was a faco fo Aboiginal sudns in school (Silv, Mall, Gn & Simad, 2002). Mos sysms don suppo h povy issu and w sill lov o blam h vicim. - Ky Infoman Why am I Poo? - 18

21 W as a sco hav don such a cappy job of aching ou o Canadians on povy. W hav no clu abou how o alk o popl abou povy and h imags w us a mdioc. Th ida ha vyon can pull hmslvs up by h boosaps and succd is fals. - Ky Infoman Why am I Poo? - 19

22 - Chap 5: Oucoms - Povy impacs child wlfa, accss o housing, halh and wll-bing, and accss o halhy food. Ths all hav an impac on child halh and dvlopmn. This chap discusss h sious consquncs of Fis Naions child povy.

23 Halh Oucoms Povy is a social dminan of halh, and is impacs - food inscuiy, subsandad housing, and poo wa qualiy - a linkd o halh dispaiis (Th Cn fo Rsach on Inn Ciy Halh, 2009). Fis Naions childn suff a ga budn of poo halh han oh childn in Canada. Th causs a lagly influncd by nvionmnal and socio-conomic facos, including hug diffncs in incom, ducaion and mploymn oppouniis bwn Fis Naions popls and oh Canadians. Compounding his issu a gogaphic isolaion and lack of accss o physicians and mdical spcialiss (UNICEF, 2009). Dspi a dcas in infan moaliy as ov h las dcad, Fis Naions childn living on sv sill hav a high a of infan moaliy han oh Canadians a 7.2% of liv bihs compad o 5.2% fo h gnal populaion (Indian and Nohn Affais, 2004). On of h lading causs of infan moaliy among Fis Naions childn is Suddn Infan Dah Syndom (SIDS). SIDS has no only bn linkd o nvionmnal facos such as h mold and mildw ofn found in subsandad housing, bu o cib safy, smoking and lack of basfding. Fis Naions babis agd 1-12 monhs a h ims mo likly o di han h gnal populaion in Canada (UNICEF, 2009). Hungy childn a mo likly o g colds and viuss, o hav a compomisd immun sysm, o hav anmia, so somachs and hadachs. Food inscuiy is also linkd o a numb of mnal halh issus including low slf-sm, inabiliy o concna, sham, moodinss and bhavioual poblms (Onaio Fdaion of Indian Findship Cns, 2003). Living in povy ov xndd piods is linkd o an incasd isk of bhaviou poblms, dpssion, moional poblms and family dysfuncion (Assmbly of Fis Naions, 2006). Th a high as of spiaoy ac infcions fo Fis Naions childn living on sv.g. 3.6% of Fis Naions childn on sv had bonchiis compad o 1.4% fo h Canadian populaion (Th Cn fo Rsach on Inn Ciy Halh, 2009). Povy is also linkd o lack of succss in school. On ky infoman pod ha abou half of poo childn hav aly liacy and spch dlay issus as wll as bhavioual issus. Ofn, saff do no hav h spcializd aining ndd o and o h nds of hs childn. Thi only opion is o f h child o anoh agncy. Howv, waiing liss a long. Living in povy ov xndd piods is linkd o an incasd isk of bhaviou poblms, dpssion, moional poblms and family dysfuncion (Assmbly of Fis Naions, 2006). Th impac of ingnaional auma smming fom h sidnial school sysm coninus o affc Fis Naions childn. Th many hamful impacs ndud by h suvivos and hi childn and gandchildn, including physical, sxual, moional abus, low slf-sm, dpssion, inabiliy o fom halhy Why am I Poo? - 21

24 laionships, c. Ths a all linkd o povy, homlssnss and oh ngaiv consquncs (Wsly-Esquimaux & Smolwski, 2004). Th is a cognizd associaion bwn povy and a ang of mnal halh issus, including sss, anxiy, dpssion and lack of slf-sm (NCCAH, 2010b). Povy, combind wih addicions and ov-cowdd housing, is a conibuing faco o family violnc, boh on and off sv. Childn a ofn h dic cipins of hi impac, and a a isk of paing h cycl of abus (UNICEF, 2009). Food Inscuiy Thiy-h pcn of Aboiginal housholds in Canada xpincd food inscuiy compad o 9% of non- Aboiginal housholds. A oal of 14% of Aboiginal housholds w affcd by sv food inscuiy, compad o 3% of non-aboiginal housholds (Willows, 2009). I is impossibl o liv on wha is povidd hough social assisanc, i ncouags popl o li and cha in od o suviv. If w ally valu childn in ou sociy, hn as a sociy w nd o povid pans wih h funding and suppo o nabl hm no o jus mly suviv, bu o b abl o hiv. - Ky Infoman Food inscuiy is a sious issu among uban Aboiginal popl. In a suvy of pans conducd by h Onaio Fdaion of Indian Findship Cns in 2003: 79% said hy woid abou unning ou of food o h mony o buy food 35% said hi childn had gon hungy bcaus hy had un ou of food and mony 11% had kp hi child fom school bcaus hy had no food o snd wih hm o school 7% said hy had bn involvd in h child pocion sysm bcaus of food shoags Mo han half of Fis Naions childn a ih ovwigh o obs and a a isk of dvloping diabs, ha disas and oh condiions as hy g old. In 2004, h a of obsiy among Fis Naions childn und 12 yas of ag was mo han fou ims h Canadian a. This is linkd o h high a of diabs among Fis Naions youh and aduls. Povy, panal ducaion and physical aciviy a linkd o incasing as of child obsiy (Th Cn fo Rsach on Inn Ciy Halh, 2009). Familis living in povy hav lss accss o halhy food and o caion oppouniis fo hi childn. Communiis hav sn incass in yp 2 diabs in childn (UNICEF, 2009). Child obsiy is a majo halh concn wih long m individual and social consquncs. Undfunding of Cun Svics Th nds in Fis Naion communiis a incasing a a fa ga a han h funding. An issu facing all oganizaions woking wih popl living in povy is h lack of sufficin and sabl longm funding. This funding is ndd fo pogams and svics ha addss povy. Ky infomans nod ha, basd on cun dmands fo hi pogams, hy could asily doubl hi clinl if hy had h soucs o suppo addiional pogamming. Fo xampl, funding fo h Aboiginal Had Sa pogam was simad o only ach abou 12% of ligibl childn on sv and 7.6% off sv (Naional Council of Wlfa, 2007). Why am I Poo? - 22

25 79% Food inscuiy is a sious issu among uban Aboiginal popl. 35% 11% 7% said hy woid said hi had kp hi said hy had bn abou unning ou childn had gon child fom school involvd in h of food o h hungy bcaus bcaus hy had child pocion mony o buy food hy had un ou no food o snd sysm bcaus of food and mony wih hm of food shoags Why am I Poo? - 23

26 Righ now h majoiy of Fis Naion popl an succssful. Bu if I w o walk down o Oawa and go o on of h mainsam schools and cu hi funding back by $2-$3K p sudn, pu hm in poabl ails wh h ha gos off vy coupl of wks, duc h mony I povid in child wlfa, and cu ou all h volunay sco svics, naionaliz hi pan s popy and mak hm subjc o h Indian Ac, in a coupl of yas hy wouldn b doing vy wll ih. - Ky Infoman Fo familis wih mnal halh and subsanc us issus, h lack of locally availabl svics mans ha pans mus accss amn away fom hi hom. Many hav o plac hi childn in ca whil hy a in amn. Waiing liss fo amn pogams a long. Childn and pans a ofn unabl o accss ndd svics. Fon-lin woks may ba h sponsibiliy of suppoing familis as wll as considing opions o povid saf nvionmns fo childn. In Onaio, h majoiy of Aboiginal popl liv off sv. Funding fo pogams and svics nds o b placd wh h popl a living including boh on and off sv siuaions. W hav his soyp ha h poo can manag mony, bu h a also cass wh h ich can manag mony, bu w don soyp h ich on h basis of a minoiy, and w shouldn do ha o h poo ih. - Ky Infoman Suppo is also ndd fo agncis o do sach and o advoca fo h nds of hi clins. Th lack of adqua funding suls in: Pogams uning familis away ha nd and wan hlp Familis ha canno affod anspoaion o h pogam Pogams ha don hav h funding o cov anspoaion coss fo familis Inabiliy o povid vning wokshops o familis who canno com duing h day Insufficin paning classs o accommoda h diffn schduls and nds of familis No bing abl o povid adiional pogamming o clins Inabiliy o hi pofssionals whn ndd (.g. gisd nuss) o un pogams Aboiginal svic povids who hav wokd fo 10 yas wihou a salay incas Why am I Poo? - 24

27 Child Pocion Sysm Th m childn in ca is usd houghou his po o f o childn who a und h ca of child pocion svics. Th m can also f o childn who a in fos ca o in a goup hom sing. Alhough daa on h numb of Fis Naions childn in ca in Onaio is incompl, Fis Naions childn appa o b 2 o 3 ims mo likly o b in ca han h gnal populaion. A las 12% of h childn in ca in Onaio w Aboiginal, alhough Aboiginal popl mad up abou 2% of Onaio s oal populaion (Onaio Associaion of Childn s Aid Sociy s, 2010; Saisics Canada, 2007). Sanding Sna Commi on Human Righs, 2007). Dspi accouning fo only 5% of Canada s child populaion, Aboiginal childn psnd appoximaly 25% of childn admid o ca in 1998 and 2003 (Fis Naions Child and Family Caing Sociy of Canada, 2006). Childn fom Fis Naion communiis a mo likly o b placd in ca away fom hi hom communiis, and isk bing disconncd fom hi xndd familis, culu and communiy (OACAS, 2010). This is ofn sn as h coninuaion of dcads of moval of Fis Naions [child wlfa] nds o s asid h aoganc ha w know wha s bs fo you and mbac oh ways of knowing and looking a h wold in ms of Indignous childn. I also mans Nglc, basd on povy, undsanding ha h cun sysm is h pimay ason fo Fis Naions childn bing is no woking and is culually pod o child pocion loadd. Popl assum ha h child agncis (NCCAH, 2010c). Th wlfa sysm is culually nual as of subsaniad cass of physical abus, sxual bu i s only nual o h Biish abus, moional abus and and h Fnch bcaus i s basd on xposu o domsic violnc ha woldviw. w low fo Fis Naions childn in compaison wih (Cindy Blacksock in Naional Council of Wlfa - Fis Naions, Méis and Inui Childn and Youh: non-naiv childn. Y, Tim o Ac, fall 2007) Fis Naions childn a mo likly o civ h mos innsiv and cosly invnion; ou of hom placmn childn fom hi familis, communiis (Tocmé, MacLauin, Fallon, Knok, Piman and culu. This includs h sidnial & McComack, 2005). school sysm and h 60 s scoop, so namd Six pcn of childn living on sv bcaus h highs numb of adopions of w in ca in , compad o Fis Naions childn o non-aboiginal an simad naional a among non- familis ook plac duing h dcad of Aboiginal childn of lss han 1% h 1960 s, somims wihou h knowldg (Indian and Nohn Affais, 2004; o consn of h family o communiy. Why am I Poo? - 25

28 Off sv, h a a numb of chaiabl oganizaions o bidg h gap fo familis in nd. [...] On sv, hs svics ofn don xis. Th oulook fo childn in h child pocion sysm is dimm han fo oh childn. Childn in h child pocion sysm a mo likly o hav poo halh as aduls, achiv lss succss a school, which has implicaions fo fuu mploymn, and a mo likly o bcom involvd in h ciminal jusic sysm (Naional Council on Wlfa, 2007). homs and pofssional xpis. Childn who w apphndd w likly o b akn ou of h communiy, away fom hi homs and culu and placd ino ca. In aas of h noh wh C may b h languag spokn a hom and in h communiy, h a many childn who hav difficuly wih English. Cagivs may no b abl o suppo h childn o kp hi languag and culu, adding o h difficulis fo childn who a sn souh fo svics. Th sv lack of svics in h gion, and h absnc of child mnal halh svics, mans h is no way o hlp o invn in h livs of childn a a young ag. - Ky Infoman Undfunding is a paicula concn in h noh and in mo aas of h povinc. In on cas an Aboiginal child pocion agncy was focd o clos is doos bcaus of subsanial undfunding and h agncy s inabiliy o comply wih h lgislaion fo child wlfa. Th agncy, whos gogaphic aa of sponsibiliy includd vy fw oh suppo svics fo vulnabl familis, idnifid undfunding as impacing vy aa of nd fo Fis Naions familis, including child wlfa, communiy suppos fo familis, child mnal halh svics, fos homs, goup In aas of h noh, h is ofn a lack of local child mnal halh svics o dal wih sious issus such as FASD, dpssion, auism and bhavioual poblms. In on aa of h povinc, a ky infoman spok of bing on a waiing lis fo on and a half yas o g a child diagnosd, af which, h was no local svic povid availabl o wok wih h child and h family. Th only alnaiv was o ak h child ousid of h communiy fo ciical svics. In h hom communiy, h a ofn no communiy suppos availabl fo childn o familis. Why am I Poo? - 26

29 Off sv, h a a numb of chaiabl oganizaions o bidg h gap fo familis in nd, such as food banks, Unid Way, Salvaion Amy, Findship Cns and ohs. On sv, hs svics ofn don xis. Th lack of housing in Fis Naion communiis is an addiional bai facd by child pocion svics. I maks i difficul o appov fos homs o cusomay ca homs fo childn givn h small hom sizs, lack of poabl wa and h subsandad condiions found in many of h homs on sv. Som popl in child pocion svics may undsand h issus facing Fis Naions familis and h nd fo a uniqu appoach o m nds, bu his infomaion dos no ach all fon-lin woks who a calld in o spond o family nds. Th majoiy of pocion woks a saigh ou of univsiy and a amd wih h bs innions. Thy go ino a Fis Naions hom and s ovcowding fo xampl, o ha h may no b a lo of food in h hom, and h wok immdialy ss nglc. Th wok is valuaing h siuaion fom hi own pspciv and no fom ha of h family o culu. - Ky Infoman If a young Fis Naion moh is living in a hom wih h mum, gandmoh, and mayb oh mmbs of h family, i may no b h bs siuaion, bu if hs popl a poviding h wih suppo, hn his can b a good hing. Th child pocion wok, howv, may no undsand o appcia h impoanc of his ousid suppo and s only ovcowding and nglc. - Ky Infoman Aboiginal woks may mak suggsions o familis ha diff fom h dicions of non-aboiginal child pocion woks. Familis involvd wih child pocion svics may b afaid o follow h dicions of Aboiginal woks fo fa ha his migh incas h liklihood of hi childn bing akn away. Non-Aboiginal child pocion woks may bliv hy a b quippd o dmin h nds of h child han h Aboiginal woks. On of h majo blocks o poviding suppos o Fis Naions familis is ha svic povids ofn inp povy as nglc. Th dispopoiona impac of povy-inducd foms of nglc has bn nod by h Assmbly of Fis Naions as a ky faco o h high numb of childn in ca. Why am I Poo? - 27

30 Aboiginal popl w almos nin ims mo likly o nd up in h ciminal jusic sysm 9xhan oh Canadians. All of hs facos hav hug implicaions fo Fis Naions childn, sinc h majoiy of inmas w pans and in many cass, singl pans (Elizabh Fy Sociy, ). Why am I Poo? - 28

31 Acoss Canada, h was a low lvl of funding povidd o Fis Naions child pocion agncis compad o non-aboiginal agncis (appoximaly 22% lss p child fo Fis Naions child pocion svics han fo non- Aboiginal agncis). As nod in h 2008 Onaio Associaion of Childn s Aid Sociis po, You Childn s Aid, Th w sious shocomings in h funding and adminisaion of svics fo Aboiginal childn in Canada, including hos in Onaio. In 2007, h Assmbly of Fis Naions and h Fis Naions Child and Family Caing Sociy fild a complain wih h Canadian Human Righs Commission on h basis ha h fdal govnmn is disciminaing agains Fis Naions childn by poviding lss child wlfa bnfis on svs. Ciminal Jusic Sysm Aboiginal popl w almos nin ims mo likly o nd up in h ciminal jusic sysm han oh Canadians. Th pison populaion consisd of 20% Aboiginal mn and 29% Aboiginal womn, alhough Aboiginal popl compisd only 2% of h populaion in Canada. Th a of incacaion of Aboiginal womn ino h fdal pison sysm incasd 37% compad o ha of Aboiginal mn of 5.5% (Naiv Womn s Associaion of Canada, 2007). Duing h sam piod, as of incacaion fo non-naiv womn incasd 2.8% (Cocional Svic of Canada, 2002). las. Th numb of popl mandd ino cusody awaiing ial was high han hos bing snncd. All of hs facos hav hug implicaions fo Fis Naions childn, sinc h majoiy of inmas w pans and in many cass, singl pans (Elizabh Fy Sociy, ). Th Aboiginal Jusic Implmnaion Commission of Manioba succincly dscibd why h child pocion sysm and ciminal jusic sysm a inwind. Th availabl vidnc indicas ha h apphnsion of Aboiginal childn by h child wlfa sysm nds o s a pan of mulipl fos hom placmns. Th vidnc also indicas ha his pan ofn lads h childn ino young offnd insiuions and, ulimaly, o gadua o h adul cocion sysm (2001). Aboiginal popl w mo likly o b qusiond by h polic duing h cous of daily aciviy and chagd fo cims. Onc chagd, Aboiginal popl w incacad a mo han six ims h naional a and dnid paol a a high a han non-aboiginal popl. Aboiginal womn w spcially a isk fo incacaion wih as xcding mn (Onaio Human Righs Commission, n.d.). This ofn lavs Aboiginal childn mo a isk fo povy and involvmn wih child pocion svics. Aboiginal popl w mo likly o g a public dfnd and o plad guily (Canadian Ciminal Jusic Associaion, 2000). Thy w mo likly o g h maximum snnc fo h offnc commid and lss likly o g pobaion o aly Why am I Poo? - 29

32 - Chap 6: Suppoing Fis Naions Familis - Th child is no viwd in isolaion bu is an ingal pa of h boad nwok of family, communiy and culu. Chaps 6 and 7 povid commndaions fo woking wih Fis Naions familis basd upon h infomaion povidd by h ky infomans. Ky infomans mphasizd h nd o wok wih h whol family as cnal o h succss of sagis o duc h impac of povy on Fis Naions childn. Fis Naions familis may includ xndd family mmbs, mulipl gnaions and clos finds. In addiion, sagis fo Fis Naions familis mus includ conncions o h communiy and o culu. This is consisn wih Fis Naions appoachs o haling and wllnss in which h child, family, culu and communiy a sn as inconncd and linkd.

33 Th following diagam poays a Fis Naions appoach o suppoing childn and familis living in povy. Th inn cicl - child, family, communiy and culu - psns h holisic, ingad pspciv of Fis Naions popl in Onaio. Th child is no viwd in isolaion bu is an ingal pa of h boad nwok of family, communiy and culu. Th ou ings psn h boad aas of suppo ndd o povid Fis Naions pans and young childn affcd by povy wih h assisanc hy nd o mov fowad in hi livs. Snghs: Snghn h family uni. Lisn o wha pans idnify as hi nds. Tailo pogams o spond o pans pioiis. Build on pans snghs and povid oppouniis fo hm o dvlop hi skills. Laning and Panship: Rcognizing biass and pconcpions abou h poo and abou Fis Naions popl. Lan fom ach oh. Incas knowldg of social svic woks of h uniqu hisoy and cicumsancs of Fis Naions popl. Wok ogh acoss oganizaions and juisdicions. Suppos: Povid funding fo pogams and appoachs o suppo Fis Naions familis and childn. Rcogniz ha i aks im o s h impac of pogams and suppo fo familis and o masu suls accodingly. Incas h social suppos povidd, und pogams lik Onaio Woks. Suppos Snghn h Family Uni Snghs Laning and panship Child Family Culu Communiy Undpinning h appoachs ha a ffciv in woking wih Fis Naions familis is h nd o sabiliz h family, snghn h family uni and avoid focussing on h nds of h child spaaly fom h nds of h family. Th Fis Naions appoach is o consid h pspciv of h Why am I Poo? - 31

34 Succss Soy W w inoducd o a young family. Th fah was a sudn and h moh sayd a hom. Th was difficuly wih his funding, and a ims h was vy lil mony coming ino h hous. I lookd lik h was going o hav o qui school. Mom would do odd jobs o mak nds m. W offd pan lif and gula pogamming ha povidd social sucu fo hi young son and mom. W also povidd culual suppo as h dad is an adop. W coninud o suppo mom and dad hough h ough pachs by poviding mgncy food and moional suppo. W w abl o connc h dad wih an mploy wh h is woking full-im. His mploy ndd a mpoay mploy and mom sppd up o fill h spo. Suck fo child ca w mad fals wh h son was succssfully nolld. Mom now woks fo h dayca wh h son ands. Thy kp in ouch and look fowad o paicipaing in vning vns. - Ky Infoman family, no of h individuals in h family, and o idnify wha h family nds o hlp hm succd. Th nds o b cogniion ha h is a long hisoy and cun aliis bhind h immdia family poblms and ha i will ak im and suppo fo h family o chang. Communica succss sois in h communiy and sha how familis w abl o sumoun psonal obsacls in hi livs. Suppo pans o un o school fo fuh ducaion and aining hough mploymn and aining cicls and suppos o build h family s lif skills. Povid assisd housing fo familis o povid sabiliy and scuiy and suppo o hlp mov h familis ou of h povy cycl. Rcogniz h spcific challngs o accssing aining and mploymn fo familis living boh on and off sv, including h lack of local mploymn and aining, and h nd fo anspoaion o ach h nas own wh h may b mploymn o aining oppouniis. Esablish family cns fo Fis Naions familis ha focus on ffos o build h family, suppo conncions bwn h family and h communiy and look af h bs inss of h child, in od o build h family. Incas h numb of subsidizd dayca spacs, spcially fo babis lss han 18 monhs, o nabl mohs o ak aining, un o school, o paicipa in h wokfoc. Why am I Poo? - 32

35 Build a Rlaionship wih h Clin A six wk pogam isn going o giv nough im o build a us laionship wih h clin and h saff and ps and o ach goals. - Ky Infoman Ky infomans spok of h nd fo a long-m appoach wih familis in od o build a laionship wih saff and ps. I is a misak o foc h laionship bfo h clin is ady. I is impoan o ak h xa im wih pans o gain hi us. Svic povids should mainain conac wih pans as hy wok hi way hough h sysm. Pans nd suppo fom svic povids, no jus fals. Thy nd somon o b wih hm houghou h pocss. Ky infomans spok of woking wih pans and childn, moving hm hough pogams, poviding oppouniis fo pans o gain confidnc by voluning a h agncis, and of sing familis mov fowad o mploymn and sabiliy. This quis a long-m invsmn in h familis. Fo familis ha nd hlp bu an ady, ky infomans commndd ling hm know ha h pogam is h whn hy a ady. Whn familis do dcid o com o h doo, hy nd o know ha h pogam is ppad o hlp hm in h way ha hy wan o b hlpd, no in h way ha h wok hinks hy nd o b hlpd. I is also impoan o wlcom clins in a nonhaning, non-judgmnal mann. Empow h Clin I is impoan o ask mohs wha hy nd, wha hi goals a and hn o ailo h pogam o m hos nds. I is mpowing o lisn o wha clins bliv hy nd. If h woks and oganizaions dica h pogamming, h svics may no mach h nds, issus and appoachs of h paicipans. Pans nd o b involvd in ach sag of pogam dvlopmn and valuaion. Pogams nd o b pan divn. Th should b oppouniis fo pans o g involvd in pogam dlivy as voluns whn hy a ady, and o b abl o sha hi sois and hi adiions wih oh familis. This appoach is ffciv in hlping clins o bliv in hmslvs, o b mpowd, and o bgin o us hi own judgmn. Succss Tool Box On ky infoman commnd ha hi paicipaion on a local commi suld in h goup woking ogh o idnify and solv sysmic issus facing h familis. Bain-soming hlpd o mov hm away fom h silohinking ha hinds ffciv svic povision o clins. Th commi suppos boad hinking abou hi clins and svics, oppouniis o nwok among diffn oganizaions, and ducaion of svic povids abou h issus facing Fis Naions clins. Why am I Poo? - 33

36 Clins also bnfi fom caing hi own nwoks among hi ps. This can duc h sns of isolaion ha many Fis Naions familis fl in a nw ciy o small isolad communiy. Povid suppos ha focus on h pocss of woking wih clins, basd on h nd o povid long-m suppo o h child and family. Avoid masuing succss basd on sho-m goals. Empow h clin by ailoing h pogams o m h spcific goals and nds of h popl in h pogam. Involv h pans in pogam dvlopmn and povid oppouniis fo h pan o volun in pogam dlivy. Us a Culually Rlvan Appoach Culu is fluid, dynamic and y spcific. Fis Naions familis hav had 150 yas of culual assimilaion pogams including h sidnial school sysm, nfanchismn, h Indian Ac, h child pocion sysm and mo. Fo som, adiional culu mains song. Fo ohs, i baly xiss, laving a gap in idniy ha popl may b looking o fill. Each Fis Naion has a uniqu culu, which vais fom communiy o communiy, somims vn wihin h sam communiy. I is impoan o cogniz ha h m culu, as usd h, coms fom h familis and childn. Th is no a singula Fis Naions culu, bu a divsiy of culus. aa by bing abl o spc all culus in h goup and by shaing h diffn pspcivs and appoachs akn by h diffn naions. On pogam idnifis h child s Fis Naion whn h child bgins h pogam, hn, highlighs diffn Fis Naions houghou pogamming. Culual pogamming is a h ha of svics povidd o Fis Naions childn and familis. I includs achings lad o adiional family valus, adiional paning, using h mdicin whl as a aching ool, and woking wih childn o inspi in hm h impoanc of culu and hi own culual achings. I is impoan o g back o adiional skills such as living off h land and gadning. Snding childn o camps wh hy lan abou adiions has bn vy ffciv. On ky infoman dscibd how a pogam augh mohs abou hi ol in h family, aking womn back o undsanding wha hi ol was bfo h aival of h Euopans. As pans bgin o b xposd o h achings, hy may dcid o mov fuh and paicipa in cmonis. Som Fis Naions popl hav issus in hi lif ha caus hm no o b opn o culual pogamming. I is impoan fo woks o undsand ha som clins may no wish o mov owads paicipaion in cmonis o culual aciviis. L h pan dcid whn o if hy wan o sa paicipaing in cmonis. Whn undaking culual pogamming, b awa of h nd o acknowldg and spc h diffn culus ha may b psnd by h pans o childn in a pogam. Pogams no succss in his Why am I Poo? - 34

37 I is impoan o cogniz ha h m culu, as usd h, coms fom familis h and childn. Th is no a singula Fis Naions culu, bu a divsiy of culus. Why am I Poo? - 35

38 - Chap 7: Rcommndaions - simply changing how w viw o judg familis in povy [...] can mak a diffnc on suppoing Fis Naions familis In od o mov fowad in sponding o h issu of povy among Fis Naions childn and familis, w mus look wihin ou oganizaions and a h boad sociy. Small changs such as simply changing how w viw o judg familis in povy o lag social changs can mak a diffnc on suppoing Fis Naions familis living in povy. This scion povids a summay of ky commndaions o addss Fis Naions child povy a an individual, pogam, oganizaional and a govnmn lvl.

39 Wok Th is a mndous budn fo fonlin woks daling wih impovishd Fis Naions familis: undfunding, lack of subsidiay svics, low pay and h dph of complx issus, such as HIV/AIDS, dug us and suicid. In nohn o in isolad communiis, h may b fw o no pogam/svic suppos, lack of p suppo in h communiy and h pssu of mulipl dmands conibuing o wok pssu and bunou. A ky infoman nod ha on of h asons fo high saff unov is ha hy a xpcd o b an xp on vyhing, fom child dvlopmn, nuiion, budging, domsic violnc, halh issus, and so foh, bu a no paid accodingly. Th ky infomans idnifid a numb of sagis hy us o suppo fon-lin saff. Thy hop hs sagis hav an impac on hi abiliy o b ffciv in hi ols, and also on hi own ovall wll-bing. Suggsions fo poviding suppo fo pogam saff includ: Dvlop wad and cogniion sagis fo saff. Suppo h wok o say halhy and o juvna hmslvs by poviding oppouniis fo cmonis a h wokplac and by suppoing h wok o b slf-awa of hi own nds and issus. Ac on h blif ha povy is vyon s sponsibiliy, no jus h wok s o h clin s. Rliv h budn of sponsibiliy fl by h fon-lin woks. Suppo an nvionmn wh h issus of sham and sigma ofn associad wih povy a addssd in an opn and spcful mann. Acknowldg and suppo Aboiginal fon-lin woks, gadlss of lvl of fomal ducaion. Thy bing livd xpinc and culual knowldg o h wok ha mainsam woks may nd in od o wok ffcivly wih Fis Naions familis. Pogam Povid Culually Basd Suppos Pomo and pacic good laionships bwn mploys and managmn. Povid gula oppouniis fo saff o sha idas and dbif wih oh woks, in ih a fomal o infomal sucu. Us dbifing sssions o inac wih pofssional saff whn daling wih spcific issus. Povid im-off fo woks o compnsa fo lack of monay bnfis. Povid ducaion and culu days o povid aining and oh suppos fo woks. Ky issus and appoachs ha a considd ssnial o poviding ffciv suppos fo Fis Naions childn and familis and/o ha would sv o duc h impac of povy includ: Build a coodinad and ingad nwok of suppo pogams fo Fis Naions familis. Ths pogams will hlp young childn o dvlop o hi fulls ponial and will hlp pans o incas hi confidnc and awanss as pans. Ths pogams will povid culual and conomic suppos o hlp familis mov ou of h povy cycl. Why am I Poo? - 37

40 Us a flxibl appoach ha is ailod o spcific culual blifs, social nds and pioiis idnifid by h Fis Naions familis. Includ h us of mo Aboiginal woks, Aboiginal ms and languag. Sa o undsand h hug dfici in publicly fundd soucs fo childn who liv on sv, including ducaion and child wlfa, and also h mag amouns ha a dicd ino h volunay sco on sv. Wok Collaboaivly wih Oh Agncis vy quickly and saff may bun-ou. In od o maximiz h svics povidd o suppo familis, dvlop laionships and poocols wih Aboiginal and non- Aboiginal agncis, including local and gional communiy agncis. On bnfi of panships, collaboaion and poocol agmns is ha hs may povid an oppouniy fo h communiy o paicipa in local culual vns and cmonis. This may hlp svic povids o sa o undsand h issus and appoachs ha Aboiginal agncis us wih hi clins, and may ac as a vhicl fo ga undsanding among h pans. Pogams should link wih all pogams in h communiy in od o mak good us of soucs and saff skills. Wihou hs conncions, soucs may un ou Succss Tool Box On local Aboiginal svic povid dvlopd a poocol wih h local polic foc o f Fis Naions womn o hi svic if hy w involvd wih h jusic sysm. Anoh povid dvlopd a panship wih h ciy o wok collaboaivly ogh. Fo h fis im, h Aboiginal svic povid was abl o si down wih h ciy s snio manags and alk abou gaps and wh mony was ndd. Dvlop on-going laionships and poocols, boh locally and gionally, among Aboiginal and non-aboiginal svic povids o incas awanss, shaing and undsanding of h issus hy fac in poviding suppo fo Fis Naions childn. This will impov h woking laionships bwn Aboiginal and non-aboiginal svic povids, snghning collaboaion, svics and fals. Consid dvloping fomal Mmoandums of Undsanding wih oh agncis, local polic and h municipaliy o pomo ffciv woking laionships and oppouniis o suppo Fis Naions childn and familis. Invi non-aboiginal agncis o paicipa in culual vns and cmonis as a way o incas culual awanss and build laionships. Invi Aboiginal agncis o com ino non-aboiginal agncis o psn on culu, agncy svics, pacic and succssful invnions. Why am I Poo? - 38

41 Ass mapping - idnifying wh all svics a family would nd a in h communiy and shaing h infomaion wih all oganizaions. Each oganizaion shas hi calndas and asss wih all oh oganizaions caing a map of all asss. Svic Povid Nwoks Svic povid nwoks off h chanc fo local povids o connc and o bing Fis Naions pans nds, issus, and pogamming idas, o a boad abl. Thy can povid ky infomaion abou mandas, svics and limiaions. Th infomaion gaind hough nwoking can hlp woks dvlop pogams ha a mo sponsiv o clin nds. Dvlop local nwoks bwn Aboiginal svic povids and bwn boh non-aboiginal and Aboiginal svic povids o nhanc communicaion, sha idas and concns lad o h clins nds, o infom and duca ach oh abou svics, and o povid h oppouniy o sagiz and advoca on bhalf of hi clins. Povid anspoaion and child ca svics fo familis who paicipa in pogamming. Off pogams in h vnings o povid ga flxibiliy fo pans. Oganizaion Child Wlfa Pvious viws of h Child and Family Svics Ac idnifid issus fo Aboiginal popl lad o h insufficin us of cusomay ca, h nd o incopoa Aboiginal appoachs o alnaiv dispu soluion, and h nd o dvlop fomal agmns fo child wlfa bwn child pocion svics and Aboiginal communiis. Ca polics which manda ha Aboiginal child and youh svics fom h child s communiy of oigin a involvd in vy aspc of cas managmn. Dvlop ms of fnc in collaboaion wih an Aboiginal advisoy commi o guid, viw and gulaly valua ha pocss. Som nwoking commis a fomd o addss a spcific issu of concn, and ohs addss child and family issus in gnal. Racism mains a poblm in many communiis. Esablishing an aniacism commi can hlp in daling wih his issu. Idnifying and undsanding h sublis of acism, whn sing up h ms of fnc, povids an oppouniy o dvlop a song foundaion fo commi wok Pogamming Suppo pogamming ha will ak childn ono h land. Povid childn s culual camps as a fom of hapuic invnion. Us Alnaiv Dispu Rsoluion chniqus as a sandad of pacic fo child pocion woks and familis. ADR is dscibd as a adiional mhod of dispu soluion, including cicl pocsss, which hav bn sablishd by Fis Naion communiis o Aboiginal oganizaions (ADR-LINK, 2008). Povid ADR aining o boh Aboiginal and mainsam woks. Dvlop foms, ools and assssmns which flc Aboiginal aliis and culu. Ask qusions in a culually appopia mann, and allow flxibiliy o povid appopia Why am I Poo? - 39

42 sponss o h nds of h child and family. Addss bais o ngagmn of pans and communiy in discussing local child wlfa issus in mo nohn communiis, including high coss of anspoaion, limid local svics, languag bais and povy. Expand h dfiniion of naiv communiy o includ Aboiginal svic povid oganizaions. Guid fon-lin child pocion woks in assssing hi own biass and misconcpions abou Fis Naions popl. Implmn a consisn appoach fo child pocion woks acoss h povinc ha would nsu ha Fis Naions childn a fd o hi communiy o an uban Aboiginal agncy fo svics. Implmn his appoach as a sandad and povid aining o all fonlin child pocion woks. Svic povids a mo ffciv if hy undsand h achings, h suppos, and h snghs of h communiis. Idnify h impoanc of culually appopia halh and social svics as ky o suppoing childn and familis and o poviding oppouniis fo haling. Assis h cous in b undsanding and implmning h povisions of h Child and Family Svics Ac in Fis Naions familis (MCYS, 2010). Dic child pocion svics o wok wih Aboiginal fon-lin svic povids. Dic all Fis Naions clins o hs Aboiginal agncis fo suppo and svics as a ma of cous. Taining Svic povids a mo ffciv if hy undsand h achings, h suppos, and h snghs of h communiis, fo xampl, h Elds, aunis, mohs and gandmohs who hlp suppo and a a social nwok in h communiy. Povid all fon-lin woks wih aining in h aas of Fis Naions culual awanss, hisoy and cun cicumsancs of Fis Naions popl (culual, social, conomic), undsanding abou h diffn hisois, culus and pacics of Fis Naions, and undsanding of h livd culu of Fis Naions Why am I Poo? - 40

43 popl oday ha includs blifs, valus and pspcivs gading family and communiy. Mak culual awanss aining abou Fis Naions popl a ncssay and impoan aspc of h boad aining, ducaion and ongoing pofssional dvlopmn povidd o fon-lin svic povids. Govnmn Juisdicion Tak ino accoun h cos of poviding suppos o childn and familis agains h loss o h boad sociy of h ponial skills and alns. Ensu ha all fon-lin svic povids lan abou h Fis Naion and Aboiginal-spcific oganizaions, pogams and suppos ha a availabl fo Fis Naions popl, including fo hos wih saus and hos wihou. Tach fon-lin woks abou h pacic of cusomay ca among Fis Naion communiis and povid pacic guidlins and ools. Amnd h dfiniion of Indian/naiv pson und h Child and Family Svics Ac o includ all Aboiginal childn, as dfind und scion 35 of h Consiuion. Collaboa acoss minisis and govnmns o addss h issu of povy and is impac on child wlfa, halh, ducaional achivmn and oh aas of impac wih policis and funding aachd. Povid aining o fon-lin child pocion woks abou h link bwn povy and h high a of Fis Naions childn in ca. Includ aining abou svic povid biass lad o povy. Funding is a ky aa fo baking h cycl of povy and fo mdiaing h oucoms as a sul of povy. Ky infomans w cla abou h nd fo quiabl, appopia and long-m funding Facilia discussions bwn govnmn and Aboiginal lads on Aboiginal child wlfa issus. Povid advic o h govnmn fom Aboiginal ladship on child wlfa issus, including h Child and Family Svics Ac, h Tipai Tabl, and h dsignaion of Aboiginal childn s aid sociis (Govnmn of Onaio Nwsoom, 2010). Funding Funding is a ky aa fo baking h cycl of povy and fo mdiaing h oucoms as a sul of povy. Ky infomans w cla abou h nd fo quiabl, appopia and long-m funding fo Aboiginal oganizaions. Ensu ha h pogam funding is quiabl wih h lvl of funding povidd o non-aboiginal pogams ha povid simila svics in Onaio. Why am I Poo? - 41

44 Ensu ha funding fo Fis Naions svics on and off sv flcs h nds of h communiy, aking ino considaion h lack of subsidiay svics, locaion, hisoical implicaions and acism. Acknowldg h addiional coss associad wih poviding culual pogamming fo Fis Naions familis and childn du o assimilaion policis. Ths coss should b flcd in h funding fomula povidd o Fis Naions and Aboiginal oganizaions. Esablish family-basd amn svics fo familis wh subsanc us may b a concn, so ha mohs will b abl o b wih hi childn as hy undgo amn. This will hlp o duc h fa ha child pocion svics will apphnd hi childn whil hy a in amn. Incom Chang gulaions ha pnaliz popl fo ging jobs. If h amoun of incom h family civs is akn away dolla fo dolla h family may b b off no woking bcaus hi pscipion allowanc may b akn away and h incom fom wok is no likly sufficin o mak up fo his loss. Th a also coss associad wih woking (anspoaion/ clohing/ wok boos, c.) ha mus b bon by h family. Gah infomaion abou h numb of woking poo Fis Naions familis in Onaio. Consid opions o povid affodabl cdi o h poo. On opion is h Gamn modl. Th Gamn modl povids affodabl micocdi loans which suppo small businss uilizing p viw of cdi aciviis. Mo opions can b found onlin a: &ask=viw&id=43&imid=93 Incas h as povidd hough Onaio Woks and h Onaio Disabiliy Suppo Pogam. Why am I Poo? - 42

45 Wok Pogam Govnmn Oganizaion Why am I Poo? - 43

46 s c i v s u o y g si n - Chap 8: Asss g n i p l h o Qusions f g n i k o w s n o i oganiza s n o i a N s i wih F y v o p n i g familis livin

47 Dos ou oganizaion: Know how ffciv a w a suppoing Fis Na ions familis and young childn affcd by povy? Wha do w nd o do o bcom b? Know abou h x n and impac of povy wih Fis Naions popl in h communiy and amongs al l of ou clins? Povid infomaio n, aining and suppo o f on-lin woks o suppo hm in hi wok wih Fi s Naions fa milis and youn g childn affcd by pov y? Suppo fon-lin woks by poviding supvis ion, cu lu days, halh ba ks, sss lav and liu i m? Know abou h hi soy and impac of coloniza ion, including focd locaion pogams, h si dnial school sysm and moval of Aboiginal child n? Povid infomaio n and aining o fonlin woks abou Fis Naion s popl, hi woldviws and issus, spcial ly issus ha a linkd o povy and young Fis Naions chil dn? Hav ffciv la ionships and panships wih local svic povids, oganiza ions and communiis who s v Fis Naions familis li ving in povy? This incl uds having gula mings an d fomalizd agmns, such as mmoandums of undsanding (M OU). Why am I Poo? - 45

48 ks a m R g n i d u l c n o C - Chap 9: g n i o p p u s f o s i f n b h T a f a s s c c family su f o s s o c h ga han. u l i a f d u conin y ions pov a N s i F ing a of sa look o d h sul n s a W u b, g i lin ism and sonal fa glc, ac no as a p n, g n i d n u n of undf ions child a N gnaions s i F avs on ha l suggling s m a g o assimilai p y and om of soci s. o b h a fo svic d n a m d h wih o kp up

49 Th high a of povy among Fis Naions familis is linkd o hisoical facos as wll as a numb of facos ha fac all familis living in povy in Onaio, including h low social assisanc as ha mak i difficul fo childn o hiv. Th a sicions abou aning xa mony o augmn h mag monhly social assisanc allowanc. This limis movmn of familis owads slf-sufficincy and in acquiing ndd mploymn skills and xpinc. Issus paining o subsanc us and mnal halh fuh impac popl s abiliy o scu and ain a job. Rcn changs o Onaio Woks, such as no pnalizing familis fo civing non-cash gifs such as gif cads fo food, a a sa in h igh dicion, bu much mo nds o b don o hlp familis ou of h povy cycl. Fis Naions popl fac addiional hudls in amping o mov ou of h povy cycl ha a linkd o h impac of colonizaion, acism, discomfo o unas in appoaching mainsam svic povids fo hlp, h isolaion of many Fis Naion communiis, h lack of mploymn oppouniis in many communiis, undfunding of social svics and ducaion, and h almos non-xisn non-pofi and volunay sco in Fis Naion communiis. Fis Naions popl fac addiional hudls in amping o mov ou of h povy cycl ha a linkd o... h impac of colonizaion acism discomfo o unas in appoaching mainsam svic povids fo hlp, h isolaion of many Fis Naion communiis h lack of mploymn oppouniis in many communiis undfunding of social svics and ducaion h almos non-xisn non-pofi and volunay sco in Fis Naion communiis Th bnfis of suppoing family succss a fa ga han h coss of coninud failu. Equiabl and long m funding suppos h halh and wllbing of Fis Naions familis boh on and off sv. Univsal sandads a ndd fo infasucu: schools, wa, swag and housing. Th coss of incacaion and h coninual moval of Fis Naions childn a high - invsmns in addssing Fis Naions child povy a ciical o familis and communiis. Why am I Poo? - 47

50 Rfncs ADR-LINK. Fis Naions ADR/ODR. Rivd fom: hml Assmbly of Fis Naions. (2006). Ladship Acion Plan on Fis Naions Child Wlfa. Rivd fom: /misc/afn-child.pdf. Biish Columbia Tachs Fdaion (n.d.). Byond wods: Caing acism-f schools fo Aboiginal lans. Rivd fom: bcf.ca/uploaddfils/public/aboiginaleducaion/ ByondWods%281%29.pdf Canada Mogag and Housing Copoaion. (2009). Daf Aboiginal housing backgound pap. Rivd fom: Canada Royal Commission on Aboiginal Popls. (1996). Highlighs fom h po of h Royal Commission on Aboiginal Popls. Oawa, ON: Minisy of Supply and Svics Canada. Canadian Ciminal Jusic Associaion. (2000). Aboiginal popl and h ciminal jusic sysm. Rivd fom: hp:// Chifs of Onaio. 2002/2003 Onaio Fis Naions gional halh suvy. Rivd fom: chifs-of-onaio.og/pagconn/dfaul.aspx?scionid=2&scionhadlinid=261 Commission o Pomo Susainabl Child Wlfa. (2010). Uniqu considaions fo Aboiginal childn and youh. Fis Rpo. Rivd fom: Uniqu-Considaions-fo-Aboiginal-Childn-and-Youh pdf Cocional Svic of Canada. Scion 318-5, Envionmnal sandads. Rivd fom: www. csc-scc.gc.ca/x/plcy/cdshm/318-gl5-cd-ng.shml Cocional Svic of Canada. (2002). Canadian fdal womn offnd pofils: Tnds fom 1981 o 2002 (Rvisd) No R-131. Rivd fom: hp:// pos/131/131_.pdf Duan, Eduado. (2006). Haling h soul wound: Counsling wih Amican Indians and oh Naiv Popls. Nw Yok, NY: Tachs Collg Pss, Columbia Univsiy. Economis. (2010). Man ss. Th psisnc of povy amid plny. Rivd fom: www. conomis.com/pindiion/indx.cfm?d= Elizabh Fy Sociy. ( ). Facs and figus fo povincially snncd womn in Onaio. Rivd fom: hp:// Fis Naions Child and Family Caing Sociy of Canada. (2006). Msnmimk Wasak. Caching a dop of ligh. Undsanding h Ovpsnaion of Fis Naions Childn in Canada s Child Wlfa Sysm: An Analysis of h Canadian Incidnc Sudy of Rpod Child Abus and Nglc. (CIS-2003). Rivd fom: Why am I Poo? - 48

51 Fis Naions Educaion Council. (2009). Pap on Fis Naions ducaion funding. Rivd fom: Fonain, P. (2007). Pocing ou gifs and scuing ou fuu: Eliminaing povy among Fis Naions childn. Padiaics & Child Halh, 12(8), Rivd fom: com/jounals/oc.jsp?scupg=jounal&jnlky=5&isuky=745 Govnmn of Onaio Nwsoom. (2010, Apil 14). Impoving suppos o Aboiginal childn and youh. Rivd fom: nws.onaio.ca/mcys/n/2010/04/impoving-suppos-o-aboiginalchildn-and-youh.hml Halh Canada, Fis Naions and Inui Halh Banch. (2011). Dinking wa and was wa. Rivd fom: Hick, S. (2004). Social wlfa in Canada: Undsanding incom scuiy. Toono: Thompson Educaional Publishing, Inc. Indian and Nohn Affais Canada. (2003). Naional assssmn of wa and waswa sysms in Fis Naions communiis: Summay po. Canada. Rivd fom: DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ/STAGING/x-x/waw_ _ng.pdf Indian and Nohn Affais Canada. (2010). Compaison of socio-conomic condiions. Caalogu No. R32-163/2006. Indian and Nohn Affais Canada. (2004). Basic dpamnal daa Caalogu No. R12-7/2003E. Lock-Kunz, J., Milan, A. and Schagn, S. (2000). Unqual accss: A po cad on acism. Canadian Counsl on Social Dvlopmn. Rivd fom: Maund, J. (2010) Rpo cad on child and family povy in Onaio. Onaio Campaign 2000: Toono. Rivd fom: pocadenglish.pdf Milloy, J. (1999). A naional cim: Th Canadian govnmn and h sidnial school sysm o Winnipg: Univsiy of Manioba Pss. Naional Collaboaing Cn fo Aboiginal Halh. (2010a). Housing as a social dminan of Fis Naions, Inui and Méis halh. Rivd fom: shs/ social dminas/nccah_fs_housing_en.pdf Naional Collaboaing Cn fo Aboiginal Halh. (2010b). Povy as a social dminan of Fis Naions, Inui and Méis halh. Rivd fom: shs/ social dminas/nccah_fs_povy_en.pdf Why am I Poo? - 49

52 Naional Collaboaing Cn fo Aboiginal Halh. (2010c). Undsanding nglc in Fis Naions familis. Rivd fom: shs/child and youh/nccah-fs- UndsandingNglc-5EN.pdf Naional Council of Wlfa. (2007). Fis Naion, Méis and Inui childn and youh: Tim o ac. Caalogu No. HS54-1/2007E. Naiv Womn s Associaion of Canada. (2007). Aboiginal womn and h ciminal jusic sysm: An issu pap. Rivd fom: hp:// Onaio Associaion of Childn s Aid Sociis. Child Wlfa Rpo 2009/10. You Childn s Aid. Rivd fom: Onaio Associaion of Childn s Aid Sociy s P-Budg Rpo o h Sanding Commi on Financ and Economic Affais. Rivd fom: oacaspbudgconsulaionpo06jan26.pdf Onaio Fdaion of Indian Findship Cns. (2003). Child hung and food inscuiy among uban Aboiginal familis. Onaio Human Righs Commission. (n.d.). Paying h pic: Th human cos of acial pofiling, inquiy po. Rivd fom: RacialPofilRpoEN/pdf Onaio Minisy of Childn and Youh Svics. (2010). Rpo on h 2010 Rviw of h Child and Family Svics Ac. Complianc wih Indian and Naiv Povisions of h Ac. Rivd fom hp:// Pohl, Rudy. (2002). Povy in Canada. S lvl consuling and counslling. Rivd fom: Rabson, M. (2010, Ocob 22). Aboiginals hlplss agains H1N1 oubak: Poo living condiions a faco, haing old. Winnipg F Pss, p A8 Rpo of h Manioba Jusic Commission. (2001). Th jusic sysm and Aboiginal popl: Th Aboiginal Jusic Implmnaion Commission. Rivd fom: chap14.hml S. Dnis, V. (2010). A sudy of Aboiginal achs pofssional knowldg and xpinc in Canadian schools. Canadian Tachs Fdaion. Rivd fom: BullinBoad/ABORIGINAL_Rpo2010_EN_-WEB_Ma19.pdf Silv, J., Mall, K., Gn, J. & Simad, F. (2002). Aboiginal ducaion in Winnipg inn ciy high schools. Winnipg: Canadian Cn fo Policy Alnaivs. Rivd fom: ius. uwinnipg.ca/pdf/aboiginal-ducaion.pdf Why am I Poo? - 50

53 Sanding Sna Commi on Human Righs. (2007). Childn: Th silncd ciizns. Effciv implmnaion of Canada s innaional obligaions wih spc o h ighs of childn. Final Daf Rpo of h Sanding Sna Commi on Human Righs. Rivd fom: gc.ca/39/1/palbus/commbus/sna/com-/huma-/p-/p10ap07-.hm Saisics Canada. (2008). Aboiginal childn s suvy Caalogu no X. Rivd fom: Saisics Canada. (2007). Onaio (Cod35) (abl). Aboiginal populaion pofil Cnsus. Saisics Canada Caalogu no XWE. Oawa. Rlasd Januay 15, Rivd fom: www12.sacan.ca/cnsus-cnsmn/2006/dp-pd/pof/92-594/indx.cfm?lang=e Saisics Canada Pofil of Aboiginal childn, youh and aduls. Rivd fom: www12.sacan.gc.ca/cnsus-cnsmn/2006/dp-pd/89-635/p4.cfm?lang=ng&ag=1&idn_id=2&b1=0&g ocod1=041&gocod2=000 Th Cn fo Rsach on Inn Ciy Halh. (2009). Indignous childn s halh po: Halh assssmn in acion. Tocmé, N., MacLauin, B., Fallon, B., Knok, D., Piman, L. & McComack, M. (2005).Undsanding h ovpsnaion of Fis Naions childn in Canada s child wlfa sysm: An analysis of h Canadian incidnc sudy of pod child abus and nglc (CIS-2003). Toono: Cn of Excllnc fo Child Wlfa. Rivd fom: hp:// Wasak_CIS_Analysis.pdf UNICEF. (2009). Canadian Supplmn o Th Sa of h Wold s Childn Aboiginal childn s halh: Laving no child bhind. Wsly-Esquimaux, C.C. & Smolwski, M. (2004). Hisoic auma and Aboiginal haling. Aboiginal Haling Foundaion. Rivd fom: Willows, N.D., Vugls, P., Rain, K. & Kuhl, S. (2009). Pvalnc and sociodmogaphic isk facos lad o houshold food inscuiy in Aboiginal popls in Canada. Public Halh Nuiion. 12(8), Rivd fom: Why am I Poo? - 51

54 Appndix A: Ky Rsoucs and Svics Bs Sa Rsouc Cn A ang of soucs on Aboiginal pnaal and child halh. halh.hml Aboiginal Had Sa Fdal aly child dvlopmn and school adinss pogam availabl on and off sv. Povids suppo fo laning and dvlopmn nds of young childn and povids suppo o h pans. Th six componns of h pogam includ: Educaion Halh pomoion Culu and languag Nuiion Social suppo Panal/family involvmn Fo mo infomaion on Aboiginal Had Sa: ahso-papa_ino-ng.php Communiy Acion Pogam fo Childn and Canada Pnaal Nuiion Pogam - CAPC/CPNP (off- sv) Communiy-basd pogam povids suppo pogamming o childn and hi familis using culu as h basis. cpnp-pcnp.phac-aspc.gc.ca Bigh Fuus (on sv) Aboiginal Halhy Babis Halhy Childn (on/off sv) P/pos naal pogam povids suppo fo pans and childn hough svics including hom-visiing, p/pos naal scning and assssmn, svic coodinaion and suppo fo svic ingaion. op.hml Aboiginal FASD/Aboiginal Child Nuiion (on/off sv) Povids suppos fo childn, youh, familis and communiis who may b affcd by FASD, including infomaion and ducaion, family suppo and aciviis focusing on halhy nuiion. opics/aboiginal/fasd.aspx Akw:go (off sv) Aboiginal_Childns_Pogamm.php Fis Naions Naional Child Bnfi Rinvsmn Iniiaiv (on sv) Suppos pojcs, pimaily in h aas of child ca, child nuiion and pan suppo aciviis. Communiy basd pogam pomos halhy child, family and communiy dvlopmn pogamming including child dvlopmn, paning and halhy babis. mnal/bigh_gandi-ng.php Why am I Poo? - 52

55 Appndix B: Ky Infoman Qusions Can you ll us abou a pogam, svic o appoach ha you hav dic xpinc wih, o know of, ha has bn paiculaly ffciv in ducing h impac of povy in h livs of Fis Naions childn and hi familis? Can you dscib h lmns o aspcs ha mak i so ffciv? Wha has bn is impac? Do you s a ol fo communiy dvlopmn in lssning h ngaiv impac of Fis Naions child povy? Plas dscib. Th lack of adqua funding and soucs a ofn idnifid as h main challngs o poviding ffciv pogam and svic suppo o Fis Naions childn and familis living in povy. Wha a h challngs o bais you oganizaion facs in poviding suppo o Fis Naions childn and familis living in povy? Can you dscib h appoachs o sagis you v akn ha hav bn ffciv in ovcoming hs bais/challngs? A h oh appoachs you would commnd? Th loss of culu, and in paicula h impac of h sidnial school sysm, is gnally cognizd as a ky conibuo o h issus facd by Fis Naion communiis and popl, including h high a of child povy. Could you dscib how culu is linkd o you oganizaion s ffos o addss h impac of povy on Fis Naions childn? Aboiginal popl xpinc a high a of mnal halh issus, including FASD, compad o h gnal populaion. How dos his impac on h way you oganizaion sponds o h nds of Fis Naions childn living in povy? Th numb of Fis Naions childn in ca has isn damaically ov h las dcad and Aboiginal childn a ov-psnd in h child wlfa sysm. Rsachs hav idnifid povy as a isk faco fo his siuaion. Wha do you s o b h challngs facd by h child wlfa sysm in sponding o h nds of Fis Naions childn in ca? Wha is ndd in od o b m h nds of vulnabl Fis Naions childn a isk of ging involvd in h child wlfa sysm? Could you dscib any policis, sagis o iniiaivs in Onaio ha hav bn ffciv in ducing h a of Fis Naions child povy, i.. hlping o mov Fis Naions familis ou of h povy cycl? Wha commndaions do you hav fo ducing h ovall a of Fis Naions child povy? Fon-lin woks fac challngs on a daily basis o povid suppo fo Fis Naions childn in povy. Issus of bun-ou and high unov can b aibud o h high dmands placd on fon-lin woks. How can woks b suppod o m hos nds and issus? Wha would you commnd? Do you hav any oh commns you would lik o mak? Why am I Poo? - 53

56 Bs Sa Rsouc Cn 180 Dundas S Ws, Sui 301 Toono, Onaio, M5G 1Z