Recurrent meningitis after ART initiation in 2 patients known with cryptococcal meningitis
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1 Recurrent meningitis after ART initiation in 2 patients known with cryptococcal meningitis Graeme Meintjes University of Cape Town
2 Case 1 23 year old woman Known HIV infection, CD4 = 37, but ART-naïve Presented 7 March 2012 Headaches, weakness, dizziness x 2 weeks LOW and cough x 3 months Febrile, GCS=15, no meningism, no focal neurology Opening pressure=7cm H 2 O CSF Poly= 0 Lymph=1 Protein=0.42 Glucose=2.4 Indian ink and CrAg positive Cryptococcal culture: moderate growth Investigations for TB all negative
3 Initial management AmB 1mg/kg/d + Fluconazole 800mg/d x 14d Hb 9.1 -> 7.1 then transfused 2 units Creat =67 on admission Creat = 179 on Day 13, given additional fluids Creat = 139 on discharge and later normalised Asymptomatic on discharge Started ART while in hospital, 9d after admission Early arm COAT trial
4 Multiple repeat presentations 2 weeks later Headache x 1 d Adherent to ART and fluconazole 2 lumbar punctures 3 days apart Opening pressure: not measured then 7cm H 2 O No cells Protein = 0.24 Culture negative Discharged asymptomatic
5 5 days later Headaches, nausea, vomiting & dizziness for 1d LP OP 67cm H 2 O, drained 25ml, closing pressure 14cm H 2 O Still non-inflammatory and culture negative
6 What do you think diagnosis is?
7 Managment Started on Prednisone 1mg/kg/d for C-IRIS Initially OP remained > 50 cm H 2 O Symptoms resolved
8 Prednisone dose After 3 weeks reduced to 30mg/d Then 1 week later 15mg/d Headache and dizziness recurred LP: high opening pressure again Increased dose to 60mg/d, weaned over 6 weeks 3 weeks after prednisone stopped Recurrent symptoms Another course of prednisone weaned over 10 weeks
9 After this asymptomatic and well She had LPs 2-3x per week when symptomatic Opening pressure always > 40cm H 2 O But symptoms resolved with prednisone and therapeutic LPs All CSF analyses non-inflammatory and culture negative CT head showed no hydrocephalus and no mass lesion 1 year on ART Well CD4 = 254 VL = 100 copies/ml
10 Key issues Prolonged IRIS Steroid responsive IRIS usually associated with CSF pleocytosis, but not always
11 Case 2 31 year old man CD4 = 114 PTB in 1996 Presented in July 2012 History of severe headache and confusion and GCS = 8/15 Lumbar puncture OP= 27cm H 2 O Poly=3 Lymph=11 Protein=1.78 Glucose=3.5 Indian ink and CrAg positive Responded to AmB/Fluconazole 800mg daily 2 LPs, normal opening pressures GCS normal and CSF sterile by Day 7 Discharged after 2 weeks
12 Started ART 2 weeks after discharge TDF, 3TC, Efavirenz After 2 weeks on ART Headache, neck pain, blurred vision LP OP=16 cm H 2 O Poly=0 Lymph=25 Protein=1.48 Glucose=2.8 Culture negative Resolved with analgesia
13 Re-presented 12 weeks on ART Confusion with GCS=13 No history provided No focal neurology, no meningism LP OP=28 cm H 2 O Poly=0 Lymph=75 Protein=3.96 Gluc=1.4, Indian ink and CrAg negative Later culture negative Features of SIADH Na = 114 (K and renal function normal) Urine osmolality=471 and plasma osmolality=244 Urine Na = 101 Viral load < 40 copies/ml
14 What do you think diagnosis is?
15 CM diagnosis July 2012 Representation now 12 weeks on ART Obstructive hydrocephalus and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
16 Management Dexamethasone 4mg 8 hrly x 10 days then Prednisone 60mg/day to treat C-IRIS Fluid restriction for SIADH Enoxaparin then Warfarin for CVST AmB x 1 day then fluconazole 600mg/daily TB treatment
17 Further results CSF TB culture positive after 13 days MTB sensitive to Rif and INH Full recovery on TB treatment and weaning dose of steroids
18 Pointers to TBM in this case SIADH CT Head Obstructive hydrocephalus CVST CSF protein = 3.96 Considerable overlap with CM-IRIS in presentation Does not mean every case of CM-IRIS should be treated for TBM, but be vigilant
19 1737 cases with markedly abnormal CSF cell counts, biochemistry and/or microbiological diagnoses 8 Patients had CM and TBM co-infection
20 Jarvis, SAMJ 2010
21 Paradoxical cryptococcal meningitis IRIS 74% of reported cases have this as sole or dominant feature Patient diagnosed with CM Started on treatment and improves Starts ART Recurrent meningitis/neurologic symptoms CSF pleocytosis Typically fungal culture negative Raised intracranial pressure Haddow, Lancet ID 2010
22 CM-IRIS management Consider and exclude alternative diagnoses Fluconazole non-adherence Other causes of meningitis Lumbar puncture Opening pressure Therapeutic CSF drainage (often repeated taps required) CSF culture Intensify antifungal treatment awaiting culture result Continue ART In severe or refractory cases, particularly once culture confirmed to negative Corticosteroids (Prednisone 1mg/kg, anecdotal evidence) SA HIV Clin Soc Guidelines 2013 Longley, Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013
23 Acknowledgements James Scriven Charlotte Schutz
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