Chapter 2: Traits and How They Change
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1 Table of Contents Chapter 2: Traits and How They Change Section 2: Genetics Heredity x Genetics Mendel s experiments Punnett Square
2 REVIEW: Genes are sections of DNA Genes have different Alleles A gene will code for a trait Each allele will code for a variation of a trait We inherit 2 alleles One allele comes from the father and another from the mother
3 1)What is Heredity? 2)What is genetics? Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. ** Genetics is the branch of Biology that studies genes, heredity, and the variation of inherited traits in living organisms.
4 Dominant X Recessive Dominant allele will show its effects on the phenotype whenever present in the genotype Recessive Allele will show its effects on the phenotype only if 2 of them are present in the genotype ( inherited from both parents)
5 Ex: Cat fur short fur is dominant over long fur A cat will have long fur if it inherits both alleles for long fur one from the father and one from the mother If the cat inherits one allele for long fur and one for short fur, the cat will have short fur.
6 Mendel Austrian monk, lived in the 1800s Father of Genetics because he developed 3 basic principles of genetics Studied traits in Pea plants they reproduce quickly possible to observe the inheritance of traits in a short period of time
7 Traits studied by Mendel
8 Mendel s Principles of Heredity 1 st Principle of Dominance 2 nd Principle of Segregation 3 rd Principle of Independent Assortment
9 Genetics Mendel s Principle of Dominance Traits are determined by different factors. Each trait is determined by at least two factors. Today we call factors, genes One factor is dominant over the other
10 Mendel s Principle of Segregation Mendel also concluded that each parent passes only one of the alleles for a trait to its offspring. This explains variation that exists among the offspring of parents. Each organism have an unique combination of alleles.
11 Mendel s 3 rd principle : Law of Independent assortment Alleles for one trait have no effect on how alleles for another trait are inherited
12 Vocabulary: Homozygous and heterozygous Homozygous an organism that have two alleles for a trait that are the same is called homozygous Heterozygous an organism that have two different alleles for a trait
13 Homozygous can also be called purebred Heterozygous can also be called hybrid
14 **Representing alleles Letters are used to represent alleles Capital letters are used for dominant alleles and lowercase letters are used for recessive alleles We use the first letter of the dominant allele Ex: short and tall
15 **Representing alleles Ex: Tall is dominant and short is recessive TT homozygous or purebred = tall tt homozygous or purebred = short Tt heterozygous or hybrid = tall (it has the dominant allele) Example : Brown eyes dominant over green eyes
16 Punnett Square Tool to predict the genotype and phenotype of an offspring Worksheet How to use a Punnett Square?
17 Mendel s experiments : P - Parental generation F1 generation - the result of 1 st crossing F2 generation - result of the 2nd crossing ****No matter what trait he was working with, Mendel observed that there was a pattern in the inheritance of traits.
18 Discovering the Patterns: EX: Tall and short plants tall is dominant Solve the following crosses using the Punnett Square: -Cross two homozygous for the dominant trait -Cross two homozygous for the recessive trait -Cross two heterozygous
19 Discovering the Patterns: RESULTS ARE ALWAYS THE SAME -Cross two homozygous for the dominant trait = 100% with the dominant trait -Cross two homozygous for the recessive trait = 100% with the recessive trait -Cross two heterozygous = 75% with the dominant trait and 25% with the recessive trait
20 Practicing Punnett Square - Pea plants with different seed color Dominant yellow seed - genotype? Recessive green seed genotype? 1)Homozygous yellow x homozygous green 2)Heterozygous yellow x heterozygous yellow 3)green x green 4)Heterozygous yellow x green 5)Homozygous yellow x homozygous yellow Identify Genotypes and phenotypes for all crosses
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