Enabling long-term storage of CO 2 at large scale.

Transcription

1 1 Enabling long-term storage of CO 2 at large scale. Results from FME BIGCCS and COMPLETE projects Grethe Tangen, SINTEF Petroleum Research CLIMIT SUMMIT 24 th February 2015 Presentation with contributions from Pierre Cerasi, Peder Eliasson, Alv-Arne Grimstad, Michael Jordan, Nils Opedal, and Malin Torsæter, all SINTEF Petroleum Research

2 2 Outline See also posters Overall ambitions, viewing the bigger picture on CO 2 storage History timeline FME BIGCCS - overview COMPLETE - overview Closing the knowledge gaps to fulfil the ambitions 1. Storage capacity and long-term behaviour 2. Seal integrity of large-scale CO 2 reservoirs 3. Monitoring technologies 4. Well integrity Contributions towards deployment of CCS Next step looking ahead

3 3 CCS is urgently needed Are we ready to meet the challenge?

4 CO 2 storage at industry scale 4 Sleipner CCS In Salah CCS Boundary Dam CCS project ZEP Snøhvit CCS Peterhead CCS project is underway Climit

5 5 BIGCCS CO 2 Storage Ambitions Contribute to enabling large scale CO 2 storage Reduce costs of CO 2 storage Maximise storage integrity Minimise uncertainty Source: Based on a Statoil illustration Investigate opportunities for value creation CO 2 storage combined with EOR

6 6 CO 2 storage in BIGCCS Timeline in light of commercial storage projects in Norway CO 2 injection at Sleipner CO 2 injection at Snøhvit Norwegian CO 2 tax and Sleipner decision Snøhvit decision / Innovative idea by Erik Lindeberg and Torleif Holt CO 2 as injection gas for Norwegian oil fields First EU projects (Joule,SACS,CO 2 Store) Power generation with CO 2 capture and sequestration - Research and development needs SINTEF/NTNU/RCN EOR by CO 2 injection and CO 2 deposition in aquifers Infrastructure for CO 2 deposition (EOR&Aquifers) KMB CO2 (BIGCO2) BIGCCS BIGCO2 Phase II More EU projects (ECCO, CO 2 Remove,..) BIGCCS 2 Add-on projects COMPLETE Joint Drilling EU-MiReCol BIGCCS 1 Add-on project CO 2 Field Lab

7 7 BIGCCS Key information Centre for environmentally -friendly energy research 8 years ( ) 18 partners (6 industry, 12 R&D) 60 researchers involved on a daily basis 30 planned PhDs (> 25 started) Budget of 512 MNOK Funding: RCN (50%), industry (25 %), SINTEF (25 %) 31 new R&D projects initiated based on BIGCO2/BIGCCS - 9 CLIMIT KPN projects - 22 Offspring projects

8 BIGCCS covers the whole value chain Tool

9 Organisation BIGCCS SP3: CO 2 Storage SP3 Management Identify innovation potentials Enabling large scale CO 2 storage and EOR Direct and coordinate R&D towards a common ambition Well integrity CO 2 reservoir containment CO 2 monitoring technologies Pressure management. CO 2 storage / EOR value chain Cement bonding Thermal cycling Remediation Well plugging Fundamental effects of CO 2 on rock properties Advanced seismic analyses CSEM Reduced monitoring uncertainty

10 COMPLETE Cooperative research on Ketzin pilot site 10 Ketzin pilot site Deep saline aquifer CO2 injection between Extensive monitoring program COMPLETE research project Close a CO2 storage site at pilot scale, Expand knowledge on post-injection monitoring and long-term site behaviour Provide experiences on site abandonment GFZ and SINTEF are research partners Entered a 4 years integrated collaboration Goal: maximize learning potential from the Ketzin pilot site with respect to monitoring, material lifetimes and failure modes in CCS wells

11 11 Closing the knowledge gaps to fulfil the ambitions 1. Storage capacity and long-term behaviour 2. Seal integrity of large-scale CO 2 reservoirs 3. Monitoring technologies 4. Well integrity

12 Storage capacity and long-term behaviour Qualification and management of storage resources Saturation after 50 years Pressure increase after 50 years Injection modelling for part of Bunter sandstone; 24 Mt/year for 50 years Initial simulations: rates limited by estimated fracturation pressure at wells Fault reactivation may occur at lower pressures Important for storage safety and capacity Areas exceeding fault reactivation

13 Storage capacity and long-term behaviour Large scale CO 2 storage Areas with >5 bar overpressure after one year operation in scenarios with and without production wells and with different injection/extraction ratios. Goal: optimize cost vs benefit Storage capacity and safety can be improved by extraction of water from storage formation Coordination within each formation required Pore pressure below cap rock with & without water extraction

14 Storage capacity and long-term behaviour Storage behaviour Enhanced dissolution rate due to diffusion-induced convection New knowledge on the onset time for instability Important for long-term storage safety Simlutaions of CO2 concentration in aquifer using 25 m blocks (above) and 5 m blocks (below) Fine scale simulations

15 15 Closing the knowledge gaps to fulfil the ambitions 1. Storage capacity and long-term behaviour 2. Seal integrity of large-scale CO 2 reservoirs 3. Monitoring technologies 4. Well integrity

16 Integrity of large-scale CO 2 reservoirs Fundamental Effects of CO 2 on Rock properties 16 Geomechanics and near-well integrity Flow and wetting properties of partially sealing rock Vacuum Pump Sample CO2 Source CO2 Pump Water Pump Figure 3: The experimental set-up Visualisation of fluid pathway during reactivation experiment Mancos shale Brazilian tensile strength test. Composite plug for UCS testing

17 Indirect tensile stress, MPa Temperature, o C Integrity of large-scale CO 2 reservoirs Geomechanics and near-well integrity 17 Injection of cold CO 2 relative to formation temperature induces thermal stresses A new and rapid test was devised to measure thermal stress resistance of sealing caprock Time (s)

18 Integrity of large-scale CO 2 reservoirs Flow and wetting properties of partially sealing rock 18 Investigate chemical alterations due exposure to aqueous CO 2. Chemical changes occured for some minerals. Exposure of initially sealing caprock to CO 2 changes the wettability in some shale formations, reducing the capillary entry pressure. Both phenomena may affect long term sealing of caprock above planned reservoir site.

19 19 Closing the knowledge gaps to fulfil the ambitions 1. Storage capacity and long-term behaviour 2. Seal integrity of large-scale CO 2 reservoirs 3. Monitoring technologies 4. Well integrity

20 CO 2 monitoring technologies Pressure and saturation discrimination Two methods to separate the contributions from pressure and saturation changes are tested and compared for Snøhvit data. Results show a striking correlation! 20 Figures: (top row) Change in amplitude between baseline and repeat 3D seismic surveys. Data partitioned on either side of 25 Hz cutoff frequency. (bottom row) The inverted pressure and saturation changes derived from reflected seismic amplitudes in near- and far-offset stacks (Grude et al. 2013).

21 CO 2 monitoring technologies High resolution imaging 21 Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) successfully applied to several different Sleipner vintages. 2D FWI and depth migration applied to 2008 dataset clearly show the thin layers of the CO2 plume. 3D elastic (PhD topic) and 3D acoustic FWI both show very promising results. Figure: 2D FWI velocity model for 2008 data set. Figure: (top) 3D acoustic FWI velocity model for 2008 data set. (bottom) 3D elastic FWI velocity model for 1994 baseline data set.

22 CO 2 monitoring technologies CO 2 volume estimation and uncertainty quantification 22 Combining FWI and CSEM promising for estimation of CO 2 volume estimation. Studies performed on synthetic Sleipner data. An imaging work bench developed for site-specific tailoring of FWI and CSEM Strategy for uncertainty quantification. Figure: Image obtained from unconstrained inversion. Figure: Image obtained from structurally constrained inversion. Figure: Uncertainty in velocity image (from a posteriori covariance analysis)

23 CO2 monitoring technologies Joint inversion of FWI and ERT at Ketzin (COMPLETE) 23 Mature joint inversion as CO 2 monitoring methodology using the unique data and controlled conditions from the Ketzin pilot site Develop CO 2 monitoring technology that can be transferred to full scale CO 2 storage sites Tight cooperation with GFZ/Ketzin (joint postdoc)

24 24 Closing the knowledge gaps to fulfil the ambitions 1. Storage capacity and long-term behaviour 2. Seal integrity of large-scale CO 2 reservoirs 3. Monitoring technologies 4. Well integrity

25 Flowrate (ml/hr) Permeability (md) CO 2 Well integrity Cement- rock bonding 25 Use of micro computed tomography (µ-ct) to study cement bonding to various rocks. Leakage paths from µ-ct have been digitalized and used as input for flow calculations. The microannulus leakage model has been experimentally verified. Model for leakage through small channels in/along well cement Hollow cylinder of shale with cement Leakage paths inside sample Numerical simulation of leakage Experimental measurement of leakage through the shale-cement plug Flowrate Permeability µ-ct Use data Compare Flow direction changed Publication outlining expected leakage rates along a successfully cemented caprock region Beneficial to use oil-based mud to limit leakage along the cement-caprock interface Time (min)

26 CO 2 Well integrity Effects of thermal cycling BIGCCS SP2 + SP3 26 Downscaled well sections are exposed to thermal cycling, scanned with medical CT and the data is reconstructed in 3D. The 3D sample (including cement defects) is used in numerical calculations of heat transfer and stress. Defects in cement decide how the well reacts upon thermal cycling Good casing centralization and few defects can prolong the life of the well and expand the safe temperature window. CT scanning 3D volume Heat transfer sim. Damage sim.

27 CO 2 Well integrity BIGCCS SP2 + SP3 Ensuring well integrity during CO 2 injection 27 Models for radial heat transport and vertical flow of CO 2 have been developed based on therm. cycling work Coupling ongoing! Paper on the effect of replacing cement with other materials Model for radial head conduction in a well can take as input different formations, sealant materials etc. Cement Sand slurry Bismuth -Tin Thermosetting polymer A high-conductivity annular sealant can be beneficial for reducing stresses during thermal cycling

28 SINTEF add-on to COMPLETE Well integrity Goal: Improved storage safety through characterization of materials recovered from Ketzin wells during abandonment 28 The outside of the pipe Inside after flow of liquid CO 2 (-15 C) Reservoir rock Caprock Study of topside pipelines from Ketzin has uncovered how pipe roughness & corrosion depends on phase and temperature of the CO 2 flowing through them. Formation rock samples from Ketzin have safely arrived in Trondheim

29 BIGCCS CO 2 Storage and COMPLETE: Contributing to deployment of CCS 29

30 30 Looking ahead Closing in on target: Deployment of large scale CCS Creating new innovative ideas along the value chain Strengthen research infrastructure advanced labs Closer collaboration with industry Follow up of national initiative on large scale CO 2 Storage at the Norwegian Continental shelf Source: Based on a Statoil illustration

31 31 Acknowledgements This publication has been produced with support from the BIGCCS Centre, performed under the Norwegian research program Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME). The authors acknowledge the following partners for their contributions: Gassco, Shell, Statoil, TOTAL, GDF SUEZ and the Research Council of Norway (193816/S60). Posters at CLIMIT SUMMIT 2015: Fundamental Effects of CO 2 on Rock Properties; P. Cerasi, I. Akervoll, G. Tangen, A. Taheri, R. Cuss, C. Kjøller. Uncertainty reduction in monitoring methods for improved CO 2 Quantity estimation (Unicque); P. Eliasson, B. Dupuy, A. Romdhane, X. Raynaud, M. Jordan, E. Querendez. Joint Inversion and petrophysical characterization for improved CO 2 monitoring at Ketzin and Svelvik (JOINT FORCES); M. Jordan, A. Romdhane, P. Bergmann, E. Querendez, P. Eliasson, P. Cerasi. Improving CO 2 well integrity by studies of materials from Ketzin wells; N. Opedal. Large-scale CO 2 Storage; G. Tangen, M. Barrio, A. Nøttvedt. Closing the gaps in CO 2 well plugging (CO 2 plug); M. Torsæter. Ensuring well integrity during CO 2 injection; M.Torsæter. Contact: Grethe Tangen, SINTEF Petroleum Research, [email protected].