Shale & Tight Reservoir Simulation. Jim Erdle - VP/USA & LA OCTOBER 2012

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1 Shale & Tight Reservoir Simulation Jim Erdle - VP/USA & LA OCTOBER 2012

2 AGENDA How CMG s simulators are being used o Shale/Tight reservoir modelling features o Shale/Tight reservoir modelling workflows How other simulators are being used Shale Operators using CMG s simulators SPE References

reservoir modelling workflows How other simulators are

3 CMG S PRODUCTS IMEX Black Oil reservoir simulator GEM EOS-compositional reservoir simulator STARS Thermal/Reactive-Transport reservoir simulator GEOMECH Geomechanics simulator (GEM & STARS) BUILDER Model creation/editing GUI RESULTS Simulator output display GUI WINPROP PVT modelling CMOST SA, UA, Aided History-Matching & Optimization

simulator (GEM & STARS) BUILDER Model creation/editing GUI RESULTS Simulator output

4 MODELLING FEATURES PVT o Black Oil treatment (IMEX) primary production of dry gas, wet gas, black oil, volatile oil and gas condensate reservoir fluids o Multi-component EOS Treatment (GEM) Adds ability to model Multi-Component fluids including non-hc gases (e.g. CO2, H2S, acid gas, Flue Gas & N2) for EOR

fluids o Multi-component EOS Treatment (GEM) Adds ability to model

$open natural fractures o Dual Permeability if open natural$

5 MODELLING FEATURES Single vs Dual Porosity o Single Porosity if no open natural fractures o Dual Permeability if open natural fractures

$open natural fractures o Dual$

6 MODELLING FEATURES Adsorped Components o Single gas component (new in IMEX for 2012) o Multiple gas or oil components (GEM)

7 MODELLING FEATURES Diffusion o Multi-component molecular diffusion (GEM) Competitive with darcy flow in some very low matrix perm situations Injection of solvents to aid liquid recovery (e.g. CO2, propane, etc.) Sequestration of CO2, acid gas, etc.

matrix perm situations Injection of solvents to aid liquid

8 MODELLING FEATURES Relative Perm & Capillary Pressure o Independent curves for matrix, natural fractures & propped fractures Usually straight line for natural & propped fracs Matrix can be oil-wet or water-wet (which is it?) Can include hysteresis if modelling solvent injection Can also include wettability alteration via relative permeability interpolation (new in GEM for 2012)

9 MODELLING FEATURES Compaction/Dilation o Pressure-dependent Compaction/Dilation tables for modelling degradation of permeability & porosity In propped fractures, natural fractures & matrix, including hysteresis for modelling shut-in periods o Effective Stress-dependent Compaction/Dilation tables when using GEOMECH (GEM) Barton-Bandis approach for modelling of natural fracture perm vs Effective Stress

$when using GEOMECH (GEM) Barton-Bandis approach for modelling of natural fracture perm vs Effective$

10 Conductivity Multiplier Conductivity Multiplier MODELLING FEATURES Compaction/Dilation Unpropped Fracture Compaction Table Pressure (psi) Propped Fracture Compaction Table Pressure (psi)

11 MODELLING FEATURES Initial Fluid Saturations o Non-equilibrium initialization of fluids for modelling presence and flowback of frac fluids in propped & natural fractures

$presence and flowback of frac fluids in$

12 MODELLING FEATURES Explicit Gridding of Propped Fractures o LS-LR-DK (TARTAN) grids to model propped fracs o Single Plane or Complex geometry o Non-Darcy flow in propped fracs

$to model propped fracs o Single Plane or$

13 MODELLING FEATURES Explicit Gridding of Propped Fractures Single Plane geometry Complex geometry

14 MODELLING FEATURES Explicit Gridding of Propped Fractures o Automatic generation of TARTAN grids (BUILDER) o SRV delineation (BUILDER) Import & Filtering of Micro Seismic data Interactive selection on simulation grid display o TARTAN grids can be applied to any parent grid geometry Cartesian & Corner Point Grids

Filtering of Micro Seismic data Interactive selection on simulation grid

15 MODELLING FEATURES Explicit Gridding of Propped Fractures Hydraulic Fracture Wizard Microseismic Wizard

16 MODELLING FEATURES Time-dependent Propped Fractures o TARTAN grids can be added when wells are fracked Don t have to put all grids in place at beginning of run! Efficient way to model re-fracs & multi-well models o Compaction/Dilation Tables (with Hysteresis) can be time-dependent (coming in Dec 2012)

$Efficient way to model re-fracs & multi-well models o Compaction/Dilation$

17 MODELLING WORKFLOW 1. Choose CMG simulator with required physics 2. Build single well base models 5. Build multi-well models 3. Perform SA & AHM on single well models 4. Forecast EUR for single well models 6. Perform OPT of multi-well models

18 Base Case Results Initial model with assumed values does not match historical production data o Too much gas produced o Not enough water produced

19 Sensitivity Analysis using CMOST Reservoir parameter uncertainty o Fracture Permeability o Fracture Width o Pressure Dependent Permeability of Fracture (CROCKTAB) o Langmuir Adsorption parameters o Diffusivity o Initial Water Saturation in Fractures (to model water from the HF fluid)

Permeability of Fracture (CROCKTAB) o Langmuir Adsorption parameters o

20 Sensitivity Analysis using CMOST

21 History Match Error Reduction Objective Function Error Reduced from 55% to 1.4% 21

22 History Match Final Results

23 History Match Final Results History match error reduction o Overall HM error reduced from 55% to 1.4% o Final Gas Rate Match error = 0.70% o Final Water Rate Match error = 2.13% Total Calendar Time to complete HM o Engineering Time = 10 hours o Computing Time = 15 hours (8 concurrent 2-way parallel jobs) o Total calendar time = 25 hours

24 ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDDING Representation of Single-Plane Propped Fractures o Some are using Logarithmically Refined grids over entire model in both X & Y directions (LS-GR-DK grids) to model single-plane fracs Porosity K layer: 1 Porosity K layer: ,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 File: ECLIPSE_Global Grid Refinement.dat User: kpatel Date: 7/27/12 Scale: 1:2374 Y/X: 1.00:1 Axis Units: ft ,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 File: CMG_Local Grid Refinement.dat User: kpatel Date: 7/27/12 Scale: 1:2480 Y/X: 1.00:1 Axis Units: ft Mangum -400 Mangum feet meters feet meters ,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1, ,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 Global Logarithmic Grids CMG s TARTAN Grids

25 ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDDING TARTAN grids = Same Results in 1/10 the time!

26 ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDDING TARTAN grids = Same Results in 1/10 the time!

27 Pressure ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDDING TARTAN grids = Same Results in 1/10 the time! Pressure (psi) K layer: 1 File: cmg_local grid refinement.irf User: kpatel ,000 Date: 7/27/12 Scale: 1:1148 Y/X: 1.00:1 Axis Units: ft Mangum ,815 4,413 4,010 3,608 3, ,803 2, , , feet meters 1, Time , Pressure 40 ft from propped frac is the same!

28 USING CMG FOR SHALE/TIGHT RESERVOIRS Anadarko Apache BG Group BHP Billiton BP Chesapeake Chevron Devon Encana EOG ExxonMobil Marathon Matador Noble Energy Reliance Rosetta Resources Samson Shell Statoil Talisman Total Venoco Vitruvian XTO

29 SPE REFERENCES CSUG/SPE PP Shale Gas Modeling Workflow: From Microseismic to Simulation A Horn River Case Study o Joint paper with CMG and NEXEN IPTC Evaluation in Data Rich Fayatteville Shale Gas Plays Integrating Physics-based Reservoir Simulations with Data Driven Approaches for Uncertainty Reduction o by Yitian Xiao et al (ExxonMobil) presented at 2012 IPTC Bangkok

30 SPE REFERENCES SPE Shale Oil Production Performance from a Stimulated Reservoir Volume o by A.S. Chaudhary, C. Economides & R. Wattenbarger (TAMU) presented at 2011 ATCE - Denver SPE Heat Transfer Applications for the Stimulated Reservoir Volume o by S. Thoram & C. Economides (TAMU) presented at 2011 ATCE - Denver

31 SPE REFERENCES SPE Accurate Simulation of Non-Darcy Flow in Stimulated Fractured Shale Gas Reservoirs o by B. Rubin (CMG) presented at 2010 WRM Anahiem

32 Thank you! Any Questions?

The ever increasing importance of reservoir geomechanics

SPE special Interest Reservoir Group, Calgary March 26, 2014 The ever increasing importance of reservoir geomechanics Antonin (Tony) Settari TAURUS Reservoir Solutions Ltd., Calgary Professor Emeritus,