Chapter 8 Part II. Meiosis
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1 Chapter 8 Part II Meiosis
2 Since this is a biology class, we get to talk about how babies are made!
3 The first major step in making babies is having the right type of cells We already discussed how to make identical cells: MITOSIS! Make 2 identical daughter cells with identical DNA Important for growth, wound healing, development, asexual reproduction And this requires DNA replication, because we need two copies of the DNA for each new cell.
4 Gametes are a unique type of cell used for sexual reproduction Gametes are specialized cells only used for sexual reproduction. They are not used for anything else in the body. Likewise, other types of cells in the body cannot be used for reproduction. Egg Sperm
5 Gametes are unique because they only have half of the genetic material that the rest of your body cells have Human cheek cell Egg Sperm 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes
6 Cells with one set of chromosomes are called haploid and cells with two sets are called diploid. Human cheek cell Egg Sperm 46 chromosomes (diploid = 2n) 23 chromosomes (haploid = n)
7 The chromosomes in the diploid cell are made up of PAIRS of the chromosomes from the gametes. Human cheek cell Egg Sperm 46 chromosomes (diploid = 2n) 23 chromosomes (haploid = n)
8 Two gametes fuse during sexual reproduction, which combines the genetic material The egg and sperm (gametes) combine their chromosomes during fertilization = 46 total chromosomes! Two haploid (half) cells join to make a diploid (pair) cell. 23 chromosomes 23 chromosomes 46 chromosomes Sperm Egg You + = n n 2n
9 Because gametes only have half of the chromosomes, they cannot be made by mitosis Mitosis results in an identical cell with the same number of chromosomes Meiosis results in daughter cells that have half of the starting chromosomes
10 Meiosis is specialized cell division that results in half the number of chromosomes Meiosis only occurs to make gametes (egg and sperm) Men: this process occurs throughout life as you make sperm Women: all your eggs are made before you are born
11 Overview of meiosis: 1) Chromosomes 1 duplicate (just like in S phase of mitosis) 2) Meiosis I: Sister chromatids get moved into a new cell during division (they don t separate) 3) Meiosis II: Cells divide AGAIN = splits chromosomes in half Pair of chromosomes in diploid cell (called homologous) Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids INTERPHASE BEFORE MEIOSIS
12 Overview of meiosis: 1) Chromosomes duplicate (just like in S phase of mitosis) 2) Meiosis I: Sister chromatids get moved into a new cell during division (they don t separate) 3) Meiosis II: Cells divide AGAIN = splits chromosomes in half Pair of homologous chromosomes in diploid parent cell Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids INTERPHASE BEFORE MEIOSIS MEIOSIS I
13 Overview of meiosis: 1) Chromosomes duplicate (just like in S phase of mitosis) 2) Meiosis I: Sister chromatids get moved into a new cell during division (they don t separate) 3) Meiosis II: Cells divide AGAIN = splits chromosomes in half Pair of homologous chromosomes in diploid parent cell Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids INTERPHASE BEFORE MEIOSIS MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
14 Remember: Before mitosis or meiosis begins, the DNA must duplicate itself (in S phase). Chromosome 1 you get from mom Chromosome 1 you get from dad Chromosome 1 you get from mom (duplicated = sister chromatids) Chromosome 1 you get from dad (duplicated = sister chromatids)
15 Before meiosis or mitosis, your 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes total) duplicate to make a total of 46 sister chromatids (96 chromosomes total) Pair of Chromosomes (1 from mom 1 from dad) LM One chromosome Sister chromatids
16 Unlike the other chromosomes, the X and Y chromosome are very different in size!
17 Meiosis overview: The chromosomes duplicate (23 pairs now 46 pairs), then the resulting daughter cells divide twice, resulting in cells with only HALF the number of chromosomes (haploid) Pair of homologous chromosomes in diploid parent cell Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids INTERPHASE BEFORE MEIOSIS MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
18 Figure 8.12 This occurs in women to make haploid eggs and in men to make haploid sperm Haploid gametes (n = 23) n Egg cell n Sperm cell The fusion of egg and sperm makes a diploid zygote MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46) 2n Diploid zygote (2n = 46) All the cells in your body have 46 chromosomes MITOSIS and development Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)
19 Two parts of meiosis: Meiosis I and Meiosis II Meiosis starts out like mitosis, in that the DNA is replicated during S phase Also, the nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle forms and sister chromatids move to center of cell Meiosis I (what s different from mitosis???) Sister chromatids line up NEXT to each other (not in a straight line) Sister chromatids exchange some genes between each other The entire sister chromatid gets packaged into the new daughter cell (they do NOT separate into chromosomes)
20 Meiosis 1: Sister chromatids line up together. They stick together as they travel to opposite ends of the cell during Anaphase. The nuclear envelope reforms around sister chromatids. Sister chromatids line up next to each other Sister chromatids don t get pulled apart yet
21 Meiosis 1: Mitosis:
22 A really interesting event takes place during prophase 1 of meiosis that makes more variation in the daughter cells An event called crossing over occurs between the sister chromatids This swaps genes between the chromatids
23 Figure 8.18a This swapping over gives the sister chromatids more genetic variation, which means the resulting egg or sperm will have more variation Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes Chiasma, site of crossing over Spindle microtubule
24 This is one of the reasons that you are not 50% your mom and dad because the gametes they make are not exactly 50% of their own cells! 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
25 Meiosis II: Second major step of Meiosis Another round of cell division causes the sister chromatids to be pulled apart = now only 23 single chromosomes in the daughter cells!! 4 daughter cells are formed (not just two like in mitosis or in meiosis I)
26 Meiosis I Meiosis II (looks more like mitosis)
27 Meiosis II is the stage where the sister chromatids are pulled apart. They line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibers pull them apart. This second step is what makes the gametes (egg or sperm) Sister chromatids line up in straight line Sister chromatids get pulled apart into chromosomes
28 The result of meiosis two is the production of gametes that are all different from one another Because of the earlier crossing over event, these chromosomes have swapped some genes, making more variation Each of these daughter cells is unique from the other because the chromosomes are different than from how they started
29 Would you believe that these two girls are twins? They are! Lucy Aylmer and Maria Aylmer are twins born in the UK to mixed racial parents.
30 On rare occasions, gametes end up with the wrong number of chromosomes. Most of the time embryos formed by these gametes will die, but sometimes they do do not Several conditions exist due to having an incorrect number of chromosomes When this occurs it is said to be a nondisjunction event
31 A karyotype can be used to visualize chromosomes during S phase (when they are duplicated) This is a normal human karyotype 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
32 Down Syndrome: An Extra Chromosome 21 Down syndrome (affects 1 in 700 children) Also called trisomy 21 In this condition an individual has an extra chromosome 21 Characterized by physical growth delays, intellectual deficiencies Often have other health problems, including heart problems, skeletal problems, vision and hearing problems Pearson Education, Inc.
33 Figure 8.22a LM Trisomy 21
34 Figure Infants with Down syndrome (per 1,000 births) Age of mother
35 Other examples include individuals having the incorrect number of sex chromosomes XXY = Kleinfelter syndrome (trisomic) XXX = super female (trisomic) X0 = Turner s syndrome (monosomic)
36 Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) Sterility due to low testosterone levels Occasionally some breast development Person is otherwise normal and healthy
37
38 Turner syndrome (X0) This means person only has a single X chromosome Characterized by wide or webbed neck No menstruation and unable to have children Prone to diabetes, but otherwise live perfectly healthy and normal lives Occurrence: 1:2,500 births
39
40 Why is meiosis important? It allows sexual reproduction to occur (without it, chromosomes would build up in every generation) The variation produced in gametes is important for natural selection! (Variation is good!) If we were all clones of each other, we would all be at risk for dying of disease or other environmental factors.
41 Do all large animals use sexual reproduction??? No! In fact over the past few years asexual reproduction has been discovered in several species! Komodo dragon Whiptail lizard Blacktip shark When female animals make embryos without male fertilization is is called parthenogenesis 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
42 Differences between mitosis and meiosis Mitosis DNA duplication into sister chromatids Sister chromatids line up in straight line during metaphase Sister chromatids get split apart 2 identical daughter cells produced Meiosis DNA duplication into sister chromatids Crossing over occurs between the same pairs of sister chromatids First round of division sister chromatids not separated and half of the pairs go into one cell and the other half into the other cell Second round of division chromatids separated Four daughter cells that have only half of the starting DNA Mitosis vs Meiosis
43 Figure 8.15 MITOSIS MEIOSIS Prophase Duplicated chromosome Metaphase Chromosomes align. Parent cell Prophase I Metaphase I Homologous pairs align. MEIOSIS I Site of crossing over Anaphase Telophase Sister chromatids separate. 2n 2n Anaphase I Telophase I Homologous chromosomes separate. Sister chromatids separate. n n n n MEIOSIS I Haploid n = 2 MEIOSIS II
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