Answers and Solutions to Text Problems
|
|
- Nigel Carroll
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 23 Answers and Solutions to Text Problems 23.1 The digestion of polysaccharides takes place in stage In stage 3, small molecules are converted to CO 2, H 2 O, and energy for ATP synthesis A catabolic reaction breaks down larger molecules to smaller molecules accompanied by the release of energy An anabolic reaction uses energy in the cell to build large molecules needed by the cell a. (3) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site for the synthesis of fats and steroids. b. (1) Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes. c. (2) The Golgi complex modifies products from the rough endoplasmic reticulum a. (3) The plasma membrane separates cell contents from surroundings. b. (1) The mitochondria are the sites of energy production. c. (2) The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins for secretion The phosphoric anhydride bonds (P O P) in ATP release energy that is sufficient for energyrequiring processes in the cell The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is linked with an energy-requiring reaction (anabolic) and used to drive that reaction a. PEP + H 2 O pyruvate + P i kcal /mole b. ADP + P i kcal/mole ATP + H 2 O c. Coupled: PEP + ADP ATP + pyruvate kcal /mole a. ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i kcal/mole b. glycerol + P i kcal /mole glycerol-3-phosphate c. Coupled: glycerol + ATP glycerol-3-phosphate + ADP kcal /mole a. Pantothenic acid is a component in coenzyme A. b. Niacin is the vitamin component of NAD +. c. Ribitol is the alcohol sugar that makes up riboflavin in FAD a. FAD b. NAD + c. Coenzyme A In biochemical systems, oxidation is usually accompanied by gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. Loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen usually accompanies reduction. a. The reduced form of NAD + is abbreviated NADH. b. The oxidized form of FADH 2 is abbreviated FAD a. FADH 2 b. NAD The coenzyme FAD accepts hydrogen when a dehydrogenase forms a carbon-carbon double bond When a carbon-oxygen bond is formed, the coenzyme is NAD +.
2 Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates Digestion breaks down the large molecules in food into smaller compounds that can be absorbed by the body. Hydrolysis is the main reaction involved in the digestion of carbohydrates The _-amylase is produced by the salivary glands to begin the hydrolysis of the _-glycosidic bonds in the polysaccharide amylose. The hydrolysis of the smaller sections of amylose (dextrins) continues in the small intestine with _-amylase produced by the pancreas a. The disaccharide lactose is digested in the small intestine to yield galactose and glucose. b. The disaccharide sucrose is digested in the small intestine to yield glucose and fructose. c. The disaccharide maltose is digested in the small intestine to yield two glucose molecules a. small intestine; lactase b. small intestine; sucrase c. small intestine; maltase Glucose is the starting reactant for glycolysis The end product of glycolysis is two molecules of pyruvate In the initial reactions of glycolysis, ATP molecules are required to add phosphate groups to glucose Two ATP molecules are used for the initial steps in gylcolysis When fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate splits, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate are formed. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate for subsequent reactions One of the triose molecules is a ketose that cannot be oxidized further. The isomerization of the ketose to a second molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate provides a compound that can be oxidized later in the glycolysis pathway ATP is produced directly in glycolysis in two places. In reaction 7, phosphate from 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP and yield ATP. In reaction 10, phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred directly to ADP The oxidation of a glucose molecule utilizes two ATP molecules. Later the two triose products of glycolysis produce four ATP by direct phosphorylation to give a net yield of two ATP a. In glycolysis, phosphorylation is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase. b. In glycolysis, direct transfer of a phosphate group is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphokinase a. isomerase b. aldolase a. In the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate 1 ATP is required. b. One ATP is required for the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. c. When glucose is converted to pyruvate, two ATP and two NADH are produced a. One ATP is produced for each triose molecule. b. One ATP is required. c. One ATP is produced for each phosphoenolpyruvate a. The first ATP is hydrolyzed in the first reaction in glycolysis; the change of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
3 Chapter 23 Answers and Solutions b. Direct substrate phosphorylation occurs in reaction 7 of glycolysis when the transfer of phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP generates ATP. In reaction 10 of glycolysis, phosphate is transferred from phosphoenolpyruvate directly to ADP. c. In reaction 4 of glycolysis, the six-carbon fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate is converted to two three-carbon molecules a. Step 2, conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and step 5, conversion of diydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, both involve isomerization. b. NAD + is reduced in step 6, when two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are converted to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. c. The second ATP is synthesized in step 10, when phosphoenolpyruvate is changed to pyruvate Galactose reacts with ATP to yield galactose-1-phosphate, which is converted to glucose phosphate, an intermediate in glycolysis. Fructose reacts with ATP to yield fructose-1- phosphate, which is cleaved to give dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate isomerizes to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and glyceraldehyde is phosphorylated to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is an intermediate in glycolysis a. Low levels of ATP activate phosphofructokinase to increase the rate of glycolysis. b. When ATP levels are high, ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase and slows or prevents glycolysis a. Low levels of ATP will activate pyruvate kinase and increase the rate of glycolysis. b. High levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate will inhibit pyruvate kinase and slow or stop glycolysis A cell converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA only under aerobic conditions; there must be sufficient oxygen available The change of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase; the coenzyme NAD + is required as well The overall reaction for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is: O O CH 3 C COO + NAD + + HS CoA CH 3 C S CoA + CO 2 + NADH + H + pyruvate acetyl CoA Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate maybe converted to lactate or ethanol The reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NAD +, which allows glycolysis to proceed and produce two ATP After strenuous exercise, the oxygen in the cells is rapidly depleted and lactate accumulates. The presence of the lactate causes the muscles to tire and become sore During fermentation the three-carbon compound pyruvate is reduced to ethanol while decarboxylation removes one carbon as CO When fermentation takes place, the products are ethanol and carbon dioxide gas. The production of the carbon dioxide gas could cause the pressure to build up and the container may explode In glycogenesis, glycogen is synthesized from glucose molecules.
4 Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose Muscle cells break down glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate, which enters glycolysis Glucagon activates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the glycosidic bonds at the ends of glycogen chains to remove glucose monomers as glucose 1-phosphate Phosphoglucomutase catalyzes the reversible reactions of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6- phosphate in glycogenolysis and glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate in glycogenesis When there are no glycogen stores remaining in the liver, gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate compounds such as pyruvate and lactate The three enzymes in glycolysis that are not used in gluconeogenesis are pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase The enzymes in glycolysis that are also used in their reverse directions for gluconeogenesis are phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerokinase, phosphoglyceromutase, and enolase In gluconeogenesis, two lactate units in the skeletal muscle are converted to two pyruvate and used to produce glucose a. Low glucose levels activate glucose synthesis. b. Glucagon produced when glucose levels are low activates gluconeogenesis. c. Insulin produced when glucose levels are high inhibits gluconeogenesis a. Low glucose levels inhibit glycolysis. b. Insulin activates glycolysis c. Glucagon inhibits glycolysis Metabolism includes all the reactions in cells that provide energy and material for cell growth Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules and anabolic reactions build large molecules from simple ones. Catabolic reactions provide energy, whereas anabolic reactions are energy requiring Stage 1 involves the degradation of large molecules such as polysaccharides State 2 degrades monomers such as glucose to two- and three-carbon molecules A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus, whereas a prokaryotic cell does not The organelles are specialized structures that perform the specific functions in the cell ATP is the abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i kcal (31kJ)/mole kcal 1 mole ATP/7.3 kcal = 41 moles ATP required FAD is the abbreviation for flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD is used in oxidation reactions that produce a carbon-carbon (C=C) double bond NAD + is the abbreviation for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD + is used in oxidation reactions that produce a carbon-oxygen (C=O) double bond.
5 Chapter 23 Answers and Solutions The reduced forms of these coenzymes include hydrogen obtained from an oxidation reaction. a. FADH 2 b. NADH + H a. riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) b. niacin c. pantothenic acid (vitamin B 3 ) Lactose undergoes digestion in the mucosal cells of the small intestine to yield galactose and glucose When sucrose is digested in the small intestine, the products are glucose and fructose Galactose and fructose are converted in the liver to glucose phosphate compounds that can enter the glycolysis pathway Hydrolysis Glucose is the reactant and pyruvate is the product of glycolysis NAD Reactions 1 and 3 involve phosphorylation of hexoses with ATP, and reactions 7 and 10 involve direct substrate phosphorylation that generates ATP When ATP levels are high, enzymes such as phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are inhibited. When ATP levels are low (ADP is high), the enzymes are activated Reaction 4 catalyzed by aldolase converts fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two triose phosphates In reactions 1-5 of glycolysis 2 ATP are utilized, whereas reaction 6-10 produce 4 ATP. Thus a net of 2 ATP are produced for every glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis Phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose-6-phosphate to the isomer fructose-6-phosphate ,3-bisphophoglycerate Pyruvate is converted to lactate when oxygen is not present in the cell (anaerobic) to regenerate NAD + for glycolysis One carbon atom of pyruvate is removed as CO Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that is activated by high levels of AMP and ADP because the cell needs to produce more ATP. When ATP levels are high, ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase, which reduces its catalysis of fructose-6-phosphate Pyruvate kinase is inhibited at ATP, which causes glucose-6-phosphate to accumulate and inhibit the phosphorylation of glucose. Thus, when ATP levels are high, glucose cannot enter the glycolysis pathway The rate of glycogenolysis increases when blood glucose levels are low and glucagon has been secreted, which accelerate the breakdown of glycogen Glucose-1-phosphate from glycogenolysis is converted to glucose-6-phosphate, which can then enter glycolysis The breakdown of glycogen in the liver produces glucose glucose-6-phosphate
6 Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates The cells in the liver, but not skeletal muscle, contain a phosphatase enzyme needed to convert glucose--phosphate to free glucose that can diffuse through cell membranes into the blood stream. Glucose-6-phosphate, which is the end product of glycogenolysis in muscle cells, cannot diffuse easily across cell membranes The rate of glycogenesis increases when glucose levels are high. Insulin produced in the pancreas enters the bloodstream and accelerates the synthesis of glycogen Insulin increases the rate of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, and decreases the rate of glycogenesis. Glucagon decreases the rate of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, and increases the rate of glycogenesis When glycogen stores are depleted, glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate compounds such as lactate, amino acids, and glycerol The Cori cycle is a cyclic process that involves the transfer of lactate from muscle to the liver where glucose is synthesized, which can be used again by the muscle a. glycogenolysis b. gluconeogenesis c. glycolysis d. glycogenesis a. Low glucose increases the breakdown of glycogen. b. Insulin produced when glucose levels are high decreases the rate of glycogenolysis in the liver. c. Glucagon secreted when glucose levels are low increases the breakdown of glycogen. d. High levels of ATP decrease the breakdown of glycogen a. decrease b. increase c. decrease d. increase a. High glucose levels decrease the synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis). b. Insulin produced when glucose levels are high decreases glucose synthesis. c. Glucagon secreted when glucose levels are low increases glucose synthesis. d. High levels of ATP decrease glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) a. increase b. increase c. decrease d. decrease
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch23_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except A) The major physical
More informationCopyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twenty Three 1
23.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview When glucose enters a cell from the bloodstream, it is immediately converted to glucose 6- phosphate. Once this phosphate is formed, glucose is trapped within the cell
More informationChapter 14 Glycolysis. Glucose. 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate (sent to liver to be converted back to glucose) TCA Cycle
Chapter 14 Glycolysis Requires mitochondria and O 2 Glucose glycolysis anaerobic respiration 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate (sent to liver to be converted back to glucose) pyruvate dehydrogenase acetyl-coa TCA Cycle
More informationThe 3 stages of Glycolysis
The Glycolytic pathway describes the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate with the generation of ATP and NADH It is also called as the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway is a universal pathway; present in all organisms:
More informationHarvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration. Chapter 8
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Overview of Glucose Breakdown The overall equation for the complete breakdown of glucose is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP The
More informationOverview of Glycolysis Under anaerobic conditions, the glycolytic pathway present in most species results in a balanced reaction:
Glycolysis Glucose is a valuable molecule. It can be used to generate energy (in red blood cells and in brain under normal conditions, glucose is the sole energy source), and it can be used to generate
More informationChapter 7 Cellular Respiration
Phases of aerobic cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Transition or Acetyl-CoA reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport system Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration These phases are nothing more than metabolic
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
More informationChapter 7 Active Reading Guide Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 7 Active Reading Guide Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take a second
More informationSummary of Metabolism. Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Summary of Metabolism Mechanism of Enzyme Action 1. The substrate contacts the active site 2. The enzyme-substrate complex is formed. 3. The substrate molecule is altered (atoms are rearranged, or the
More informationHow Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways Photoautotrophs make ATP during photosynthesis and use it to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates
More informationAP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Cellular Respiration Outline
AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Cellular Respiration Outline I. How cells get energy. A. Cellular Respiration 1. Cellular respiration includes the various metabolic pathways that break down carbohydrates and other
More informationEnergy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Most components of energy conversion systems evolved very early; thus, the most fundamental aspects of energy metabolism tend to be: A. quite different among a diverse group
More informationThe correct answer is d C. Answer c is incorrect. Reliance on the energy produced by others is a characteristic of heterotrophs.
1. An autotroph is an organism that a. extracts energy from organic sources b. converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy c. relies on the energy produced by other organisms as an energy source
More informationAnabolic and Catabolic Reactions are Linked by ATP in Living Organisms
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism Microbial Metabolism Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur within a living a living organism. These chemical reactions are generally of two types: Catabolic:
More informationThe diagram below summarizes the effects of the compounds that cells use to regulate their own metabolism.
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism Intracellular metabolic regulators Each of the control point steps in the carbohydrate metabolic pathways in effect regulates itself by responding to molecules that
More informationCHAPTER 15: ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 15: ANSWERS T SELECTED PRBLEMS SAMPLE PRBLEMS ( Try it yourself ) 15.1 ur bodies can carry out the second reaction, because it requires less energy than we get from breaking down a molecule of
More information008 Chapter 8. Student:
008 Chapter 8 Student: 1. Some bacteria are strict aerobes and others are strict anaerobes. Some bacteria, however, are facultative anaerobes and can live with or without oxygen. If given the choice of
More information1. Enzymes. Biochemical Reactions. Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism. 1. Enzymes. 2. ATP Production. 3. Autotrophic Processes
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism 1. Enzymes 2. ATP Production 3. Autotrophic Processes 1. Enzymes Biochemical Reactions All living cells depend on biochemical reactions to maintain homeostasis. All of the
More informationWhat affects an enzyme s activity? General environmental factors, such as temperature and ph. Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme.
CH s 8-9 Respiration & Metabolism Metabolism A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. An enzyme is a catalytic protein. Hydrolysis of sucrose by
More informationBioenergetics. Free Energy Change
Bioenergetics Energy is the capacity or ability to do work All organisms need a constant supply of energy for functions such as motion, transport across membrane barriers, synthesis of biomolecules, information
More informationCellular Respiration & Metabolism. Metabolism. Coupled Reactions: Bioenergetics. Cellular Respiration: ATP is the cell s rechargable battery
Cellular Respiration & Metabolism Metabolic Pathways: a summary Metabolism Bioenergetics Flow of energy in living systems obeys: 1 st law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be
More information1. Explain the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration.
: Harvesting Chemical Energy Name Period Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take a second to look at the big picture. Photosynthesis and cellular
More informationAP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration
AP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which
More informationChapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism Educational Goals 1. Define the terms metabolism, metabolic pathway, catabolism, and anabolism. 2. Understand how ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate (P
More informationVII. Metabolism Overview and Digestion. A. Introduction
VII. Metabolism verview and Digestion A. Introduction 1. All living organisms require a constant supply of energy a. Basic problem (1) Living organisms are working against natural tendency for things to
More informationChapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? A) Biotin participates in the decarboxylation.
More informationChapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Chapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS Living cells require a continuous supply of energy for maintaining various life activities. This energy is obtained by oxidizing the organic compounds (carbohydrates,
More informationCellular Respiration An Overview
Why? Cellular Respiration An Overview What are the phases of cellular respiration? All cells need energy all the time, and their primary source of energy is ATP. The methods cells use to make ATP vary
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
I. Central Themes of Metabolism 1. ATP is the universal energy carrier. Integration of Metabolism Bryant Miles 2. ATP is generated by the oxidation of metabolic fuels Glucose Fatty Acids Amino Acids 3.
More informationMicrobial Metabolism. Chapter 5. Enzymes. Enzyme Components. Mechanism of Enzymatic Action
Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism, including anabolic (biosynthetic) reactions and catabolic (degradative) reactions. Anabolism is
More informationCELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT
CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT Completion: complete each statement. (1 point each) 1. All cells arise from. 2. The basic unit of structure
More informationSOME Important Points About Cellular Energetics by Dr. Ty C.M. Hoffman
SOME Important Points About Cellular Energetics by Dr. Ty C.M. Hoffman An Introduction to Metabolism Most biochemical processes occur as biochemical pathways, each individual reaction of which is catalyzed
More informationTodays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to:
and Work Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Features Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Membrane Transport Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Todays Outline -Releasing Pathways
More information1. The diagram below represents a biological process
1. The diagram below represents a biological process 5. The chart below indicates the elements contained in four different molecules and the number of atoms of each element in those molecules. Which set
More informationCellular Energy. 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following?
Cellular Energy 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following? A. plants, but not animals B. animals, but not plants C. bacteria, but neither animals nor plants D. all living organisms 2.
More informationChapter 8: Energy and Metabolism
Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism 1. Discuss energy conversions and the 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Be sure to use the terms work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and entropy. 2. What are Joules
More informationBCOR 011 Exam 2, 2004
BCOR 011 Exam 2, 2004 Name: Section: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, A. the universe
More informationChapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition
Chapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition Chapter Objectives INTRODUCTION 1. Generalize the way in which nutrients are processed through the three major metabolic fates in order to perform various energetic
More information2. Which type of macromolecule contains high-energy bonds and is used for long-term energy storage?
Energy Transport Study Island 1. During the process of photosynthesis, plants use energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. These products are, in turn, used by the
More informationPhotosynthesis takes place in three stages:
Photosynthesis takes place in three stages: Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions The Calvin cycle 1. Capturing energy from sunlight 2. Using energy to make ATP and NADPH 3. Using ATP and
More informationChapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Multiple Choice Questions 1. Production of acetyl-coa (activated acetate) Page: 603 Difficulty: 2 Ans: A Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by
More informationEnzymes and Metabolic Pathways
Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways Enzyme characteristics Made of protein Catalysts: reactions occur 1,000,000 times faster with enzymes Not part of reaction Not changed or affected by reaction Used over and
More informationglycolysis is the major metabolic route responsible for the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
Note Set 11 1 GLYCOLYSIS (also known as: EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY) Topics include: main reactions leading to the formation of pyruvate control mechanisms terminal reactions for the regeneration of NAD
More information- Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.2, p. 90 / 4th: 6.1] - lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood brings oxygen to the cells.
Cellular respiration - how cells make energy - Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.2, p. 90 / 4th: 6.1] - ATP - this is provided by the lungs - lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood
More informationMetabolism Lecture 7 METABOLIC_REGULATION Restricted for students enrolled in MCB102, UC Berkeley, Spring 2008 ONLY
Bryan Krantz: University of California, Berkeley MCB 102, Spring 2008, Metabolism Lecture 7 Reading: Ch. 15 of Principles of Biochemistry, Principles of Metabolic Regulation, Illustrated with Glucose and
More informationMicrobial Metabolism. Biochemical diversity
Microbial Metabolism Biochemical diversity Metabolism Define Requirements Energy Enzymes Rate Limiting step Reaction time Types Anabolic Endergonic Dehydration Catabolic Exergonic Hydrolytic Metabolism
More informationpathway that involves taking in heat from the environment at each step. C.
Study Island Cell Energy Keystone Review 1. Cells obtain energy by either capturing light energy through photosynthesis or by breaking down carbohydrates through cellular respiration. In both photosynthesis
More informationChapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration
1 of 5 11/9/2011 8:11 PM Name: Hour: Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration Energy in General 1. Differentiate an autotroph from a hetertroph as it relates to obtaining energy and the processes
More informationCELLULAR RESPIRATION. Chapter 19 & 20. Biochemistry by Campbell and Farell (7 th Edition) By Prof M A Mogale
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chapter 19 & 20 Biochemistry by Campbell and Farell (7 th Edition) By Prof M A Mogale 1. Cellular respiration (energy capture) The enzymatic breakdown of food stuffs in the presence
More informationBiology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps):
Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): 1) How many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule used in fermentation?
More informationRESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES. Bio 171 Week 6
RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Bio 171 Week 6 Procedure Label test tubes well, including group name 1) Add solutions listed to small test tubes 2) For
More informationKeystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes. 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Ability to store hereditary information b. Use of organelles to control
More informationPRACTICE SET 1. Free energy changes and equilibrium constants
PRACTICE SET 1 Free energy changes and equilibrium constants 1. Calculate the standard free-energy changes of the following metabolically important enzyme-catalyzed reactions at 25 C and ph 7.0 from the
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
AP bio fall 2014 final exam prep Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, a. the energy of a system
More information* Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy? The position of what is storing energy?
Biology 1406 Exam 2 - Metabolism Chs. 5, 6 and 7 energy - capacity to do work 5.10 kinetic energy - energy of motion : light, electrical, thermal, mechanical potential energy - energy of position or stored
More informationPhotosynthesis (CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 )
The vital role of A This is the energy-rich compound that is the source of energy for all living things. It is a nucleotide, comprising a 5C sugar (ribose); an organic base (adenosine); and 3 phosphate
More informationCitric Acid Cycle. Cycle Overview. Metabolic Sources of Acetyl-Coenzyme A. Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle. Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle Cycle Overview Metabolic Sources of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle The Amphibolic Nature of the Citric Acid Cycle Cycle Overview
More informationCopyright 2000-2003 Mark Brandt, Ph.D. 54
Pyruvate Oxidation Overview of pyruvate metabolism Pyruvate can be produced in a variety of ways. It is an end product of glycolysis, and can be derived from lactate taken up from the environment (or,
More informationName Date Class. energy phosphate adenine charged ATP chemical bonds work ribose
Energy in a Cell Reinforcement and Study Guide Section.1 The Need for Energy In your textbook, read about cell energy. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. energy phosphate adenine
More informationProblem Set 2 (multiple choice) Biochemistry 3300
1. What classes of reactions do Lyases catalyse? a) Bond formation coupled with ATP hydrolysis b) Isomerizations c) Group elimination to form double bonds d) Transfer of functional groups e) Hydrolysis
More informationChapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Name Period Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. The totality of an organism
More informationPhotosynthesis and Sucrose Production
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production 2 Starch and sucrose, key substrates for the development of dental caries, are exclusively synthesized by plants. They are made in plant leaves by a process called
More informationCITRIC ACID (KREB S, TCA) CYCLE
ITRI AID (KREB S, TA) YLE Date: September 2, 2005 * Time: 10:40 am 11:30 am * Room: G202 Biomolecular Building Lecturer: Steve haney 515A Mary Ellen Jones Building stephen_chaney@med.unc.edu 9663286 *Please
More information4. Power: Pathways that make ATP
Page 1 of 40 4. Power: Pathways that make ATP 4.1 The human body has a duel power system In hybrid cars, such as a Prius TM, power is supplied by two systems. For long-term travel, gasoline is used to
More informationRegulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
Regulation of the itric Acid ycle I. hanges in Free Energy February 17, 2003 Bryant Miles kj/mol 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 Reaction DGo' DG TA Free Energy hanges 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.) itrate Synthase 2.) Aconitase
More information-Loss of energy -Loss of hydrogen from carbons. -Gain of energy -Gain of hydrogen to carbons
Cellular Respiration- Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 +6H20 and energy -The energy is released from the chemical bonds in the complex organic molecules -The catabolic process of releasing energy from food
More informationI N V E S T I C E D O R O Z V O J E V Z D Ě L Á V Á N Í ENZYMES
= substances that... biological reactions 1. Provide an alternative reaction route which has a lower... energy 2. Reactions catalysed by enzymes occur under mild conditions + good yield + fast 3. Enzymes
More informationChapter 9 Mitochondrial Structure and Function
Chapter 9 Mitochondrial Structure and Function 1 2 3 Structure and function Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis Peroxisome Overview 2 Mitochondria have characteristic morphologies despite variable
More informationFigure 5. Energy of activation with and without an enzyme.
Biology 20 Laboratory ENZYMES & CELLULAR RESPIRATION OBJECTIVE To be able to list the general characteristics of enzymes. To study the effects of enzymes on the rate of chemical reactions. To demonstrate
More informationAP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 2 Figure 1. Glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation Figure 2. Krebs cycle Figure 3. Electron transport chain Cellular respiration includes the metabolic pathways of
More informationBiochemistry of Cells
Biochemistry of Cells 1 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Carbon
More informationLactic Acid Dehydrogenase
Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase Pyruvic Acid Dehydrogenase Complex Pyruvate to ACETYL coa CC CoA + CO 2 Mitochondria 3 carbon Pyruvate to 2 carbon ACETYL Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyl CoA + CO 2 + NADH + H + CO2
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation. How cells produce ATP when oxygen is present 9.1. looking closer at. Pyruvate oxidation 9.3
Unit 2 ell Structure and Function 9 ellular Respiration and Fermentation This hydroelectric dam on the Duero, a river between Spain and Portugal, uses pumps to move water from the lower reservoir to the
More informationWork and Energy in Muscles
Work and Energy in Muscles Why can't I sprint forever? I'll start this section with that silly question. What lies behind the undisputable observation that we must reduce speed if we want to run longer
More informationHow To Understand The Chemistry Of An Enzyme
Chapt. 8 Enzymes as catalysts Ch. 8 Enzymes as catalysts Student Learning Outcomes: Explain general features of enzymes as catalysts: Substrate -> Product Describe nature of catalytic sites general mechanisms
More informationCellular Respiration Worksheet 1. 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. 2. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular
More informationChemistry 20 Chapters 15 Enzymes
Chemistry 20 Chapters 15 Enzymes Enzymes: as a catalyst, an enzyme increases the rate of a reaction by changing the way a reaction takes place, but is itself not changed at the end of the reaction. An
More informationChem 306 Chapter 21 Bioenergetics Lecture Outline III
Chem 306 Chapter 21 Bioenergetics Lecture Outline III I. HOW IS ATP GENERATED IN THE FINAL STAGE CATABOLISM? A. OVERVIEW 1. At the end of the citric acid cycle, all six carbons of glucose have been oxidized
More informationWATER CHAPTER 3 - BIOCHEMISTRY "THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE" POLARITY HYDROGEN BONDING
CHAPTER 3 - BIOCHEMISTRY "THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE" WATER Compare the body of the jellyfish with our own bodies. The jellyfish will die if it is removed from its water environment, yet we can live in the
More informationCopyright 2000-2003 Mark Brandt, Ph.D. 59
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Background (why are eight enzymes necessary?) In principle, acetyl-coa could be converted to carbon dioxide very simply. However, doing so has three potential problems: 1)
More information1. A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy? a. Kinetic energy b. Potential energy c. Mechanical energy d.
1. A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy? a. Kinetic energy b. Potential energy c. Mechanical energy d. Solar energy A. Answer a is incorrect. Kinetic energy is the energy of
More informationTHE LIVING CELL. Cells also have variety of shapes. Plant cells are often rectangular or polygonal, while egg cells are usually spherical.
THE LIVING CELL A Tour of the cell The cell is the smallest and the basic unit of structure of all organisms. There are two main types or categories of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic
More informationCellular Energy: ATP & Enzymes. What is it? Where do organism s get it? How do they use it?
Cellular Energy: ATP & Enzymes What is it? Where do organism s get it? How do they use it? Where does Energy come from? Ultimately, from the sun. It is transferred between organisms in the earth s lithosphere,
More informationcarbon-carbon bond formation dehydration hydration decarboxylation oxidation reduction substrate level phosphorylation isomerization
1. A. Name each enzyme present in the citric acid cycle and specify which of the following describes the reaction that is catalyzed when the cycle functions in the physiological direction: carbon-carbon
More informationEssentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 17 Nutrition and Metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 17 Nutrition and Metabolism Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any
More informationRegulation of enzyme activity
1 Regulation of enzyme activity Regulation of enzyme activity is important to coordinate the different metabolic processes. It is also important for homeostasis i.e. to maintain the internal environment
More informationPHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
reflect Wind turbines shown in the photo on the right are large structures with blades that move in response to air movement. When the wind blows, the blades rotate. This motion generates energy that is
More informationWorksheet 13.1. Chapter 13: Human biochemistry glossary
Worksheet 13.1 Chapter 13: Human biochemistry glossary α-helix Refers to a secondary structure of a protein where the chain is twisted to form a regular helix, held by hydrogen bonds between peptide bonds
More informationIs ATP worth the investment?
Is ATP worth the investment? ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) can be thought of as the currency of the cell. Most cellular metabolic processes cost a certain amount of ATP in order to happen. Furthermore,
More informationChapter 9 Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
More informationPRACTICE SET 6. A. Questions on Lipid Metabolism and Glyoxylate Cycle
PRATIE SET 6 A. Questions on Lipid Metabolism and Glyoxylate ycle 1. The hydroxy acid given below can be completely oxidized to acetyl-oa by betaoxidation. Write the series of individual reactions that
More informationb. What is/are the overall function(s) of photosystem II?
Use your model and the information in Chapter 10 of Biology, 7th edition, to answer the questions. 1. The various reactions in photosynthesis are spatially segregated from each other within the chloroplast.
More informationThe Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate
The Aerobic Fate of yruvate February 12, 2003 Bryant Miles I could tell that some of you were not impressed by the mere 2 ATs produced per glucose by glycolysis. The 2 AT s produced are only a small fraction
More information10.1 The function of Digestion pg. 402
10.1 The function of Digestion pg. 402 Macromolecules and Living Systems The body is made up of more than 60 % water. The water is found in the cells cytoplasm, the interstitial fluid and the blood (5
More informationBiological molecules:
Biological molecules: All are organic (based on carbon). Monomers vs. polymers: Monomers refer to the subunits that, when polymerized, make up a larger polymer. Monomers may function on their own in some
More informationLecture 4 Enzymes Catalytic proteins. Enzymes. Enzymes 10/21/10. What enzymes do therefore is:
Lecture 4 Catalytic proteins Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst-speeding up chemical reactions A catalyst is defined as a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed
More informationEnergy & Enzymes. Life requires energy for maintenance of order, growth, and reproduction. The energy living things use is chemical energy.
Energy & Enzymes Life requires energy for maintenance of order, growth, and reproduction. The energy living things use is chemical energy. 1 Energy exists in two forms - potential and kinetic. Potential
More informationThe Citric Acid Cycle
The itric Acid ycle February 14, 2003 Bryant Miles I. itrate Synthase + 3 SoA The first reaction of the citric acid cycle is the condensation of acetyloa and oxaloacetate to form citrate and oas. The enzyme
More information