The Effect of Exposure of Normalized and Idealized Body Images on Males and Females
|
|
- Abel Montgomery
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Huron University College Journal of Learning and Motivation Volume 52 Issue 1 Article The Effect of Exposure of Normalized and Idealized Body Images on Males and Females John Luciani Huron University College Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Luciani, John (2014) "The Effect of Exposure of Normalized and Idealized Body Images on Males and Females," The Huron University College Journal of Learning and Motivation: Vol. 52: Iss. 1, Article 9. Available at: This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology at Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Huron University College Journal of Learning and Motivation by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact jpater22@uwo.ca.
2 Body Images & Gender 121 The Effect of Exposure of Normalized and Idealized Body Images on Males and Females John Luciani Huron University College Abstract College students were used as participants to test body satisfaction after viewing an idealized body slideshow or a normalized body slideshow. Each slideshow had 12 close-up photos up body parts, without faces, ruling out any confounds with the pictures. The Scale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Statement and the Appearance Evaluation Scale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire recorded the participant s body satisfaction after viewing the slideshows. No significant results were obtained from this study. Keywords: Body satisfaction, idealized bodies, normalized bodies. In todays society there is a prevalent number of people with body dissatisfaction that is widely influenced by media outlets that portray what the perfect body should look like. Surrounded by pictures of women with thin, toned bodies and men that are muscular from head to toe could skew what a person believes to be an idealized body and in some cases might make them feel self conscious and or unsatisfied with their own bodies. Researchers Forbes, Curtis, Rade, and Jaberg studied college students who were categorized as masculine-typed, feminine-typed, androgynous, or undifferentiated using the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Forbes et al., 2001). The researchers believed that the western perception of the desired body types for women has drastically changed over the years to today s society, where the idealized female body is an unhealthy and unrealistic perception. This correlates with the higher incidence of eating disorders in women (Forbes et al., 2001). Participants were asked to choose between drawings of different body types and then complete a questionnaire in which they were asked what
3 Body Images & Gender 122 body most closely resembled their own, which body they preferred to have, which body they thought their sex would prefer to have, and the body type that the opposite sex would prefer. The results showed that female college-students were increasingly more dissatisfied with their own bodies than the men were (Forbes et al., 2001). Researchers Arbour and Ginis studied the effects of exposure to muscular and hypermuscular media images on young men s muscularity dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction. They hypothesized that the men with higher levels of body dissatisfaction would have greater body and muscularity dissatisfaction than men with lower levels of body dissatisfaction after viewing the media images (Arbour & Ginis, 2006). Participants were asked to view a 30-minute slide show of muscular and hypermuscular photos and then to complete a questionnaire where they provided the overall muscularity rating for the two slide shows. The results of the experiment showed that there was positive correlation between body and muscularity dissatisfaction for the muscular and hypermuscular slide shows (Arbour and Ginis 2006). They also found that men considered the muscular images to be more ideal as the bodies they saw in magazines and on TV compared to the hypermuscular bodies that were not as popular and relevant in the media. Researchers Taniguchi and Aune suggested that body satisfaction is related to how college students communicate with their parents (Taniguchi & Aune, 2013). A Large amount of literature is focused on mother and child relationships and body satisfaction but (Taniguchi & Aune, 2013) suggested that we should bare closer attention to father and child relationships as recent research examined father and daughter relationships which found that a father s negative perception; rejection, overprotection is related to
4 Body Images & Gender 123 eating disorder symptoms in women (Taniguchi & Aune, 2013). The researchers tested 143 undergraduate students and found that daughters who had stated as having open communication with their fathers correlated with higher body satisfaction. It was also found that the sons body satisfaction was positively correlated with open communication with their mothers, which proved to be the best thing for sons body satisfaction, meanwhile problematic communication with mothers was the most powerful predictor of daughters body satisfaction (Taniguchi & Aune, 2013). The current study further extends on the idea of Brinder s (2012) study to examine body satisfaction in college students. (Brinder 2012) had included pictures with faces in her photos that she presented to participants in her study. This created a confound variable as people are subjective to facial recognition and therefore there was less control in accordance to body satisfaction rating. This study will further expand on the study done by (Brinder 2012) and will not include the confound variable. Using the same body satisfaction questionnaires as (Brinder, 2012), this study predicted that participants who viewed the idealized photos would score lower on the body satisfaction questionnaire compared to the participants who view the normalized photos, have lower body perception, and that women would be a strong predictor of low self-body image in regards to the idealized photos. Method Participants The participants used in this study were 16 undergraduate students that were attending the University of Western Ontario, or Huron University College at the time this study was conducted. Eight of the participants were female and eight of the participants
5 Body Images & Gender 124 were male. The ages of the participants ranged from years of age. The mean age of the participants was years (SD=0.96). Materials The materials of this study included two questionnaires, two PowerPoint files, and media images originating from Google Images. The two questionnaires were the Body Area Satisfaction Scale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Statement (BOA) and the Appearance Evaluation Scale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (AES). See (Cash, 2000) for templates of the questionnaires. There was a normalized body PowerPoint and an idealized body PowerPoint. Each PowerPoint had 12 pictures. The normalized PowerPoint had 6 pictures of females and 6 pictures of males. The pictures presented in the normalized PowerPoint displayed average looking body parts. The idealized Power point had 6 pictures of females and 6 pictures of males. The pictures presented in the idealized PowerPoint displayed athletic and in shape body parts. The pictures in the PowerPoints displayed the following body parts: chest, stomach, arms, back, buttocks, and legs. Procedure The consent form was given to the participants before the experiment took place and the participant had to read and sign the consent form before the experiment could begin. Participants were then asked to look at either the idealized or normalized slide show. The participants viewed each image of the slide show for 5 seconds. After the participants completed viewing the slide show, a two part questionnaire was given to be
6 Body Images & Gender 125 completed which included the (BOA) and (AES). Four of the female participants and four of the male participants were shown the normalized slide show and the other four female and four male participants were shown the idealized slide show. Results The results of a 2X2 ANOVA revealed there is no significant main effect of gender, F(1,12)=0.314, p > It also reveled there is no significant main effect of the slideshows shown, F(1,12)=1.485, p > Lastly, it revealed no significant interaction between gender and the slideshows, F(1,12)=0.912, p > Figure 1 demonstrates the results of the ANOVA. See appendix A for the ANOVA sums of squares table. Discussion The results do not support the hypothesis that idealized photos would yield lower self-body satisfaction and that women would be most affected by the idealized photos. No significance was found between exposure to the idealized photos and lower body satisfaction, which suggests that the idealized photos had no effect on participants body satisfaction. There are several reasons why the results are the way they are which include self-esteem, pre-sustained body satisfaction, and control issues. More than halfway through the experiment it became evident to the participants that there was a self-esteem factor involved with the study. The participants who seemed to have high self-esteem scored high on the BOA and AES questionnaires whether they viewed the idealized body slideshow or the normalized body sideshow and this high self-esteem or self-confidence seemed to be the predictor of the scores. In a recalled testing session, one participant exclaimed right when I saw lower torso I knew I was a 5 which is the top score.
7 Body Images & Gender 126 Another reason why there was no main effect could have been that a lot of participants had pre-sustained body satisfaction before hand, such as those participants who were physically active and felt that their body was sexually attractive. If a person had a muscular toned body, they are likely to be confident about their body and not be as self-
8 Body Satisfaction Score Body Images & Gender Female Male Idealized Slideshows Normalized Figure 1. The results of the 2x2 ANOVA displayed in a graph.
9 Body Images & Gender 128 conscious as to how they feel about their body as oppose to a person who is not physically active and feels they do not have a sexually attractive body. Another problem with this study had to do with control. It was found that the researcher who was testing his friends as participants were likely not truthful towards the researcher. Even though the questionnaire was put directly into a folder where it would only be seen by the researcher in order to calculate scores and there were no names written on the questionnaire sheets, participants still did not trust the researcher. Also another reason why the results ended up with no effect could have been the amount of photos shown in each slide show. There were twelve photos in each slide show that were shown for five seconds each and this was possibly not enough time for order there to be an effect on the participant. A further issue of control was that all participants were tested in different areas, some with many distractions. This study can be replicated in the future with improvements to increase control and hopefully yield a main effect. Firstly, in the future a self-esteem test should be administered in order to gauge the participants self-esteem before they watch the slide show. People with high self-esteem should be given a specific slide show of idealistic bodies where as people with low self-esteem would be given a slide show of normalized bodies. This can combat both the high self-esteem participants and the participants who are confident about their body. In order to assess the control issues one must analyze the quality of the participants. It is better to avoid using friends as participants especially on an experiment like this one where trust is an issue. But friends in general are efficient to use because the majority of them will not say no to a test and the researcher needs as many participants as he or she can get. Also to address the problem of trust, the
10 Body Images & Gender 129 participants will never fully trust the researcher regardless of the steps that are taken to solidify trust between the participants and the researcher due to the stereotype that psychologists are underhanded and dishonest. The photos and time should be increased as well as this will allow for more exposure time and may possibly lead to a larger liklihood of getting a main effect. Future studies to consider would be looking at the effect of body satisfaction and comparing it to the eating disorders that affect many people, such as anorexia nervosa. Also future researchers can explore the various reasons of why people work so hard to obtain a body that makes them satisfied and the role social media plays in this drive for a idealized body. In conclusion, the results of this study were not significant in any way and did not support the hypothesis. Additional measures can be taken in the future to improve control for this study and possibly obtain significant results. Future study ideas can examine media in relation to eating disorders or media in relation to motivation for a desired body.
11 Body Images & Gender 130 References Arbour, Kelly P., and Kathleen A. Martin Ginis Effects of exposure to muscular and hypermuscular media images on young men's muscularity dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 3, (2): Brinder, J. (2012). The Influence of Exposure to Media Images on Body Satisfaction of Males and Females. Huron University College Journal of Learning and Motivation: Cash, T.F. (2002). The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Users Manual. Available from the author at Forbes, Gordon B., Leah Adams-Curtis, Brooke Rade, and Peter Jaberg Body dissatisfaction in women and men: The role of gender-typing and self-esteem. Sex Roles 44, (7-8): Taniguchi, Emiko, and R. K. Aune Communication with parents and body satisfaction in college students. Journal of American College Health 61, (7):
12 Body Images & Gender 131 Appendix A Source SS df MS F Eta Squared Gender Picture Gender Picture Error Total This is a sums of squares table for the 2x2 ANOVA.
Gender Stereotypes Associated with Altruistic Acts
Gender Stereotypes Associated 1 Gender Stereotypes Associated with Altruistic Acts Lacey D. Seefeldt Undergraduate Student, Psychology Keywords: Altruism, Gender Stereotypes, Vignette Abstract Possible
More informationLinear Models in STATA and ANOVA
Session 4 Linear Models in STATA and ANOVA Page Strengths of Linear Relationships 4-2 A Note on Non-Linear Relationships 4-4 Multiple Linear Regression 4-5 Removal of Variables 4-8 Independent Samples
More informationIntroduction to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Limitations of the t-test
Introduction to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) The Structural Model, The Summary Table, and the One- Way ANOVA Limitations of the t-test Although the t-test is commonly used, it has limitations Can only
More informationWarning: Models in Magazines Are Larger Than They Appear
Line by Line: A Journal of Beginning Student Writing Volume 1 Issue 1 Article 6 August 2014 Warning: Models in Magazines Are Larger Than They Appear Alexandra G. Amodio University of Dayton Follow this
More informationJoseph Fordham. Kuo-Ting Huang. Corrie Strayer. Rabindra Ratan. Michigan State University
Running head: GIRLS GETTING PLAYED 1 Girls getting played: Video game stereotype effects on gendered career perceptions Joseph Fordham Kuo-Ting Huang Corrie Strayer Rabindra Ratan Michigan State University
More information8 th European Conference on Psychological Assessment
8 th European Conference on Psychological Assessment 31. August 4. September 2005. Budapest, Hungary S D D Depression Scale for Children and Adolescents: evaluation of psychometric properties Anita Vulić-Prtorić,
More informationClass 19: Two Way Tables, Conditional Distributions, Chi-Square (Text: Sections 2.5; 9.1)
Spring 204 Class 9: Two Way Tables, Conditional Distributions, Chi-Square (Text: Sections 2.5; 9.) Big Picture: More than Two Samples In Chapter 7: We looked at quantitative variables and compared the
More informationDESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS & DATA PRESENTATION*
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 0 0 0 0 evel 1 evel 2 evel 3 Level 4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS & DATA PRESENTATION* Created for Psychology 41, Research Methods by Barbara Sommer, PhD Psychology Department
More informationRunning head: THE EFFECTS OF EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES
Extra-Curricular Activities 1 Running head: THE EFFECTS OF EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES The Effects of Extra-Curricular Activities on Student s Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy Extra-Curricular Activities
More informationII. DISTRIBUTIONS distribution normal distribution. standard scores
Appendix D Basic Measurement And Statistics The following information was developed by Steven Rothke, PhD, Department of Psychology, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago (RIC) and expanded by Mary F. Schmidt,
More informationI m good, she s good: The relationship between. Self-Esteem and Attitudes Towards Women in the Work Force. Alexandria Peach. McKendree University
Running head: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM AND VIEW OF WOMEN AT WORK 1 I m good, she s good: The relationship between Self-Esteem and Attitudes Towards Women in the Work Force Alexandria Peach McKendree
More informationRestorative Parenting: A Group Facilitation Curriculum Activities Dave Mathews, Psy.D., LICSW
Restorative Parenting: A Group Facilitation Curriculum Activities Dave Mathews, Psy.D., LICSW RP Activities 1. Framework of Resourcefulness 2. Identifying the Broken Contract Articles 3. The Process of
More informationTelevised Child Pageants: Negative Psychological Effects, Millions of Viewers. Jessica Kelly, Salisbury University. Advisor: Dr.
Televised Child Pageants: Negative Psychological Effects, Millions of Viewers Jessica Kelly, Salisbury University Advisor: Dr. Lance Garmon Abstract Child Beauty Pageants (CBP) have been of particular
More informationVirtual Child Written Project Assignment. Four-Assignment Version of Reflective Questions
Virtual Child Written Project Assignment Four-Assignment Version of Reflective Questions Virtual Child Report (Assignment) 1: Infants and Toddlers (20 points) Choose 7 or 8 questions whose total point
More informationPerceptions of College Students in Long Distance Relationships
Perceptions of College Students in Long Distance Relationships Breeana Skinner Faculty Advisor: Carmen Wilson-VanVoorhis, Department of Psychology ABSTRACT This study examined women s perceptions of a
More informationTeens, Social Media And Body Image:
Teens, Social Media And Body Image: Heather R. Gallivan, PsyD, LP Park Nicollet Melrose Center What is Body Image? Many times body image is confused with self-esteem. Self-Esteem: how you think and feel
More informationExamining Stereotypes Through Self-Awareness:
Examining Stereotypes Through Self-Awareness: Materials: Ground Rules Ice Breakers TV Characters handout National Social Studies Standards: Culture and cultural diversity: 1. Guide learners as they predict
More informationNorth American society puts a strong emphasis
Ma g g i e A. Br e n n a n * Ch r i s t o p h e r E. La l o n d e Jo d y L. Ba i n University of Victoria Body Image Perceptions: Do Gender Differences Exist? Despite the large volume of research on body
More informationRunning head: GENDER EFFECT 1. Gender Effect of Parent-Child Relationships on Parental Health. Jazmine V. Powell
Running head: GENDER EFFECT 1 Gender Effect of Parent-Child Relationships on Parental Health by Jazmine V. Powell A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor
More informationNEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON YOUNG ADULTS. Social Media. Negative Effects of Social Media on Young Adults Taylar Long Bloomsburg University
1 Social Media Negative Effects of Social Media on Young Adults Taylar Long Bloomsburg University 2 Within the last decade, the evolution of technology has erupted, increasing social media popularity and
More informationCOACHING GUIDE. Preparing Athletes for Competition
COACHING GUIDE Preparing Athletes for Competition Table of Contents Table of Contents Psychological Considerations Anxiety and Stress Management Winning and Losing Handling Grief Taking Athletes to Competition
More informationWho is the superior?
Worksheet 1: Who is the superior? Aim: Boys have an opportunity to realize the differences in evaluating attributes connected with female and male roles. Boys know traditional gender roles and stereotypes
More informationTEASING AND ITS LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON BODY IMAGE HEATHER M. HARPOLE A THESIS
TEASING AND ITS LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON BODY IMAGE by HEATHER M. HARPOLE A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Communication Studies
More informationIMPACT OF TRUST, PRIVACY AND SECURITY IN FACEBOOK INFORMATION SHARING
IMPACT OF TRUST, PRIVACY AND SECURITY IN FACEBOOK INFORMATION SHARING 1 JithiKrishna P P, 2 Suresh Kumar R, 3 Sreejesh V K 1 Mtech Computer Science and Security LBS College of Engineering Kasaragod, Kerala
More informationBarriers & Incentives to Obtaining a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing
Southern Adventist Univeristy KnowledgeExchange@Southern Graduate Research Projects Nursing 4-2011 Barriers & Incentives to Obtaining a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing Tiffany Boring Brianna Burnette
More informationBeyond Tops and Bottoms
Beyond Tops and Bottoms Correlations between Sex-Role Preference and Physical Preferences for Partners among Gay Men By Nicholas Yee (www.nickyee.com) Most psychology research that deal with gay men dichotomize
More informationMind on Statistics. Chapter 12
Mind on Statistics Chapter 12 Sections 12.1 Questions 1 to 6: For each statement, determine if the statement is a typical null hypothesis (H 0 ) or alternative hypothesis (H a ). 1. There is no difference
More informationImproving Self-esteem and Body Image
Improving Self-esteem and Body Image Promoting a Healthy Body Image in the Classroom Tag Words: Body Image, Self Esteem, Media, Lesson Plans, Bulimia, Anorexia, Eating Disorders, Depression, Mental illness,
More informationEffects of Gender Based Violence on Neurocognitive functioning in HIV positive individuals
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of Gender Based Violence on Neurocognitive functioning in HIV positive individuals 1 M. L. Imasiku and M. J. Hamweene ABSTRACT Background: Gender based violence is being recognized
More informationAttitudes About Cosmetic Surgery: Gender and Body Experience
McNair Scholars Journal Volume 6 Issue 1 Article 3 2002 Attitudes About Cosmetic Surgery: Gender and Body Experience Jennifer Bazner Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair
More informationUNDERSTANDING THE TWO-WAY ANOVA
UNDERSTANDING THE e have seen how the one-way ANOVA can be used to compare two or more sample means in studies involving a single independent variable. This can be extended to two independent variables
More informationSCHOOL OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SCIENCES DON T FORGET TO RECODE YOUR MISSING VALUES
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SCIENCES Using SPSS Topics addressed today: 1. Differences between groups 2. Graphing Use the s4data.sav file for the first part of this session. DON T FORGET TO RECODE YOUR
More informationEffect of Self-Efficacy on the Performance of Athletes
Effect of Self-Efficacy on the of Athletes Singh 1, T.D., Bhardwaj 2, G. and Bhardwaj 3, V. 1 Lecturer in Physical Education, Kundan Vidhya Mandir, Ludhiana, Punjab 2 Director Physical Education, Guru
More informationAnalysis of Parenting Styles and Interpersonal Relationship among Adolescents
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2012 1 Analysis of Parenting Styles and Interpersonal Relationship among Adolescents Dr. A.H.M. Vijaya Laxmi, Dr.
More informationHigh School Students Attitude towards Learning English Language
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013 1 High School Students Attitude towards Learning English Language Gajalakshmi Abstract: A study was attempted
More informationGraduate Student Perceptions of the Use of Online Course Tools to Support Engagement
International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Volume 8 Number 1 Article 5 January 2014 Graduate Student Perceptions of the Use of Online Course Tools to Support Engagement Stephanie
More informationBody Image, Eating Disorders and Psychiatric Comorbidity:
Body Image, Eating Disorders and Psychiatric Comorbidity: The interplay of body image and psychiatry Amy Funkenstein, MD Definitions Hilda Bruch (1962)-credited as first to identify body image disturbance
More informationWaiting until After College Graduation to Marry
Waiting until After College Graduation to Marry Amanda Fankhauser and Christopher Emerson Undergraduate Students, Human Development and Family Studies Keywords: Marriage, divorce, education Abstract This
More informationRunning head: HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1. How to Write a Research Proposal: A Formal Template for Preparing a Proposal for Research Methods
Running head: HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1 How to Write a Research Proposal: A Formal Template for Preparing a Proposal for Research Methods Insert Name Here Dallas Baptist University HOW TO WRITE
More informationExecutive Summary. Seven-year research project conducted in three phases
Summary of Data from Women Take Flight The Research Base for the Leaders Take Flight For Women Workshop Linda Fritsche Castner M.S. Sue P. Stafford Ph.D Executive Summary Seven-year research project conducted
More informationassociated with puberty for boys and girls.
Lesson 5 Puberty Overview In this informational lesson, students learn about puberty. Small groups brainstorm physical, emotional and social changes they think occur The class discusses and evaluates the
More informationSchool Life Questionnaire. Australian Council for Educational Research
School Life Questionnaire Australian Council for Educational Research SAMPLE COLLEGE SURVEY OF STUDENT ATTITUDES TO SCHOOL USING THE ACER SCHOOL LIFE QUESTIONNAIRE The Australian Council for Educational
More informationVIDEO CONFERENCING SYSTEMS: TELEPRESENCE AND SELECTION INTERVIEWS.
VIDEO CONFERENCING SYSTEMS: TELEPRESENCE AND SELECTION INTERVIEWS. Madeleine S. McCulloch & David J. Oborne Psychology Department University of Wales Swansea Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK Increasingly,
More informationCHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS. A cross-sectional correlation research design was used for this study where the
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1. Research Design A cross-sectional correlation research design was used for this study where the caregivers Compassion Fatigue levels were assessed in relation to their
More informationGCSE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 SEX AND GENDER REVISION
GCSE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 SEX AND GENDER REVISION GCSE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 SEX AND GENDER IDENTITY SEX IDENTITY AND GENDER IDENTITY SEX IDENTITY = a biological term. A child s sex can be identified by their
More informationTO STUDY THE BODY IMAGE AMONG THE ADOLESCENT AGE GROUP AND ITS CORRELATION WITH BODY MASS INDEX Keziah Joseph 1, Gurmeet Kaur 2, Jugesh Chhatwal 3
TO STUDY THE BODY IMAGE AMONG THE ADOLESCENT AGE GROUP AND ITS CORRELATION WITH BODY MASS INDEX Keziah Joseph 1, Gurmeet Kaur 2, Jugesh Chhatwal 3 HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Keziah Joseph, Gurmeet Kaur,
More informationRunning head: EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 1. The Effects of Alcohol on the Acceptability of Casual Sex. College of Western Idaho
Running head: EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 1 The Effects of Alcohol on the Acceptability of Casual Sex College of Western Idaho EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 2 Abstract The use of alcohol to excess and the engagement of binge
More informationTHE BODY LANGUAGE RELATIONSHIPS
THE BODY LANGUAGE OF RELATIONSHIPS Legal Disclaimer This book is All Rights Reserved. You may not sell this book, give it away, display it publicly, nor may you distribute it in any form whatsoever. While
More informationUnit 31 A Hypothesis Test about Correlation and Slope in a Simple Linear Regression
Unit 31 A Hypothesis Test about Correlation and Slope in a Simple Linear Regression Objectives: To perform a hypothesis test concerning the slope of a least squares line To recognize that testing for a
More informationPresented by: Deborah Bourne C/O Hope Enterprises Ltd. 25 Burlington Ave., KGN 10, Jamaica W.I
Findings and methodological and ethical challenges involved in conducting the FHI study Early Sexual Debut, Sexual Violence, and Sexual Risk-taking among Pregnant Adolescents and Their Peers in Jamaica
More informationReport on the Ontario Principals Council Leadership Study
Report on the Ontario Principals Council Leadership Study (February 2005) Howard Stone 1, James D. A. Parker 2, and Laura M. Wood 2 1 Learning Ways Inc., Ontario 2 Department of Psychology, Trent University,
More informationA Survey Study on Professional Women s Perception toward Cosmetic Surgery: 4 Year Comparison
ORIGINAL ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.14730/.2015.21.2.70 Arch Aesthetic Plast Surg 2015;21(2):70-74 pissn: 2234-0831 eissn: 2288-9337 A Survey Study on Pressional Women s Perception toward Cosmetic Surgery:
More informationIQ Testing: A critique for parents of children with developmental disabilities
IQ Testing: A critique for parents of children with developmental disabilities by Bruce Uditsky Part one of a three-part critique One of the most common assessments parents are told they need in order
More informationSolar Energy MEDC or LEDC
Solar Energy MEDC or LEDC Does where people live change their interest and appreciation of solar panels? By Sachintha Perera Abstract This paper is based on photovoltaic solar energy, which is the creation
More informationresearch/scientific includes the following: statistical hypotheses: you have a null and alternative you accept one and reject the other
1 Hypothesis Testing Richard S. Balkin, Ph.D., LPC-S, NCC 2 Overview When we have questions about the effect of a treatment or intervention or wish to compare groups, we use hypothesis testing Parametric
More informationIT Recruiting Practices as Retention Predictors: Can Recruiters Make a Difference to Potential IT Employees?
Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) AMCIS 2004 Proceedings Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS) 12-31-2004 : Can Recruiters Make a Difference to Potential IT
More informationDiscipline and Intergenerational Transmission
Discipline 1 Discipline and Intergenerational Transmission Aria Snyder and Samantha Bub Undergraduate Students: Human Development and Family Studies Key Words: discipline practices, intergenerational transmission,
More informationCOMPARISONS OF CUSTOMER LOYALTY: PUBLIC & PRIVATE INSURANCE COMPANIES.
277 CHAPTER VI COMPARISONS OF CUSTOMER LOYALTY: PUBLIC & PRIVATE INSURANCE COMPANIES. This chapter contains a full discussion of customer loyalty comparisons between private and public insurance companies
More informationAssociation Between Variables
Contents 11 Association Between Variables 767 11.1 Introduction............................ 767 11.1.1 Measure of Association................. 768 11.1.2 Chapter Summary.................... 769 11.2 Chi
More informationEconomic Statistics (ECON2006), Statistics and Research Design in Psychology (PSYC2010), Survey Design and Analysis (SOCI2007)
COURSE DESCRIPTION Title Code Level Semester Credits 3 Prerequisites Post requisites Introduction to Statistics ECON1005 (EC160) I I None Economic Statistics (ECON2006), Statistics and Research Design
More informationThis chapter discusses some of the basic concepts in inferential statistics.
Research Skills for Psychology Majors: Everything You Need to Know to Get Started Inferential Statistics: Basic Concepts This chapter discusses some of the basic concepts in inferential statistics. Details
More informationEffects of Divorce on Theories of Relationships. Derik Orschell. Hanover College
Relationship Theories 1 Running head: DIVORCE ON RELATIONSHIP THEORIES Effects of Divorce on Theories of Relationships Derik Orschell Hanover College Relationship Theories 2 Abstract Research shows that
More informationTen Tips for Parents. To Help Their Children Avoid Teen Pregnancy
Ten Tips for Parents To Help Their Children Avoid Teen Pregnancy Ten Tips for Parents To Help Their Children Avoid Teen Pregnancy The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy has reviewed research
More informationSample Paper for Research Methods. Daren H. Kaiser. Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne
Running head: RESEARCH METHODS PAPER 1 Sample Paper for Research Methods Daren H. Kaiser Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Running head: RESEARCH METHODS PAPER 2 Abstract First notice that
More informationKai-Lit Phua. Introduction
How to Make the Learning of Statistics Interesting, Fun and Personally Relevant: Using Progressive Material as Examples for In-class Analysis and to Raise Social Awareness Kai-Lit Phua Introduction One
More informationPSEO - Advantages and Disadvantages
Undergraduate Economic Review Volume 3 Issue 1 Article 3 2007 PSEO: Are Your Tax Dollars Really Paying Off? Erin McQuillan College of St. Scholastica Recommended Citation McQuillan, Erin (2007) "PSEO:
More informationCOI Research Management Summary on behalf of the Department of Health
COI Research Management Summary on behalf of the Department of Health Title: Worth Talking About Campaign Evaluation 2010 / 2011 Quantitative research conducted by TNS-BMRB COI Reference number: 114770
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY THEORY 9. SIBLING POSITION
FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY THEORY 9. SIBLING POSITION 9.1. Introduction Bowen has referred to general ideas about sibling position in families throughout most of the period he has been developing his family
More informationBryant University Student Diversity Advocates
Student Diversity Advocates The Institution and Its Students Bryant University, founded in 1863, is a private, independent institution located in Smithfield, Rhode Island, 12 miles northwest of Providence.
More informationLOVE ATTITUDES SCALE
LOVE ATTITUDES SCALE Reference: Hendrick, C. & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392-402. Description of Measure: A 42-item questionnaire
More informationExpectancy Effects of Performance Enhancing Supplements on Motivation to Exercise. Chris Dawson and Alfonso Ribero.
Running Head: EXPECTANCY EFFECTS ON MOTIVATION Expectancy Effects of Performance Enhancing Supplements on Motivation to Exercise Chris Dawson and Alfonso Ribero Hanover College Expectancy Effects 2 Abstract
More informationCAMS-UA 203 Advanced Seminar Eating Disorders Course Description
CAMS-UA 203 Advanced Seminar Eating Disorders Sara S. Weekly, MD, Clinical Instructor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Course Aims:
More informationPositive Effects of Extra Curricular Activities on Students
ESSAI Volume 9 Article 27 4-1-2011 Positive Effects of Extra Curricular Activities on Students Erin Massoni College of DuPage Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.cod.edu/essai Recommended Citation
More informationIntegrating Information Technology (IT) into Accounting Courses
Integrating Information Technology (IT) into Accounting Courses Dr. Ahmad N. Obaidat (Corresponding author) Department of Accounting Chairman, Faculty of Administrative & Financial Sciences Tafila Technical
More informationCUSTOMER PERCEIVED VALUE OF SHAMPOO IN TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT
IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Business Management (IMPACT: IJRBM) ISSN(E): 2321-886X; ISSN(P): 2347-4572 Vol. 2, Issue 5, May 2014, 113-120 Impact Journals CUSTOMER PERCEIVED VALUE OF SHAMPOO
More informationTI-Inspire manual 1. Instructions. Ti-Inspire for statistics. General Introduction
TI-Inspire manual 1 General Introduction Instructions Ti-Inspire for statistics TI-Inspire manual 2 TI-Inspire manual 3 Press the On, Off button to go to Home page TI-Inspire manual 4 Use the to navigate
More informationStigmatisation of people with mental illness
Stigmatisation of people with mental illness Report of the research carried out in July 1998 and July 2003 by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists Changing
More informationPaid and Unpaid Labor in Developing Countries: an inequalities in time use approach
Paid and Unpaid Work inequalities 1 Paid and Unpaid Labor in Developing Countries: an inequalities in time use approach Paid and Unpaid Labor in Developing Countries: an inequalities in time use approach
More informationEffects of a Media Intervention Program on Body Image and Eating Attitudes Among Children
Effects of a Media Intervention Program on Body Image and Eating Attitudes Among Children Kelsey A. Wood Faculty Sponsor: Carmen R. Wilson-VanVoorhis, Department of Psychology ABSTRACT Our society is suffering
More informationUnit 26 Estimation with Confidence Intervals
Unit 26 Estimation with Confidence Intervals Objectives: To see how confidence intervals are used to estimate a population proportion, a population mean, a difference in population proportions, or a difference
More informationRunning head: INFANT S PERCEIVED GENDER AND ADOLESCENTS RATINGS 1
Running head: INFANT S PERCEIVED GENDER AND ADOLESCENTS RATINGS 1 Effect of Infant s Perceived Gender on Adolescents Ratings of the Infant Douglas Degelman, Veronika Dvorak, and Julie Ann Homutoff Vanguard
More informationWomen in the 1950s. Central Historical Question: Is the image of the happy 1950s housewife accurate?
Central Historical Question: Is the image of the happy 1950s housewife accurate? Materials: PowerPoint Copies of Documents A-D Copies of Graphic Organizer Plan of Instruction: 1. Introductory lecture:
More informationIntegration of Children with Developmental Disabilities in Social Activities. Abstract
JOURNAL ON DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES, VOLUME 10, NUMBER 1, 2003 Integration of Children with Developmental Disabilities in Social Activities Abbie Solish, Patricia Minnes and Anthony Kupferschmidt Abstract
More informationWritten Example for Research Question: How is caffeine consumption associated with memory?
Guide to Writing Your Primary Research Paper Your Research Report should be divided into sections with these headings: Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and References. Introduction:
More informationChapter Seven. Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS
Chapter Seven Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS Section : An introduction to multiple regression WHAT IS MULTIPLE REGRESSION? Multiple
More informationFor Your Health? The Relationship Between Magazine Reading and Adolescents Body Image and Eating Disturbances 1
Sex Roles, Vol. 48, Nos. 9/10, May 2003 ( C 2003) For Your Health? The Relationship Between Magazine Reading and Adolescents Body Image and Eating Disturbances 1 Renée A. Botta 2 Research has indicated
More informationResearch on the Employment Psychology of Graduate in Colleges and Universities
Research on the Employment Psychology of Graduate in Colleges and Universities GUO Jing 1, QI Lei 2 1. College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Baoding, 071001 2. College of Civil Engineering,
More informationAttitudes and Sense of Responsibility of University Students toward Their Aging Parents in Japan and Korea
Attitudes and Sense of Responsibility of University Students toward Their Aging Parents in Japan and Korea Dongqing Chen & Yoko Hosoe Joetsu University of Education Niigata Postal: 943-0815, Japan E-mail:
More information1/27/2013. PSY 512: Advanced Statistics for Psychological and Behavioral Research 2
PSY 512: Advanced Statistics for Psychological and Behavioral Research 2 Introduce moderated multiple regression Continuous predictor continuous predictor Continuous predictor categorical predictor Understand
More informationINVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY TRAINING ON INCREASED HARDINESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY TRAINING ON INCREASED HARDINESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING *Zahra Gholami Ghareh Shiran 1, Ghodsi Ahghar 2, Afshin Ahramiyan 3, Afsaneh Boostan
More informationCHAPTER 4: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
CHAPTER 4: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION CHAPTER OVERVIEW Chapter 4 introduces you to the related concepts of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. The chapter begins with definitions of these three
More informationStatistical tests for SPSS
Statistical tests for SPSS Paolo Coletti A.Y. 2010/11 Free University of Bolzano Bozen Premise This book is a very quick, rough and fast description of statistical tests and their usage. It is explicitly
More information14.74 Lecture 11 Inside the household: How are decisions taken within the household?
14.74 Lecture 11 Inside the household: How are decisions taken within the household? Prof. Esther Duflo March 16, 2004 Until now, we have always assumed that the household was maximizing utility like an
More informationMental health and social wellbeing of gay men, lesbians and bisexuals in England and Wales A summary of findings
Mental health and social wellbeing of gay men, lesbians and bisexuals in England and Wales A summary of findings Report funded by in collaboration with and Mental health and social wellbeing of gay men,
More informationHow to Develop a Sporting Habit for Life
How to Develop a Sporting Habit for Life Final report December 2012 Context Sport England s 2012-17 strategy aims to help people and communities across the country transform our sporting culture, so that
More informationDescriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Primer Descriptive statistics Central tendency Variation Relative position Relationships Calculating descriptive statistics Descriptive Statistics Purpose to describe or summarize
More informationTopic of Interest: eating Disorders
Topic of Interest: eating Disorders A person with an eating disorder will exhibit an abnormal attitude towards food, resulting in a change in behavior and eating habits. Eating disorder sufferers with
More informationDifferent Styles of Grieving
Different Styles of Grieving By Michael Lombardo, D.Min. Recent research has examined the ways men and women grieve differently. Books such as When Men Grieve: Why Men Grieve Differently and How You Can
More informationMedia's Influence on the Drive for Muscularity in Undergraduates
Boise State University ScholarWorks Psychology Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of Psychology 12-1-2013 Media's Influence on the Drive for Muscularity in Undergraduates Brooke Cramblitt
More informationGender: Participants define gender and discuss ways it influences their lives.
Gender: Participants define gender and discuss ways it influences their lives. Lesson Plans: 1. Just Because --Stereotypes 2. Gender Lesson: Just Because Stereotypes (adapted from TKF) ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
More information