SÜDAME RÜTMIHÄIRETE EPIDEMIOLOOGIA, JAOTUS JA PROGNOOS. RÜTMIHÄIRETE TEKKEPÕHJUSED JA RAVI KARDIOLOOGI PILGU LÄBI

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1 SÜDAME RÜTMIHÄIRETE EPIDEMIOLOOGIA, JAOTUS JA PROGNOOS. RÜTMIHÄIRETE TEKKEPÕHJUSED JA RAVI KARDIOLOOGI PILGU LÄBI Hasso Uuetoa Põhja-Eesti Regionaalhaigla Elektrofüsioloogia üksus

2 RÜTMIHÄIRETE JAOTUS

3 Rütmihäirete klassifikatsioon 1.Kestvuse ja püsivuse alusel Paroksüsmaalne / Intermiteeruv / Ebapüsiv Persistentne ehk kestev (ilma medikamentoosse ravita ja/või elektrilise kardioversioonita ei möödu). Permanentne ehk püsiv (medikamentoosse raviga ja/või elektrilise kardioversiooniga ka ei möödu või taastub koheselt uuesti )

4 Rütmihäirete klassifikatsioon 2. Vatsakeste töö regulaarsuse alusel REGULAARNE SVT (AVRT, AVNRT, AT) Kodade laperdus VT EBAREGULAARNE Kodade virvendus Kodade laperdus ebaregulaarse AV-ülejuhtega MAT Polümorfne VT Monomorfne VT, eriti käivitumise järgselt

5 Rütmihäirete klassifikatsioon 3. QRS-kompleksi laiuse alusel Kitsa QRS-komleksiga (<120 ms) SVT Fastsikularne VT Laia QRS-kompleksiga (>120 ms) VT SVT Vatsakese elektroodiga kardiostimulaator

6 Laia QRS kompleksi põhjused

7 Rütmihäirete klassifikatsioon 4.Vatsakeste sageduse alusel Tahhükardia Kodade töö aeglane või normaalne (VT ja siinus rütm) Kodade töö tahhükardiline (virvendus/laperdus/kodade tahhükardia) Normokardia Kodade töö tahhükardiline (virvendus/laperdus/kodade tahhükardia) Ventrikulo atriaalne dissotsatsioon (kodade töö aeglasem kui vatsakeste töö (idioventrikulaarne rütm) Bradükardia Kodade töö tahhükardiline (Fredericki sündroom) Kodade töö aeglane

8 Carotid sinus massage revealing flutter waves Atrial Flutter

9 BRADÜKARDIAD

10 Bradükardia klassifikatsioon Erutustekke häired ehk vajalik rütm jääb tekkimata (siinussõlme nõrkus) Erutusjuhte häired ehk rütm küll tekib, aga ei levi kogu südamele (sino-atrialne blokaad, atrioventrikulaarne blokaad)

11 Bradükardia põhjuse paiknemistase Siinussõlmes ja kodades (40-50 bpm) Atrio-ventrikulaarsõlmes (30-45 bpm) nn supra-his asendusrütmi QRS kompleks on kitsas (alla 120 ms) Vatsakestes (allpool His-Purkinje süsteemi) (20-30 bpm) nn infra-his - asendusrütmi QRS kompleks on lai (üle 120 ms)

12 Püsiv bardükardia Bradükardia kestvus Intermiteeruv / paroksüsmaalne bardükardia Ravi põhimõtted ei muutu, kuid diagnostika on raskendatud intermiteeruva bradükardia korral. Mööduva põhjusega bradükardia (medikamentoosne)

13 Bradükardiate põhjused Kongenitaalsed bradükardiad Isheemia Põletik (reumatism, borrelioos jt) Fibroos Medikamentoosne Kirurgilise ravi tagajärg (tüsistus või eesmärk) Ablatsioonravi tagajärg (tüsistus või eesmärk) Teadmata

14 Rütmihäirete ravi võimalused Medikamentoosne Mitte-medikamentoosne Invasiivne Semi-invasiivne (söögitoru kaudne) Instrumentaalne Kirurgiline

15 Bradükardiate ravi Medikamentoosne ravi: vähe efektiivne, ebakindla efektiga ja kõrvaltoimete rohke. Medikamentidest võib abi olla siis, kui QRS kompleks on kitsas probleem AV-sõlme tasemel või sellest kõrgemal ja allub sümpaatilise ning parasümpaatilise närvisüsteemi mõjutusele Atropiin Sümpatomimeetikumid (isoproterenool, salbutamool, dopamiin, dobutamiin jt) Aminofülliin Kardiostimulaator ehk tehisrütmur kas püsivate või korduvate bradükardiate raviks

16 Stimulatsiooni põhiprintsiibid Südame pumbafunktsiooni tagamiseks on oluline vatsakeste töö säilumine, selleks piisab elektroodi asetamisest paremasse vatsakesse. (VVI) Sellisel juhul häirub kodade ja vatsakeste normaalne aktivatsiooni järjekord ja sünkroonne töö: südame efektiivsus langeb 15-30% Kui AV-sõlme funktsioon on korras ehk bradükardia põhjus on siinussõlme või kodade tasemel, võib elektroodi asetada vaid kodadesse (AAI). Tõeliselt füsioloogiline stimulatsioon Kodade ja vatsakeste sünkroonse töö tagab kahe-kambri e DDD tüüpi stimulaator ( pseudo füsioloogiline).

17 Bradükardiate ohtlikkus Siinussõlme ja supra-his tasemel (Wencebachi perioodika) tekkivad bradükardiad ei ole otseselt eluohtlikud rütmihäired. Öine Wencenbachi perioodika on sage, eriti noortel. Möbitz II tüüpi AV-blokaad ja laia QRS kompleskiga asendusrütm on ohtlikke rütmihäirete tunnuseks. Kaasasündinud AV-blokaad: fr > 50 bpm rahuolekus, koormusel sagedus tõuseb ja ei teki VES, vatsake ei ole dilateerunud üldjoontes ohutu

18 TAHHÜKARDIAD

19 Tahhükardiliste rütmihäirete klassifikatsioon Tahhükardia mehhanismi alusel Re-entry (taassisestus) Tõusnud automatism Trigerdatud aktiivsus

20 Tahhükardiliste rütmihäirete klassifikatsioon Rütmihäire kolde lokaliseerumise alusel Ventrikulaarne Supraventrikulaarne Tõeliselt supraventrikulaarne rütmihäire kolle asub ainult kodades (kodade virvendus, -laperdus, kodade tahhükardia) NB! AV-ühenduse katkestamisel rütmihäire kestab edasi! Pseudo supraventrikulaarne re-entry ringis osalevad peale kodade ka AV-sõlm ja tihti ka osa vatsakeste müokardist WPW-sündroom. NB! AVühenduse katkestamisel rütmihäire ka katkeb! Teadmata/ebaselge lokalisatsiooniga

21 Pseudo supraventrikulaarne

22 Supraventrikulaarsed tahhükardiad Kodade virvendus (kohati võib täheldada kodede töös mingisugust regulaarsust, vatsakesed ebaregulaarsed v.a. Fredericki s.). Kodade laperdus (kodade töö regulaarne, vatsakeste töö võib olla ebaregulaarne) Tüüpiline nn saehammas Atüüpilised AV-nodaalne reentry tahhükardia (koda aeglane tee vatsakene - kiire tee) AV-reentry tahhükardia (koda AV sõlm vatsakene lisajuhte tee) Kodade tahhükardia Siinustahhükardia 90% juhtudel sekundaarne NB! rütmi aeglustamine võib lõppeda hemodünaamilise kollapsiga)

23 Supraventrikulaarseid rütmihäireid soodustavad faktorid

24 Lisajuhtetee ja WPW Manifestne delta laine EKG-l, lühike PQ aeg, (kui esinevad ka SVT hood siis WPW sündroom). Mitte manifestne või intermiteeruvalt manifestne lisajuhteteel on antegraadne (kdadelt vatsakestele) erutusjuhtivus olemas, kuid see ei ilmne, kuna erutus jõuab AV-sõlme kaudu vatsakesteni kiiremini (näiteks vasem lateraalne lisajuhtetee). Varjatud lisajuhtetee lisajuhtetee juhib erutust vaid retrograadselt (vatsakestelt kodadele), tavalisel EKG-l ei ole lisajuhteteele iseloomulike vihjeid. Tahhükardia ajal P sakk tuleb R sakist hiljem enam, kui 70 ms Tahhükardia võib olla: Ortodroomne kitsa QRS kompleksiga (erutus levib kodadelt vatsakesele AV-sõlme kaudu) Antidroomne laia QRS kompleksiga erutus levib kodadelt vatsakesele lisajuhtetee kaudu)

25 Varjatud lisajuhtetee ja WPW sündroom

26 Lisajuhtetee ja WPW-sündroom Accessory Pathway Accessory pathway Normal rhythm with WPW Tachycardia

27 Accessory Pathway Ablation

28 Ravimid WPW-korral

29 Lisajuhtetee ravivõimalused

30 AVNRT AV-sõlme re-entry tahhükardia Kõige sagedasem regulaarne tahhükardia Kahe osaline AV-sõlm Kiire juhtetee Aeglane juhtetee Avaldub enamasti hilisemas vanuses, kui WPW Enamasti südamesagedus kiirem, kui lisajuhtetee korral, kuna re-entry ring on lühem. ( bpm) Katkestatav vagaalsete võtete ja AV-sõlme mõjutavate ravimitega (Adenosiin valikravimiks) Kergesti ablatseeritav, kuid ca 1% totaalse AV-blokaadi oht

31 Supraventrikulaarsete rütmihäirete eristamine

32 ADENOSIINI TOIME PRO Katkestab AV-sõlme läbivad reentry tahhükardiad Tekitab lühiajalise AV-blokaadi / pausi Toime üli lühiaegne KONTRA Katkestab ajutiselt ka mitmed fokaalsed kodade tahhükardiad ja adenosiintundliku VT Võib tekitada asüstoolia Võib indutseerida AF Oht WPW korral. Võib süvendada isheemiat

33 ADENOSIINI TOIME Ravi ja diagnostika

34 Kodade laperdus (Atrial Flutter) AFL Normal sinus rhythm Atrial Flutter

35 A-Flutter Ablation A-flutter Reentry Circuit Septum Ablation Isthmus Ablation

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37 Kodade virvendusarütmia Kõige sagedasem rütmihäire (kuni 2% elanikonnast, >80 aastastel ca 10%) 1/3 rütmihäirete tõttu hospialiseeritutest AF tõttu EU-s 4,5 mljn AF patsienti Aastas kulub nende raviks 13,5 miljardit EUROt AF patsiendi keskmine vanus 75 aastat 70% patsientidest jäävad eapiiridesse aastat 12 % patsientidest ei leita kaasuvat kardiopulmonaalset haigust (nn lone AFi) Uusi juhte <40 aastastel 0,1% aastas, tõustes 1,5% naistel ja 2% meestel vanemad kui 80 aastat Kodade virvendusega patsientide suremus on vähemalt 2 korda suurem

38 Südamehaigused ja AF 20,6% meestel ja 26,0% naistel, kellel tekkis kodadevirvendus Framingham i uuringus 38 aastase jälgimisperioodi jooksul esines kaasuvalt südamepuudulikkus (3,2% ja 2,9% ilma südamepuudulikuseta patsientidel tekkis vastavalt AF). AF sagedus on väisem nendel SP patsientidel, keda ravitakse AKEI-ga. Sama kehtib hüpertoonikute kohta, eriti ilmekalt vasaku vatsakese hüpertroofia ilmnemisel.

39 AFib-iga seotud haigused ja seisundid Cardiac causes Hypertensive heart disease Ischemic heart disease Valvular heart disease Rheumatic: mitral stenosis Non-rheumatic: aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation Pericarditis Cardiac tumors: atrial myxoma Sick sinus syndrome Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Idiopathic dilated (? cause vs. effect) Post-coronary bypass surgery Pulmonary COPD Non-Cardiac causes Pneumonia Pulmonary embolism Metabolic Thyroid disease: hyperthyroidism Electrolyte disorder Toxic: alcohol ( holiday heart syndrome)

40 Ravimid, mis võivad põhjustada AFib-i

41 AFib esinemissagedus suureneb vanusega Curr Problems Cardiol 2005;30:

42 AFib esinemus kroonilise südamepuudulikkusega haigetel Curr Problems Cardiol 2005;30:

43 Aastane insultide tekkesagedus antikoagulantraviga ja ilma selleta Curr Problems Cardiol 2005;30:

44 Kodade virvenduse ravi ANTIKOAGULATSIOON VATSAKESTE SAGEDUSE KONTROLL Beeta blokaatorid Verapamiil, Diltiazeem Amiodaroon (Digoksiin toimib ainult rahuolekus) Siinusrütmi säilitav ravi Medikamentoosne, enamasti kombinatsioon mitmest ravimist Ablatsioon ravi (kateeter abaltsioon, kirurgiline ablatsioon) RATE versus RYTHM Control

45 AFib-i preventsioon AKE-inhibiitorite ja ARBidega

46 Atrial Fibrillation Macro re-entry circuits Cox, J.L., Atrial fibrillation I: A new classification system. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,, (6): p

47 accounts for 1/3 of all patient discharges with arrhythmia as principal diagnosis. 4% Atrial Flutter 6% PVCs 6% PSVT 18% Unspecified 9% SSS 34% Atrial Fibrillation 8% Conduction Disease 3% SCD 10% VT Data source: Baily D. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(3):41A. 2% VF

48 Total Hospitalization Days Based on Presenting Arrhythmia AF Atrial Flutter Cardiac arrest Conduction disease Junctional Premature beats Sick sinus syndrome VF VT Unspecified Presenting Arrhythmia Camm AJ. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78(8A):3-11.

49 Tahhükardiliste rütmihäirete ravi: Medikamentoosne Mittemedikamentoosne Implanteeritavad seadmed (Device-therapy) Kardioverterid-Defibrillaatorid, VF, VT, AF over-drive stimulaatorid, SVT, VT Ablatsioonravi Invasiivne ablatsioonravi (kateeterablatsioon) Kirurgiline ravi

50 Elektriline kardioversioon Valik meetod ebastabiilse patsiendi korral Kiire ja suhteliselt kindla efektiga Toimib nii ventrikulaarsetele kui ka supraventrikulaarsetele tahhükardiatele. Vajab narkoosi, kui patsient teadvusel Puudub kliiniliselt oluline järelmõju High Voltage shock

51 Medikamentoosne kardioversioon Mitmed antiarütmikumid võivad mõjutada stimulatsiooni / ICD defibrillatsiooni läve. Antiarütmikumid võivad mõjutada QRS-kompleksi kuju ja VT sagedust, mille tõttu ICD võib rütmihäiret mitte ära tunda. Ettevaatust ICD patsiendi korral ja talle püsiravi määramisel.

52 Hemodünaamiliselt stabiilne regularne tahhükardia Kitsas QRS Lai QRS SVT SVT + BBB Kindlalt SVT VT või ebaselge laia QRS Vagaalsed võtted Adenosiin I/V Verapamiil/Diltiazeem I/V Beeta-blokaator I/V SVT katkeb? Preeksitatsiooniga SVT Novokaiinamiid I/V Sotalool I/V Propafenoon I/V Lidokaiin I/V Amiodaroon I/V (Langenud EF korral) JAH Ibutiliid I/V \ Novokaiinamiid I/V \ AV juhtivust VT katkeb? EI SVT püsib Propafenoon I/V / + langetavad Flekainiid I/V / ravimid Ülestimulatsioon JAH EI VT püsib AV juhtivus langes Kardioversioon Kardioversioon

53 Rütmihäirete ravimite kõrvaltoimed Bradükardia, kuni sünkoobi tekkeni QT aja pikenemine ja sellega seotud eluohtlikud rütmihäired (v.a. Beeta-blokaatorid ja Cablokaatorid). Südame jõudluse vähenemine (negatiivne inotroopne toime

54 Sünkoop Süda Rütmihäired

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61 Ohutud (?) Rütmhäirete patsiendi prognoos SVT AGA: AF üldsurevus vähemalt 2 korda tõusnud AF + Südamepuudulikkus ca 5 kordne surevuse tõus WPW ca 1% aastane surevus, VES (?) Ohtlikud VT Sünkoobiga kulgevad rütmihäired, eriti kellel kaasuv südamehaigus

62 Millised haiged tuleks võtta koheselt uuringutele? Kellel esineb ohtlik rütmihäire (VT, WPW ja AF koos lühima RR intervalliga alla 250 ms, AV-blokaad II (Möbitz II) või III aste. Kellel esines sünkoop, eeldatavalt rütmihäirega seotult. Kelle hemodünaamika rütmihäire ajal ebastabiilne. Kelle kaasuv südamehaigus rütmihäire ajal destabiliseerub südamepuudulikkus, stenokardia. Kellel antiarütmikumide manustamine põhjustab kõrvaltoimeid (QTc pikenemine, bradükardia, sünkoop)

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64 Antiarütmikumide klassifikatsioon I klass e. Naatrium kanalite blokaatorid IA Kinidiin,Novokaiinamiid IB Lidokaiin, Mexilentiin IC Propafenoon, Flekaiinid, Disopüramiid II klass e. ß-adrenoblokaatorid III klass (Amiodaroon e.cordarone; Sotalool; Dofetiliid) IV klass e. Kaltsium-kanalite blokaatorid (Verapamiil, Diltiaseem)

65 IB Lidokaiin, Mexilentiin Sobivad vaid ventrikulaarsete rütmihäirete raviks (ventrikulaarne ekstrasüstoolia, ventrikulaarne tahhükardia, vatsakeste fibrillatsiooni ärahoidmiseks) Mexilentiin on olemas ka suukaudse vormina

66 IA Kinidiin, Novokaiinamiid IC Propafenoon, Flekainiid Sobivad erinevate rütmihäirete raviks Supraventrikulaarsete Ventrikulaarsete Mõjutavad ka lisajuhtetee juhtivust Sobivad nii rütmihäirehoo lõpetamiseks kui ka uue hoo profülaktikaks

67 Propanolool Atenolool (Tenormin) II KLASS Beeta-blokaatorid Metoprolool (Betaloc, Seloken) Bisoprolool Karvedilool (Dilatrend) Nebivolool (Nebilet)

68 II KLASS Beeta-blokaatorid Tagasihoidliku antiarütmilise aktiivsusega Vähendavad katehoolamiinide toimega seotud rütmihäireid (koormusel, närveerimisel) Halvendava AV-juhtivust Aitavad langetada vatsakeste sagedust kodade virvenduse(laperduse) korral Vähendavad hapniku vajadust (Isheemiat) Lühendavad QT-aega

69 III Klass Amiodaroon e. Cordarone Sobib erinevate rütmihäirete raviks Nii hoo katkestamiseks kui ka uue hoo vältimiseks. Suukaudselt manustatuna ilmneb efekt alles küllastusannuse manustamisel (10 g) Sisaldab joodi, millega sageli tekivad kilpnäärme talitluse probleemid Kestval manustamisel ladestub silmade sarvkestas (nägemisehäired) ja kopsudesse (kopsufibroos)

70 III Klass Sotalool Valdavalt beeta-adrenoblokaator, millel lisaks muude antiarütmikumide omadusi. Võib pikendada QT aega ja põhjustada eluohtlike rütmihäirete tekke Seega ravi alustades oluline EKG kontroll

71 IV klass Verapamiil, Diltiaseem Sobivad valdavalt vaid supraventrikulaarsetele ja atrioventrikulaarsõlmega seotud rütmihäiretele Nii hoo raviks, kui ka uue hoo vältimiseks Erutusjuhtesüsteemiga seotud ventrikulaarne tahhükardia (fastsikulaarne) allub samuti verapamilile. Ei mõjuta lisajuhtetee juhtivust, seega ei sobi teadaoleva WPW-sündroomi korral Kuna laiendavad veresooni langetavad vererõhku Negatiivse inotroopse toime tõttu ei soovitata südamepuudulikkuse korral

72 ADENOSIIN Hetkeks katkestab AV-sõlme juhtivuse Kui esineb lisajuhtetee hakkab erutus kodadelt vatsakestele levima vaid lisajuhtetee kaudu Võib põhjustada kodade virvendust (ohtlik lisajuhtetee korral) NB! Adenosiini manustamise ajal on alaati otstarbekas samal ajal jooksvalt registreerida EKG-d, see annab väga olulise diagnostilise vihje rütmihäire tüübi ja edasiste ravivõimaluste kohta.

73 DIGOKSIIN Mõjutab uitnärvi (nervus vagus'e) toonust ehk suurendab parasümpaatilise närvisüsteemi mõju südamele Langetab AV-sõlme juhtivust kuid vaid rahuolekus Koormuse ajal aktiveerub sümpaatiline närvisüsteem ja digoksini mõju siis lakkab

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