Changes in filtering and survival ratios of the ark shell Scapharca kagoshimensis depending on salinity and temperature.
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1 LAGUNA LAGUNA 15 p Changes in filtering and survival ratios of the ark shell Scapharca kagoshimensis depending on salinity and temperature. Yasushi Miyamoto 1, Akiko Hatsuda 1 Abstract: To clarify the optimal environmental conditions for the ark shell Scapharca kagoshimensis in the brackish lagoon Nakaumi, its filtration and survival rates under various salinity psu and temperature 8-31d were examined by laboratory experiments. The filtration rate varied with varying salinity and temperature conditions. The rate was highest at intermediate salinity psu and lowest at low salinity 9.4 psu. Under the low salinity condition, filtration was not observed. In addition, the filtration rate was highest at summer temperature 27d and lowest at winter one 8d. The survival rate also varied with varying salinity and temperature conditions. Dead individuals were only observed under the combination of hot summer temperature 31d and low salinity psu conditions. In particular, the combination of 31d and 12.2 psu was critical for the shell, the survival rates were and 25 at 9.4 psu and 12.2 psu, respectively. In the lagoon, where halocline is maintained whole through the year, the critical temperature and salinity for the shell s filtration activity and survival were only recorded in shallow zones above halocline. Therefore, it is suggested that shallow zones above halocline is not suitable habitat for the ark shell. Key words: Scapharca kagoshimensis, filtration rate, survivorship, salinity, temperature Scapharca kagoshimensis ; Tottori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science 13
2 14 Temperature 8ºC 2ºC 27ºC 31ºC 8ºC 2ºC 27ºC 31ºC Replication (Chamber) 9.4 psu 12.6 psu 15.7 psu 18.8 psu 22. psu 31.4 psu Replication (bottle) Salinity Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of the experimental design. 1955; Sakurai et al., ; 23; Nakamura, 25 Jeppesen et al., 1994; Yamamuro, 2; ; Nakamura, m psu 3 psu Ishitobi et al., 2 Sakurai et al., m 28 psu SCUBA Chaetoceros gracilis 2 2 mm 12 mg Fig Ishitobi et al., psu Ishitobi et al., 2 15 psu Nakamura, psu 15 psu
3 Scapharca kagoshimensis psu psu Fig Fig Chl.a 1 CR V/t s ln C /C 1 CR * w i 1 V C C 1 t s Chl.a w i i w i cm 95 mm 16 mm 1 ml GF C 8 ml 2 5 Nakamura Nakamura 25 1 ml 7 ml 1 ml Chaetoceros gracilis 7 ml 15 ml 1 cells ml 1 2 Chl.a ml 2 Log w i Log L i w i i L i i 8ºC CR * 3 CR * V/t s ln C * C * 1 3 C * C * 1 t s Chl.a CR * Split-plot design Underwood, 1997 Fig. 1 4 CR S T B T S T S B T4 S T B T Sokal and Rolf, 1995 CR 2 31
4 16 Filtering ratio (L/g/hr) Filtering ratio (L/g/hr) ºC 8ºC Salinity (psu) 15.7psu 12.6psu SPSS 11.J SPSS Inc. 31ºC 22.psu Temperature (ºC) 27ºC 18.8psu 9.4psu 31.4psu Fig. 2. Effects of salinity upper and temperature lower on the filtration rate of Scapharca kagoshimensis. F Sal 6.48, P psu 9.4 psu Fig. 2 8 Fig. 2 F SalxTemp 2.15, P.5 F Temp 29.41, P psu 27 8 Fig psu Fig. 2 F SalxTemp 2.15, P.5 Fig psu 9.4 psu 12.6 psu 25 Fig psu psu Fig. 2 Nakamura, psu 1 psu 12.6 psu Fig psu Nakamura psu Fig. 2
5 Scapharca kagoshimensis 17 Survival ratio (%) ºC 8ºC 2ºC 27ºC Temperature (ºC) Survival ratio (%) Salinity (psu) psu 22.psu 31.4psu 15.7psu 12.6psu 9.4psu Temperature (ºC) 3 Fig. 3. Effects of salinity upper and temperature lower on the survival of Scapharca kagoshimensis. Fig psu 22. psu Fig. 2 2 Nakamura, psu Fig Chlorinity (mg/l) Fig. 4. Schematic representation of the results: Temporal variations in salinity and temperature in epilimnion light shade and hypolimnion dark shade during past 15 years at the center of lake Nakaumi in comparison with active conditions inside the broken line for Scapharca kagoshimensis Fig. 4 Fig. 4 Fig. 4 6 m 192
6 : : Ishitobi, Y., Hiratsuka, J., Kuwabara, H. and Yamamuro, M. 2 Comparison of fish fauna in three areas of adjacent eutrophic estuarine lagoons with different salinities. J. Mar. Syst., 26: Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M., Kanstrup, E., Petersen, B., Eriksen, R. B., Hammershøj, M., Mortensen, E., Jensen, J. P. and Have, A Does the impact of nutrients on the biological structure and function of brackish and freshwater lakes differ? Hydrobiologia, 275/276: pp HP menu/report.html 23 21: LAGUNA 11: Nakamura Y. 25 Suspension feeding of the ark shell Scapharca subcrenata as a function of environmental and biological variables. Fish Sci 71: Sakurai, M., Yamaguchi, K., Ishikura, M. and Ueda, K. 27 Environmental examinations for habitat and tolerance of Scapharca subcrenata in Lake Nakaumi. Proceedings of International Symposium Restoration and Sustainability of Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons. p pp pp pp. 26 Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J Biometry: the principals and practice of statistics in biological research. WH Freeman & Company, New York : HP http//www1. river.go.jp/ pp. Underwood, A. J Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Yamamuro, M. 2 Abundance and size distribution of sublittoral meiobenthos along estuarine salinity gradients. J. Mar. Syst., 26:
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