Ch. 5 : The Federalist Era

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1 Ch. 5 : The Federalist Era Main Idea George Washington The First Congress Thomas Jefferson Details/Notes The first President of the United States. As president, he issued a Proclamation of Neutrality and influenced the nation s foreign policy for the next 100 years. He served two terms as president. He chose to be called Mr. President instead of other royal titles because of the fear people had of monarchs. They established three executive departments, the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, and passed ten amendments to the Constitution. He served as the first secretary of state of the United States under George Washington and served as vice president under John Adams. He was also a leader of the Democratic- Republicans.

2 Alexander Hamilton Henry Knox Edmund Randolph Judiciary Act John Jay He served as the secretary of the treasury under George Washington. He created a plan to reduce the national debt. He hoped paying the national debt would ensure the allegiance of the states to the federal government. He served as secretary of war under George Washington (a.k.a head of the War Department) He served as attorney general under George Washington. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts. With this act, Congress had taken the first steps toward creating a strong and independent national judiciary because the Constitution did not detail how the judicial branch of the government would be set up. He served as chief justice of the Supreme Court under George Washington

3 Bill of Rights National Debt Bank of the United States Tariffs The Whiskey Rebellion These are the first 10 amendments in the Constitution. They were added to the Constitution in December of They were added because people feared a strong central government and the Bill of Rights protected individual rights from the government. They were also added to the constitution to satisfy a condition of ratification. This is the amount the nation s government owes. The nation ran up a large national debt during the Revolutionary War. It grew during Washington s presidency. The U.S. owed millions of dollars to France and the Netherlands for loans made during and after the Revolutionary War and the Continental Congress has also borrowed millions of dollars from American citizens. This was proposed by Alexander Hamilton. It would be a place for the federal government to deposit money raised from taxes. The bank could also provide loans to government and to businesses. Jefferson and Madison believed its creation was unconstitutional. These are taxes on imported manufactured goods In 1791, Congress approved a bill that placed a special tax on whiskey and other alcoholic beverages. This tax was to help prevent the national debt from growing. Farmers revolted violently against this tax because whiskey was worth more than grain. This revolt alarmed the government. Washington sent an army of 15,000 to stop the rebellion. This sent a message to all Americans that the government

4 Native American Resistance Battle of Fallen Timbers Jay s Treaty Pinckney s Treaty partisan would use force to stop violent protests and maintain order. If people wished to change the law, they had to do so peacefully. Britain and Spain generally encouraged the Native Americans to fight to defend their lands against the white settlers because they did not want the U.S. to acquire new territory. Native Americans demanded that all settlers north of the Ohio River leave the territory. Washington sent an army to challenge their demands and the army defeated more than 1,000 Native Americans. As a result of this battle, Native Americans surrendered most of their land in present-day Ohio with the Treaty of Greenville. This treaty was made in an effort to come to a peaceful solution with Britain. In this treaty, the British agreed to vacate forts on American soil, pay damages for seized American ships, and allow American ships to trade in the Caribbean. Despite these gains, few Americans approved of this treaty because many felt that it did not address the issue of impressments and Britain s interference with American trade. In an effort to establish positive relations with the United States, Spain signed a treaty. This treaty gave Americans the rights to use the Mississippi River and trade with New Orleans. This is to favor one side of an issue over another. Americans were not able to agree on economic policy and foreign relations, on the power of the federal government, and on interpretations of the Constitution. As a result political parties began to form.

5 Political Parties Federalists National Gazette Democratic- Republicans Implied powers John Adams Americans began to take opposing sides on issues by 1796, and, as a result, tow political parties emerged even though the president opposed them. This name originally described someone who supported ratification of the Constitution. By the 1790s it was applied to the group of people who supported the policies of the Washington Administration. They stood for strong federal government, representation in government for the people, and supported Britain over France. This group favored banking and business. They disagreed with the Democratic-Republicans on whether ordinary people could be trusted in government. This newspaper made efforts to turn opinions against the Federalists. This group wanted to limit government. They feared that a strong central government would endanger people s liberties and they supported the French over the British. They disagreed with the economic policies of Hamilton. This party appealed to small farmers and urban workers, especially in the Middle Atlantic states and the South. This party was also called the Republicans. Powers suggested but not directly stated in the Constitution. He was a Federalist who served as second president of the United States.

6 impressment caucuses XYZ Affairs Alien and Sedition Acts The election of 1800 This is the practice of forcing American citizens into service in the British navy. These meetings were first held in the election of 1796 because candidates sought office for the first time as members of a political party. It is a meeting held by a political party to choose their party s candidate for president or decide policy. This was a crisis in U.S. foreign relations with France. To avoid war with France, Adams sent a delegate to Paris to try to resolve the dispute over Jay s Treaty. The French foreign minister would not meet with the Americans and sent three agents to meet the Americans instead. The French demanded a bribe and loan. Adams was furious and referred to the French agents as X, Y, and Z. The president urged Congress to prepare for war. There was a period of undeclared war. During the period of undeclared war, ships were fighting each other frequently. A treaty was eventually worked out, but it made Americans suspicious of the French. Because of this, the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed, which tried to stop activities aimed at weakening the established government. Fortunately the Bill of Rights protected those who wanted to speak out against a president. Thomas Jefferson was able to win this election with help. Adams, the president before him, made several costly mistakes. He passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. He later prosecuted members of the press for criticizing the government. He also refused to go to war for political gain.

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