Accounting Standards 6 and 10. Depreciation Accounting and. Financial Audit Autonomous Bodies, AS 6 and AS Session 1.5 9

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1 Accounting Standards 6 and 10 on Depreciation Accounting and Accounting for Fixed Assets 1

2 Session Coverage AS-6 Depreciation Accounting ; and AS-10 Accounting for Fixed Assets 2

3 Learning Objective At the end of this session, the learner will be able to apply the concepts contained in the Accounting Standard 6 Depreciation Accounting and Accounting Standard 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets in the preparation and presentation of financial assets to the extent that he will, as an Auditor, be able to comment in his report where the financial statements are not in conformity with these standards. 3

4 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting This Statement deals with depreciation accounting and applies to all depreciable assets, except : 4

5 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting i. forests, plantations and similar regenerative natural resources; ii.wasting i assets including expenditure on the exploration for and extraction of minerals, oils, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources; iii. expenditure on research and development; iv. goodwill; v. live stock. 5

6 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting This statement also does not apply to land unless it has a limited useful life for the enterprise. 6

7 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting Definitions i i Depreciation is a measure of the wearing out, consumption or other loss of value of a depreciable asset arising from use, passage of time or obsolescence through technology and market changes. Depreciation is allocated so as to charge a fair proportion of the depreciable amount in each accounting period during the expected useful life of the asset. Depreciation includes amortization of assets whose useful life is predetermined. 7

8 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting Definitions Depreciable assets are assets which i. are expected to be used during more than one accounting period; ii. have a limited useful life; and iii. are hldb held by an enterprise for use in the production or supply of goods and services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes p and not for the purpose of sale in the ordinary course of business. 8

9 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting Definitions Useful life is either (i) the period over which a depreciable asset is expected to be used by the enterprise; or (ii) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the use of the asset by the enterprise. 9

10 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting Definitions Depreciable amount of a depreciable asset is its historical cost, or other amount substituted for historical cost in the financial statements, less the estimated residual value. 10

11 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting Following is the text of the accounting Standard: The depreciable amount of a depreciable asset should be allocated on a systematic basis to each accounting period during the useful life of the asset. 11

12 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting The depreciation method selected should be applied consistently from period to period. A change from one method of providing depreciation to another should be made only if the adoption of the new method is required by statute or for compliance with an accounting standard or if it is considered that the change would result in a more appropriate preparation or presentation of the financial statements of the enterprise. 12

13 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting When such a change in the method of depreciation is made, depreciation should be recalculated in accordance with the new method from the date of the asset coming into use. The deficiency or surplus arising from retrospective recomputation of depreciation in accordance with the new method should be adjusted in the accounts in the year in which the method of depreciation is changed. 13

14 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting In case the change in the method results in deficiency in depreciation in respect of past years, the deficiency should be charged in the statement of profit and loss. In case the change in the method results in surplus, the surplus should be credited to the statement of profit and loss. Such a change should be treated as a change in accounting policy and its effect should be quantified and disclosed. 14

15 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting The useful life of a depreciable asset should be estimated after considering the following factors: i. expected physical wear and tear; ii. obsolescence; and iii. legal lor other limits i on the use of the asset. 15

16 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting The useful lives of major depreciable assets or classes of depreciable assets may be reviewed periodically. Where there is a revision of the estimated useful life of an asset, the unamortised depreciable amount should be charged over the revised remaining useful life. 16

17 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting Any addition or extension, which becomes an integral part of the existing asset, should be depreciated over the remaining useful life of that asset. The depreciation on such addition or extension may also be provided at the rate applied to the existing asset. Where an addition or extension retains a separate identity and is capable of being used after the existing asset is disposed of, depreciation should be provided independently on the basis of an estimate of its own useful life. 17

18 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting Where the historical cost of a depreciable asset has undergone a change due to increase or decrease in long term liability on account of exchange fluctuations, price adjustments, t changes in duties or similar il factors, the depreciation on the revised unamortised depreciable amount should be provided prospectively over the residual useful life of the asset. 18

19 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting If any depreciable asset is disposed of, discarded, demolished or destroyed, the net surplus or deficiency, if material, should be disclosed separately. 19

20 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting The following information should be disclosed in the financial statements: i. the historical cost or other amount substituted for historical cost of each class of depreciable assets; ii. total depreciation for the period for each class of assets; and iii. the related accumulated depreciation. 20

21 AS 6 Depreciation Accounting The following information should also be disclosed in the financial statements alongwith the disclosure of other accounting policies: i. depreciation methods used; and ii. depreciation rates or the useful lives of the assets, if they are different from the principal i rates specified din the statute governing the enterprise. 21

22 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets 22

23 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets. This statement deals with accounting for fixed assets except as described in following paragraphs. 23

24 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Definitions Fixed asset is an asset held with the intention of being used for the purpose p of producing or providing goods or services and is not held for sale in the normal course of business. 24

25 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Definitions Fair market value is the price that would be agreed to in an open and unrestricted market between knowledgeable and willing parties dealing at arm s length who are fully informed and are not under any compulsion to transact. 25

26 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Definitions Gross book value of a fixed asset is its historical cost or other amount substituted for historical cost in the books of account or financial statements. When this amount is shown net of accumulated depreciation, it is termed as net book value. 26

27 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text The items determined in accordance with the definition given above (viz., z, fixed asset is an asset held with the intention of being used for the purpose p of fproducing or providing goods or services and is not held for sale in the normal course of business) should be included under fixed assets in financial statements. 27

28 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text The gross book value of a fixed asset should be either historical cost or a revaluation computed in accordance with this Standard. The method of accounting for fixed assets included at historical cost is set out in following gparagraphs; p the method of accounting of revalued assets is also set out in following gparagraphs. p 28

29 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text The cost of a fixed asset should comprise its purchase price and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. 29

30 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text The cost of a fixed asset should comprise its purchase price and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. Financing costs relating to deferred credits or to borrowed funds attributable to construction or acquisition of fixed assets for the period up to the completion of construction or acquisition of fixed assets should also be included in the gross book value of the asset to which they relate. 30

31 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text However, the financing costs (including interest) on fixed assets purchased on a deferred credit basis or on monies borrowed for construction or acquisition of fixed assets should not be capitalized to the extent that such costs relate to periods after such assets are ready to be put to use. 31

32 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text The cost of a self-constructed fixed asset should comprise those costs that relate directly to the specific asset and those that are attributable to the construction activity in general and can be allocated to the specific asset. 32

33 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text When a fixed asset is acquired in exchange or in part exchange for another asset, the cost of the asset acquired should be recorded either at fair market value or at the net book value of the asset given up, adjusted for any balancing payment or receipt of cash or other consideration. For these purposes fair market value may be determined by reference either to the asset given up or to the asset acquired, whichever is more clearly evident. 33

34 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text Fixed asset acquired in exchange for shares or other securities in the enterprise should be recorded at its fair market value, or the fair market value of the securities issued, whichever is more clearly evident. 34

35 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text Subsequent expenditures related to an item of ffixed asset should be added to its book value only if they increase the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance. 35

36 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text Material items retired from active use and held for disposal should be stated at the lower of their net book value and net realizable value and shown separately in the financial statements. 36

37 AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets Text Fixed asset should be eliminated from the financial statements on disposal or when no further benefit is expected from its use and disposal. 37

38 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Losses arising from the retirement or gains or losses arising from disposal of fixed asset, which is carried at cost, should be recognized in the profit and loss statement. 38

39 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets When a fixed asset is revalued in financial statements, an entire class of assets should be revalued, or the selection of assets for revaluation should be made on a systematic basis. This basis should be disclosed. 39

40 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets The revaluation in financial statements of a class of assets should not result in the net book value of that class being greater than the recoverable amount of assets of that class. 40

41 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets An increase in net book value arising on revaluation of fixed assets should be credited directly to owners interests under the head of revaluation reserve, except that, to the extent that such increase is related to and not greater than a decrease arising on revaluation previously recorded as a charge to the profit and loss statement, it may be credited to the profit and loss statement. 41

42 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets A decrease in net book value arising on revaluation of fixed asset should be charged directly to the profit and loss statement except that to the extent that such a decrease is related to an increase which was previously recorded as a credit to revaluation reserve and which has not been subsequently reversed or utilized, it may be charged directly to that account. 42

43 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets The provisions are also applicable to fixed assets included in financial statements at a revaluation. 43

44 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets On disposal of a previously revalued item of fixed asset, the difference between net disposal proceeds and the net book value should be charged or credited to the profit and loss statement except that to the extent that such a loss is related to an increase which was previously recorded as a credit to revaluation reserve and which has not been subsequently reversed or utilized, it may be charged directly to that account. 44

45 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Fixed assets acquired on hire purchase terms should be recorded at their cash value, which, if not readily available, should be calculated by assuming an appropriate rate of finterest. t They should be shown in the balance sheet with an appropriate narration to indicate that the enterprise does not have full ownership thereof 45

46 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets In the case of fixed assets owned by the enterprise jointly with others, the extent of the enterprise s share in such assets, and the proportion of the original cost, accumulated depreciation and written down value should be stated in the balance sheet. Alternatively, the pro rata cost of such jointly owned assets may be grouped together with similar fully owned assets with an appropriate disclosure thereof 46

47 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Where several fixed assets are purchased for a consolidated price, the consideration should be apportioned to the various assets on a fair basis as determined by competent valuers. 47

48 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Goodwill should be recorded in the books only when some consideration in money or money s worth has been paid for it. Whenever a business is acquired for a price (payable in cash or in shares or otherwise), which is in excess of the value of the net assets of the business taken over, the excess should be termed as goodwill. 48

49 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets The direct costs incurred in developing the patents should be capitalized and written off over their legal term of validity or over their working life, whichever is shorter. 49

50 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Amount paid for know-how for the plans, layout and designs of buildings and/or design of the machinery should be capitalized under the relevant asset heads, such as buildings, plants and machinery, etc. Depreciation should be calculated on the total cost of those assets, including the cost of the know-how capitalized. 50

51 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Where the amount paid for know-how is a composite sum in respect of both the manufacturing process as well as plans, drawings and designs for buildings,,plant and machinery, etc., the management should apportion such consideration into two parts on a reasonable basis. 51

52 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Disclosure The following information should be disclosed in the financial statements: i. gross and net book values of fixed assets at the beginning and end of an accounting period showing additions, disposals, acquisitions and other movements; 52

53 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Disclosure The following information should be disclosed in the financial statements: ii. expenditure incurred on account of fixed assets in the course of construction or acquisition; and 53

54 Accounting Standards (AS 10) Accounting for Fixed Assets Disclosure The following information should be disclosed in the financial statements: iii. revalued amounts substituted for historical costs of fixed assets, the method adopted to compute the revalued amounts, the nature of indices used, the year of any appraisal made, and whether an external valuer was involved, in case where fixed assets are stated at revalued amounts. 54